Diversity, distribution, threats and conservation action of fish fauna in Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu

Journal of Research in Biology ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299 An International Scientific Research Journal Original Research Diversity, distribution, threats and conservation action of fish fauna in Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil NaduJournal of Research in Biology Authors: ABSTRACT: Manickam Raja, Rajendiran Ramkumar The freshwater fish fauna of the Chinnar reservoir/Chinnar River a tributary and Pachiappan Perumal. of the Cauvery River system in the Tamil Nadu at the Eastern part of Ghats was studied. A total of thirty two (32) species of freshwater fish belonging to seven (7) Institution: orders, ten (10) families and twenty four (24) genera were recorded. Out of the 32 1. Department of species, the present study recorded the presence of three (3) threatened, one (1) Biotechnology, Periyar vulnerable and twenty eight (28) least concerned species. The highest species diversity University, Periyar Palkalai was recorded in Chinnar Reservoir (n=22) and lowest diversity was found in the Nagar, Salem- 636 011 Gujjarahalli (n=9). The fish fauna of the Chinnar reservoir is threatened due to Tamil Nadu, India. anthropogenic activities such as deforestation leading to siltation, sand mining, over fishing by using dynamite, organic and inorganic pollution. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop and implement conservation plans that are needed. Corresponding author: Keywords: Manickam Raja. Chinnar reservoir, Eastern Ghats, biodiversity status, sand mining, threats. Email Id: Article Citation: Manickam Raja, Rajendiran Ramkumar and Pachiappan Perumal. Web Address: Diversity, distribution, threats and conservation action of fish fauna in Chinnar http://jresearchbiology.com/ Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. documents/RA0432.pdf. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327 Journal of Research in Biology Dates: An International Received: 11 Mar 2014 Accepted: 22 Mar 2014 Published: 06 Jun 2014 Scientific Research Journal This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1317-1327 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 3 www.jresearchbiology.com

Raja et al., 2014INTRODUCTION Rema Devi et al., (1999), Easa and Shaji (1997), Rema The ichthyofauna of Eastern Ghats have not been Devi and Raghu Nathan (1999), Arunachalam and Sankaranarayanan (1999), Rema Devi and Indra (2000),thoroughly studied as that of the Western Ghats. Rema Arunachalam and Muralidharan (2007, 2008 and 2009),Devi and Indra (2003) have listed 127 fish species from Arunachalam et al., (2006, 2013, and 2014), Raja et al.,Eastern Ghats based on their extensive collections and (2014). So far, very little scientific studies have beenthe earlier reports beginning with Day (1878). The carried out on the reservoirs of Tamil Nadu.Eastern Ghats are a series of broken and weathered relictembodies as a series of isolated hills in the peninsular The Chinnar River takes its origin from aplateau (Mani 1974). Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri parts wetland system called Thali Lake or Thali Big Tank.of the Eastern Ghats are the discontinuous patches of Sanathkumar River, the name at its origin from Thalihills with fragmented dry deciduous forest types by Lake and the adjoining streams waters from fragmentedwhich small streams originate. The region is mostly hilly terrain were regulated with several Anicut/checkcovered with agricultural lands (66.5%), the dry dams, confluences with Chinnar River and regulated asdeciduous and dry deciduous scrub forests constitute Chinnar Reservoir. The Chinnar Reservoir (Panjapalliabout 6.8%. Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests forms Dam) is located (12°29'29\"N 77°55'26\"E) in Panjapalli-about 0.3% (NRSA, 2007). village of Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu. The reservoir formed by the dam is a lake of 420 acres The reservoirs and lakes were the main assets impounding 500 mile cubic feet of water at its maximumexploited due to inland fisheries. The understanding of level. The reservoir comprises of an earthen dam of 365fish faunal diversity is a foremost feature for the m length across river Chinnar. The irrigation networkexploitation of freshwater reservoirs (Battul et al., 2007). consists of one main canal, two distributaries and twelveThe detailed information of fishery resources, their direct sluices. The reservoir provides irrigation foravailability and distribution in a particular water body is 1600.63 ha of land under the old and new commands inessential for proper consumption of its fishery resource Palacode and Karimangalam Taluks of Dharmapuri(Pawar et al., 2007). The spatial and temporal patterns of District apart from services by means of groundwaterdiversity, distribution and species composition will be recharge, nutrient supply, water purification, recreationuseful to study the factors influencing the fish and habitats for various biota. The Chinnar rivercommunity structure (Galacatos et al., 2004). Many fish confluences with Cauvery river at Hogenakkal, which isspecies have become highly endangered by human situated at 61Km from Chinnar reservoir.engrossment in the riverine ecosystems as a result ofhabitat loss (Lima-Junior et al., 2006; Mas-Marti et al., Chinnar reservoir is one of the important2010). Freshwater fishes are one of the most threatened reservoirs in northern part of Tamil Nadu that needtaxonomic groups (Darwall and Vie, 2005) because of serious attention in its management and conservation oftheir high sensitivity to the alteration of aquatic habits fishery resources. Detailed studies on fish fauna of this(Laffaille et al., 2005; Sarkar et al., 2008; Kang et al., reservoir are still lacking. To fill this gap, the present2009). study was carried out in order to examine the diversity, distribution, threats and conservation plan for fish fauna Ichthyofauna diversity on different river systems in the different spreads of Chinnar reservoir.of India have been surveyed by Jayaram et al., (1982),Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Menon (1992) andcontemporary works include those of Rema Devi (1992),1318 Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

