א אא ١٥٣
١٥٣ א אא א W،،אא،א א א א אא א א א א אאא،אאאאאא א א א א א אWאאאאאא Kאא אאאאאאא א ،א אא אאאאאאאא، א א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א אאא،א Kאא،א ?א??אא?אא Kאאאאאאאא א א א א א אא ،א ،א א אא Kאאאאא ؛ א א א א Kא אאאא
١٥٣ א אא א אא، KKאאאא א،אא אא אאאאא אאאא א،אאאאא אאאאאא אאאאאא،א،אאא אאאאא –א א – א א א א א א אאאאאאאאאאאא ، ، אאאKאאאא א K אאאאאאא אKאאא،אא א، אא،אאא Kאאאא אאאאאאאא K אאא ،אא Kאאאא،א
אא ١
אא ١٥٣ א אא א Wאא ،אא،אא،אאאא Kאאא Wאא Wאאא Kאאא אא -١ Kאאאאאאאאא -٢ Wאאא K٪٨٠אאא Wאא Kא Wאא KOverhead Projector Kאא Wאא Kאאאא -١-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א W١ J١ Kא אאא אאאOrganic ،،אא،א Kאא،א،אאאKא Fאא1828 Wohlerאאאא ، אאEא Wאא O NH4OCN H2N C NH2 אאא،א،א Kא، אא، אאאא אאאאK אאא אאאאאK Kאאא אאא אאא ،אאאאKא א،אאאאאאאא אא،אא א،אאא ،אאאא،אאא Kאא،אאאא،אאא אאאאאאאא Kא א،אאאאאא אאK אאאאאא -٢-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א ، אאאא،אאKFunctional Groupsאא Kאאאאאא אE–OHF א، אאאאא אאאKsp3 ، אא א אא א א، א א Kאאאא WFunctional Groupאא٢ J١ אאאאא ،،א אKאאא O א אאאKאאא C H Wאאאא O O [ O ] CH3C-OH ( ) ﺣﻤﺾ آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻲ CH3C H [ H ] CH3CH2OH ( ) ﻏﻮل أ O [ O ] CH3CH2COOH ( ) ﺣﻤﺾ آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻲ CH3CH2C H [ H ] CH3CH2CH2OH ( ) آﺤﻮل ب O [ O ] CH3CH2CH2COOH ( ) ﺣﻤﺾ آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻲ CH3CH2CH2C H [ H ] CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ( ) آﺤﻮل ج אאאאאאא ( א-CHO) אאא -٣-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א ،אאאאאאKאא אאKאאא ، אא FKאאאאא KאאE١ J١ אאWE١ J١F א אא אא א H2C CH2 א C=C אא EאאF H C C H א Br אאא CC CH3I , א X אא C אא א ( X = I, Br, Cl , F ) CH3CH2OH אא C OH CH3 O CH3 -٤- O COC CH3 C H O O CH3 C CH3 CH O O H C OH CCC O C OH
אא ١٥٣ א אא א O א O א CH3 C OCH3 CY א CH3 ( Y = Cl ,OR, NR 2 ,...) CH3NH2 , CH3NH CN CH3CN NO2 א CCN CH3NO2 , O C N O- CH3SH א C SH Wאאא٣ J١ KאאEFאאאא אאאאאאאא אא?hemolytic?אKא Kאאא?heterolytic?، K Xאאאאא C . .X C . + .X \" \" أﻧﻔﺼﺎم ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺟﺬر ﺣﺮ -٥-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א C . .X }C + + ..X_ أﻳﻮن آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻮم \" \" اﻧﻔﺼﺎم ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ carbonium ion C . .X C ._. + X + أﻳﻮن آﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮن carbanion אK،אאא אK אאאאאאא Kאאאאאאאאאא Xא،אאא א K א،א אא אאא K אאXאEאFאא KXאאאאEאFאא אKאאאאא אאאאאאא אאאKאאאא א،EאFא KאאNucleophilesENu-FאElectrophilesEE+F EאFאאאאאאא WKא H+ , Br+ , NO2+ , BF3 , AlCl3 F א א א א אא WKE -٦-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א HO.. .._.. , RO.. ..._. , .. ._. , .. _.. , . ... , R2N .. RS. . CN H2O אאאאאאאאא W،א א،substitutionאאא J١ Kא CH3CH2OH + HBr CH3CH2Br + H2O EאאF אאאWadditionא J٢ K אאאאא CH2 CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH 2Br EF א،eliminationEאFאא J٣ א א F א אא א KE CH3CH2Br + NaOH CH2 CH2 + H2O + NaBr EאאF -٧-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א WאאאאאאW١ CH2OH _ب O ح- O CH3C N(CH3)2 أ CH3 CH3CH2F _ و _ هـ CH3 Pb CH3 د CH3 O CH3OCH2CH2C H ج ؟א،אאאW٢ CH3CH2+ , ZnCl2 , F- , CH3CH2- , CH3OH , CH3SH , CH3NH2 WאאW٣ O a) - CH3 C H + CH3MgI CH3CHCH3 OMgI b) - CH3CH2I + NaSH CH3CH2SH + NaI c) - CH2 CH CH3 + HCl CH3CHCH 3 Cl -٨-
אא ١٥٣ א אא א ١ J٤אא W١ J J J Jא W٢ KאאWCH3NH2 KאWCH3OH KWF- KW ZnCl2 KאאאאW٣ Kאא -٩-
אאאא אא ٢
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wאא אאאא אאא Kאאאאא Wאא JWאאא Kאא .١ Kאאא .٢ ،E،،Fאאא א.٣ Kאא Wאאא K٪٨٥אאא Wאא K٨ Wאא KOverhead Projector .١ Kאא .٢ Kאאאאא .٣ K .٤ Wאא Kאאאא - ١٠ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wא١ J٢ אא W Wא J אאא WאKאא–אא، –א،saturatedא אK Ethane CH3-CH3alkanesא ، J א،unsaturated אK W ،EC=CF–אא،alkenes א J١ ،EC CF–אאalkynesא אאא،אאא K ، אAromatic Hydrocarbonsאא א J٢ KC10H8אאא WAlkanesא٢ J٢ ،אאא،א אאאאאאא،אאא Kאאא،אאא אאא nCnH2n+2Wאאאאאא אאKאאEnFEKKKKKKK،٤{٣{٢{١=nF - ١١ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א א،א،א Kא Wא١ J٢ J٢ אאא،E-aneFאא E-aneFאאEאFאא E١ J٢F، אE١ J٢F n אא א 1 methane CH4 2 ethane CH3CH3 3 propane 4 butane CH3CH2CH3 5 pentane CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3 6 hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 7 heptane CH3(CH2)5CH3 8 octane CH3(CH2)6CH3 9 nonane CH3(CH2)7CH3 10 decane CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH2אאאא אא،Methyleneא Wאא Butane C4H10Wאא - ١٢ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 CH CH3 n-Butane CH3 Isobutane J Pentane C5H12 Wאא CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 – CH3 J Isopentane – Neopentane N-pentane WAlkyl Group ER-Fא אאER-Fא א א،methylCH3-א אאאאE 2-2FאKEthylECH3CH2-Fא אא - ١٣ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Kאא١٠ J٢א אא אא א א Methyl CH3 J MethaneCH4 Ethyl CH3CH2- Ethane CH3CH3 Propane N-Propyl CH3CH2CH2- CH3CH2CH3 Isopropyl n-Butyl CH3-CH-CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 sec- Butyl CH3CH2CH2CH2- n-Butane CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3 CH3CH CH3 Isobutyl CH3 CH3CH CH2_ Isobutane Tert-butyl CH3 CH3 C CH3 WCycloalkanes אא Wאאאאאא CH2 C HCy2clopropCanHe 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 - ١٤ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Cyclobutane CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 Cyclopentane CH2CH3 Ethy lcyclobutane WIUPACאאא אאאאאאאא IUPAC Wאא،אא International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Wאא EאFאאאא E١ Kאאאא אאאאאאא E٢ אאאאאאK אאא ، אאאאEאFאאE JF אאאaneא Wאאyl 1 234 5 6 CH 3CH 2CHCH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 2CH 3 - ١٥ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א 3-Ethylhexane Eאא Fאאאאא אpenta ،tetra،tri،diא،אאא אאKKKKKK،،אאא אאאא، Wאאא CH3 C5H3 CH C3H2 2C C1H3 4 CH3 CH3 2-2-4-Trimethylpentane אאאאאא Wאא 8 7 6 5 4 CC3H2CC2HH23 1 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH CH3 CH3_ CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2CH3 3,3-Diethyl-4-methyl-5-n-propyloctane אאא Wאאאאאא 7 6 54 32 1 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2CH 3 3-Ethyl-5-Methylheptane - ١٦ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א אאEאFאא ،EaneFאEylFא،א א אאאאאאא אאאאאא Wא CH3 CH3 CH3 3 1' CH 2'CH _ CH3 1 C2H2 CH CH 5CH2 6CH2 C7H2 8CH3 CH2CH3 CH2 4 CH3 3-Ethyl-4(1',2',Dimethylpropyl) nonane EאFאאא אאאא אאאאK אאא WאEא F: Fluoro NO2W Nitro ClW Chloro NH2W Amino BrW Bromo CNW Cyano IW Iodo - ١٧ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א W 54 Br 21 CH3CHC3HCH 2CH3 CH3 Cl 3-Bromo-2-chloro-4-methylpentane אאאאאא ،אאאאאneo-אiso- אאtridisec-tert-אאא Kא Wאאאא٢ J٢ J٢ א،nonpolarא C5א،אאאאC4C1،אא ١٨אאאא،C17 א،א א،אאKאא אאאאאאאא،א אאא،אאאEאאF K Wאאא٣ J٢ J٢ אא،אא Wאא Wcombustion א א-١ –אאא KאKאאא - ١٨ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH4 + 2O2 CO2 (g) + 2H2O(g) + ﻃﺎﻗﺔ WHalogenation א-٢ ، אBr2אCl2אEאאFא אאאא،א א Wאא، WE١F Br + Br2 + HBr Bromocyclopentane H hν WE٢F H C H + Cl2 H3C_ Cl + HCl H Chloromethane hν CH3 Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl Dicarbomethane CH2Cl2 + Cl2 hhvν CHCl3 + HCl hν Chloroform - ١٩ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א C H Cl 3 + Cl2 hv CC14 + HCl Carbontetrachloride' ،אאא אאא W KאEFא אK אאאאאאא Kאא CC H 2 /Pt ,Pd أوNi _ C_C _ ﺿﻐﻂ HH Alkene Alkane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH = CH2 H2 , Pt CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 1- Hexene ﺿﻐﻂ n- Hexane W K ،אא،אאא אאא KGrignard reagentsא Kאא R-X + Mg اﻳ ﺜﺮ ﺟ ﺎفRMgX Alkyl halide Alkyl magnesium halide - ٢٠ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א אאאא Kאא R-MgX + H 2O RH + Mg(OH)X اﻳ ﺜﺮ ﺟ ﺎف Alkane RH + Mg(OCH 3)X RMgX+CH 3OH Alkane Mg Br Br CH3CH2CHCH 3 CH3CH2CHCH 3+Mg Mg(OH)Br + CH 3CH2CH2CH3 H2O W K Kאאא 2R - X + 2 Na R - R + 2 NaX Alkane 2 CH3 CH2 Cl + 2 Na CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 