Body systems flipbook_clone

Integumentary:Functions: acts as a barrier to protect body from outside world, also regulates bodytemperatureKey Terms:Derm/o- skinalbin/o- whitebi/o- lifeerythr/o- redhidr/o- sweatkerat/o- horny, hard, cornealip/o- fat, lipidmelan/o- black, darkmyc/o- fungusonych/o- fingernail, toenailpedicul/o- louse, licepil/o- hairrhytid/o- wrinkleseb/o- sebumxer/o- dryVocabulary words:Keratin- fibrous water-repellent protein (nails and hair)Hair follicles- sacs that hold the root of the hair fibersDermis- thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermisHidrosis- production and excretion of sweatHeparin- is released in response to injuryTactile- pertaining to touchSebum- released through ducts opening into the hair follicles, it discourages bacteriaHistamine- released in response to allergens, causes itching and increased mucus secretionNail- protects dorsal surface

Pore- opening of the skinDiseases / disorders:Dermatitis- inflammation of the upper layers of the skinPurpura- condition categorized by hemorrhage into the skin that causes spontaneous bruisingXeroderma- is excessively dry skinPruritus- also known a itching associated with most forms of dermatitisHealth care careers:Dermatologist- specializes in treating and diagnosing disorders of the skinCosmetic surgeon- specializes in surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structuresMusculoskeletalFunctions: Makes body movement possible, hold body erect, moves body fluids, producesbody heat, cover, support and separates muscle, attaches muscle to bones.Key words:Bi- twice, double, two-cele: hernia, tumor, swelling-desis: surgical fixation of bone or joint, to bind, to tie togetherfasci/o: face, form-ia: abnormal condition, disease-ic: pertaining tokinesi/o: movement-lysis: breakdown, separation, setting free, destructionmy/o: Muscle-plegia: paralysis, stroke-rrhexis: rupture

tax/o: coordination, orderten/o, tend/o, tendin/o: tendon, stretch outton/o: tension, tone, stretchingTri- threeVocabulary words:Cardiac muscle- forms muscular wall of heartSmooth muscle- move and control flow of fluidsSkeletal muscles- attach to bones of skeleton, control body movements such as walking orsmilingTendons- narrow band of nonelastic dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle toboneFascia- sheet or band or fibrous connective tissue, that covers, supports, and separates muscleMuscle tone- normal state of balanced muscle tensionContraction- tightening of the muscleNeuromuscular- pertaining to nerve and muscleAntagonistic muscle- to work in opposition of one anotherSmooth muscles- internal organs, they are involuntaryDiseases/Disorders:Myomalacia- softening of the muscle tissueMyositis- inflammation of muscle tissueMyalgia- muscle tenderness or painTendinitis- inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the jointHealth care careers:Cardiologist- treats disorders of the cardiac musclesNeurologist- treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular disordersNervous systemFunctions: coordinates all activities of body, transmits nerve impulses, receive externalstimulation and transmit it to sensory neurons

Key terms:ambul/o- walkCephal- headconcuss/o- shaken together, violently agitatedcontus/o- bruiseech/o- soundencephal/o- brain-esthesia: sensation feelingklept/o- to sealmening/o- membranes, meningesmyel/o- spinal cord, bone marrownarc/o- numbness, stuporneur/i- nerve, nerve tissue-phobia: abnormal fearpsych/o- mindsomn/o- sleepVocabulary words:Receptors- sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulationreflex-automatic involuntary response to some changeNeuron- basic cell of the nervous systemDendrites- receive impulses and conduct them to the cell bodyaxon- extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cellSynapse- space between two neuronsNeurotransmitter- chemical messenger that transmits messages between nerve cellsNeuroglia- are supportive and connective cells of the nervous systemGray matter- nerves that don't have myelin sheathWhite matter- myelin sheath gives nerve fibers a white colorDiseases/ disordersCognition- describes the mental activities associated with thinkingParkinson's disorder- chronic, slowly progressive degenerative disorderTetanus- an acute and potentially fatal bacterial functionAlzheimer's disease- degenerative changes in the brain structure that lead to characteristicsymptomsHealth careers:Psychologist- evaluating and treating emotional problemsNeurologist- specializing in diagnosing disorders of nervous systemSpecial sensesFunctions: receptor organs for the sense of sight, provide external protection and movement ofeyes, produces stores tears, focuses rays of light on the retina, converts light images intoelectrical impulses, receptor organs for sense of hearing, transmits sound waves to middle ofthe ear

