Sustainable Campus Report YTU

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021



YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 3

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 All rights reserved @ 2021 Yıldız Technical University. Without the permission of the YTU Rectorate, it is not allowed to copy or reproduce part or all of the works in any way. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 4

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 5

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Content /6 FOREWORD /9 Message from Rector INTRODUCTION /11 Planning the Sustainable Future SCOPE– METHOD – PROCESS /17 REPORTING TEAM /24 HISTORY /26 YTU at a GLANCE /28 1. MANAGEMENT /31 Vision Mission Administrative / Managerial Network 2. SITE SELECTION and LANDUSE /37 Campus Site Selection Land use 3. TRANSPORTATION /43 The location of Campus on Urban Transportation Network Access to Campus The Conceptual Background of Sustainable Transportation on the Campus The Transportation infrastructure of Davutpaşa Campus Transportation Demand for Davutpaşa Campus 4. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT /53 Energy Water İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 6

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 7 5. WASTE MANAGEMENT /59 Waste water Solid waste Compost Graywater System 6. BUILDING MANAGEMENT /65 Life Cycle Design 7. ECOSYSTEM /75 Green Areas Species Climate Change and Effects Landscape Design 8. HEALTH and WELLBEING /85 People Participation Social Responsibility Comfort and Welfare Awareness Activities and Clubs 9. EDUCATION and RESEARCH /105 Undergraduate Postgraduate Research Centers Continuous Professional Development ANNUAL DEVELOPMENT /117 REFERENCES /119 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 8

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 FOREWORD In the face of changing world conditions, sustainability, innovation and leadership issues play an important role in higher education institutions. This report is a snapshot of our university's efforts in the field of sustainability for 2020. This report demonstrates our commitment to improving the lives of current students and employees, as well as improving healthy life expectations for future generations. We are also very aware that we need to work harder to make greater progress in this area in the upcoming processes. From the moment we took office, we have accelerated the studies in this field, considering that Sustainability, Research-Innovation and Commercialization activities also play a key role for our University. Our goal is to provide transportation with low-carbon vehicles in our campus areas, to reduce carbon emissions by extending vehicle-free / micro-mobility, to utilize waste, to make plans to develop world-class education and research facilities, to create social awareness, to contribute to sustainability for our campus, our country and the whole world. Fulfilling these obligations for future generations should be our common goal and common commitment. Every member of society has a role to play in this endeavor. From this point of view, we must continue to generate new ideas and encourage exciting innovations through interdisciplinary collaboration while developing solutions to global challenges. Our university continues to work to produce innovative solutions in systems such as solar energy and hydrogen energy, which are among the renewable energy sources, in innovation and commercialization studies, and it carries out pioneering activities in this field in the world. In addition, we have contributed to the development of social projects by contributing to the research and policy formulation of human impact on climate change, and we are moving towards a more sustainable future. In this sense, the education and research infrastructure of our university in engineering, architecture, urban planning, climate science, economics, business, public health, policy development, design and business has a unique capacity to accelerate the progress from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources. It is also committed to modeling an institutional behavior that leads to a more sustainable campus. Yıldız Technical University Sustainability Plan is a critical and necessary step to build a more sustainable future. I would like to express my deep appreciation to the President of the Sustainable Campus Commission, Professor Çiğdem Polatoğlu and members of our academic committee. I would also like to thank the administrative staff, faculty members and students who contributed to the creation of the Plan. You can follow our university's sustainability projects on www.kampus.yidiz.edu.tr address. While pleased with the progress we have made in a short time, I also know that we still have many challenges in our journey to becoming a sustainable university. I hope this inspirational report encourages all of us to rethink how we can contribute to building a safe, sustainable future or society. Prof. Dr. Tamer YILMAZ Rector İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 9

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 10

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 INTRODUCTION Planning the Sustainable Future The World Commission on Environment and Development's report titled Our Common Future in 1987 has formulated the definition of sustainable development and revealed the issue that causes the conflict between environment and development: The concept of sustainable development was described by the 1987 Bruntland Commission Report as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). In this era, although there is a general consensus that the world resources and environment are moving towards the limit of depletion as a result of human activities, it is a common idea that sustainability can only be achieved by using the resources offered by nature at a rate that allows them to be automatically renewed. In this context, \"Sustainable Development\" consists of balancing local and global efforts to meet basic human needs without damaging or destroying the natural environment. At the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit held in New York between 25 and 27 September 2015 (accessed on 22.11.2020), the 'Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development' declaration was accepted by the United Nations' (UN) General Assembly. In the declaration, 193 member countries made a commitment in line with the \"2030 Sustainable Development Goals\", which is the continuation of the \"Millennium Development Goals\" defined in 2000 and the complement of the deficiencies (UN, 2015). \"Sustainable Development Goals\" consists of 17 main objectives and attached 169 sub-goals (UN, 2015). The \"Sustainable Development Goals\", which are defined as the new goals of the global agenda, that the member countries are asked to adopt and expected to reach by 2030, are given in Figure 1 (UN, 2015). İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 11

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 1. United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (UN, 2015). Among these goals, in order to ensure sustainability in settlements, the aim of the Goal 11 is “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” (United Nations, 2015). Yıldız Technical University, which develops its sustainable campus studies for this purpose, has three campus areas, Yıldız, Davutpaşa and Maslak (Ayazağa) campuses. Our university, which is a state university, has 11 Faculties, 2 Institutes, 2 Vocational Schools, School of Foreign Languages, and education is carried out with more than 38,000 students. Yıldız Technical University focused its environmental sustainability studies in 2020 on the “Sustainable Campus” and shared its sustainability goals based on four main concepts - Smart, Green, Barrier Free, Sustainable - as explained on www.kampus.yildiz.edu.tr. \"It has the characteristics of a sustainable campus by creating solutions to regional environmental problems with its green campus approach, reducing the effects of climate change, disaster management, self- sufficient energy system, waste management, water conservation, and ecological awareness.\" İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 12

