Body Systems Flipbook Ella Makrigeorgis
Table of Contents ● Integumentary System ● Musculoskeletal System ● Nervous System ● Special Senses System ● Cardiovascular System ● Respiratory System ● Digestive System ● Urinary System ● Reproductive System
Integumentary System Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts derm/o, dermat - kerat/o - hard, horny xer/o - dry xanth/o - yellow skin erythr/o - red pedicu/o - lice onych/o - fingernail, myc/o - fungus nail pil/o - hair lip/o - fat rythid/o - wrinked albin/o - white
Integumentary System Function ● Protecting the body ● Acting as a sensory organ ● Maintaining body temperature ● Preventing dehydration
Integumentary System Vocab ● Hypodermis - The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin made up of mostly adipose tissue. ● Epidermis - The outer layer of the skin made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. ● Keratinocyte - Epidermal cell that produces keratin. ● Melanocyte - Epidermal cell that produces the brown pigment melanin. ● Meissner's corpuscles - Sensitive touch receptors in the dermis. ● Hemoglobin - Pink-red pigment. ● Cyanosis - A condition that occurs when hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated causing the skin to appear blue. ● Mammary glands - Specialized sweat glands that secrete milk. ● Sebaceous glands - Oil glands. ●
Integumentary System Diseases/Disorders ● Acne - Skin condition that occurs when hair follicles plug with oil and dead skin cells. ● Rash - Temporary outbreak of red, bumpy, scaly, or itchy patches of skin, possibly with blisters or welts. ● Sunburn - A type of skin burn resulting from too much exposure to sunlight or sunlamps. ● Hives - A skin rash triggered by a reaction to food, medicine, or other irritants.
Integumentary System Careers ● Dermatologist - A doctor who specializes in conditions involving the skin, hair, and nails. ● Plastic Surgeon - They perform reconstructive plastic surgery which restores form and function following illness or trauma. They also perform aesthetic or 'cosmetic' surgery which changes appearance or form.
Labeled System The layers and parts of the Integumentary System.
Musculoskeletal System Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts my/o - muscle myel/o - marrow or oste/o - bone crani/o - skull -pexy - fixation spinal cord plegia/o - paralysis arthr/o - chondr/o - joint cartilage kinesi/o - movement
Musculoskeletal System Function ● Supports and binds tissues and organs together ● Provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body
Musculoskeletal System Vocab ● Articular cartilage - A thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space. ● Bone - Hard connective tissue, long, short, flat, sesamoid. ● Calcium - Mineral constituent in bone, calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones. ● Cancellous bone - Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone. ● Cartilage - Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. immature skeleton, epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces. ● Collagen - Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissue. ● Compact bone - Hard, dense, bone tissue, usually found on the outer portion of bones. ● Cranial bones - Ethmoid, frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid. ● Facial bones - Lacrimal, mandibular, zygomatic, nasal, vomer, maxilla. ● Fontanelle - Soft spot between skull bones in an infant.
Musculoskeletal System Diseases/Disorders ● Tendinitis - A condition in which the tissue connecting muscle to bone becomes inflamed. ● Carpal tunnel syndrome - A numbness and tingling in the hand and arm caused by a pinched nerve in the wrist. ● Osteoarthritis - A type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down. ● Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints, including those in the hands and feet.
Musculoskeletal System Careers ● Physical Therapist - Movement experts who improve quality of life through prescribed exercise, hands-on care, and patient education. ● Massage Therapist - Treat clients by using touch to manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body.
Labeled System The layers and parts of the Musculoskeletal System.
Nervous System Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts neur/o - nerve enchephal/o - brain myel/o - marrow or ambul/o - to walk spinal cord esthesia - sensation or mening/o - meninges psych/o - mind concuss/o - collision feeling
Nervous System Function ● Receiving information about the environment around us (sensation) ● Generating responses to that information (motor responses)
Nervous System Vocab CNS (Central Nervous System) - Consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) - The part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consist mainly of the nerves (bundles of axons) that extend from the brain and spinal cord. SNS (Somatic Nervous System) - Composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. Voluntary. Sensory/Afferent - Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body Motor/Efferent - In the PNS; transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs, which are the muscles and glands. Sympathetic - In the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord, mobilizes body systems during activity. Parasympathetic - Cranial and Sacral area, Conserves energy; Promotes housekeeping functions during rest Neuroglia - Neurons associated closely with much smaller cells; Non- conducting cells of neural tissue that support, protect, and insulate the neurons. Nissl Bodies - The Rough ER of the neuron cell body, stains darkly with basic dyes.; Synthesizes proteins. Neuron - The structural units of the nervous system, highly specialized cells that conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.
Nervous System Diseases/Disorders ● Cerebral palsy - A congenital disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture. ● Epilepsy - A disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. ● Neurofibromatosis - A condition that causes tumors to form in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. ● Parkinson's disease - A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.
Nervous System Careers ● Chiropractor - Performs an adjustment on a patient, they do spinal manipulation, which chiropractors call \"spinal adjustment\" or \"chiropractic adjustment”. ● Neurologist - Treats disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles.
Labeled System The layers and parts of the Nervous System.
Special Senses Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts irid/o - iris -cusis - hearing -opia - sight ot/o - occupational therapy tympan/o - eardrum opthalum/o - eye -metry - measure
Special Senses Function ● To detect environmental stimuli and transduce their energy into electrical impulses.
