Health Science Flipbook

1A Mr. Pickett Body Systems Flipbook Angelina Leng

Table of Contents Integumentary System Respiratory System Musculoskeletal System Digestive System Nervous System Urinary System Special Senses Reproductive System Cardiovascular System

Integumentary Function: protects body from the outside by acting as an outer barrier, also retains System fluid, eliminates waste, fights disease, and regulates body temperature Key Terms: Vocab: derm/o, dermat/o - skin Langerhans cells: specialized cells vital to immune response kerat/o- hard Keratin: protein used to form tough tissues like skin xer/o- dry Collagen: protein that provides firmness and strength to skin xanth/o- yellow, yellowish Elastin: protein that provides elasticity to skin erythr/o- red Melanin: pigment that gives skin its color pedicu/o-nail Epidermis: outermost layer of skin, contains hair and nails onych/o- pertaining to nails Sebum: oily substance that protects skin and hair myc/o- fungus Sebaceous glands: found in hair follicles and secrete sebum pil/o- hair Sweat glands: release sweat lip/o- fatty, lipid Freckles: small brown spots on skin when melanin is not rhytid/o-wrinkle evenly distributed albin/o- white, deficient pigmentation Healthcare Careers: Diseases/Disorders: Dermatologist: treats diseases of the skin, hair, and Onychia: inflammation of the nail matrix nails, may also address cosmetic issues to improve appearances Alopecia: hair loss Plastic Surgeon: perform reconstructive plastic Tinea capitis: scalp ringworm, fungal infection of the surgery to restore function and form, and aesthetic scalp, highly contagious surgery to change appearance Basal cell carcinoma: most common skin cancer, 3 originating in the deepest epidermal layer, the stratum basale

Musculoskeletal Function: provides support, structure, and allows the body to move System Key Terms: Vocab: my/o - muscle Ligament: flexible ropelike structures that keep joints stable during myel/o - marrow, spinal cord movement oste/o - bones Joint: place where two bones meet, allows for movement of the body cost/o - rib Cartilage: tough flexible tissue often found at the end of bones crani/o - skull Tendon: tissues that connect muscle to bone -pexy - fixation/suspension Bone marrow: soft spongy tissue inside many bones that works like a chondr/o - cartilage factory for blood cells arthr/o - joint Calcium: nutrient the body uses to build strong healthy bones -plegia - paralysis, stroke Stem cells: immature cells that can “grow up” to become other cells like red kinesi/o - motion blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets Femur: long bone located in the thighs, a.k.a. thighbone Diseases/Disorders: Vertebrae: irregular bones that protect the spinal cord and form the spinal column Osteoarthritis: the wearing down and dysfunction of the Mandible: irregular bone located in the jaw: a.k.a. Jawbone, holds teeth and joints gives jaw mobility Osteoporosis: the loss of minerals, like calcium and Healthcare Careers: magnesium, in bones that can make them brittle and easily broken Physical therapist: treats patients to improve their ability move with prescribed exercise and hands on Muscular dystrophy: congenital disorder involving care widespread muscle weakness and degeneration Orthopedist: repairs and preserves components of Polio: infection of the muscle, especially the legs the musculoskeletal system like bones, ligaments and joints 4

Nervous Function: receives sensory information and generates motor responses System Key Terms: Vocab: neur/o - nerve Neuron: basic cell of nervous system, sends and receives signals from other encephal/o - brain neurons myel/o - spinal cord Dendrite: part of the neuron that stretches outward to receive signals ambul/o - to walk Axon terminal: part of neuron that sends signals to neighboring neurons -esthesia - nervous sensation Myelin:protective coating that surrounds the axons to enable them to transmit mening/o - meninges signals psych/o - mind, mental Meninges:tough protective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord concuss/o - violently agitated/ shaken Spinal cord: nervous tissue that connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system Diseases/Disorders: Vertebrae: bones that make up the vertebral column, bone structure that houses spinal cord Cerebrovascular accident: stroke, acute loss of brain function Cerebrospinal fluid: protective fluid that lies between the meninges and the due to interruption of blood flow to the brain underlying brain and spinal cord Brain stem: portion of the brain that controls vital functions and connects the brain Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by with the spinal cord infection Nerve: large bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system; wrapped in a protective sheath Epilepsy: characterized by episodes of disturbed electrical activity in the brain resulting in possible loss of consciousness Healthcare Careers: and uncoordinated shaking movements Neurologists: doctor that specializes in treating and Bell’s palsy: disease characterized by rapid onset of facial diagnosing disorders of the nervous system using paralysis medicine and therapies. Neurosurgeon: physician that specializes in the diagnosis and surgical procedures of the nervous system 5