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 2. Sustainable campus goals of Yildiz Technical University (www.kampus.yildiz.edu.tr). Access: 16.01.2021 Yıldız Technical University, which has been continuing its studies in line with Greenmetric Sustainability indexes since 2016, has determined its study subjects as Campus and Infrastructure, Energy and Climate Change, Waste, Water, Transportation, Education and Research (www.kampus.yildiz.edu.tr). As indicated in the \"2019 Monitoring and Evaluation Report\" of the Council of Higher Education (CoHE), which was released in January 2020, universities in Turkey are evaluated by taking in to account 45 criterias in 5 main areas: \"Education and Training\", \"Research and Development, Project and Publication\", \"Internationalization\", \"Budget and Financing\" and \"Service to Society and Social Responsibility\". The YTU Sustainable Campus Plan (2020), which is tried to be put forward within the scope of this report, is the result of the investigations made on the CoHE main areas, UN Sustainable Development Goals, YTU Strategic Plan (2018-2020), Integrated Activity Report (2018-2019), and the studies of the national and international institutions (STARS, ICN, et al.). The studies were evaluated in detail by our commission and it was accepted that the issue should be addressed in a holistic approach with an inclusive manner and developed on an axis; THEMES. It is considered to be an appropriate method to support existing systems and related issues to develop this axis. Based on this view, the method-scope and process stages were determined. In Figure 3, nine fundamental value indicators (themes) determined for YTU Sustainable Campus goals are given. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 13

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 3. Themes in Sustainable Campus studies of YTU, 2020 (Ç. Polatoğlu, visualization: Simge Kutsal Göllü, Architect, MSc.). In this report*, our actions for 2020** have been brought together in the context of Yıldız Technical University's sustainable campus goals. The report includes YTU's academic values, as well as environmental and social sustainability studies and practices in Davutpaşa campus. Only the data on health and wellbeing, management, and education-research themes have been expanded to cover the entire university. Although it is located within the boundaries of the Davutpaşa campus, Technopark is not included in this assessment due to its different management/operational dynamics. In hopes that the Yıldız Technical University Sustainable Campus 2020 report will be a guiding spirit for the future studies of our university... Prof. Dr. Cigdem POLATOĞLU Head of Sustainable Campus Commission January 2021 * During the preparation of the report, in order to exhibit a more transparent stance, attention has been paid to include the subjects described in the GRI (Global Research Initiative) G4 standard within the scope. ** The data in the report has been tried to be presented over a fiscal year covering the period between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. However, since the academic year at universities covers different time periods than the fiscal year and the calendar year, some data cover the period of 2018-2019 academic calendar. This situation is shown with the sources where relevant. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 14

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Green Campus İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 15

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 16

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 SCOPE-METHOD-PROCESS As YTU, we embrace making university campuses environmentally friendly, healthier and more welcoming, and at the same time, we try to be an institution that can reflect this situation around. We continue our sustainable campus studies that include studies, applications, and researches for this purpose. We have formulated plans considering the evaluations of leading institutions on sustainable campus principles and indicators such as GRI, SASB, STARS, ICN, BE, LEED (ND, Cities and Communities). Accordingly, the study includes the following steps: 1. DEFINITION OF MAIN CONCEPTS: Sustainability, definition of campus, different scales and sizes and classification, main conceptual approaches of evaluation criteria, explanation of national and international relevant institutions and organizations. Theoretical studies, fieldwork and measurements, evaluations, participation processes. 2. DETERMINATION OF YTU POTENTIALS: Evaluation of YTU and its campuses in terms of sustainability and determination of strategic goals and road maps in this context, 3. CREATING A ROADMAP FOR YTU SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS (SC): Providing an evaluation and roadmap for YTU, creating original goals and principles in this context. DETERMINING MAIN CONCEPTS Institutional Values Yıldız Technical University begins with the words \"guiding\" when defining its vision. This definition indicates that as an educational institution the University is not only a scientific institution but also a social one. The expressions \"sensitive to the environment\" and \"giving importance to cultural values\" used by the university in defining its mission also reinforce this situation. Considered in the context of sustainability, environmental awareness and culture stand out as guiding and determining task descriptions in terms of the set of values that the University aims to create. In addition, it is stated that the University's 2018-2020 Strategic Plan is based on the perspective of \"creating sustainable value\" as a value creation model. It is explained that policies have been developed in this direction. The corporate governance understanding of our university; it is based on the principles of \"fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility\", which are also within the scope of the United Nations sustainable development goals. On the basis of these principles, the duties, authorities and responsibilities of each unit in the organizational structure of our university are clearly and precisely determined by regulations, instructions and procedures. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 17

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 4. The fundamental values of our university (YTU Strategic Plan of 2018-2020). Yıldız Technical University lists its Fundamental Values as follows in the light of the goals and duties defined in its vision and mission; • Academic and scientific freedom • Commitment contemporary values • Respect for people, society and the environment • Encouraging participation, production and sharing • Entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity • Transparency and accountability • Solution oriented • Open to corporate communication • Social responsibility and loyalty to ethical values • To give importance to equality of opportunity and merit • Social usefulness • Human and art oriented • Continuous progress • Shareholder satisfaction • Fairness İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 18

