Art Education WS 11003

1 The Essence of Way of Life Skills Textbook Art Education (WS11003) Primary Level Non-Formal Education Basic Curriculum of B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2554) Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education Office of the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Education Not for sale This textbook is published with a national budget allocated for the purpose of people’s lifelong learning. Copyright owned by the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education.

2 The Essence of Way of Like Skills Textbook Art Education (WS11003) Primary Level (Revised Edition of B.E.2554) Copyright owned by the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education Academic Document No. 16/2555

3 Preface The Ministry of Education has proclaimed the use of Non-Formal Basic Education Curriculum of B.E. 2551 (A.D. 2008) on the 18th September, 2008 with an aim to replace the former principles and practices of the Non-Formal Basic Education Curriculum of B.E 2544 (A.D.2001)which was developed in accordance with the philosophical principles and basic beliefs pertaining to the conduct of the out-of-school learning programs for adult target learners whose learning practices are to accumulate their knowledge and learning experiences continuously. In the 2001 fiscal year, the Ministry of Education had set a strategic plan for mobilizing the educational policy in order to raise the capability and potentiality of the people in terms of their competitiveness in job performances that enable them to earn an affluent living constantly, perform with discipline, to have good morality and ethical behavior, and to be aware of self- performance and responsibility as well as to assist others concerned. In order to respond to the above-mentioned policy of the Ministry of Education, the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education (ONIE) decided to reconsider the former Curriculum of B.E. 2551 in terms of its principles and aims, its standard and expected outcomes as well as particular substances of 5 groups of the learning essences to make them more compliant with and be responding to the new policies of the Ministry of Education. The reconsideration had contributed to the revision of non- formal education text books by adding an integration of more contents and essences of occupation, morality and virtue as well as integrating the issues concerning readiness and preparation for Thailand to join with the ASEAN community. In terms of development of the subject essences, the revision remains to keep the principle and procedures of the former text in which the learners are to do self-study, conduct learning activities, undertake tests to evaluate their own understanding, conduct group discussions to share knowledge and experiences among groups’ members and to acquire additional knowledge from local wisdom and from other sources of information. The revision of this text book has received the generous support and collaboration from various experts and resource people as well as other concerned personnel who kindly provided useful information and data collection from various sources of knowledge to make the revision more meaningful. Their helpful information has made the new contents more relevant and appropriate to the learning standard and indicators of the expected outcomes of each subject

4 essence. The Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education (ONIE) wishes to express its sincere appreciation for their considerate concern and helpful cooperation. ONIE hopes that these new revised learning essences will be useful to the learners, the teachers or facilitators as well as other concerned staff personnel at all levels. The ONIE will be pleased to invite any advice and recommendations for the improvement of future issues. (Mr. Prasert Boonrueng) Secretary-General November 2011

Table of Contents 5 Introduction Page Textbook Instruction Course Structure 9 Chapter 1 Folk / Local Visual Arts 10 15 Topic 1 Folk/local visual arts 19 Topic 2 Components of visual arts. 25 Topic 3 Patterns and evolution of the folk visual arts. 37 Topic 4 Style and beauty of the folk visual arts. 44 Topic 5 Folk visual arts and costumes. 50 Topic 6 Residential interior decoration. 58 Topic 7 Value of folk visual arts. 59 Chapter 2 Folk Music 60 Topic 1 Characteristics of folk music 83 Topic 2 Thai folk music 88 Topic 3 Music wisdom 92 Topic 4 Value of folk music 99 Topic 5 Development of folk music 109 Topic 6 Value and conservation of folk music 110 Chapter 3 Folk / Traditional Dances 112 1. Folk dancing art and local wisdom. 113 2. Folk dancing art of the North. 116 3. Folk dancing art of the Central. 119 4. Folk dancing art of the Northeast. 124 5. Folk dancing art of the South. 124 Chapter 4 Production of Musical Instrument 125 1. Principal factors for occupational performances 126 2. Recommendation for selecting occupation 3. Flute (Khlui) manufacturing occupation

