health science flipbook (1)

Body Systems By: Alexis Darce

Integumentary system Function: Protection, the maintenance of body temperature, excretion, Vocab: perception of stimuli Skin- made up of 3 layers of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person/animal Hair- made up of fibers composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin. Nails- made up of hard keratin. Fingernails cover the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toenails cover the superior surface of each toe. Keratin- a fibrous, water-repellent protein Dermis- lies directly below the epidermis and is made up of blood vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, Basal layer- makes up the deepest sebaceous and sweat glands layer of epidermis Epidermis- outermost layer of skin and functions to protect the body Sweat glands Subcutaneous layer- also called the hypodermis, is the deepest layer of skin. It stores fat, provides heat insulation and provides protection. Eczema- acute or chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythema, itchiness, or swelling Acne- inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produce pimples on the skin

Integumentary system Health careers: Dermatologist- specializes in treating skin, Diseases/abnormal conditions: hair, nail, and mucous membrane disorders and diseases. Gangrene- necrosis, or death, of tissue due to loss of blood supply, followed by bacterial infection. Plastic surgeon- Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involved with both the improvement in Scleroderma- a chronic, progressive disease of the skin a person's appearance and the reconstruction marked by hardening and shrinking of connective tissue, which of facial and body tissue defects due to illness, trauma, or birth disorders. causes edema or pain in the muscles or joints. Tinea- skin infection caused by a fungus (ex. Athletes foot) Vitiligo- loss of pigment in one or more areas of the skin, creating the appearance of milky-white patches Key terms: derm/o, dermat/o-skin erythr/o-red albin/o-white lip/o-fat myc/o-fungus kerat/o-hard pedicu/o-head lice pil/o-hair onych/o-nail xanth/o-yellow xer/o-dry rhytid/o-wrinkle

Musculoskeletal system Function: Support the body, allow motion, protect internal organs Vocab: Tendons- fibrous cords of tissue attaching a muscle to a bone Ligaments- fibrous cords of tissue that attach bone to bone Joint- any place in the body at which two or more bones connect, or articulate Synarthroses- immovable joints (ex.cranium) Diarthroses- freely movable joints (ex. ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding, and saddle joints) Muscle- tissue made up of bundles of fibers that are held together by connective tissue Fascia- a band or sheet of fibrous tissue that Health careers: encloses a muscle or group of muscles Orthopedic surgeon- use both surgical and nonsurgical Cardiac muscle- found only in the heart, it is means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, unconsciously controlled, and it pumps blood from sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, the heart into blood vessels and congenital disorders. Elasticity- the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force Chiropractor- chiropractic treatment is primarily used as is removed a pain relief alternative for muscles, joints, bones, and Extensibility- the ability of the skeletal muscles to connective tissue, such as cartilage, ligaments, and be stretched tendons

Musculoskeletal system Diseases/abnormal conditions: Osteoporosis- condition of small holes in the bones; noticeable loss of bone density Kyphosis- abnormal, outward curvature of the thoracic spine; humpback; called Dowager’s hump in older women Adhesion- injured tissue sticks together as it heals Muscular Dystrophy- progressive weakness and deterioration of skeletal muscle Key terms: arthr/o- joint chondr/o- cartilage cost/o- rib crani/o- skull kinesi/o- movement my/o- muscle myel/o- bone marrow; spinal cord oste/o- bone -pexy- surgical fixation -plegia- paralysis

Nervous system Function: Sensory input, integration, motor output Vocab: Effectors- muscles or glands in the body that Health careers: generate a response in the form of motor output Neurologist- an M.D. who diagnoses and Stimuli- changes in the external or internal (body) treats disorders of the nervous system environment Neurological surgeon- an M.D. who Neurons- are the fundamental cells of the nervous performs surgery on the nervous system system (brain, spinal, nerves) Cytoplasm- a jelly-like substance that makes up most of the cell body and that protects the nucleus Mitochondria- specialized tissue cells that ingest, digest, and convert nutrients to energy for the cells of the body Grey matter- unmyelinated nerve tissue that is composed mostly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites White matter- contains myelin sheaths, which shroud axons and are made by neuroglial cells Frontal lobe- control movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, speech, and emotions Occipital lobe- control vision Temporal lobe- responsible for hearing, sense of smell, factual and visible memory, and language processing