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 These values, which the university is based on in all its activities, also serve the Sustainable Development Goals. The actions that must first carry our own country and society, as well as the global world to the Sustainable Development Goals will be possible when the universities can freely do scientific research, these scientific developments can improve the society and the environment, producing innovative and inclusive solutions to existing global and local problems. Also, all these issues must be carried out with a communicative and transparent approach. In this context, a question arises for the study; How should all the VALUES of YTU Campuses be managed to ensure human welfare and environmental protection in the long term and what should be done for this? This question has been the basis for the YTU potentials and Sustainability roadmap that are to be answered in the process. DETERMINATION OF YTU POTENTIALS First, an evaluation of the current situation was made for the vision of a university and campus centered on the concept of sustainability. In this context, the data on the sustainability approach of our university and its applications in regard with this approach are examined under four main headings and sub-headings for each of them. Environmental, social and managerial approaches constituted the main scope of the report (Table 1). Table 1. The content of YTU Sustainable campus plan, 2020 (A. Ciravoğlu, visualization: Simge Kutsal Göllü, Architect, MSc.) İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 19

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 CREATING A ROADMAP FOR YTU SC YTU Sustainable Campus Commission has started the process of expanding the scope of its activities as of September-2020. Studies continued with the necessity of handling the issue of sustainability more comprehensively by the University. At the center of this approach, there is the idea of establishing a broader link with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In this context, by making a determination of the current situation of our university, it is aimed to ensure comprehensive stakeholder participation in the determination of both the current situation and the future targets, and the sustainability of the information and data structure of the subjects (Figure 5). The successful execution of sustainability studies will be possible with the completion of the institutionalization and organization process. In this process, a participatory and transparent organization model will be established for the entire university (Figure 6). Figure 5. The fundamental structure of YTU Sustainable Campus Report, 2020 (B. Dikçınar Sel, Ç. Polatoğlu, visualization: B. Dikçınar Sel). İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 20

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 THE PROCESS SHOULD BE MANAGED TOGETHER. Figure 6. YTU Sustainable Campus Center, 2020 (B. Dikçınar Sel, Ç. Polatoğlu, visualization: B. Dikçınar Sel). In addition to the goal of making a participatory and widespread model of the Sustainability Center, it has been tried to set priorities by considering the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and our University's Vision and Mission and actions together. The Equivalent of UNITED NATIONS Sustainable Development Goals in YTU: (1) In the 2018-2019 YTU Integrated Annual Report, in the relationship between YTU's goals and the United Nations Sustainable Development goals, “Goal 4: Quality Education, Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth, Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Goal 11: Sustainable cities and living spaces” has been determined as priority goals. Since YTU considers the changing and transforming social life (participation, gender equality, social responsibility, etc.), ecosystem and climate change issues as equivalent to its mission of \"qualified education\", and as it puts this issue at the forefront in its 2021-2025 Strategic Plan the Sustainable Campus report for 2020 has been developed on the basis of \"Objective 11: Sustainable cities and living spaces\". This approach also supports an inclusive view and provides an axis for sustainable campus work. The equivalent of UNITED NATIONS Sustainable Development Goals in YTU: (2) The 9 themes that YTU has planned to implement in the context of \"UN Objective 11\" since 2020 and their relationships with all UN objectives are shown on the matrix in Figure 7. Color codes for themes were adapted from UNDP (United Nations Development Program). İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 21

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 7. Matrix of the Themes of YTU and Goals of United Nations, 2020 (A. Ciravoğlu, visualization: Simge Kutsal Göllü, Architect, MSc.) These studies and the themes that determine the content of the plan are given as the main concepts indicating themes and themes under the primary groups as shown in Table 2. Although not all the concepts are covered in this report, these groups / themes aiming at an inclusive perspective are studied within the sustainable goals of YTU. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 22

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Table 2. The content and study areas of YTU Sustainable Campus plan, 2020 (A. Ciravoğlu, visualization: Simge Kutsal Göllü, Architect, MSc.) İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 23

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 REPORTING TEAM SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS COMMISSION ROLE Prof. Dr. Bestami ÖZKAYA Vice Rector, Research Planning Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Environmental Prof. Dr. Çiğdem POLATOĞLU Engineering Prof. Dr. Ayşen CİRAVOĞLU THEME 4 Prof. Dr. Mustafa VAR Chair Prof. Dr. Füsun BALIK ŞANLI Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture INTRODUCTION, SCOPE-METHOD-PROCESS, THEME 8 Prof. Dr. Halil Emre AKBAŞ Member Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture Prof. Dr. B. Ayşegül ÖZBAKIR SCOPE-METHOD-PROCESS, THEME 7 Faculty of Architecture Department of Urban and Regional Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahadır UÇAN Planning Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gökçe TUNA TAYGUN THEME 7 (NATURAL AREAS OF CAMPUS and LANDSCAPE) Member Assoc. Prof. Dr. Berna DİKÇINAR SEL Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Geomatic Engineering ENGLISH TRANSLATION Assist. Prof. Dr. Güzin AKYILDIZ ALÇURA member Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Assist. Prof. Dr. Aygül TURAN Business Administration THEME 1 Member Faculty of Architecture Department of Urban and Regional Planning THEME 2 Member Faculty of Arts and Design Department of Art THEME 8 (AWARENESS ACTIVITIES and CLUBS) Member Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture SCOPE-METHOD-PROCESS, THEME 6 Member Faculty of Architecture Department of Urban and Regional Planning SCOPE-METHOD-PROCESS, THEME 2 Member Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering THEME 3 Member Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration THEME 1 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 24