4. Reed mouth organ (Cann) manufacturing occupation 6 5. Double-headed drum (Klong Kaek) making 130 133

7 Instruction for the Use of this Textbook The Essence of Life skill Textbook on Art Education ทช 11003 for learner who is non- formal education learners. To study the Essence of Life Skill Textbook on Art Education learner should follow the following steps. 1. Study the course structure to understand the topic and the essence, expected learning outcome, and scope of contents of the course in details. 2. Study details of the contents of each chapter thoroughly and do assigned activities. Check your answer with the answer keys for activities. If their answers are incorrect, they should go back to study over the lesson again before studying on the next chapter. 3. Do the activities at the end of the lesson to summarize the knowledge of the content matter again. The do activities of each content can be checked with teachers and friends who have participated in the course at the same level. This text book is composed of had 3 chapters as follows: Chapter 1 Folk/Local Visual Arts Chapter 2 Folk Music Chapter 3 Folk / Traditional Dances Chapter 4 Production of Musical Instruments

8 Course Structures on Art Education Elementary Elementary Level Essence Having good insight into the moral ethics, appreciating values of the beauty of the natural environment of symphonic music, folk traditional dances and properly analyzing them. Expected Learning Outcomes 1. Able to explain the meaning of nature, the melodic beauty of the visual art, music and traditional Dances. 2.Able to explain basic knowledge of the visual art, music and folk traditional Dances. 3.Able to create artwork from basic knowledge of the visual art, music and folk traditional Dances. 4. Appreciate the value of visual arts, music and folk traditional dances. 5. Able to analyze and make a comment on the visual arts, music and folk traditional dances. 6. Conserve inherited wisdom of visual arts, music and folk traditional dances. Scope of Contents Chapter 1 Folk/Local Visual Arts Chapter 2 Folk Music Chapter 3 Folk/Traditional Dances Chapter 4 Production of Musical Instrument Instructional media 1. Text book 2. Work sheet 3. Activities

9 Chapter 1 Folk/Local Visual Arts Essence Having good insight into the moral ethics appreciating values of the visual arts, folk arts and being able to make critical analysis appropriately. Expected Learning Outcomes Having knowledge and understanding of the basics of folk visual arts, being able to describe , create, conserve, analyze and criticize about the beauty of folk visual arts properly. Scope of Contents Topic 1 Folk/local visual arts Topic 2 Components of visual arts. Topic 3 Patterns and evolution of the folk visual arts. Topic 4 Style and beauty of the folk visual arts. Topic 5 Folk visual arts and costumes. Topic 6 Residential interior decoration. Topic 7 Value of folk visual arts.

10 Topic1 Folk/Local visual arts Folk/Local visual arts We may divide the meaning of folk visual arts into 2 words which are visual arts and folk. Visual Arts refers to the art perceived from vision consisting of general scenery, which is primarily important, and portrait, caricature, as well as images of objects. We can say that visual arts are aetistic beauties such as scripture, architecture, printed matters, etc. which can be perceived from “looking”. Categories of visual arts 1. Painting means the creation of visual arts on the plane by drawing or painting with a dragging or paint on smooth surfaces such as paper, canvas, wood and so on to the story and beauty of emotions and imagination of the painter were classified into 2 type. Murals at Buddhist Temple Wat Phumin Nan province

11 1.1 Drawing is the word used in visual arts to call drawings, line drawings with 2 dimensions having the width and length using various materials such as pencil, pastel, crayons etc. 1.2 Painting is created on 2 dimensions plane with several colors such as painting with water color, pastel, oil color, etc. 2. Sculpture refers to the visual arts from molding, carving, casting, welding, etc with 3 dimensions of width, length and thickness such as portrait, animal picture, picture of things, etc. Sculpture can be classified into 3 types as follows. Bas-relief Sculpture 2.1 Low reliefs are molding or carving the image curved out only slightly and raised from the base such as coins. High relief sculpture

