ELS Grammar Book

CLOSE d. arrive or appear at a place Rain just never comes along'when you need it, close down (t.) does it? a. terminate the operation of; discontinue e. exist; start to exist; appear The government was forced to dose down I gave up smoking the very day that my first child several schools because of budget cuts. came along. come around or round b. attempt to control or eliminate a. recover consciousness; revive (int.) The mayor is really trying hard to dose down music b. visit (int.) and video piracy in this city. close In on or upon (I.) a. approach so as to capture, attack, arrest, etc. You really ought to come around more often. The police dosed in on the murder suspect. c. cease being angry, hurt, etc. (int.) b. surround or envelop so as to entrap Claustrophobics feel that the walls of small After their argument, he was sulking for quite a spaces are dosing In on them. while, but in the end he came round. close off (t.) put slh across the entrance to a place in d. (for a regularly occurring event or occasion) order to slop people entering it Within minutes, happen; be about to happen the police had closed off the scene of the crime. The Christmas season has come around again, close out U.) and all the shops are full of people. a. reduce the price of (merchandise) for quick sale e. come around/round to (t.) change one's opinion, They're dosing out their stock of Blue Note jazz decision, etc., esp. to agree with another's albums. If we keep pressuring him, he's bound to eventually b. liquidate or dispose of finally and completely come round to our way of thinking. come back The company dosed out its interests after a. come back to ((.) return, esp. to one's memory almost fifty years in the city. It's all starting to come back to me now that I close up start thinking about it. a. come together in close array; converge b. come back with (t.), talk back; retort Closing up on the rioters from all sides, the Be careful how you to talk to him; he's forever army prepared to strike. coming back with sarcastic remarks. b. bring to an end; cease come between (t.) cause to be estranged or The company is dosing up its domestic antagonized operations and transferring all its production to If only financial problems hadn't come between Mexico. us, we would still be together now. come by (t.) obtain; acquire, esp. for slh thai is COME unusual or difficull lo find How did he ever come by such a nice suede come about (int.) come to pass; happen jacket? come How did it come about that you and he were in down (int.) the same building at the same time? a. become lower; fall; drop, esp. for prices Prices always come down right after the come across Christmas season. a. (also come on/upon) find or encounter, esp. by b. lose wealth, rank, etc.; be reduced in circumslances or slalus chance (I.) After the scandal had erupted, the CEO really I came across this letter when I was cleaning came down in the social scale. out the attic. c. be handed down by tradilion or inherilance The hunter suddenly came upon a bear while This pocket-watch has come down lo me from walking through the forest. my grandfather, and it's still in remarkably b. (informal) make good one's promise, as to pay a good condilion. debt, do what is expected, etc. (t.) d. be relayed or passed along from a source of It took a lot of pressure, but eventually he higher rank or aulhorily came across with the money he owed me. The general's orders will be coming down c. be understandable, convincing, or clear (int.) tomorrow, I expecl. come down on or upon ((.) His misanthropic stance comes across quite a. voice one's opposilion lo clearly in his novels, but much less so in his The presidenl came down hard on lax culs. poetry. b. reprimand; scold d. (informal) make a particular impression; The boss really came down on me for arriving comport oneself (int.) late to work. My new boss comes across as a very warm and c. come down on the side of: decide thai you friendly person. come again, (used as a support a particular person or side in an request to repeat a argument, elc. statement) Not surprisingly, the president eventually came \"I don't think I really want to marry you.\" - down on the side of increased mililary spending. \"Come again?\" comedown to (t.) come along (int.) a. be simplifiable or summarizable as a. accompany sb; attend as part of a group His whole life comes down to gambling and She prefers to stay in the city, so she didn't drinking. come along on the camping trip. b. be or prove to be mostly or mainly influenced b. (also come on) proceed, develop, or advance by one particular Ihing sufficiently or successfully The crime problem in large cilies ullimately His musical studies are coming along quite comes down to this: loo many people are forced nicely. lo live in poverty and can see no olher way of c. appear; emerge as a factor or possibility providing for Ihemselves. I won't take a new job even if one comes along - I want to just relax for a while. 684 Q ELS 701