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Sinan YARDIM Member Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Lecturer Dilek İLHAN FINDIKOĞLU THEME 3 Member Dr. Hülya YÖRÜKLÜ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COORDINATION THEME 9 Research Assist. Doğukan TUNAY Member Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering YTU AT A GLANCE, THEME 5 Member Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering THEME 4 COORDINATION: Prof. Dr. Bestami Özkaya, Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Polatoğlu EDITORIAL: Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Polatoğlu, Prof. Dr. Füsun Balık Şanlı, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gökçe Tuna Taygun GRAPHICS: Simge Kutsal Göllü, Architect, MSc. (Introduction, Scope-Method-Process) İrem Baytin (Background design of left pages of theme’s) Reach us: www.kampus.yidiz.edu.tr İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 25

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 HISTORY* Kondüktör Mekteb-I Âlisi / The Conductors (Technicians) School of Higher Education Period (1911-1922): The Kondüktör Mekteb-I Âlisi/Conductors (Technicians) School of Higher Education was founded in 1911 in order to meet the “science officer” (known previously as conductors, and today as technicians) requirement of the Municipality Public Works Section. The school was modelled on the syllabus of the “Ecole de Conducteur” and was affiliated with the Ministry of Public Works. Enrolment began on 22 August 1911. Nafıa Fen Mektebi / The School of Public Works Period (1922- 1937): The name of the school was changed to Nafia Fen Mektebi/School of Public Works in 1922 and the duration of education was increased to 2,5 years in 1926 and 3 years in 1931. İstanbul Teknik Okulu / The Istanbul Technical School Period (1937-1969): Following the increase in public facilities and the requirement for technical services, a new law was published on 19 December, 1936. According to the new regulation (law no:3074) which came into effect on 1 June 1937 the Nafia Fen Mektebi was closed and the Technical School was established to supply workforce for the gap between technical officers and professional engineers. The school had a 2-year program for technical officers and a 4-year program for engineering. The school was given buildings, which are still in use today, from the Yıldız Palace annexes and moved here. In the early period the school had Construction and Mechanical Science departments educating students as technical officers and engineers. From the 1942-1943 semesters on, Electricity and Architecture departments were founded as part of the department of engineering. The Law dated 26 September 1941 on the transfer of the Istanbul School of Professional Engineers and the Technical School to the Ministry of Education transferred the school from the Ministry of Public Works to the Ministry of Education. The decree of the Ministry of National Education dated 7 June 1949 founded the Cartography and Land Survey Engineering Department and began education in İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 26

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 the 1949-1950 semesters as the first institution for engineers in Turkey in this field. In the 1951- 1952 semesters the department for the education of technicians was closed. In the 1959-1960 semesters a department of specialization was opened at the Istanbul Technical School which awarded the titles of professional engineer and professional architect after a year’s study. İstanbul Devlet Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Akademisi / Architectural Academy Period (1969-1982): The school was established as an autonomous higher education and research institution with a new law (Law no. 1184) of State Engineering and Architectural Academies published on 3 June 1969. Law no. 1472 ruled for the closing of special vocational schools in 1971, and engineering schools were affiliated with the Istanbul State Engineering and Architectural Academy. Yıldız Üniversitesi / The Yıldız University Period (1982-1992): The Istanbul State Engineering and Architectural Academy and affiliated schools of engineering and the related faculties and departments of the Kocaeli State Engineering and Architecture Academy and the Kocaeli Vocational School were merged to form Yıldız University in 1982. The new university incorporated the departments of Science-Literature and Engineering, the Vocational School in Kocaeli, a Science Institute, a Social Sciences Institute and the Foreign Languages, Atatürk Principles and the History of Revolution, Turkish Language, Physical Education and Fine Arts departments affiliated with the Rectorate. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi / The Yıldız Technical University Period (1992- ): Our university was renamed into Yildiz Technical University in 1992. The Engineering Faculty was divided into four faculties and restructured as the Electrical-Electronics, Construction, Mechanical and Chemical-Metallurgy Faculties and also included the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences within its organization. The Kocaeli Faculty of Engineering and the Kocaeli Vocational School were released from our university to be restructured as Kocaeli University. Today our university has 11 Faculties, 2 Graduate Schools, the Vocational School for Foreign Languages and more than 36.000 students. * https://www.yildiz.edu.tr/page/ABOUT/HISTORY/76 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 27

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Education YTU AT A GLANCE Number Degrees 21* Associate degree YTU Faculty of Civil Engineering 64 Undergraduate degree CoHE 2020 Accessibility in Barrier- 136 Master degree Free Space (Orange Flag) Award 72 Doctor of philosophy *: No students admitted to the associate degree program. Student Population by Gender Program Female Male Total 83 123 Associate degree 40 29760 16964 Undergraduate 12796 degree 2849 2874 5723 Master degree 1353 2553 Doctor of 1200 philosophy Number of Student Clubs: 69 Graduated students in 2019-2020 Program Semester Female Male Total 1 2 3 Associate degree Fall 2 0 2 Spring 137 334 471 1358 1490 2848 Undergraduate Fall 271 143 414 463 347 810 degree Spring 18 50 22 40 Master degree Fall 65 115 Spring Doctor of Fall philosophy Spring İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 28

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Staff Number Academic degree 306 Professor 244 Associate Professor 341 Assistant Professor 567 Research Assistant 325 Teaching Assistant 16* Foreign National Academicians * Ref: https://yokatlas.yok.gov.tr/universite.php Staff by Gender Female Male Total Female 18-30 Age Total Male 31-50 50+ Academic 807 887 1694 152 1121 Staff 314 392 706 167 767 202 1279 Administrative 16 8 24 779 333 Nontenured Staff by Gender and Position Female Male Total Professor 112 195 307 Associate Professor 179 196 375 Assistant Professor 102 136 238 Teaching Assistant PhD. 39 30 69 Teaching Assistant 168 99 267 Research Assistant PhD. 45 45 90 Research Assistant 162 186 348 Research Assistant (Nontenured) 42 52 94 Foreign-national academicians 13 Administrative staff 7 6 706 314 392 Staff by Employment type and Gender Work Schedule Female Male 1221 1279 Employment type Full time - 147 - Part time - 261 Employment Contract Permanent Staff - Temporary Staff İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 29