Nervous system Diseases/abnormal conditions: Alzheimer’s disease- a form of dementia resulting from atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain Astrocytoma- tumor of the neuroglial (glial) tissue Coma- a state of extended unconsciousness caused by a medical crisis, such as a traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, or illness Concussion- a traumatic brain injury resulting from a blow to the head or violent shaking of the head and upper body Key terms: ambul/o- to walk concuss/o- shaken together encephal/o- brain -esthesia- feeling; sensation mening/o- meninges myel/o- spinal cord; bone marrow neur/o- nerve psych/o- mind

Special senses Function: Vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch Vocab: Iris- pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the Health careers: pupil ENT- treat issues in your ears, nose, or Pupil- black circular opening in the center of the iris throat as well as other related areas in your that allows light to enter the eye head and neck Lens- is a clear, curved, flexible structure that focuses images on the retina Retina- thin layer of tissue that lines the posterior of the eye internally Rods- the eye’s black and white photoreceptors; they are not sensitive to color. Rods allow us to see in dim light, and they provide our peripheral (lateral) vision Cones- the eye’s color receptors; they are responsible for giving the eye its sensitivity to colors of different hues Mastication- chewing Deglutition- swallowing Tympanic membrane- known as the eardrum. separates the outer and inner structures of the ear and transmits sound waves through vibrations Incus- is the middle, anvil-shaped auditory ossicle

Special senses Health careers: Optometrist- responsible for Diseases/abnormal conditions: performing eye exams and Diabetic retinopathy- a complication of diabetes marked by diagnosing any injuries, impairments, damage to the retina that can result in loss of vision or diseases of the eye Otosclerosis- hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear Ageusia- absence of the gustatory sense (sense of taste) Anosmia- absence of the sense of smell Key terms: -cusis- hearing irid/o- iris -metry- process of measuring -opia- vision condition ophthalm/o- eye ot/o- ear tympan/o- eardrum

Cardiovascular system Function: circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the Vocab: body Apex- the lowest part of the exterior of the heart Myocardium- a layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart Septum- divides the heart into the right heart and left heart, effectively creating a double pump Cardiopulmonary- the term for the functional inter-relationship between the heart and lungs Capillaries- small, thin-walled blood vessels with semipermeable membranes to allow for gas exchange Alveoli- tiny air sacs in the lungs Aorta- the largest artery of the human body Arterioles- small arterial branches that lead to fine blood vessels called capillaries Venules- tiny blood vessels that merge with the veins Veins- carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart

Cardiovascular system Diseases/abnormal conditions: Aneurysm- localized, ballon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery Bradycardia- slow heart rate Atherosclerosis- condition of plaque buildup in the arteries Cardiomyopathy- condition of diseased heart muscle Key terms: Health careers: angi/o- vessel (blood) Cardiologist- a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and arteri/o- artery treatment of heart diseases and conditions brady- slow cardi/o- heart Telemetry Nurse- monitor patients’ heart rhythm using sophisticated -emia- blood equipment erythro/o- red hem/o, hemat/o- blood leuk/o- white tachy- fast thromb/o- clot

Respiratory system Function: inhaling fresh air, exchanging harmful carbon dioxide for Vocab: life-sustaining oxygen, exhaling old stale air Pharynx- throat Larynx- voice box Respiration- the process of gas exchange Internal respiration- gas exchange at the cellular and tissue levels External respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body Respiratory rate- the number of breaths that a person takes in a minute Inspiration- breathing in Expiration- breathing out Nasopharynx- first section of the pharynx Health careers: Oropharynx- second section of the Respiratory Therapist- cares for patients who suffer from health pharynx conditions and diseases that affect their breathing Thoracic Surgeon- a medical doctor who performs surgical procedures on organs in the chest

Respiratory system Diseases/abnormal conditions: Apnea- temporary interruption of breathing Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes Epiglottitis- inflammation of the epiglottis Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx (voice box) Key terms: bronch/o- bronchus; bronchial tube cyan/o- blue laryng/o- larynx; voicebox -oxia- oxygen oxy- oxygen pleur/o- pleura; serous membrane that enfolds the lung pneum/o- lung; air pulmon/o- lung thorac/o- chest trache/o- trachea; windpipe