Special Senses Function: processes sensory information and sends it to the brain Key Terms: Vocab: irid/o - iris Transduction: sensory cells translating stimuli into action potentials for the -cusis - hearing condition nervous system -opia - condition of sight Photoreceptors: detect light waves for vision ot/o - ear Mechanoreceptors: detect soundwaves and pressure on skin and the inner tympan/o - eardrum ear for touch hearing and balance ophthalm/o - eye Chemoreceptors: detect molecules in food and air around us for taste and -metry - measure smell Volatile: gaseous state Diseases/Disorders: Glomerulus: cluster of nerves where receptors meet, acts as a transfer station Gustatory epithelial cells: register and respond to varying molecules in your Tinnitus: symptom characterized by hearing noise, food such as pinging or buzzing, for which there is no Tympanic Membrane/ Eardrum: sensitive membrane intensifies and external source amplifies the vibrations of sound to the middle ear Basilar membrane: stiff band of tissue that runs along fluid filled chambers Conjunctivitis (pink eye): inflammation of the that communicates vibrations/sound to the nervous system conjunctiva, which is the outermost layer of the eye, Utricle and Saccule: contain hairlike structures that read movement of the caused by infection or allergies head by sensing movement of fluid and send it to nervous system Cataract: clouding of the normally transparent lens of Healthcare Careers: 6 the eye; most common cause of blindness Otolaryngologist: specialized in treating disorders Vertigo: symptom characterized by sensation that of the head and neck, more specifically the ears, one or one’s surroundings is spinning or moving nose, and throat Ophthalmologist: specialized in treating illnesses of the eye, including performing eye tests and surgical eye procedures

Cardiovascular Function: pumps blood throughout the body to deliver nutrients and oxygen as well System as removes waste from cells Key Terms: Vocab: cardi/o- heart SA Node: aka pacemaker, starts the electrical charge that eventually is angi/o- blood vessels passed into the myocardium enabling the heart to contract and beat hem/o, hemat/o- blood Aorta: largest artery, carries blood to the body delivering nutrients and brady- slow oxygen tachy- fast Vena Cava: largest vein, carries blood to the heart, removes metabolic waste thromb/o- blood clot from the body cells emia- of blood Erythrocytes: RBCs, carry nutrients and oxygen leuk/o- white, WBC Leukocytes: WBCs, protect the body from disease and illnesses, part of the erythr/o- red, RBC immune system arteri/o- artery Thrombocytes:platelets, clot blood to prevent extreme blood loss Atria chamber in the heart that receives blood: Diseases/Disorders: Ventricle: chamber in the heart that pumps blood out Pulmonary pathway: right side, oxygenates the body by receiving oxygen Coronary artery disease (CAD): from the lungs atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, which are the arteries Systemic pathway: left side, pumps blood throughout the entire body, that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle delivers nutrients to body cells Myocardial infarction(MI): death of the heart muscle caused by Healthcare Careers: lack of oxygen due to a blockage in a coronary artery Cardiothoracic Surgeon: performs cardiovascular Arrhythmia:abnormal heart rhythm, either too fast or too slow surgeries on patients to treat heart disorders or irregular Cardiologist: physician that diagnoses and treats diseases Congestive heart failure(CHF): disease in which the heart fails to and disorders of the heart, may use catheterization and pump strongly enough, causing blood to back up into the lungs refer patients to cardiothoracic surgeons or body 7

Respiratory Function: inhaling fresh air, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen, and exhaling System stale air Key Terms: Vocab: bronch/o - bronchus Nasal cavity: filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air cyan/o - blue Pharynx: throat, passageway for food, air, and liquid laryng/o - larynx Trachea: windpipe, allows air to travel to and from the lungs and out of the oxia - pertaining to oxygen body oxy - containing oxygen Bronchi: passageways for air inside the lungs where oxygen and carbon pleur/o - pleura, membrane of the lungs dioxide are exchanged pneum/o - lung, air Ventilation: process in which air moves in and out of the lungs pulmon/o - lung Respiration: exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), include external thorac/o - chest and internal (cellular) respiration trache/o - trachea, windpipe Respiratory rate: vital sign that signifies number of breaths per minute, where one breath is one inspiration and one expiration Diseases/Disorders: Alveoli: located in sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas is exchanged through the capillaries contained inside the alveoli Hyperventilation: condition when breathing is faster and Diaphragm: located at the base of the lungs, contracts to expand the chest deeper than normal and help inflate the lungs Pleura: membrane encasing and protecting the lungs that help reduce Apnea: temporary interruption of breathing friction as the lungs expand within the thoracic cavity Aspiration: inhaling a foreign object through the upper Healthcare Careers: respiratory tract Respiratory Therapist: physician that takes care of patients Asthma: characterized by sudden attacks of dyspnea and that suffer from diseases that impair their breathing, provide wheezing, caused by swelling or spasms of the bronchial emergency care to patients who suffer from sudden possibly tubes fatal incidents Thoracic Surgeon: performs surgical procedures in the chest, treat lung disorders like lung cancer and emphysema 8