come down with (t.) become afflicted with an illness come out with (I.) I think I'm cowing down with a cold. a. (informal) speak, esp. to confess or reveal sth come forward (int.) offer one's services; present They asked him where he had been last night oneself; volunteer and what he had been doing, and all he came When the president called for volunteers to out with was a bunch of lies. fight in his very unpopular war, very few people b. (informal) say sth suddenly that is not expected actually came forward. They asked their son what he'd been doing the night before, and he came straight out with the come In (informal) (used to describe how sb is truth: he had gone to a bar with friends and involved in a situation, story, or plan) We got absolutely drunk. need someone to distract the security c. make available to the public; bring out guard, and that's where you come in. The publisher is coming out with a revised edition of the novel, whose first printing had come In for (t.) receive; get; be subjected to contained many errors. The prime minister's proposed tax cuts came in come over for a great deal of criticism from certain circles. a. happen to; affect, esp. in a negative way ((.) Why's he acting so strangely? What's come over come Into (t.) acquire; get, esp. by inheritance him? After coining into a large fortune at the age of b. change sides or positions; change one's mind 21, he blew it all on women and wine. (int.) At first, he was against the plan, but now he's come Into it (informal, esp.BritE), influence a come over. situation c. visit informally (int.) Love doesn't come into it; her marriage to that A few friends came over last night and we had a nice old man is strictly a financial affair. long talk. come through (int.) a. endure or finish successfully come of/out of (t.) happen as a result of sth I worked very hard for a long time, and in the Nothing at all came (out) of my business trip end, I managed to come through. this time. b. (informal} do as expected or hoped; perform; succeed come off (int.) (informal) We never really doubted that he'd a. happen; occur come through for us in the end. b. be given or completed; occur; result c. (for emotions, feelings, etc.) be noticeable, esp. when sb is trying to conceal an emotion or Her presentation came off very well. feeling c. succeed; be successful However dispassionate he was trying to be, his anger still came through when he spoke. come to The end of the novel just didn't come off as well a. recover consciousness (int.) as I'd hoped it would. b. amount to; total (t.) d. come off with (t.) reach the end; acquit oneself The bill comes to twenty-one million liras. He came off with very high marks. come under (t.) come off It (informal) stop being wrong, foolish, or a. fit into a category or classification pretentious; be truthful or honest This novel comes under the heading of satirical Oh, why don't you come off it? We know you're social criticism. as unhappy as the rest of us. b. be the province or responsibility of come on (int.) This issue comes under the Ministry of Foreign a. begin; appear Affairs. come up (int.) Hurry up! The show's coining on in a couple a. be referred to; arise minutes! Whenever he's involved in any conversation, b. (informal, used mainly in the imperative) hurry; politics is bound to come up. begin b. be presented for action or discussion Come on, it's starting to rain! Next Monday, the new tax bill will be coming c. (informal) as an entreaty or attempt at up for consideration. come up against (I.) have persuasion) please to deal with problems or Come on, join us for the movie. difficulties d. (informal} (used to tell someone that you do not After being released from prison, he came up agree with them, do not believe them, etc.) against a lot of prejudice at work and in his Come on! You tried the same excuse last week neighborhood. and we didn't believe it even then! come up to (t.) e. (informal} try to make an impression or have a. approach; near an effect; present oneself A beggar came up to us in the street and asked My new boss comes on a bit too authoritarian for for some money. my taste. come out (int.) b. compare with as to quantity, excellence, etc.; a. be published; appear match; equal His new album is due to come out next month. I'm sorry to have to tell you this, but this particular b. become known; be revealed essay hardly comes up to your usual standard of It eventually came out that the politician had excellence. come up with (t.) produce; supply held back certain important information from Can anybody come up with a good solution for the public. this problem? c. make a debut in society, the theater, etc d. end; terminate; emerge ELS Q 685 The match came out badly, as both teams lost several players to injuries. come out against (t.) publicly voice one's opposition to The candidate came out strongly against the ban on homosexual marriage. come out for (t.) publicly endorse or support The normally liberal journalist quite surprisingly came out for the reelection of the staunchly conservative mayor. 702