Digestive System Function: The major functions of the digestive system are ingestion, Vocab: digestion, absorption, and elimination Ingestion- taking in food Digestion- breaking down food physically and chemically into nutrients Absorption- drawing nutrients from the food into the bloodstream Elimination- the process of removing waste from the body Bile- a yellowish-brown or green fluid secreted by the liver to break down fatty foods Duodenum- first part of the small intestine where absorption begins Villi- tiny finger-like projections in the mucous membrane of the small intestine Defecation- the elimination of solid waste Health careers: from the body Gastroenterologist- a physician who specializes in diseases and Papillae- small nipple-like protuberances conditions of the digestive system that contain taste buds Gingiva- soft tissue that surrounds and Dentist- specializes in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of supports the teeth conditions and diseases of the mouth and gums

Digestive system Diseases/abnormal conditions Appendicitis- inflammation of the appendix; caused by a blockage that results in infection Cholecystitis- inflammation of the gallbladder Crohn’s Disease- a chronic disease that causes inflammation of the digestive tract Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)- backward flow of stomach acids into the esophagus Key terms: chol/e- gall; bile cholecyst/o- gallbladder col/o, colon/o- large intestine; colon enter/o- intestines (usually the small intestine) gastr/o- stomach hepat/o- liver or/o- mouth -pepsia- digestion proct/o- rectum; anus

Urinary System Function: storage and excretion, hormone production, and Filtration, waste homeostasis the Vocab: emquaiilnibterinuamnce of Homeostasis: state of physiological within the body Erythropoietin- a protein that stimulates red blood cell production in your bone marrow Calcitriol- an active form of vitamin D that aids digestion by promoting calcium absorption in your small intestine Electrolytes- are minerals that become ions when dissolved in water Kidneys- two bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal cavity Adipose- fat Renal cortex- outer layer of the kidney Nephron- the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney Filtration- the process of separating waste products out from the blood Health careers: Glomerulus- a cluster of capillaries in the Dialysis technician- operates machines that remove shape of a tiny knot or ball metabolic waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys are not functioning properly

Urinary System Diseases/abnormal conditions: Cystitis- inflammation of the bladder Diabetes- condition characterized by excessive amounts of urine Renal hypertension- high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease Wilms tumor- malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in childhood Key terms: Health careers: -cele- swelling; hernia Urologist- a physician who specializes in cyst/o- urinary bladder diseases of the urinary system and the -ectasis- dilation; stretching male’s reproductive tract -lysis- loosening; separating nephro/o- kidney -pexy- surgical fixation -pyel/o- renal pelvis ren/o- kidney -uria- urination; condition of urination

Reproductive system Function: Female- produce new life Vocab: Male- facilitate conception by a sperm Gonads- the glands responsible for producing gametes Spermatogenesis- sperm development Spermatozoa- sperm Testosterone- a hormone responsible for the male secondary sex characteristcs Epididymis- a large tube that supports the testis Gametes- sex cells Follicles- fluid-filled sacs that keep the ova safe until they mature Ova- (egg) female gamete Conception- the fusion of an egg and sperm Zygote- the united ovum and sperm Health careers: Obstetrician/Gynecologist- provides health care for a women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period Certified Nurse-Midwife- registered nurse who has additional training in obstetrics and gynecology

Reproductive system Diseases/abnormal conditions: Erectile dysfunction- inability of a male to achieve or maintain a penile erection Oligospermia- condition of an abnormally low number of sperm in the semen; can affect fertility Miscarriage- loss of a fetus before it is viable Ovarian cancer- cancerous tumor of the ovaries Key terms: cervic/o- neck; cervix (neck of uterus) colp/o- vagina gynec/o- female; woman mamm/o- breast men/o- mensus; menstruation oophor/o- ovary orchid/o- testicles ov/o- ovum (egg) prostat/o- prostate gland salping/o- Eustachian (auditory) tube; fallopian tube

Sources Med term notes packet