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 30

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 1. Management The corporate governance understanding of our university is based on the principles of \"fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility\", which are also within the scope of the United Nations sustainable development objectives. On the basis of these principles, the duties, authorities and responsibilities of each unit in the organizational structure of our university are clearly and precisely determined by regulations, directives and procedures. Considering the development vision of our country and national/international economic, environmental and social factors, the mission and vision of our University are determined by the Rector within the scope of strategic planning activities and announced throughout the university (Yıldız Technical University Quality Handbook). The Mission of Our University is to nourish knowledge, educate people, and develop applications which all are sensitive to society. Social sensitivity; prioritizing the welfare of the society, making life easier, ethical, featuring human, contributing to the development of the country, sensitive to the environment, appreciating cultural values, collaborating, adding high values to the society, Knowledge; pioneering research activities, developing technologies, producing and developing contemporary knowledge through technological means, People; aiming at lifelong learning, thinking analytically, adopting the culture of excellence, competent in the field, enterprising, questioning, innovative, having different perspectives, qualified, having self-esteem, expressing their own knowledge and ability, having and training distinguished people in the field, Application; producing worldwide art, putting forward scientific solutions, carrying out and applying interdisciplinary studies, innovations and projects. The Vision of our University; To be a directing, preferred, prestigious world university. The Main Strategic Objectives of our University; In line with the mission and vision of our university, the main strategic objectives determined in the 2018-2020 Strategic Plan; • Being a leading university in research and development • Being a leading university in education and training • To excel in institutionalism and to ensure its sustainability, • To lead the efforts to improve the life quality of the society. In the 2018-2020 Strategic Plan, the goals, strategies, activities and performance indicators related to these strategic goals have been determined. Through these indicators, the realization levels of goals and targets are regularly monitored (Yıldız Technical University Quality Handbook). İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 31

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Main Policies and Priorities of our University; The strategies and policies of our university are determined within the framework of national strategies and policies, and the compliance and consistency of institutional level plans, programs, and strategy documents with the higher policy texts are considered as a basic condition. In addition, in determining our strategies and policies, our environmental, economic, and social dimensions and our potential contributions to a sustainable future as a whole are taken into account. In this context, as Yıldız Technical University, we aim to be a modern university that produces value- added projects with a scientific approach in a peaceful environment with all our internal and external stakeholders, to train qualified human resources and contributes to the region and society in every sense (Yıldız Technical University 2019 Year Administration Activity Report). These goals coincide with the United Nations sustainable development goals, primarily with the goals of education, innovation, equality, then a peaceful life and society (Goal 4 - Quality Education, Goal 10 - Reducing Inequalities, Goal 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Goal 16 - Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). The priorities we have determined in line with the vision and mission of our university and the strategies and policies developed in connection with them (Yıldız Technical University 2019 Administrative Activity Report): • To take necessary measures to increase quality, efficiency, and competition in education (UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 4 - Qualified Education). • To review the training curriculum, to continue with the necessary updates, to carry out in- service training activities in areas where needed. • Equipment needs will be met and physical infrastructure will be improved in all our training units. • The use of information technologies in education will be expanded and made effective. • Participating actively in international exchange programs in education and training at our university. • To make Distance Education and Continuous Education Centers more effective. • Spreading accreditation studies to all units and making the total quality principle effective. • Focusing on projects that contribute to universal values, regional, and national development, research and development (R&D) activities, and cooperation with other institutions and organizations (UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 17 - Partnerships for Goals). • To establish and develop management information systems. • To ensure the sustainability of the ISO-9001 Quality System institutionalization at our university. • To develop the techno park further. • Being a Barrier-free University (UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 3 - Health and Quality Life). • To increase the ranking in the entrepreneurship index. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 32

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 • Identifying the basic problems of society and producing solutions to these problems (UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 11 - Sustainable Cities and Societies). • Increasing the effectiveness of the Art and Design Park (SATPARK) and Social Innovation Coordinatorship. • To ensure the continuity of our stakeholders' participation and contribution to university activities (UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 17 - Partnerships for Goals). • Sustainable campus where green areas are protected, resource efficiency and principles for sustainability are adopted and includes elements of being an environmentally friendly, pedestrian-based, barrier-free campus (UN Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Goal 7 - Accessible and Clean Energy, Goal 13 - Climate Action). Organization Chart of Our University The current academic and administrative organization structure of our university, which has been achieved within the framework of the relevant legislation and taking into account the strategic goals and objectives, is presented in Chart 1.1 (www.kalite.yildiz.edu.tr). Figure 1.1. View of Davutpaşa Barracks Building Rectorate entrance from the central area. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 33

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Chart 1.1. Yıldız Technical University Organization Chart. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 34