Special Senses Vocab Accessory Structures(of the eye) - Includes the extrinsic eye muscle, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. Eyelids - Protect the eyes anteriorly. Canthus - The medial and lateral commissure; corners of the eye. Eyelashes - Project from the border of each eyelid. Tarsal Glands - Modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges. Conjunctiva - Lines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball. Conjunctivitis - Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Pinkeye - Infectious form of conjunctivitis. Lacrimal Apparatus - Consists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity. Lacrimal Glands - Located above the lateral end of each eye; continually release tears onto the anterior surface of the eyeball.
Special Senses Diseases/Disorders ● Cataracts - Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. ● Deafness - Total or significant loss of hearing. ● Glaucoma - A group of eye conditions that can cause blindness. ● Microphthalmia - A developmental disorder of the eye in which one (unilateral microphthalmia) or both (bilateral microphthalmia) eyes are abnormally small and have anatomic malformations.
Special Senses Careers ● Rehabilitation centers - People there assist the sensory impaired. ● Social workers - Provide professional support for the blind and visually impaired. Social work with blind and visually impaired people and their families may involve finding resources to help with the client's daily living needs, psychological support to individuals and families, counseling patients on living arrangements and options, and identifying safe and adequate living conditions, as well as travel, dietary, and hygiene needs.
Labeled System The layers and parts of the Special Senses.
Cardiovascular System Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts cardi/o - heart angi/o - vessel hem / hemat - blood brady - slow tachy - fast erythr/o - red thromb/o - clot -emia - blood condition leuk/o - white arteri/o - artery
Cardiovascular System Function ● To transport oxygen, nutrients, and byproducts of metabolism. ● To maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive.
Cardiovascular System Vocab Aorta - Largest artery in the body. Arteriole - Small artery. Artery - Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Atrioventricular bundle - Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. Atrioventricular node - Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles. Atrium - One of two upper chambers of the heart. Capillary - Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls. Carbon Ddioxide (CO2) - Gas (waste) released by the body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation. Coronary arteries - Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Deoxygenated blood - Blood that is oxygen-poor.
Cardiovascular System Diseases/Disorders ● Coronary artery disease - Damage or disease in the heart's major blood vessels. ● High blood pressure - A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. ● Cardiac arrest - Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness. ● Congestive heart failure - A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should.
Cardiovascular System Careers ● Cardiac Surgeon - The field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax —generally treatment of conditions of the heart and lungs. ● Electrophysiologist Cardiologist - A healthcare provider who treats heart rhythm problems.
Labeled System The layers and parts of the Cardiovascular System.
Respiratory System Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts bronch/o - windpipe or cyan/o - blue laryng/o - larynx -oxia - oxygen bronchus pulmon/o - lung pleur/o - rib pneum/o - lung Oxy- - oxygen thorac/o - chest trache/o - trachea
Respiratory System Function ● Helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood.
Respiratory System Vocab Nasal Cavity - The cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucous and inhaled contaminants outward and away form the lungs. Larynx - Voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords. Trachea - One of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids. Bronchi - The passages that branch from the trachea and direct air into the lungs. Lungs - Two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration. Bronchioles - Progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways. Alveoli - Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood. Cilia - Short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface. Mucus - Protective secretion of the mucous membranes. Breathing - Passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally.
Respiratory System Diseases/Disorders ● Pneumonia - Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid. ● Pleural Effusion - A buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest. ● Emphysema - Type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The air sacs in the lungs become damaged and stretched. ● Lung Cancer - A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke.
Respiratory System Careers ● Pulmonologist - Physicians specially trained to treat diseases and conditions of the chest. ● Respiratory therapist - Works with patients who have breathing or other cardiopulmonary disorders.
Labeled System The layers and parts of the Respiratory System.
Digestive System Ella Makrigeorgis
Key Terms Important Word Parts cholecyst/o - colon enter/o - intestine col / chol/o - colon hepat/o - liver chol/e - gall/bile gastr/o - stomach or/o - mouth pepsia - digestion proct/o - rectum
Digestive System Function ● Responsible for taking whole foods and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair itself.
Digestive System Vocab Digestive System - System of organs that breaks down food into nutrients needed by the cells of the body. Teeth - Bony projections located on the maxilla and mandible that are used for tearing and crushing food into a pulp, making it easier to digest. Saliva - A liquid that is released within the mouth that aids in the process of digestion. Mouth - The orifice through which food is consumed. Amylase - An enzyme, contained in saliva, that breaks chemical bonds between the sugar monomers in starches. Bolus - A chewed mass of food. Epiglottus - A cartilaginous valve-like device in the throat which prevents food from entering the trachea. Esophagus - Tube through which the bolus passes to reach the stomach. Peristalsis - Smooth muscle contractions in the area surrounding the esophagus which push the bolus towards the stomach, no matter what the body's orientation is or what environment it is in. Cardiac Sphincter - A thick ring of muscle that closes the esophagus after food has passed through it; preventing the contents of the stomach from moving back up the esophagus. Stomach - Large muscular organ, sac-like in shape, that digests food both chemically and mechanically. Mechanical Digestion - The physical breaking down of food particles into smaller bits that are easier to digest.
Digestive System Diseases/Disorders ● Irritable bowel syndrome - An intestinal disorder causing pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. ● Chronic Constipation - When a person passes less than three bowel movements a week, or has difficult bowel movements. ● Gastroenteritis - An intestinal infection marked by diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever. ● Ulcers - A sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.
Digestive System Careers ● Gastroenterologist – A physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines. ... ● Proctologist – A physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus.
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