Flipbook 3B

Flipbook    Josh James  3B           

Table of Contents  Integumentary System (3-5)  Musculoskeletal System (6-8)  Nervous System (9-11)  Special Senses (12-14)                            2

Integumentary System  Key Terms  derm/o - skin   kerat/o - hard, horn-shaped tissue  xer/o - dry  xanth/o - yellow  erythr/o - red  pedicu/o - fingernail, toenail  onych/o - nail  myc/o - fungus  pil/o - hair; hair follicle  lip/o - fat  rhytid/o - sebum which secretes oil  albin/o - white  Function  The integumentary system has four main functions. Protection, body temperature  maintenance, exertion, and perception of stimuli.  Protection: Physical barrier of underlying tissues to protect from physical damage,  ultraviolet rays, and pathogenic invasion.  Body Temperature Maintenance: Perspiration regulates the body’s natural temperature  3

Integumentary System  Exertion: Sweat glands also release waste products, containing, water, salt and organic  compounds  Perception of stimuli: Contains a large quantity of nerve endings that detect stimuli.  There are also tactile receptors that are responsible for touch.  Vocabulary  Albinism - Inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produce pimples on the  skin  Cicatrix - A scar left by a healed wound (lightened area on the skin).  Ecchymosis - Black-and-blue or purplish bruise caused by ruptured blood vessels  beneath the skin  Keloid - An abnormally raised, thickened scar.  Cyst - A closed, thick-walled sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material that  develops in a cavity or other structures in the body  Macule - Small, flat, discolored, lesion on the skin (freckle)  Papule - A solid skin elevation with distinct borders and a diameter less than one  centimeter (pimple)  Psoriasis - Chronic disease marked by itchy, erythematous skin with silver patches  Vitiligo - Loss of pigment in one or more areas of the skin, creating the appearance of  milky-white patches  Scabies - Contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus or itching      4

Integumentary System  Diseases / Disorders  Impetigo - Bacterial infection of the skin characterized by vesicles (small, fluid-filled  sacs), pustules (small, pus-filled blisters), and crusted-over lesions .  Gangrene - Necrosis or death of tissue, due to loss of blood supply, followed by a  bacterial infection.  Alopecia - Hair loss that results from genetics, normal aging, illness, or drugs used to  treat certain diseases.  Cyanosis - Appearance of blue/purple discoloration of the skin due to insufficient blood  oxygen or poor circulation. Many respiratory and circulatory diseases produce cyanosis.  Health Careers  Primary Care Physician (PCP) - A physician that gives the first contact of a person with  an undiagnosed health concern. Also, treats various medical conditions no matter the  cause.  Dermatologists - Medical practitioner ready to diagnose and treat the multitude of skin  disorders that may happen.  Labeled System    5

Musculoskeletal System  Key Terms  my/o - muscle  myel/o - bone marrow; spinal cord  oste/o - bone  cost/o - rib  crani/o - skull  -pexy - surgical fixation or suspension  chondr/o - cartilage  arthr/o - joint  -plegia - paralysis  kinesi/o - movement  Function  The skeletal system is made up of bones and other such things that provide a structure  for the body. Five important functions of the skeletal system are support, protection,  mineral storage, blood cell formation, and anchoring and movement of muscle.  Support: Provides the shape and structure for the body.  Protection: Surrounds and protects the internal organs from damage.  Mineral Storage: Phosphorus and calcium are two necessary minerals for regulatory  functions, which are stored inside of the bones.  Blood cell formation: Inside of the bone marrow, red blood cells are constantly being  made.  6

