Helen McGuinness anatomy & physiology therapy basics fourth edition

346 Index smoking 50 sweat glands 40, 44 apocrine glands 44 sodium 215, 288 disorders eccrine glands 64–5 soleus 131 32, 44 sympathetic nervous system 223–6, 232, 242 solids 11 synapses 213, 215, 221 synaptic end bulb/feet spasticity 143, 228 synovial cavity 213 synovial fluid 94 speech 195 synovial joints 25, 95 synovial membrane 93, 94–6 sperm 17, 243, 259, 264–5, 268 synovitis 24, 25, 95 systemic circulation 103 sphingolipids 35 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 158, 159 systems of the body 74, 189 spider naevi 70 definition 8 spina bifida 103 imbalance 10 interrelationships 26 spinal cord 85, 87, 212, 216, 219–20 synergy 10 spinal nerve(s) 221 see also specific systems spindles 16 spleen 183 splenius capitis 123 splenius cervicus 123 spots 53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61–4 sprains 103, 143 squamous cell carcinoma 72 sternocleido-mastoid 122 sternum 87, 88, 89 stimuli, mechanical/thermal/chemical 214–15 T-lymphocytes 184, 187 stomach 275, 277–8 T-zone 53 stomach cancer 289 talus 91 strain 143 tanning machines/sunbeds 51 strawberry naevus 70 tarsal(s) 91–2 stress taste, sense of 226 and the cardiovascular system 167, 169 telangiecstasis 61 and the digestive system 291 telophase 16 and the endocrine system 249 temperature receptors 40 and the muscular system 143 temporal lobe 204, 217 and the nervous system 231 temporalis 120 and the respiratory system 206 temporo-mandibular joint tension (TMJ syndrome) 103 and the skeletal system 103 tendinitis 143 and the skin 49 tendons 22, 80, 82, 118 stress hormones 242, 249 tennis elbow 143 stroke 169–70 tensor fascia 131 stye 65 teres major 125 subclavian artery 161, 162, 163, 179 teres minor 125 subclavian vein 162, 163, 179–80 testes 239, 242–3, 264, 268 subcutaneous layer 34, 40, 55 testicular cancer 267 subscapularis 125 testosterone 54, 83, 237, 242–4, 248–9, 264–5 sucrase 281 tetany 249 sulphur 288 TEWL (transepidermal water loss) 36 sunscreens 51 thalamus 217, 218 superficial (anatomical term) 2 thenar muscle(s) 128 superficial arch 163 thigh 90, 130–1 superior (anatomical term) 2, 3 thoracic aorta 163 supination 90, 98 thoracic cavity 87–9 supinator 127 thoracic nerve(s) 221 supine 2 throat infections 197 supraspinatus 125 thrombocytes (platelets) 150, 151–2 swallowing 197 thrombosis 168, 169, 170 sweat 32, 44 thrombus 167, 170

Index 347 thumb muscles 128 ulcer digestive system thymus 183–4 rodent 291–2 skin 72 thyroid gland 239, 241 ulna 61, 72 thyroid-stimulating hormone 239 ulnar artery 89–90 ulnar vein 162–3 thyrotoxicosis 249 ultraviolet rays upper limbs 163 thyrotrophin 239 51 anatomical regions thyroxine 241, 247, 249 blood vessels 3, 4 bones 162–3, 164 tibia 90, 91 muscles urea 89–90 tibialis anterior 131 ureter(s) 126–8, 129 urethra tibialis posterior 131 urinary system 300 functions 298, 302 tinea capitis 67 interrelationships with other 264, 265, 298, 303 297–307 tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) 67–8 systems 297–303 key words tissue (interstitial) fluid 17, 175–6 multiple-choice questions 26, 75, 250, 304 pathologies 305 tissues 7–9, 18–24 revision summary structures 306–7 connective 18, 19, 21–4 urinary tract infection (UTI) 303–4 urine definition 8, 18 composition 305 pH 298–303 epithelial 18, 19–21 production storage 304 interrelationships with 26, 144, 189, 206, 231, urine tests urticaria (hives) 300 other systems 250, 268, 292, 304 uterus 300 299–301 key words 27, 28 vaccines 302–3 vacuole 300 multiple-choice questions 29–30 vagina vagus nerve 61 muscle 18–19, 22–4, 110–20 varicose veins 244–5, 256–8, 261 vas deferens nerve 18–19, 22, 24, 26 vasectomy 188 veins 14 pathologies 25–6 256–9, 261 main 223 revision summary 27–8, 28 see also specific veins 169, 170 264, 265 see also specific tissues vena cava 265 inferior 152, 153, 162 TMJ syndrome 103 superior 161 tongue 226 ventricle(s) 159, 161, 164–5 ventricular septal defect 159, 161 tonsils 183 venules verruca (plantar wart) 156, 157, 159 torticollis (wryneck) 143 vertebra 167 vertebral artery touch 39, 226 39, 153 67 toxins 187 86–7, 94 trachea 196, 197–8, 199 161–2 transepidermal water loss (TEWL) 36 transversus abdominus 134 trapezius 124 triceps 119, 126 tricuspid valve 155, 158 trigemenal nerve 223 mandibular branch 223 maxillary branch 223 ophthalmic branch 223 triodothyronine 241 trochanter(s) 90 trochlear nerve 222 trunk anatomical regions of the 3, 4 anterior aspect muscles 134–5 posterior aspect muscles 136–8 trypsin 280 tuberculosis 206 tumour 15, 61, 288 benign 25 malignant 25

348 Index 5, 6 output 301 vertebral cavity 86–7 weal 61 vertebral column 103 87 whiplash injury 103 bones of the 162 defects 61 white blood cell (leucocyte) 150, 151, 185 functions 256 vertebral vein 222 agranulocytes 151 vesicles vestibular glands 66–7, 188–9 lymphocytes 151, 176, 179, 183–4, 187–8 vestibulocochlear nerve 249 viral infections 226 monocytes 151, 185 virilism vision 50, 284, 287 granulocytes 151 vitamin A 50, 284, 287 vitamin B complex basophils 151 vitamin C 50, 287 vitamin D 284, 287 eosonophils 151 production in the skin 33, 74, 103, 292 vitamin E 50, 284, 287 neutrophils 151, 185 vitamin K 284, 287 vitamins 281, 284, 286–7 of lymph nodes 179 vitiligo vulva 70 overproduction in leukaemia 168–9 256, 261 wart phagocytic cells (macrophages) 38, 179, 183, 185–6 waste products white fibrous tissue 22, 23, 24 cellular faeces whitlow 47 urine water World Health Organisation (WHO) 167 consumption wound healing 74 wrinkles 55, 59 wrist 90 xiphoid process 88 61, 66–7 yellow elastic tissue 22, 23, 24 297 Z lines 115 150, 154, 199 zona pellucida 259, 260 273, 282, 284 zygomatic major/minor zygote 121 299–301 17, 259–60 11 50, 286, 301, 304

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