12 2.2 High relief are molding or carving shape raised more than half of the background which can show depth as the actual base such as monumental sculptures etc. Round relief sculpture 2.3 Floating is the molding or carving that can be seen and touched; the beauty of the work can be appreciated all surrounding areas such as Buddha etc. 3 Architecture refers to art and science of building that meets requirements of objects and mind. It is magnificently constructed and can be divided into 2 types as mentioned below: Thai open architecture

13 3.1 Open architecture means the architecture can be utilized such as school buildings, housing etc. Closed architecture: Buddha’s relics Chaiya at Surat Thani 3.2 Closed architecture means the architecture that humans can not live in such as pagoda, monuments etc. Wood-engraving 4 . Graphic means the artwork created by printing method by pressing a mold on paper from wood block or plate etc. The term of folk sometimes refers to the people of any nation who have their mutual identities such as living, languages, religious and traditions.

14 A folk visual art means the arts with beauty, simplicity from the villagers’ skills with creative and valuable contribution to the aesthetic and functionality according to local conditions. Professor Silp Pherasri said folk visual arts means folk art in to singing, dancing, drawing and other activities which come from minds and soul of the people. Most folk arts start from the villagers’ life style under the influence of well-being, traditions, belief and needs of the local conditions to use in daily life. Generally folk arts and handicraft are called handicraft that are produced by villagers. The invention is based on the technical and creative patterns inherited in the family in which the main purpose is for everyday living. Similar to traditional concepts and are improved to be consistent with the local conditions until becoming their own specific identity. Components of the folk visual arts Folk visual arts are composed of the following. 1. Work of anonymous artisan made for peoples’ daily life. The beauty is not caused by the personal desire to express artistic expression but from artistic training and production from several generations. 2. Art work is a simple model with the natural beauty and has been utilized from the past until present. 3.It is produced in a large number with normal selling - buying price and the beauty comes from training and practicing frequently. 4.There is more natural than beautiful. 5. It characterizes of endemic origin or unique habitats. 6. Most of works are made up from the skills.

15 Useful hint Creators of art works are called artists such as painting artist, graphic artist and sculpture artist; Buddha statue casting is called sculpture and the creator of sculpture is called call sculptor. The creators of architecture call the architect. Activities : Have the learners conduct a survey around their community or any place found to see if there are any visual arts, what types they are and write them down to discuss in the class. Topic 2 Components of the visual arts The components of the visual arts are composed of 7 kinds which are . 1. Dot refers to the smallest component which is the starting point to the others. 2. Line refers to several dot moving continuously in the space from different directions of motion.

16 3.Color refers to the visible light made into different colors. Colors have an influence on the sense of vision and cause emotional variety. Painting colors comprise three primary colors which are red, blue and yellow when mixed together can be different colors. 4. Texture refers to the surface features of the objet with different characteristics such as smooth, rough, shiny or dull.

17 5. Shape refers to the convergence of line which is the boundary of the object that has 2 dimensions which are width and length of 2 sides only. 6. Figure refers to the visible appearance with 3 dimension which are width, length and deep thickness. thickness deep.

18 Useful hint To bring the visual arts components to outstandingly arrange the parts of story in the picture appropriately is called picture compositions. Basic principles of the picture compositions are as follow. 1. Only one main feature 2. Being in unity, the elements of the picture must be in the same story. 3. The overall picture must be harmonious. 4. May have a little conflict of main feature. 5. There is a balance of weight on the picture.