Musculoskeletal System  Anchoring and movement of muscle: For muscular movement and action, the bones are  the supporting structures.  The muscular system is composed of various amounts of tissue that interact with each  other to execute essential functions of the body. Examples include permitting  movement to be possible, along with holding the body parts in position. It is also a  protective mechanism for internal organs. Transports the food through the digestive  tract. Helping blood flow throughout the body in order to return to the heart.  Vocabulary  Ataxia - Inability to coordinate voluntary muscle activity; characterized by shaky,  unsteady movements.  Bursa - Enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid and are located in areas of  possible friction to help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone  Bulge Sign - Distinct bulge observed from a synovial fluid wave in the medial aspect of  the knee after displacing the fluid and tapping on the lateral aspect   Contracture - Shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM (range of motion) of a joint  Dislocation - When a bone is out of a socket  Epiphysis - Growth plates in long bones where lengthening occurs  Hematopoiesis - Red blood cell production in the bone marrow  Hypertrophy - Excessive growth or abnormal enlargement of a muscle  Shin Splint - Painful condition caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia  Tremor - Involuntary, repetitive shaking or quivering of a part or parts of the body.  Diseases / Disorders  Ankylosis - A stiff joint caused by adhesion, or abnormal fusion of two bones into one  bone  7

Musculoskeletal System  Muscular Dystrophy (MD) - Genetic disease characterized by progressive muscular  weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration   Myeloma - Cancer of the plasma cells (type of white blood cell) that originates in the  bone marrow  Myasthenia Gravis - Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by voluntary muscle  weakness that worsens after activity and improves after rest  Leiomyoma - Benign tumor of smooth muscle, such as that found in the heart, bladder,  or uterus.  Healthcare Careers  Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine Doctor - Specialist in osteopathic medicine, doctors  who become experts in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal and related  neurological medical problems   Orthopedic Doctor - Devoted to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of  the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.  Labeled System    8

Nervous System  Key Terms  neur/o - nerve  encephal/o - brain  myel/o - bone; spinal cord  ambul/o - to walk  -esthesia - feeling; sensation  mening/o - meninges  psych/o - mind  concuss/o - shaken together  Function  The function of the nervous system consists of sensory input, integration, and motor  output. Sensory input is any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs (the eyes,  ears, nose, tongue, and skin) to the central nervous system, otherwise known as the  CNS. Integration is when the CNS processes and interprets the information received  through the sensory organs. It then passes it on to execute the last step, motor output.  Motor output is when the CNS transmits messages to effectors (muscles / glands in the  body that generate a response in the form of motor output.) It then results in either  voluntary or involuntary movement.  Vocabulary    Cerebrospinal fluid - watery, clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord    Autonomic nervous system - that division if the nervous system concerned with reflex,  or involuntary, activities of the body    Central nervous system - That division of the nervous system consisting of the brain  and spinal cord.  9

Nervous System  Cerebellum - the section of the brain that is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata;  maintains balance and equilibrium    Diencephalon - aseptic- control method that destroys pathogens but does usually kill  spores and viruses    Hypothalamus - that structure in the diencephalon of the brain that regulates and  controls many body functions    Medulla oblongata - the lower part of the brainstem; controls vital processes such as  respiration and heartbeat    Meninges - membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord    Midbrain - that portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center  of impulses    Parasympathetic - relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system that  counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nerves    Peripheral nervous system - the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord    Somatic nervous system - (Physiology) physiol the section of the nervous system  responsible for sensation and control of the skeletal muscles.    Diseases / Disorders  Bell’s Palsy - Unilateral (one-sided) paralysis of the nerves that control the facial  muscles, causing o​ nly​ one side of the face to droop. It is usually a temporary condition,  thought to be caused by a virus.  Brain Tumor - Any intracranial mass, which may be neoplastic (a new growth), cystic (a  sac containing fluid), or inflammatory (an abscess.)  Cerebral Palsy (CP) - Disorder that affects movement and muscle tone; caused by a  defect in, or trauma to, the brain before birth.  10

  Nervous System  Paresthesia - Sensation of numbness, tingling, or prickling, usually in the upper or lower  extremities; caused by irritation of, or injury to, sensory nerves or nerve roots.  Seizure - Disruption of electrical activity in the brain that produces physical and mental  changes, such as convulsions, sensory disturbances, and loss of consciousness.  Healthcare Careers  Neurosurgeon - A neurosurgeon is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and  surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system including  congenital anomalies, trauma, tumors, vascular disorders, infections of the brain or  spine, stroke, or degenerative diseases of the spine.  Neurologist - neurologists treat patients with complex disorders of the nervous system  such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Lou  Gehrig's disease, epilepsy, headache disorders, infections of the brain and peripheral  nervous system. Neurologists often work closely with neurosurgeons, but do not  perform surgery.  Labeled System    11