Wאאא אK אאאאאא ،אאא WאאLithium dialkyl copper ( R2CuLi) (CH3 CH2)2 CuLi + CH 3 CH2 CH2 Br CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 + CH3 CH2 Cu + LiBr - ٢١ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wאאאא CH3 CH2 Cl + Li CH3 CH2 Li 2 CH3 CH2 Li + Cul (CH3 CH2)2 CuLi + Lil Wא٤ J٢ J٢ K א، אאאאא K אאא אא، אא٪٨٠א Kא،אא אאKRefiningאא K Walkenesא٣ J٢ ،EC=CF–אא ،CnH2nאאא،olefins KC2H4אאCnH2n-2א H 120 H C= C H H - ٢٢ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wא١ J٣ J٢ Wא אK אאאאאאאאאאא ، א א –ylene alkane א א א א–ane Wאא KאאE1-3-2F Alkeneא Alkaneא Ethylene CH2=CH2 Ethane CH3CH3 Propylene CH3-CH =CH2 Propane CH3CH2CH3 Butylene CH3CH2CH=CH 2 2-Butylene CH3CH=CHCH 3 n-Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 Isobutylene CH3 CH = CH2 Isobutane CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH3 – CH2=CH2אאאא W( Vinyl group )אCH=CH2 CH2 = CH CH 2 = CH CH2 = CH Cl Br Vinyl Chloride Vinyl bromide Vinyl Cyclohexane W( allyl group)אCH3CH=CH2אאא - ٢٣ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH2CH = CH2 Cl Allyl Choride WIUPACא אK אאא،אאא אE א אFIUPAC א Wאאאאאא KEאFאאאאא E٣ –אאאא–aneאאאא E٤ Kene אאאא،אאאאא E٥ Kא אאא، אאא Wאא،אאא 54 3 21 CH3CH-CH = CH-CH3 CH3 4- Methyl - 2- Pentene Wאאא CH3CH2CH = CH2 CH2 = CH2 CH 3-CH = CH 2 1-Butene Ethene Propene - ٢٤ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH2-CH = CH2 Cl 2-Ethyl-1-Butene 3-Chloro -l- Propene אאאאאאאא אK א אא،אאא Kאאאאא 6 3 51 42 42 51 3 6 Cyclohexene 3-Methylcyclohexene (1-Cyclohexene)وﻟﻴﺲ (6-Methylcyclohexene )وﻟﻴﺲ –eneאאאאKKKKKKtetra،tri ،di א אאאא Kאאאא 5 14 5 43 2 23 CH2 = CH-CH2-C-CH2CH3 1CH2 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Ethyl,1,4-Pentadiene 246 135 7 1,3,6-Heptatriene אFאאאא אE2-butane 1-buteneאאא - ٢٥ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Kאאאא،אא W2-butene H CH3 CH3 CH3 CC CC CH3 H HH trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene EאאאאFאא Fאא،E–cisFא،א אא،אאKtransאEא K ٠{٩trans-2-butene ٣٧،א،cis-2-butene ،א Wאאא٢ J٣ J٢ אא א אאאא ،א،א،אא אא،אאאאא אא אא א،א Kא Wא٣ J٣ J٢ Wאא Wאאא אE٦ אאאא،H+،א KH3PO4אH2SO4אא - ٢٦ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א HH H+ , HH HC C H CC + H2O OH H HH (آﺤﻮل )اﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮل (اﻟﻜﻴﻦ )اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ אFאאאא،אאא ، אאEאאאאאא Wאא CH2 CH CHCH3 H+, CH3-CH = CHCH3 H OH H 2-Butene 2-Butanol + + H2O CH2 = CHCH2CH3 1-Butene Wאאא אE٧ KKOHאא( I , Br, Cl =X ) HX CH2 CH2 KOH / آﺤﻮل CH2 = CH2 +K++CI -+H2O H Cl اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ آﻠﻮرو اﻳﺜﺎن