Raja et al., 2014 Figure 1. Showing the locations/ study sites of upstream/downstream areas of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu.MATERIALS AND METHODS 7% formalin and preserved in 70% alcohol for voucher The fish survey and collections were done collection. The collected specimens were transported to the Department of Biotechnology Cum Laboratorycovering in 12 sites upstream/downstream of Chinnar museum of the Periyar University Museum of Naturalreservoir in Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1) History (PUMNH- a newly started one in the year 2013),viz; Chinnar Reservoir (S1), Panjapalli (S2), Periyanoor Salem, Tamil Nadu, India and assigned the specimen(S3), Samanur (S4), Marandahalli (S5), Upparahalli (S6), catalogue numbers (Accession number PUMNH 71-102.Chikkapavalli (S7), Sukkanahalli (S8), Nallur (S9), The species identification was carried out using TalwarGanganahalli (S10), Chikkamarandahalli (S11) and and Jhingran, (1991); Jayaram, (2010) and nomenclaturalGujjarahalli (S12). Fish were collected with the help of names were followed by the catalogue of fishes of thegill nets, cast nets and drag nets during January- California academy of sciences (Eschmeyer and Fricke,December, 2013. The sampling was made in 100-200 m 2011; Pethiyagoda et al., 2012) and fish status wasstretches of each site. Local fisherman was involved in checked in IUCN red list (IUCN, 2013).netting and collection. The specimens were livelyphotographed with Canon 1100 Digital SLR camera andrepresentative specimens of each species were fixed inJournal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327 1319

Raja et al., 2014 Figure 2. Showing the some of the fish species collected from Chinnar Reservoir.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and four (4) genera were seen. One species of The details of fish species recorded from the Mugiliformes, Cyprinodontiformes and Synbranchiformes such as Xenentodon cancila,present study sites are given in Tables 1 & 2. The Aplocheilus lineatus and Mastacembelus armatus and sixChinnar reservoir preserves a rich variety of fish species, (6) species of Perciformes belonging to three (3) familieson the basis of studies conducted so far, as it harbour and four (4) genera are identified.thirty two (32) species of fish species (Fig.2); belongingto seven (7) orders, ten (10) families and twenty four In the upstream/ downstream of Chinnar(24) genera. Among those only one species of reservoir the presence of highest species diversityOsteoglossiformes- Notopterus notopterus was recorded. (Fig. 3) was recorded in Chinnar reservoir (S1; n=22),Cypriniformes dominates the catch list with seventeen followed by the Panjapalli (S2; n=18). The lowest(17) species belonging to twelve (12) genera also, five species diversity was recorded in the Gujjarahalli (S12;(5) species of Siluriformes belonging to two (2) families n=9) and Nallur (S9; n= 10). The present survey records1320 Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

Raja et al., 2014Figure 3. Species diversity within the study sites of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu.the presence of three (3) economically important as well value due to small size and bright colours can be used asas near threatened species, Mystus armatus, Ompok aquarium fishes. The economically important and highbimaculatus, Oreochromis mossambicus; one (1) commercial valued fish species such as Notopterusvulnerable species Cyprinus carpio and twenty eight notopterus, Gibelion catla, Labeo calbasu, Labeo rohita,(28) species are in least concerned categories. According Ompok bimaculatus, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustesto IUCN 'Red list 2013' 3% of the species are in fossilis, Mastacembelus armatus, Channa marulius, andvulnerable state, 9% are near threatened and 88% are Channa punctata were also found in much abundance.least concerned in Chinnar reservoir (Fig. 4). Whereas, only one species of hill adapted fish species, Garra mullya was recorded. The fish species such as Devario aequipinnatus,Rasbora cauverii, Dawkinsia filamentosa, Puntius chola, The fish fauna of Chinnar River is under threat asPuntius dorsalis, Pethia ticto, Pethia conchonius, a result of several anthropogenic interferences;Aplocheilus lineatus having the prominent ornamental deforestation leading to siltation, inorganic pollution of the river, dynamite fishing, and recreational activities areFigure 4. Conservation status of fish species collected common in most of the stretches of the river. The from different study sites of Chinnar Reservoir, evidence collected from the local people and local Tamil Nadu. fisherman shown high decline in the fish population in previous decade due to dynamite fishing by nearby black granite quarry mining workers and excessive in stream sand-and-gravel mining of the river belt. The scientific studies on the environmental impact of mining were carried out at different forest regions (Ram Prasad, 1992). During October 10, 2009 the High court of Madras, appointed Professor M. Arunachalam as an Expert-Commissioner to provide an assessment of sand/gravel mining impact on ChinnarJournal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327 1321