19 Activities. Describe the meaning of the compositions arts. Point refers to ............................................................................................................................... Line refers to เ..................................................................................................................................... Color refers to ............................................................................................................................... Texture refers to................................................................................................................................ Shape refers to .............................................................................................................................. Figure refers to............................................................................................................................. Look at the answer key from Chapter 1 on Topic 2 The components of the visual arts Topic 3 Patterns and evolution of the folk visual arts Folk arts is based on the production of hand-made to make it useful. It is considered folk arts and the evolution of human are originated together. Human has devised the way to create equipment to help achieve a comfortable lifestyle throughout years such as stone equipment, excavated ancient pottery etc. so that the beginning of handicraft have been developed since ancient times. Society in Thailand in the past is a peasant society also known as the agricultural society. There is self-sufficiency society with four requisites. The production of equipment is to facilitate their ways of living. Type of folk arts Many types of Thailand’s folk arts have existed in every part of local areas which can be divided into various categories as follows. 1. Painting Arts: Thailand folk painting caused by the local residents who have created works by using local materials to create such as palm leaves, wood, cotton as writing material for painting including natural colors such as resin, fruits, soil and color stone powder. They paint with wood that pound at the tail to make it fuzzy or some kind of fur such as feathers of pig,

20 feathers from ear of the cow and rabbit fur which are tired with wood to make the brush or paint brush. Local painting of Thailand can be divided into 2 categories. 1.1 Movable painting means that humans can carry a piece of arts easily such as khoi books, Mahachat picture and scripture cabinet (the cabinet that had gold appliqué on black lacquer) etc. 1.2 Non-movable painting means work of arts that human cannot move or carry since its was painted on the building such as painting the walls of the temple, painting on ceilings or balconies of the temple etc. Movable folk painting Non-movable folk painting Thailand’s folk painting is called traditional painting in which work arts are created traditionally with locals colors powder. To create art works will be leisurely with small-scale. If painted on the large area such as the wall, it would look small because of many details or narrative painting. The components are not related to the person in the picture. The face does not show emotion but will communicate with motion and most of the stories are about the Buddhism, faiths. 2.The Sculpture: Folk sculpture created to respond everyday human functionality. The most materials used are local materials appropriate for usage such as bamboo, hard wood, clay and burning etc. Folk sculptures can be divided into 4 type of application. 2.1 Folk sculpture for temporary decoration is created to be used in rituals or decoration in a short time such as Tang yuak (carve a pith of a banana stalk), carving vegetables or fruit and decorated rice offering in various ceremonies and so on.

21 Tang yuak Decorated rice offering This type of sculpture is refined and highly creative. The manufacturer may do it alone or in groups. 2.2 Folk sculpture for decorating appliances: To decorate the appliances more gorgeously. The examples of folk sculpture for decorating appliances such as engraving on cabinet or bed, bowl with a supporting stand, jug and boiler etc. 2.3 Folk sculpture for amusement machines. This type of sculpture built for entertainment by choosing local materials such as clay, bamboo, cowhide, buff and cotton etc. to create the instrument for various performances.

22 The examples of folk sculpture for amusement are such as puppet show, grand shadow play, shadow play and actor’s mask etc. 2.4 Folk sculpture of plaything and ceremony is created for entertaining the kids or plaything and entertainment for every body. This type of sculpture includes engraving chess, small dolls, tukta seang kban (kind of offering doll of banana bark bowl on the triangle junction or floating on the water) and the little doll engraved to be palace people etc. 3. Architecture Thailand folk architecture is associated with tradition of Thai people. The material used are the local materials but the architecture concerning religion and faiths may be from different materials to show the respect. Thailand folk architecture is divided into 2 types.

23 3.1 Folk architecture for Buddhism is built for the usefulness of Buddhist temples and sacred places Folk architecture of Buddhism such as the pagoda, hall of a temple, sermon hall in a monastery etc. 3.2 Folk architecture for residence is created for the benefit of resident. The construction has been carried on from the tradition and with definite pattern but can be adapted to meet the needs of the individuals for making used of it. This type of architecture can be seen from the Thai style house or traditional house according to different regions which are Kalae at the gable of the house in the central regions the style of the roof are high with gable and thai style dragon; in the south region, there are hip roofs, etc. Northern region house Central region house South region house Creations of residential folk architecture the Thai wisdom are built in appropriate landscape and climate and Thai traditional faiths as well as favoracle things for the resident have been transmitted.