אאאא،אאאא Wאא،א،אאא - ٢٧ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH2 CH CH CH3 KOH / آﺤﻮل CH3 CH = CH CH3 + K+ H Br H J٢EF J٢ HCH2 = CHCH2CH3+Br-+H2o EF J١ Wא H2SO4אא K١ אא،אאא אKאא אאא،א K CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 ﻣﺮآﺰ CH2 CH2 H OSO3H آﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻻﻳﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ WPolymerization אK٢ א––א ،אאאאKpolymersא Kאאאא WאאW אNaphtha fractionאאאא א١٠ J٤אאאא،א א، ٩٠٠ J٧٠٠אאאאא Kאאאא - ٢٨ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א אאאא אאאאא Kאא ، ( Cr2O3+Al2O3)אאאאאא Kאא CH3CH2CH3 Cr2O3 +Al2O3 CH2 = CHCH3 700cْ W( X = Cl ,Br, I ) HXא C C + HX CC HX هﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻴﻞ CH2=CH2 + HCI CH3 CH2 CI (آﻠﻮرو اﻳﺜﺎن )آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﺛﻴﻞ א،אאא ،אאאא،אאא KאאMarkovnikov's Rule CH2 = CHCH3 + HCl CH2 CH CH3 H Cl J٢ WHydration א - ٢٩ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א אKאH+אאא K H+ CH2 CH CH3 CH2 = CHCH3 + H2O H OH J٢ Wא٤ J٣ J٢ אK،אאא WאKאא WHydrogenation א.١ KאCatalystsEאFPdNi Pt אא CH2 = CH2 + H2 Pt or Ni CH3 CH3 إﻳﺜﺎن اﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ ،אאא،אא אאאאאאא WHalogenations א.٢ אאאאא Kא C C + X2 / CCI4 CC (X = CI , Br) X X - ٣٠ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH2 = CH2 + Br2 / CCI4 CH2 CH2 Br Br ،EאאאFאאא א א Kאאא WAlkynesא٤ J٢ JF–אא אאא،CnH2n-2אאKE JC C ،אspאא،אא،C2H2 אאKאא אאא، ٣٠٠٠אא Kא CaOאאא KאCaS2א، 3C + CaO 2500 oC CaC2 + CO CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 Wא١ J٤ J٢ EIUPACאFאאאא א א،אא،אאא אאאאא، Wאא–ene א–yne HC CH CH3C CH CH3CH2C CH - ٣١ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Acetylene Methyl acetylene Ethyl acetylene Ethyne Propyne 1- Butyne WIUPACאא CH3C CCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3CH CH C C CH2CH CH3 2-Butyne Cl 3-Chloro-2,7-dimethyl-4-octyne CH C C CH 1,3-Butadiyne אא אא אא–yneאאאאאא،א Kalkeneאאא،אאא HC C CH2 CH CH2 1-Penten-4-yne אאאאאאאא Kא–yne א Wאאא٢ J٤ J٢ אאאאא א،אKאא - ٣٢ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א אC17אC16C4 א، אC4C2 K Wא٣ J٤ J٢ אאאאא Wאאא Dehydrohalgenation Wאאאא .١ W CH3CH CH H KOH [ CH3CH = C H ] Br Br EtOH Br 1,2-Dibromopropane Allylbromide CH3 C C H NaNH2 / Propyne Wאא .٢ Wאאאא HC C - Na+ + CH3Br liq NH3 HC C CH3 + NaBr HC C - Na+ + CH3CH2I liq NH3 HC C CH2CH3 + NaI CH3 C C- Na+ + CH3CH2Br liq NH3 CH3 C C CH2CH3 + NaBr Sodium propynide - ٣٣ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א אאאאאאא Kאאאא Wאאאא אאאאא Wאאאא،אא אאאאWאאא J١ Wאאאא CH4 + O2 2HC CH + 2CO + 10H2 אאאאWא J٢ ،אאאא،א EאFאאאא אאאא Wא CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Calcium carbonate CaO + 3C 2500 CaC2 + CO Coke Calcium carbide CaC2 + 2H2O 25Cْ HC CH + Ca(OH)2 Acetylene - ٣٤ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wא٥ J٤ J٢ Wאאאא Kאאא،אאא Wאאאאאאא Wא .