1322 Table 1 List of fish species in Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. Sl. List of Fishes Order Family Vernacular name Conservation No Status- (IUCN 2013)Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327 1 Notopterus notopterus Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Chottavalai, Chappathi, Chennavalai Raja et al., 2014 Least Concern 2 Salmophasia bacaila Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Valachel, Vellachi- kenda 3 Salmophasia boopis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Sampaj Least Concern 4 Barilius gatensis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Artcandee Least Concern 5 Barilius bendelisis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Vennathi- kendai, Akkili varatankendai Least Concern 6 Devario aequipinnatus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Vannathipodi, Selaiparavai Least Concern 7 Rasbora cauverii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pattakunju, Bhavani kendai Least Concern Least Concern 8 Amblypharyngodon melettinus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pachathalai kendai 9 Cyprinus carpio Least Concern Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carp 10 Dawkinsia filamentosa Vulnerable Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Chavalle, Mocha- kendai 11 Puntius chola Least Concern 12 Puntius dorsalis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Putti- kendai, Karoon 13 Pethia ticto Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Sall- kendai, Palpooran, Mookanam- kendai Least Concern 14 Pethia conchonius Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pulli kendai Least Concern 15 Gibelion catla Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Valli kendai Least Concern 16 Labeo calbasu Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Katla,Thoppa meen, Koora kendai, Karavai Least Concern 17 Labeo rohita Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Kakkameen, Karuppusel, Karunchel, Kurrimenu Least Concern 18 Garra mullya Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Kennadi- kendai, Rohu Least Concern 19 Mystus armatus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Kallu koravai Least Concern 20 Mystus cavasius Siluriformes Bagridae Sonanng keletee Least Concern 21 Ompok bimaculatus Siluriformes Bagridae Naikeluthi, Vellakelete Near Threatened 22 Clarias batrachus Siluriformes Bagridae Savallai, Silaivalai Least Concern 23 Heteropneustes fossilis Siluriformes Clariidae Thal- meen, Thal- kendai Near Threatened 24 Xenentodon cancila Siluriformes Clariidae Thaylee/ Thailimeen Least Concern 25 Aplocheilus lineatus Mugiliformes Belonidae Kokkumeen, Vellai mooral Least Concern 26 Mastacembelus armatus Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Mundakanni, Manankanni, Vanampartha meen Least Concern 27 Parambassis ranga Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Aarrah Least Concern 28 Etroplus maculatus Perciformes Centropomidae Kannadi meen Least Concern 29 Etroplus suratensis Perciformes Cichlidae Setha kendai, Bommi Least Concern 30 Oreochromis mossambicus Perciformes Cichlidae Sella- kasu, Puradi, Selladai meen Least Concern 31 Channa marulius Perciformes Cichlidae Tilapia, Jilabi-meen Least Concern 32 Channa punctata Perciformes Channidae Aviri-Puveral, Iru vraal Near Threatened Perciformes Channidae Korava Least Concern Least Concern