Digestive Function: takes in food, physically and chemically breaks it down into nutrients, System absorbs them into the body and expels the waste from the body Key Terms: Vocab: cholecyst/o - gallbladder Mastication: chewing enter/o - intestines (small) Ingestion: intake of food through the mouth col/o, colon/o - colon, large intestine Digestion: breakdown of food into smaller parts hepat/o - liver Absorption: valuable nutrients are absorbed out of the food and gastr/o - stomach into the body or/o - mouth Elimination: discharging of waste from the body, including pepsia - digestion undigested food and unneeded fibers and protein chol/e - bile Stomach: produces gastric fluids to help digest food into chyme proct/o - rectum, anus Small intestine: absorbs nutrients from the food with villi, which lines the walls Diseases/Disorders: Liver: stores nutrients until needed, breaks down glycogen, produces bile and filters through waste from the blood Celiac disease: condition of faulty absorption (caused by gluten) Gallbladder: contains bile which is used to digest fatty foods Colon: where undigested food is formed into feces to be eliminated Cirrhosis: scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs or virus through the anus Crohn’s disease: chronic disease causing inflammation of the Healthcare Careers: digestive tract Registered Dietitian: supervises the preparation and serving of Gastroesophageal reflux disease: backward flow of stomach food to develop therapeutic diets and educate patients on food acids into the esophagus health Dentist: specializes in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of conditions in the mouth and gum 9

Urinary System Function: filters blood, cleansing it of metabolic waste and excessive fluid Key Terms: Vocab: cele - hernia, swelling, protrusion Urinary tract: functions as the plumbing system, draining urine and lysis - breakdown, separation, excreting it loosening Kidneys: filters metabolic waste, excessive fluid and ions from the blood cyst/o - cyst, fluid sac, bladder to form urine nephr/o - kidney Renal Cortex: outer layer of kidneys that contains the nephrons ren/o - kidney Nephron: basic structure/unit of the kidneys, filters, re-absorbs and uria - condition of the urine secretes pexy - surgical fixation Filtration: process of separating waste products out of the blood creates ectasis - dilation or expansion filtrate pyel/o - renal pelvis Reabsorption: blood reclaims minerals, water, and vitamins as needed from the filtrate Diseases/Disorders: Secretion: waste is pushed into tubes that lead to excretion Ureters: narrow tubes that transfer urine from the kidneys to the Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder bladder Bladder: serves as a container to hold urine until it can be excreted Nephrolithiasis: condition/presence of kidney stones Urethra: transports urine from the body to the outside Nephrosclerosis: thickening of kidney walls due to Healthcare Careers: hypertension Dialysis technician: operates machines that help Urinary Tract Infection(UTI): infection that causes pain during remove waste from the blood when patient’s kidneys urination usually starting from the bladder cannot function Urologist: specializes in diseases of the urinary tract and male reproductive tract 10

Reproductive Function: produces gametes, transport and sustain them and nurture developing System offspring by releasing hormones throughout the body Key Terms: Vocab: cervic/o - cervix, neck of uterus Puberty: time of life when a child’s body matures and is able to reproduce salping/o - fallopian tube Zygote: fertilized ovum ov/o - ovum Gonad:organ that produces haploid sex cells, ex: ovary or testicle orchid/o - testis, testicle Germ cell: diploid cell specialized to divide by meiosis to produce haploid sex oophor/o - ovary cells men/o - menses, menstruation Ovulation: monthly release of ova from the ovary, controlled by hormonal mamm/o - breast signals gynec/o - female, woman Menstruation: part of the menstrual cycle consisting of releasing the uterus colp/o - vagina lining and unfertilized egg prostate/o - prostate gland Menopause: end of fertility, when the ovaries stop producing ova Testicle: male sex organ that produces spern and releases hormones that Diseases/Disorders: guide the male reproductive system Prostate: organ that creates and secretes fluids necessary for delivering Eclampsia: seizures and convulsions that lead to pregnancy sperm to the female reproductive system complications and can cause high blood pressure Uterus: hollow, muscular organ that receives and nourishes a fertilized egg Ovary: female sex organ that produces ova and releases hormones that Endometriosis: condition when the endometrial tissue develops guide the development of the reproductive system outside the uterus causing cramping, pain, and infertility Healthcare Careers: Azoospermia: absence of sperm in the semen, leads to infertility Obstetrician/Gynecologist: provides healthcare for women Prostate cancer: malignant tumor of the prostate, characterized affected by pregnancy and childbirth, and specialized in by dysuria, pain, and blood in the semen diseases of the female reproductive system. Ultrasound Technician: trained to operate sonography equipment including the ultrasound images of a fetus 11