١ אאאאאא Kאא،א RR H2\\Ni RC C R + H2 Pd or Ni C=C RCH2CH2R HH Ni- אאאא Linders catalyst Pd + Pb(OAc)4אאאB2 KPd/CaCO3) Wא א.٢ אאאאאאא Wאא Cl Cl Cl CH3 C C CH3+Cl2 CH3 C = C CH3 CH3 C C CH3 Cl Cl Cl 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorobutane - ٣٥ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wאא .٣ אאאאא אאאאא، Kאאאאא CH3 C CH HCl CH3C = CH2 HCl Cl Cl CH3 C CH3 Cl 2,2-Dichloropropane Wא .٤ אאאא א، mercuric sulfate א Kאא CH CH + H2O HgSO4 H C=C H O H2SO4 H OH CH3 C H Enol Acetaldehyde O CH3 C CH + H2O HgSO4 OH H2SO4 CH3 C = CH2 CH3 C CH3 Acetone - ٣٦ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א Wא .٥ אאאאאאא Wאא OO 1)KMnO4 /OH- R C C Rَ 2)H2O / OH- OO RC C Rَ 1)KMnO4 /OH- R C OH + Rَ C OH 2) 100ْC / H + 1)O3 RCOOH + RCَ OOH 2)H2O /Zn Or H2O2 אאאאאאא٦ J٤ J٢ אאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאKא אא(PVC) אא א אA א אא א Kאא אאאאאאאא KPayragylineאא - ٣٧ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א 2-5 WIUPACאאאא J١ CH3CHCHCHCH3 - بC H 3 - C ( C H 3 ) 2 C H 3 J Br Cl CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CH2 C = CH2 J J CH3 C2H5 J CH C CH J CH3 J CH3 C = C CH3 CH3 Br Wאאאאא–٢ 2-bromo-2-methyloctane 2 , 3 - d i m e t h y l b u t a n e J J 2-chloro-3-methyl-2-pentene J 1 , 1 - d i m e t h y l c y c l o h e x a n e J 2 , 2 - D i b r o m o - 3 - h e x y n e J 2,3Dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene J ؟אC6H14אאאאא–٣ ؟אאאאא–٤ Wאא–٥ - ٣٨ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א CH3CH3 + Cl2 hυ J CH4 + 2O2 J CH3CH2Cl + N a J CH3CH2OH H+,∆ J Pt or Ni /2H2 CH=CH3CH J J CCl 2+ Br 3CH=CHCH3CH J 4 + Cl2 CCl4 CH3CH CH CH3 KOH NaNH2 / J EtOH J Hg SO 4 J Br Br H2SO4 CH3 C C CH3 + 2Cl2 CH3 C CH H2O W،–٦ i ) C H 3 C H 3 i i ) C H 3 C H 2 C liii) CH2 = CH2 Wאאא–٧ 3 - B r o m o - 1 - p e n t y n e ,4 - M e t h y l - 2 - h e x e n e Wאאא H2 , Br2/H2O , H2O/H+ , HCl - ٣٩ -
אא ١٥٣ א אא אא א ٢ J٥א W١ 2,2- Dimethyl Propane - ا.١ 3-Ethyl-1-Methyl cyclohexane - ﺟـ.٢ 3-Methyl -1- butyne - هـ.٣ 2- Bromo -3-Methyl -2- butene J W٢ (أ CH3 - CH -CH -CH3 CH3 CH3 (د CH3 C C CH2CH3 Cl CH3 (و Br CH3 C C CH2CH3 Br KאאאW٤ W٥ CH4 +2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + ﻃﺎﻗﺔ.١ J J CH3 CH2 OH H+, CH2 = CH2 + H2O .٢ CH3 - CH = CH - CH 3 + Br2 CCI4 J CH2CH - CH CH 3 Br Br .٣ - ٤٠ -
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