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327 Table 2. Fish distribution from upstream/downstream areas of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. (‘+’ = Present; ‘-’ = Absent) Raja et al., 2014 Sl.No. List of Fishes S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 1 +- - - 2 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) +- - - -+- - +- - + 3 -+ - + 4 Salmophasia bacaila (F.Hamilton, 1822) + - +++ - - - ++ + + 5 -+ - + 6 Salmophasia boopis (F.Day, 1874) ++ - - - ++ - ++ + - 7 -+ + - 8 Barilius gatensis (Valenciennes, 1844) +++ - ++ - - -- + - 9 -- - - 10 Barilius bendelisis (F.Hamilton, 1807) +-+- - -++ -- + - 11 -+ - + 12 Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland,1839) - +++++ - + -+ - + 13 -+ - + 14 Rasbora cauverii (Jerdon, 1849) - + - ++ - - + +- + - 15 -- - -- 16 Amblypharyngodon melettinus (Valenciennes, 1844) + - + + - - - + -- + - 17 18 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 +- -+- -+- +- - + 19 20 Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes, 1844) -+-+-+- + -- + - 21 -- + - 22 Puntius chola (F.Hamilton, 1822) - ++ - - + - + +- + - 23 -+ - - 24 Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon, 1849) -+- - -+- + -+ - - 25 -+ - - 26 Pethia ticto (F.Hamilton, 1822) +- -+- -+- +- + - 27 ++ + + 28 Pethia conchonius (F.Hamilton, 1822) +++ - + - + - -+ - - 29 -- + - 30 Gibelion catla (F.Hamilton, 1822) ++ - - - - + - -- - - 31 -- + - 32 Labeo calbasu (F.Hamilton, 1822) +- - -+- - + +- - - -- - - Labeo rohita (F.Hamilton, 1822) +++ - -+- - -- - - Garra mullya (Sykes, 1839) -+-+- - - + Mystus armatus (Day, 1865) +- - -+-+- Mystus cavasius (F.Hamilton, 1822) ++ - - - + - - Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) +++ - - - + - Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) ++ - + - - - + Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) ++ - - - - - - Xenentodon cancila (F.Hamilton, 1822) - -+- - -+- Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1846) + - + - ++ - + Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800) -+-+- - - - Parambassis ranga (F.Hamilton, 1822) - - ++ - - - - Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) ++ - - - + - + Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) +-+-+- - - Oreochromis mossambicus (W.K.H Peters, 1852) + - - - ++ - -1323 Channa marulius (F.Hamilton, 1822) -+- -+-+- Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793) + - - - +++ -

Raja et al., 2014river ecosystem and the land use pattern along the genetic diversity. The removal of the exotic species,stretches of river below the reservoir. His report Oreochromis mossambicus is advantageous to reservoirconcluded that, the river system under assessment needs fishery. The presence of tilapia decreases the populationat least five years to restore and hence sand/gravel of other fish species. Thus, it is beneficial to remove thismining should not be carried out for the next five years population by selective fishing. In view of the existing(Arunachalam, 2009). practices there is an urgent need to take up certain conservation approach to control the drastic drop down Instream sand mining resulted in the habitat loss in fish population and to save the vulnerable, threatenedand channel morphology alteration leads to dreadful species from wiping out of the region. Though, there areconditions of aquatic biota; this continued mining cause certain legal restrictions in few areas, but it remained un-the entire stream to excavation (Kondolf et al., 2002) and productive due to lack of uniformity in itsnegative effects on aquatic life (Johnes and O’Sullivan, implementation.1989). An increase in the amount of fine sedimentsincrease the amount of sediment-associated nutrients ACKNOWLEDGEMENT(especially phosphorus) and contaminants in the river The corresponding author is grateful to SERB-water. This increases the amount of water qualitydegradation caused by excessive nutrients with the DST (Government of India) - Start up Research Grant forresulting negative impacts to aquatic life (Owens and Young Investigators (vide File No. DST No. SB/YS/LS-Walling, 2002; Correll, 1998). Ecosystem integrity also 36/2013) and also thank Mr. S. Mariappan for lineembodies the degree of self-organization (Muller et al., drawing.2000). Once the system’s reliability is troubled by humanactions, the natural patterns of species structure and REFERENCESassociated ecological processes (e.g. food web dynamics) Arunachalam M and Muralidharan M. 2007. Neware likely to be replaced by others that may not provide record of Batasio sharavatiensis Bhatt and Jayaram fromthe means for enduring species existence (Chellappa Tunga river, Karnataka. Zoo’s Print. 22 (5): 2680-2682.et al., 2003). In India the protection of aquaticbiodiversity is ineffective due to the lake of scientific Arunachalam M and Muralidharan M. 2009.data and conservation plans. Nemacheilus stigmofasciatus, a new species of nemacheiline loach (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) fromCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 1 Interaction with the local fishermen and Inland (3): 147-150.fisheries department regarding the abundance of fish Arunachalam M and Sankaranarayanan A. 1999.diversity in the Chinnar reservoir resulted the Fishes of Gadana river in Kalakkad Mundanthurai tigeroverexploitation plays a major role to eradicate the fish reserve. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.species. The majority of the fish catch is during monsoon 96: 232-238.season. Only, nets with large size gill nets are allowed inthe rainy season, which are useful to catch the exotic Arunachalam M, Muralidharan M, Murugan M andspecies. Culturing techniques for endangered/threatened Soranam R. 2006. Diversity and Distributional patternspecies should be developed to protect the endangered/ of cypriniformes in streams and rivers of Western Ghats.threatened species by taking critical steps to conserve the Abstracted In: Symposium on Biology of Cypriniformes,1324 Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

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