Key terms:Blephar/o- eyelid-cusis: hearingDacryocyst/o- lacrimal sacIrid/o- iris, colored part of eyeKerat/o- horny, hard, cornea-metry: to measureOpthalm/o- eye, vision-opia: vision, conditionOt/o- ear, hearingPresby/o- old agePseud/o- falseRetin/o- retina, netScler/o- sclera, white of eye, hardTrop/o- turn, changeTympan/o- tympanic membrane, eardrumVocabulary words:Eye socket- bony cavity of the skullCanthus- is the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meetConjunctiva- mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelidEyebrows- prevent for foreign objects from reaching eyesEyelashes- oil producing sebaceous glandsPupil- black circular opening in the center of the iris, permits light to enter eyeIris- pigmented muscular layer that surrounds the pupilVisual acuity- ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distanceSnellen chart- measure visual acuityLens- clear flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retinadiseases/disorders:Dacryocystitis- inflammation of lacrimal sacKeratitis- inflammation of corneaXerophthalmia- drying of eye surfacesConjunctivitis- inflammation of conjunctiva

Health careers:Audiologist- measurement of hearing function and rehabilitation of persons with hearingimpairmentsOtolaryngologist- physician who specializes in the care of the earsCardiovascular systemFunctions:Blood circulates through a network of vessels throughout the body to provide individual cellswith oxygen and nutrients and helps dispose of metabolic wastes. The heart pumps the bloodaround the blood vessels.Key terms:Cardi/o- relating to heartangi/o- meaning vesselhem/o- bloodBrady- slowTachy- fastthromb/o- clotting of blood-emia- conditionleuk/o- relating to whiteerythr/o- relating to redarteri/o- relating to arteryVocabulary words:Pericardium- the double walled membranous sac that encloses the heartMyocardium- middle/ thickest layer of the heartEndocardium- inner lining of the heartVentricles- lower chambers of the heartCardiac apex- tip of the heartSystemic circulation- blood flow to all of the body except the lungsPulmonary circulation- blood flow between the lungs and the heartAtria- two upper chambers of the heartSeptum- is a separating wall or partition

Electrical impulses- from nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heartdiseases/ disorders:Pericarditis- lining around heart gets inflamedAbnormal heart rhythms- uneven heartbeatAtherosclerosis- hardening of arteries that give the heart vital oxygen and nutrientsAneurysms- Weakening of the blood vessel wall causes a ballooning bulgeHealth careers:Cardiologist- a physician who treats heart diseases and defectsCarCardio Perfusionist- is someone that works the heart lung machineRespiratory systemFunctions: take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe.Key terms:Bronch/o- relating to the bronchicyan/o- relating to the color bluelaryng/o- meaning larynxtrache/o- tracheapulmon/o- lungpneum/o- airthorac/o- chest or thoraxOxy- meaning sharpOxia- condition of oxygenpleur/o- meaning side or ribVocabulary words:Cilia- thin hairs inside nostrils, filter debrisSinus- air filled cavity within a bone, lined with mucousAlveoli- air sacs, gas exchangeLobe- division of the lungsDiaphragm- muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdomen, contracts and relaxesPhrenic nerve- stimulates diaphragm, causes it to contractTonsils- protects the body from invading organisms

Bronchioles- help with airflow and connect to trachea and lungsPleural space- airtight between the folds of the pleural membranePleura- multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nervesDiseases/disorders:Asthma- condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathingCystic fibrosis- production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of the pancreaticducts, intestines, and bronchiPulmonary hypertension- high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the rightside of your heartEmphysema- condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlargedHealth Careers:Pulmonologist: specialized in diagnosing and treating patients with lung problems and diseasesRespiratory technician- professionals in the career of respiratory medicine. They are supervisedand work under a respiratory therapistDigestive systemFunctions:breakdown of food into small molecules, then absorbed into body fornutrientsKey terms-pepsia- digestion-phagia- eating, swallowing-emesis- vomiting-rrhage- bursting forth-rrhea- flow dischargeceli/o- abdomen, bellychol/e- gall; bilecol/o- colon, large intestineenter/o- intestine (small)esophag/o- esophagusgastr/o- stomach