24 4. Graphic folk arts are not much seen in Thailand; most of them will be printed in fabric created for useful application such as batik fabric printed in the South, which is semi printed and dyed, Khomapas fabric printed is made from cotton printed in grit, and silk (silk screen) from Prachuap khi ri Khan province. Khomapas fabric Useful hint Did you know that traditional Thai house is divided into 2 categories. Ruan kreag sab is one category of Thai residence called Ruan Thai (Thai House) together with Ruan kreag puk of which its meaning according to the Royal Academy “The house composed of the parts tied together with rattan”. Most of Ruan kreag sab have 3 rooms with 8 cubits wide but it will be larger if the owner has an important position such as a minister. The technicians will be specialized. Before building it, there are varieties of ceremony. In the central region use Tengrang wood is used to make to do the floor because it is very hard. In the Northern region they prefer to use Teak wood. The wood that is not commonly use is such as Hopea odorata because it has blood rubber.

25 Ruan kreag phuk is a simple building which is composed of all parts together banded with rattan or Jark Tork of bamboo ( took a sharp knife to cut bamboo into thin flat strips for binding or fabricate things). Nails are not used to attach the house. Lattice bamboos called “Far Kat Tair” (partition made from woven bamboo strips)are used to make the window and the wall of the house. Either hard wood or strips of split bamboo are used to build the floor depending on the home ownner’s wealth. Activities Students observe around their community or around the place of group study if there are any folk arts compared with the type of folk visual arts of above 4 categories. Then take notes divided into each topic as following. 1. Date of survey 2. Indentify locations or items that are found. 3. Which category of visual arts 4. Usefulness or value 5. Describe how beautiful or impressive it is.( give reasons). Topic 4 Style and beauty of the folk visual arts. Folk visual arts and natural beauty had similar magnificence which will be in details as follows: Folk visual arts is only type of art format that has little changed and still has traditional style as long as possible. This valuable characteristic of folk visual arts will be more increasingly valuable whether in the value of the story, in sight or expression because folk visual arts are the indication of the humankind that created the folk visual arts. Most of the folk visual arts are created by emulating or making them in harmony with nature for the benefits of living and beauty or ideal causing folk visual arts to have prominent and impressive feature such as the design of fishing equipment will be designed in harmony with the flow of water making it easy to move.

26 The bamboo fish trap designed in harmony with the flow of water We may analyze and criticize the beauty of folk visual arts with this following guidelines. 1. The beauty is to analyze and evaluate the skills about composition of arts that the expression of this arts work are properly beautiful and how much it affects the viewer’s appreciation. The expression of the beauty of arts are variously different styles. According to the model of the era, the analyst should also have knowledge and understanding of the arts work. 2. The essence is to analyze and evaluate of each art work that supports the moral and ethics as well as the purpose of the essence given to the audience which is the essence of nature, society, religion, politics, wisdom, ideas, imagination and dreams. 3.The emotion is to analyze and evaluate if it encourages the feeling, emotion and deeply meaningful communication resulting from the expression of the idea and powerful feeling that is presented in the art work.

27 The example of the analysis of folk visual arts is shown from below picture. Example of analysis. First comment The Comment Type of Visual Arts: painting and coloring 1. The beauty: In this picture the painter specialized in skillfully organizing the picture. The focus is on the big house. The smaller house supported the story. In the picture most of horizontal lines are used to make a peaceful countryside. 2. The essence: The picture shows the way of life that is close to nature. There are a lot of trees setting for the entire front and back. There is the stream making cool feeling. 3. The emotion and feeling: The picture gives relaxation. The green tones of the trees make us feel fresh, peaceful and happy. So do the audience.