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 35

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 36

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 2. Site Selection and Land Use CAMPUS LOCATION AND LAND USE YTU Davutpaşa Campus is located within the borders of Esenler District on the European side of Istanbul (Figure 2.1) and was established in 1999 by including the Davutpaşa Barracks within the university. Esenler District, where the campus area is located, has a population of 520,235 as of 2020, and it is an important district where the campus area is in contact with different service sectors, especially food and beverage, and can connect with different points of the city in terms of transportation. It is said that the military settlement in the area where the barracks is located dates back to the Byzantine period. It is also known that the region served the military and palace ceremonies and during the conquest of Istanbul, it served as the accommodation of the soldiers, and the Sultan Mehmed's tent was established here. These functions were continued in the Ottoman period as well, and the region has been an area serving palaces and military ceremonies since the 15th century. The Davutpaşa Barracks was built for the army named Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye, which Mahmud the Second (1808-1839) created by terminating the Janissary House. The construction of the building , started in 1826-1827 and it was completed in 1831-1832 and the architect is believed to be Krikor Balyan. The Barrack was repaired during the Balkan War and used as a shelter for immigrants, and a military hospital was opened during the First World War and then the hospital was closed in 1920. The building and the surrounding area, which was used for military purposes as a barracks building with its original function, was transferred to the university in 1999 associated with planning decision changes as an education area. The decision of site location for a university campus especially in an area that has historical characteristics and was previously in use has great importance in terms of sustainable site selection decisions compared to those of many universities that locate in a newly developed area with new construction and/or environmentally sensitive area such as forestry areas. Yet it is stated as the preliminary conditions in many national and international sustainable settlement rating systems that the \"relevant neighborhood/settlement/project area\" must be located within a previously developed area in the city and/or in an existing use. Campus areas that locate within newly developed sitesin or near the forest areas, wetlands and/or areas that need to be protected ecologically, cause problems such as \"urban sprawl\" that is against the main philosophy of sustainable settlements. For these reasons, the location of the YTU Davutpaşa Campus area has played an important role in terms of both the educational function of an historical building through preservation of historical culture and the sustainability of environmental resources due to its location in an existing urban area. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 37

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 2.1. YTU Davutpaşa Campus and its location in Esenler District (Google Earth, December 2020). General features of the campus area are presented in Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4. Especially when analyzed in terms of users, it is seen that there are different groups and basic functional areas to meet the needs of these groups, just like in a city part. It is possible to evaluate the relevant users in three groups in total. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 38

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 The way user groups use the campus and their needs are both essential in determining which operational sustainability parameters for a campus area should be considered. To summarize from this perspective; undergraduate and graduate students, administrative and academic staff, and visitors constitute the most basic user communities of the campus, and the first two groups also include groups living on campus. For this reason, it can be stated that the campus is exactly similar to a neighborhood. Accordingly, the sustainability parameters to be discussed require a comprehensive evaluation in terms of a live campus that is active both day and night. CAMPUS AREA LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS Yıldız Technical University has two campuses. The total size of the open areas and closed areas covered by the campuses are 1,420,578.60 m² and 404,531.00 m², respectively. Davutpaşa is the largest campus of Yıldız Technical University. It has a total area of 1,220 km². While 264.692 m² and 295.500 m²of this area are used as closed building areas and road areas, respectively, 955.308 m² is used as open area. In other words, while closed areas cover 21% of the campus, open areas have a percentage of approximately 80%. Road areas cover 23.5% of open areas. There are 8 Faculties and 46 departments, 2 colleges, and 2 institutes in Davutpaşa Campus. A total of 30,000 students, 18,959 undergraduate and 11,136 graduate students, are studying. Considering that 179.003 m² of the closed areas on the campus, that 60% of it are classrooms and laboratories, the size of the closed area per student is calculated as 16 m². While there is an area less than 1 m² per student in terms of the road areas used, when we consider it in terms of open areas, it is seen that there is a 30 m² open area per student. While 1313 academic personnel are working in Davutpaşa Campus, 750 administrative personnel are working. Table 2.1. Closed Areas (m²) for the year 2020 -1 (YTU-2020 Performance Program). Closed Sites (m2) for 2020 - 1 Units Administrative Education Sites Sports fields Building Areas Outdoor Rectorate Classrooms Laboratories Indoor Faculties 25.285 15.725 Colleges 62.011 23.160 8.751 0 9463 Institutes 4.814 0 0 Library 1.333 80.558 56.938 0 0 Social facilities 13.138 0 0 Workshop- 22.612 9.303 293 0 0 Warehouse 1.440 0 0 Total 00 0 00 00 00 130.633 113.021 65.982 15.725 9.463 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 39

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Table 2.2. Closed Sites (m²) for the year 2020 -2 (m²) (YTU-2020 Performance Program). Closed Areas (m2) for 2020 - 2 Social Amenities Units Dining-hall Public housing +Guesthouse Dormitories Others Rektörlük 12.876 48.933 7.134 764 Table 2.3. Distribution of Indoor Education Areas (YTÜ 2019 Administrative Activity Report). Distribution of Indoor Education Areas Education Areas Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Total (0-50) (51-75) (76-100) (101-150) (151-250) Lecture halls Classroom 27 3 3 46 3 82 Computer Labs. 186 0 375 Other Lab. 35 114 37 0 52 Meeting rooms 37 0 284 Auditoriums 274 690 0 22 2 21 460 6 3 001 001 . Table 2.4. Distribution of Social Amenities (YTÜ 2019 Administration Activity Report) Social Amenity Number Area (m²) Capacity (person) Canteen Cafeteria 19 10.156 7000 Dining hall 6 4.608 2502 Guesthouse 15 934 48 Student Dormitories 3 2.547 170 Student club 71 1534 1022 Movie theatre 2 104 157 Indoor Sports Facility 2 4.992 130 Outdoor Sports Facility 2 1.700 20 Nursery 1 1056 120 Total 119 27.207 11157 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 40