Vocabulary Words;Lips- form opening to oral cavityHard palate- forms the bony anterior portion of the palateUvula- hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, helpsTongue- aids in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowingTaste buds- upper surface of the tongueCrown- portion that is visible to the mouthEsophagus- collapsible tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomachPylorus- narrow passage connecting the stomach to the small intestineIleum- the last portion of the small intestineRectum- which is the last division of the large intestineDiseases/Disorders:Celiac Disease- serious sensitivity to glutenCrohn’s Disease- affects the end of the small intestine called the ileum, but it can affect any partof the digestive tract.Ulcerative Colitis- digestive tract affected is solely the large intestine, mistakes food orother things as invaders and then creates ulcersGastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Weakness of the valve between the esophagus andstomach may allow stomach acid to reflux and irritate and inflame the liningHealth specialistGastroenterologist- a physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tractProctologist- doctor specializing in diseases of the rectum and anusHepatologist- a specialist in the study of the liverUrinary systemFunctions: remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stablebalance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a

hormone that aids the formation of red blood cellsKey terms:Hydr/o- waterlith/o- stone, calculusnephr/o- kidneypyel/o- renal pelvisureter/o- ureterurethr/o- urethraur/o- urine, urinary tractvesic/o- bladder, sac-uria- urine, urinationcyst/o- bladder, sacVocabulary:Kidney- filter the blood to remove waste products and excess waterMedulla- is the inner layer of the kidneyUrinary bladder- is a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urineUrethra- tube extending from outside the bodyNephrons- functional units of the kidneysUrinary sphincters- located at either end of the urethraUrethral meatus- external opening of urethraUrination- process of excreting urineRenal pelvis- pertaining to pelvisRenal cortex- outer layer of kidneyDiseases/ disordersCystitis - inflammation of the bladder, often from an infection

Urinary tract infections- when bacteria enters the urinary tract and can affect the urethra,bladder or even the kidneysKidney stones- clumps of calcium oxalate that can be found anywhere in the urinarytract. Kidney stones form when chemicals in the urine become concentrated enough toform a solid mass.Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine.Health Careers:Urologists- provide medical and surgical management for disorders of the urinary tractNephrologists - Nephrologists provide medical management to patients with kidney diseaseReproductive systemFunctions: produces sperm and male testosterone, produce ova and female hormones, catchmature ova, protects and supports developing child, exchanges nutrients between mother andfetus during pregnancyKey terms:cervic/o- neck of uteruscolp/o- vaginaepisi/o- vulva-gravida- pregnantgynec/o- women, femalemamm/o- breastmen/o- menstruation, mensesmetr/o- uterusNulli- noneoophor/o- ovaryorchid/o- testicles, testis, testesov/o- egg, ovum-pexy- surgical fixationprostat/o- prostate glandsalping/o- uterine (fallopian) tube, auditory (eustachian) tube

Vocabulary:Scrotum- encloses, protects, and supports, the testiclesPerineum-region between the scrotum and anusPrepuce-known as the foreskinProstate gland- surrounds upper end of the urethra in the regionSperm- are male gametesUrethra- passes through the penis to outside of the bodyTesticles- produce spermSeminal vesicles- glands located at base of urinary bladderDiseases/ disorders:Balanitis- is an inflammation of the glans penisPhimosis- narrowing of the opening of the foreskinImpotence- is the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erectionOophoritis- inflammation of the ovaryOvariorrhexis- rupture of an ovaryHealth careers:Gynecologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the femalereproductive systemUrologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system Why i deserve 10 pointsI feel like i deserve these 10 points because i felt like i put a lot of time into this project, andasked many questions to thoroughly understand this project. With the time i have due to such abusy schedule i skipped studying less for some nights, and even going to church some nights toguarantee i would get a good grade on this project.