28 The example of analysis, second comment The comment Type of Visual Arts: Round Relief Sculpture. 1. The beauty is a Buddha posture called Pang Mann Wichia with look gorgeous look and perfect proportion. The arch and dark background makes the Buddha outstanding and more faithful. 2. The Essence is a sculpture that makes the audience respect and have faith. 3. The Emotion and feeling can feel the peace of Buddhism which Buddhists can rely their minds on.

29 Activities. Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principles of criticism and the knowledge studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Water color Painting painted by Kittisak Butrdeewogs Comment

30 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Comment Scrupture, Phrathartsuthonmongkolkeree Temple, Prae

31 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Comment Imitating natural garden at home

32 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Chapel, Chulamanee , Samuthsakorn (from www.Mayaknight07.exteen.com) Comment

33 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge of studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Comment Basketwork from bamboo, Central part of Thailand

34 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge of studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Comment: The Shadow Show, Southern part of Thailand.

35 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge of studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Comment Mural, Wat Bankhor, Wangnuor, Lumpang Province.

36 Activities: Students analyze and comment on the folk visual arts from the following picture by using the above principle of criticism and the knowledge of studied from subtopic 1.1 to 1.4 Comment: Painting along the Kora Boat, Pattani Province.

37 Topic 5: Folk visual arts and dressing The meaning of the costume The costume refers to thing that human used for covering the body. The dress of each human race can be studied intensively from the literary evidence and history to give guidance to understand the way of dressing which reflects the condition of human life in the era. The history of costume In prehistorical period, human wrapped the body from the natural materials such as leaves, grass, leather, feathers, soil and colors etc. Some human races know how to make colors from plants by using it to write or tattoo along the body for decoration instead of the body wrapper. After that human learned how to adapt the appropriate clothing from the nature making it easy to dress like tying, binding, weaving, knitting, compression etc. and has evolved gradually until they know how to cut and sew and eventually becomes technology now. The difference in dressing Human beings are creatures who are most vulnerable. It is necessary to have something cover the body in order to be able to sustain the life. From this need, it is encouraged to dress up to meet the needs of human beings together with social and other components. The clothes have different formats according to the following reasons.

38 1. The climate: People in the country with a very cold climate wear clothes made from leather or animal fur to keep their body warm. In regions with hot weather clothing is made from the fiber of cotton. But in Africa, clothing is not necessary for protection them from the weather but they prefer admire to use the ornamentation made of stones or glass with different colors which exist in nature to decorate the body and to be used as talisman to defend themselves from ghosts. Eskimo live in North Pole, the dress will wrap up tightly to prevent cold weather. 2. Natural enemies: In the tropical regions, human beings have been annoyed by insects. Therefore, finding the way to eliminate a problem by using the mud to protect the body from insects. The Hawaiians from the Pacific ocean wear skirts made of grass to protect from insects. The ancient natives of Japan recognize how to use long pants to protect themselves from animals or insects. 3. Conditions of work and occupation: Leather and leaves can be used to prevent danger from the outside such as walking through the jungle to find food. Human used leather and leaves to protect themselves from the thorn or the bites of animal or insects. Afterwards they can remove fibers from cotton and silk to weave into fabric known as cotton and silk. On the progress of technology, there have been many types of production. In 19th century, clothing has more advanced evolution. Some people create special clothes to suit the needs of the people, who wear them,. especially those who work in various careers such as sailors, miners, farmers, industrial workers, military service, police, firemen, etc. 4.Tradition, culture, and religion: When human beings are more intellectual, they gather together into group so they require to have regulations and rules to live peacefully together, without aggression on each other. As a result, the regulations for living together eventually become assimilated to tradition and culture.