Special Senses  Key Terms  irid/o - iris  -cusis - hearing  -opia - ear condition  ot/o - ear  tympan/o - eardrum  opthalm/o - eye  -metry - process of measuring  Function  Special senses are also involved in a nervous system function known as sensory input.  These senses monitor stimuli, or changes in the external / internal environment. When  the neural receptors are activated inside of the special sense organs, a neural impulse is  transmitted to the brain. Then the impulse is acted upon by the body.  Vocabulary  Ampulla - contains receptors for rotation in semicircular ducts.    Olfaction - sense of smell. We can sense up to 10,000 smells    Cerebral cortex - receives all stimuli from special senses    Equilibrium - sense of motion and balance. utricle and saccule.    Bony labyrinth - a shell made of bone protects the membranous labyrinth.            12

Special Senses  Semicircular canals - one of three semicircular, interconnected tubes located inside  each ear. The three canals are: horizontal semicircular canal (lateral semicircular canal),  superior semicircular canal (anterior semicircular canal),and the posterior semicircular  canal.    Cochlea - shaped like a snail shell. the organ for hearing. It is coiled like a tube on the  anterior side of the vestibule.    Vestibule - chamber that begins the labyrinth and contains the organs for equilibrium.  membranous labyrinth - fluid filled tubes that house receptors for hearing and  equilibrium.    Perilymph - contains cell bodies of sensory neurons that monitor hair cells in the organ  of corti    Taste buds - Made up of 40-60 cells. 3 types of cells:1. taste cells are not considered  neurons, 2. supporting cells, 3. basal cells. function: taste cells contain microvilli called  taste hairs, function as receptors by synapsing with sensory nerve fibers. Only live 7-10  days and be replaced by basal cells.    Vallate - form V posterior to the tongue only 7-12 contains 250 taste buds each.    Diseases / Disorders  Cataract - Clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual acuity; caused by  accumulation of protein in the lens  Entropion - Inversion (turning inward) of the eyelid, causing the eyelashes to irritate the  surface of the eye; can potentially cause corneal abrasion.   Retinal Detachment - Emergency condition in which the retina separates from the layer  of blood vessels that supports it. Common symptoms include floaters (small pecks,  squiggly lines, or hair-like strands in the field of vision), flashing lights, and a shadow  that gradually obscures vision. Without immediate treatment, blindness ensues.  Tinnitus - Sensation of noises (such as ringing, buzzing, or whistling) in the ears when  no sound is present.    13

Special Senses  Neuropathy - A disease of the nerves that involves pain or loss of sensation, most  commonly in the extremities.  Healthcare Careers  Osteopathic Doctor - Licensed physician who practices medicine using both  conventional treatments and osteopathic manipulative medicine, which focuses on  relieving pain and tension in the musculoskeletal system.  Ophthalmologists - Diagnoses and treats all eye diseases, performs eye surgery and  prescribes and fits eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct vision problems. Also  involved in scientific research on the causes and cures for eye diseases and vision  disorders.  Labeled System    14

https://www.g-wonlinetextbooks.com/introduction-medical-terminology-2017/105  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/primary-care-physician.html  https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dermatologist  https://www7.aaos.org/member/directory/definition.htm  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/highland/departments-centers/neurosurgery/what-is- a-neurosurgeon.aspx  https://quizlet.com/117153829/nervous-system-key-terms-flash-cards/  https://www.google.com/webhp?authuser=1&safe=active&ssui=on  https://quizlet.com/22450197/special-senses-flash-cards/    https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/what-is-ophthalmologist  https://www.google.com/webhp?authuser=1&safe=active&ssui=on          15