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 41

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 42

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 3. Transportation Davutpaşa Campus has an area of 1,220 km2 with an average altitude of 83 meters, located in the GPS coordinates of 41 ° 1´33.8520 “ North and28 ° 53´22.4592\" East. The biggest part of the campus area lies in Esenler District and a small part takes a place within the borders of Güngören District. The campus is surrounded by Ensar Street in the north, Eski Londra Asfaltı Street in the south, Davutpaşa Street and Yıldız Street in the east, and General Eşref Bitlis Street in the west (Figure 3.1). Davutpaşa Campus has three gates. These are Gate A (Gate 1) on the side of the Metro station, which is called as the main entrance gate, Gate B (Gate 2) on the Esenler side, and Gate C (Gate 3) on the Güngören side which meets the Technopark's transportation demand (Figure 3.1). Each gate in Davutpaşa Campus serves in both two-directions for vehicle and pedestrian traffic as entry and exit. Figure 3.1 Actual vehicle circulation plan in and around the campus (Genç, 2018) Approximately 220 m of Davutpaşa campus roads at the main entrance (Gate A) has a slope of 9.2%, while another part of a total of 800 m has a slope of 5.5%. For the rest of the roads, the slope varies between 0.4% and 3.5% with an average slope of 1.8%. Although there are high slopes in some parts İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 43

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 of the campus transportation network, it is spread over a plateau. As a matter of fact, the name of the region in the old records is also mentioned as Davutpaşa Sahara due to this flatness. THE LOCATION OF THE CAMPUS ON THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK The location of the Davutpaşa Campus strengthens its relations with the main transportation networks on the European side of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area at both mobility and accessibility levels. This location advantage supports the easy integration of the campus with the city, which has a multi-centred and multifaceted transportation infrastructure. As a matter of fact, it is possible to connect easily to the D-100 axis via Cevizlibağ and Merter, to TEM via Otogar junction, to Historical Peninsula via Topkapı and Vatan Street by road. In addition, it is possible to connect directly or via transfer to many public transportation terminals in the city with Davutpaşa-YTU metro station on the M1A-Yenikapı-Atatürk Airport Metro line. The fact that the Davutpaşa campus is within the impact area of the Cevizlibağ transfer centre strengthens its connection with metrobus (Bus Rapid Transit-BRT) and tram modes. ACCESS TO THE CAMPUS There are many options for accessing Yıldız Technical University Davutpaşa Campus. This variety of options is compatible with the campus’ location in the urban transportation network. Metro: Davutpaşa-YTÜ station of M1A-Yenikapı-Atatürk Airport Metro line is directly connected to the main entrance gate of the campus in a way that providing access for the disabled. Municipal bus: The 41AT-Ayazağa-Davutpaşa Yıldız Technical University line serves within the campus. 85C-Davutpaşa YTÜ-Kazlıçeşme line carries passengers from outside the campus to Fatih Sultan Mehmet Male Student Dormitory. In addition to these, bus lines 33B-Esenler Giyimkent / Birlik Mah-Eminönü, 33E-Esenler Metro-Yenikapı, 92B-Yenimahalle Metro / Ateştuğla-Beyazıt, 92C- Haznedar-Eminönü stop in front of the main entrance gate. Minibus: A01-Bakırköy-Metro-Topkapı, A11-Davutpaşa-Eyüp, A26-Topkapı-Giyimkent / 100. Yıl Mahallesi, A27-Otogar-Davutpaşa, A28-Topkapı-Çavuşpaşa, A30- Topkapı-Bağcılar, A48-Topkapı- İkitelli minibus lines pass from Davutpaşa stop in front of the campus main entrance. Shuttle services: There are buses at the university both for transportation within the campus and to the Cevizlibağ stop at regular intervals. The shuttle services also serve between Davutpaşa and Yıldız Campus in both directions once a day. Metrobus (BRT): The closest metrobus stop to the campus is Cevizlibağ. After getting off the Metrobus at Cevizlibağ stop, the campus can be accessed directly by taking 41AT bus or the university shuttle services which pass through the stops near to the BRT stop in Cevizlibağ. In addition, the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Male Student Dormitory, which is adjacent to the campus, can be accessed by taking the 85C line from this stop. Gate A entrance can be accessed by transferring from the Metrobus line at the Merter stop and then getting off at the Davutpaşa-YTU metro station. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 44

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Tram: T1 Kabataş-Bağcılar Tram line passes through the Cevizlibağ transfer station. As with the metrobus line, access to the campus is provided by IETT (General Directorate of Istanbul Electric Tram and Tunnel) and university ring services. It is also possible to reach the campus by transferring from the tram to metro at Zeytinburnu station. Private vehicle: Vehicles with the University or Technopark label are allowed to enter and exit from all three gates of the campus, while guest vehicles must be registered before entering the campus. Staff shuttles: The shuttles serve to various locations of the city with a fleet of 41 minibuses with a capacity of 17 passengers, 3 minibuses with a capacity of 20, and 6 buses with a capacity of 27 passengers. THE CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION ON THE CAMPUS In Davutpaşa Campus, in accordance with the official letter of the CoHE (Council of Higher Education) about transforming the roads on in the campus areas into \"pedestrian priority roads\" in 2015, and in accordance with the instruction to apply the \"B-56-Pedestrian Priority Road\" sign attached to this letter, a \"pedestrian priority road\" sign has been put in the entrance of the campus area (Figure 3.2). In this context, the Davutpaşa campus is considered as \"a campus with a pedestrian priority road network\". Figure 3.2 Pedestrian priority sign B-56 and its implementation in campus (Yardım ve Yetimoğlu, 2018) There is a speed limit on the campus area. The speed limit values are 20 km/h at roads in front of building entrances, and 30 km/h on other locations and roads. However, in terms of transportation of YTU Davutpaşa Campus, it can be said that it is neither a full \"Vehicle Priority Campus\" nor a complete \"Pedestrian Priority Campus\". It can be defined as a \"Mixed Type Campus\" in its current form. The university has a campus traffic regulation named İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 45