39 In ancient times, tradition for celebrating such as birth, death, harvest or starting to develop new relationship with other groups, the human beings decorated their bodies with various decorations such as feather, leather, body painting, tattoo or piercing sometime they painted on different parts of the body to indicatethe status or position. Currently, it still remains mostly in original inhabitant of various countries. Religion has an important role in the dress as well. 5. Demand of attraction from opposite sex: The nature of human beings when growing up, they demand to get attention from the opposite sex by dressing beautifully to attract the opposite sex. 6. Economy and environment Economic and social status of individual person will be different, thus causing a different costume. There are several levels of general social classes which can be divided by economic classes such as matter classes, villagers and laborers. The costume can tell the status of the persons who wear them. Body decorations All human beings have basic awareness of the beauty, more or less depending on the mind of the person and the environment. So they try to select decorative items to decorate their body with the aim to enhance the beauty accepted in society or get attention the opposite sex. In ancient time, using a decoration for the is not common among middle class people in Thailand. Although the price was not high because in ancient times, there was a law prohibiting junior government official and common people use expensive jewelry. At the end of Ratanakosin Era, the ancient rule was abolished to making the ornaments widely used for people in all classes, which resulted in the competition in creating new ornaments. Several of these ornaments are folk visual art works, which may be divided into 3 different categories according to the materials used.

40 1. The ornamentation made of non-metal: The ornamentation used from main materials that are not of metal are clay, wood, cloth, colored stone, plant, fiber, leather, gems, glass, plastic etc. These ornaments can be made from the same material or combinations of materials. Besides, they can also mixed with metal as well. Color stone ornaments thread with rope Necklace made of leather 2.The ornamentation made of metal The ornamentation made of metals such as gold, silver, copper, brass etc., which sometimes has more than one type of metal combinations such as copper alloy which is a mixture of gold and copper, bronze is a mixture of copper alloy and tin. Some bronze may be composed of zinc or lead. Ancient gold ornament Copper alloy belt 3. The decorations marked on the body: Put an object from outside into the body such as tattoo or implanted of beads or seed under the skin of some African tribes etc. There is also painting on the body or on the face for tradition or beauty.

41 Tattoo for the faith and for beauty Useful hint Do you know that color and pattern can be used for decorating the body. Fat people wearing dark clothes such as blue, red, green, dark gray or black can make them look thinner than wearing light color clothes and if you wear the long vertical striped clothes, you will look even slimmer. While the skinny people should wear light color such as white, yellow, pink, blue and cream. Choose horizontal stripes clothing because it makes your body look bigger.

42 Activities Students take the following materials to design any type of the ornaments to decorate the body by writing a sketch of the ornamentation and explain design guidelines (without the directions) Then present the designed ornament in class. Given material Bead of various colors Small rope The design guidelines

43 Activities: Students design any type of the ornaments to decorate the body by writing down a sketch of the ornaments and explain design guidelines, tell how to make the ornaments then present them in class. Given materials Small ceramic doll about 1 inch high and other materials available in your community. The design guidelines

44 Topic 6: Residential interior design Decoration is designed for everyday living, especially building and residential area to achieve a beautiful residence. The decoration design refers to exterior design and interior design. The process of design 1. Study of the area setting: Check the house, space and entrance, direction of the wind and sunlight to see which side they come through such as winds are from the south. Study the direction of the disturbance such as noise, the dust from the road, the side of the building to see which direction they come from including placing the furniture. Placing and electrical appliance etc. 2. Requirements: Choose the patterns of design such as Thai patterns or modern international patterns. Whether the existing furniture can be adapted or not or which style of the garden is needed such as the shady garden with lot of big trees, flower gardens or Japanese garden. The decoration of Thai style bedroom including wall, furniture and other components. 3. Planning: Plan the living area in consistent with the demand such as living room, kitchen, bedroom etc. Set hedgerow to prevent dust from the road, put trees in the West for shady area, and set up the places for the entrances and the living section. Arrange the focal point of the home area such as the point which is clearly visible from the entrance or arrange place a sculpture and beautiful plants.

45 4. The preparation of various details Prepare the details such as the design in sections according to the predefined plan. Choose furniture, electrical appliance or materials and plants that can be used for other components. The important things to take consideration in overall interior design are the location of the house, the furnished material, functions of each room, the beauty, the owner’s budget the appropriateness for the transitional period, gender and age of the user as well as the ideology of the designer. The emphasis on landscape conservation 5. Placement of furnishings : General principles to consider placement of furniture in interior decoration. The aim is to have unity which means the combination of furniture in each group both for the feeling and the reality such as sofa set, dining set, chair etc. Although all furnishing will be organized into clear space but all the furniture should not be messily mixed together which depends on the selection of furniture in each group and the colors chosen as well as a decoration such as using a carpet in the living room or having a bunch of lights on the dining table making the living room and dining room have more unity.

46 6.The ability of adaptation It would be great if some pieces of furniture can be used for many functions or positions such as a small closet in the master bedroom can be used in children’s bedroom when placing large closet instead, or a rattan chair in the living room can be used in balcony. 7. Balance The balance placement of the furniture in each room must be taken into consideration by distribution of furniture to suit the area and do not set all furniture on one side of the room by unreasonably leaving the other side empty. 8.Organize the path walk in each room The path walk in each room, path walk from one door to another should be comfortable and spacious enough without any obstruction while walking past. Generally, the condition of each room itself will be able to determine how much furniture is needed; for example, the bedroom must be composed of bed, wardrobe, dressing table, workingtable and Tv set. The wardrobe must be placed against the wall. The bed must be placed with the head towards the East or North according to the faith. The Tv. Set should be placed at the end of the bed for convenient use. Dressing table and worktable must be placed in the remaining area. The hall of the house causes a little trouble in organizing, so before placing furniture it should be carefully planned. The corridor with is approximately 90 cm width. is the suitable aisle in which its gap between the table and chair should be about 45 cm. it is within walking space to pass through the chairs easily. Moreover, guests can easily reach a glass of water, food or ashtray as well. Large pieces of furniture in the room such as sofas, cabinets, tables, etc. should be placed in the proper position first in order to be used as a central base in placing small pieces of furniture. Large pieces of furniture should not be placed together in a group but should be spreaded out along the floor in order to keep the balance. However, in normal condition, we should be consider that all guests seated should be able to reach objects on the side table or in the mid table.

47 Placing the appropriate furnishings with good path The working table is another important piece of furniture in this room. If there isenough space to put a working table. This working table when it is not in use can be put on the display or used to place the food before being served at the dining table. The best furniture or the most beautiful furniture may become the worst if the background is defective; for example, there are too many contrasting colors or the decoration is not in coherent with the furniture. Some rooms may seem like having new changes of all furniture in the room if only the background of the room is converted. The background is important and help in the interior design as well.

48 Useful hint Home building should be done simultaneously with interior design including installing electrical wiring and water pipes inside during the construction. If the contractor and interior designer is the same person, the coordination in this section will run smoothly. The work will be completed faster including the construction and also helps reduce the budget in building a house.

49 Activities From the following draft plan of the bedroom below, the learners set the furniture placement based on the design principles that have been studied by draft plan of the furniture placement in the layout plan then exchange and comment in the study group.

50 Topic 7 Cultural values and traditions Culture refers to patterns of human activities and the symbolic structures making those activities distinct and important. The way of life, the behavior and what people create by learning from each other sharing among their own group. Abstract culture means which an object cannot be seen or intangible but to express the ideas, tradition, culture and patterns of behavior in succession which is accepted in their group such as religion, faith, attention, attitudes, knowledge and ability. This type of the culture is essential cause of physical culture. Some cases can be developed to the civilization; for example building religious places became a National Historic with historical significance when the time passed.. Ancient remains is developed from the culture (picture from www.elbooky.multiphy.com) Tradition is an activity that has been performed traditionally as a unique and it is important to the society such as the dress, language, culture, religion, work of art, law , morals and faith..