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 \"Yıldız Technical University Traffic Regulations (YÖ-079; Revision Date: 27.11.2020; Revision No: 01)\". Due to the pedestrian priority, the Davutpaşa campus has speed restrictions. In Davutpaşa Campus, sustainable transportation infrastructure elements such as bicycle paths and stations, pedestrian roads, public transportation services and stops, speed humps and traffic signs for traffic calming, pedestrian ramps that facilitate access to buildings, building direction signs, transportation network camera tracking system, pedestrian circulation of buildings with accessibility certificates etc. are found spread over the field. The campus is rich in terms of “sustainable transportation and infrastructure mode” and is a suitable area for the further development of these modes. DAVUTPAŞA CAMPUS TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Throughout the campus area, mobility and access needs are provided by various means and types of transportation infrastructure. Davutpaşa is a rich campus in terms of transportation modes. Vehicle Routes The length of the roads available for vehicle traffic is approximately 7,000 meters, including 600 meters one-direction and 6,400 meters two-direction roads on the campus (Figure 3.1). There is approximately 3,000-meter outer ring road circling the campus. Lane widths vary between 3.0 and 3.5 meters. On the campus, traffic islands and channelizations are used to regulate the traffic circulation at various intersections. There are 6 roundabout type intersections at the campus area. Pedestrian Roads The Davutpaşa campus transportation infrastructure supports walkability within the framework of the \"pedestrian priority road network\" approach. The pedestrian paths on the campus consist of sidewalks and walkways. There are approximately 13,000 meters of pedestrian sidewalks within the campus boundaries (Figure 3.3). The sidewalk width varies, but the average is 2.0 meters. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 46

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 3.3 Pedestrian walkway network on the campus The length of the pedestrian road network for travel, sports, and recreation is 5,500 meters. These paths are predominantly in the central garden and National garden. Bicycle Path / Micro-Mobility Network Davutpaşa campus transportation infrastructure supports “micro-mobility modes”. The length of the bicycle path network, suitable for the use of many types of micro-mobility modes such as bicycle, e-bike, scooter, e-scooter, unicycle, e-unicycle, hoverboard, segway, roller skates, is approximately 14,000 meters (Figure 3.4). Bicycle paths are generally applied on both sides of divided road sections (lane width 1.25-1.50 m), or on one side of the undivided or one-direction road sections as two direction paths (total width 2.40 m). A safety lane having a width of 0.5 m has been applied between bicycle paths and motorized vehicle traffic. The bicycle paths are painted in blue and regular markings are applied on them (Figure 3.5). The length of the bicycle path network, suitable for the use of many types of micro-mobility modes, is approximately 14,000 meters (Figure 3.4). İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 47

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 3.4 Bicycle path network and facilities in the campus (Genç, 2008). Figure 3.5 Bicycle paths in Davutpaşa Campus There is a bicycle park for 300 active bicycles on campus for the free use of students and university staff. YTU is a stakeholder of the Bizero Bicycle Rental and Sharing System supported by the Ministry of Health, and there are 8 bike-sharing stations on the campus. Apart from these, the university staff also have their own bicycles. Senior university administrators also use micro-mobility vehicles or make their trips on foot within the campus area. Parking areas reserved for bicycles have been established in front of the education units and in their parking lots. There are \"parking restriction warning signs\" at regular intervals on the bicycle paths. İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 48

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Public transportation Public transportation within the campus is provided by ring shuttles and municipal buses. In particular, the bus manoeuvre area at the main entrance and the closed bus stop area perform an important service in meeting the on-campus transportation demand during the morning peak hours. There are 9 bus stops and 1 triage area within the campus boundaries (Figure 3.3). Both IETT buses and the ring service that serve the university inside and outside the campus use the triage area. Parking lots/Car parks The campus has a parking capacity of approximately 2000 vehicles. The total number of open and roadside parking spaces is 1870, while the capacity of closed parking lots is 130. Road parking is not allowed in most places, as there is a network of bicycle lanes on campus. In certain areas, parking prohibition areas were created with plastic pillars to ensure a safe traffic flow. The parking lot and horizontal direction signs of the open and closed parking areas are drawn. There is no parking fee required for entering and exiting the campus area, and there is no parking time restriction. TRANSPORTATION DEMAND FOR DAVUTPAŞA CAMPUS In the Davutpaşa Campus, transportation demands and capacities have changed in parallel with the developments and changes that have occurred in the last 10 years (Yardım & Gürsoy, 2011, Yardım, 2012). By 2020, due to the Covid-19 outbreak, daily transportation demands dropped to the values observed 10 years ago. While an average of 3591 vehicles entered the Davutpaşa campus on weekdays before the Covid- 19 outbreak, an average of 1739 vehicles/day was observed during the pandemic restrictions (Figure 3.6). This value at the time of the outbreak is consistent with the average interval of 1700-1800 vehicles per day in 2011 (Yardım, 2012). On the weekends, the vehicle entrance was 1961 vehicles/day before the pandemic and 896 vehicles/day during the pandemic (Figure 3.6). Before the pandemic, the average pedestrian access to the campus area via turnstiles (through gates A and B) was 10914 pedestrians/day on weekdays and 1259 pedestrians/day on weekends. During the pandemic, these numbers were 651 pedestrians/day on weekdays, and 227 pedestrians/day on the weekends (Figure 3.7). İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 49

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS REPORT 2020 Figure 3.6 Average number of vehicles entering and exiting on weekdays and weekends (Gates A and B) İstanbul, JANUARY 2021 50