COUNT cry out (int.) shout or make a loud noise because you are frightened, hurt, etc. count against (I.) make sb or sth more likely to fail She cried out in horror when she saw what had Even though she's got all the necessary happened to her cat. cry up (t.) qualifications, her lack of experience will almost definitely count against her. praise; extol (esp.BritE} I think Michael cries up his children a bit too count down (int.) count backward, usually by ones, often and too much. from a given integer to zero. CUT count in (t.) include You're going out to the pub tonight? Well, you cut across (I.) can count me in\\ a. precede or go beyond considerations of; count on or upon (t.) transcend a. depend or rely on The anti-war campaign cuts across narrow boundaries such as political party and religion. He can always be counted on to help out his b. (also cut through) go from one side of an area friends. to the other instead of going round it b. expect sth to happen and make plans based on We should cut across this field if we want to it save time. I didn't buy very much food because I didn't By cutting through the park, I managed to get to count on so many people coming tonight. work on time this morning. cut back (t.) count out (t.) exclude a. shorten by cutting off the end You're going to that party tonight, aren't you? b. curtail or discontinue Well, you can count me out - I'm too tired to go Last quarter, wool production was severely cut out tonight. count towards (t.) be part of back. what is needed to c. cut back on, reduce the amount of money being complete or achieve sth spent on sth Your homework will not count towards your In order to be able to have the money necessary for final grade, but 1 still suggest that you do it hosting the Olympic Games this summer, the regularly, as it will help you understand the government has had to cut back on many basic lesson better. expenses. cut down (t.) a. (also cut down on) lessen; decrease COVER My doctor warned me that I should cut down on my consumption of saturated fat. cover up (t.) b. destroy, kill or disable a. cover completely; enfold The barbarians cut down everything in their path. A favorite method of covering up a wall-safe is c. remodel, remake, or reduce in size, as a to hang a picture before it. garment b. keep secret; conceal I need to get this dress cut down if I want to be able The minister's staff tried very hard to cover up to wear it. cut In (int.) his role in the savings and loan scandal. a. move or thrust oneself, a vehicle, etc., abruptly between others CROSS That car cut in in front of me. b. (informal] to interrupt a dancing couple in cross over (from sth to sth else) order to dance with one of them a. switch allegiance, as from one political party to c. (also cut into) (t.) interpose; interrupt He's always cutting into other people's another conversations with some snide remark or other. I'll never understand exactly why he crossed cut it out, (informal) stop doing sth over to the Conservative Party. That's not a nice thing to say! Cut it out! b. change successfully from one field of endeavor, cut off (t.) genre, etc., to another a. intercept In the mid-1960s, Bob Dylan successfully The army besieged the cave where the bandits crossed over from folk music to rock. cross off had taken refuge and thus cut off their support (I.) remove a word or phrase from a list by from outside. drawing a line through it b. interrupt Michelle has called to say that she can't come, He cut me off in the middle of my story to so be sure to cross her name off the guest list, announce that he would be getting married. will you? cross out ((.) draw a line through sth c. stop suddenly; discontinue that you have The water supply was suddenly cut off as a written, usually because it is wrong result of the Water Bureau's incompetenl Cross out this word; you've misspelled it. management. cross up d. disinherit a. change arrangements made with; deceive (t.) Despite living a life of great debauchery, the We'd agreed not to tell my parents the truth, young artist was never cut off by his wealthy but then he crossed me up. parents. b. confuse (int.) (esp.BritE) e. sever; separate I got all crossed up on the way to the post The severity of his wounds meant that the office and didn't know where I was. soldier's leg had to be cut off. CRY cry down (t.) disparage; belittle (esp.BritE) He's always crying down people less strong than he is. cry off (int.) break a promise, agreement, etc. (esp.BritE) We'd already .signed the new lease, but at the last second, the owner cried off and we were left without a place to live. 686 Q ELS 703

cut out (t.) b. informal, attack, work, or apply oneself a. omit; delete; excise voraciously, vigorously, or energetically I dug into writing the essay and had managed to You should cut out this paragraph about the finish it by morning. discovery of penicillin, as it is not really related to the main topic of your essay. dig out (I.) b. not let sb share sth or be included in sth a. find by searching I kept trying to say something, and they just kept cutting me out. In order to write a good article, I had to dig a lot c. not to be cut out to be sth/not to be cut out for of details out of different magazines and sth, not have the right qualities for a particular newspapers. task, endeavor, career, etc. b. find and look at or use sth that you have not I finally had to admit to myself that I just seen or used for a long time wasn't cut out to be a great musician. Whenever my aunts and uncles come over, Mum digs out my old baby photographs and shows them DEAL around. dig up U.), a. take something out of the ground by digging deal In (t.) buy and sell particular goods as a The pirate greedily dug up the treasure chest. business b. break the ground or make a hole in the ground My grandmother ran a shop which dealt tn rare with a tool, machine, etc. books. deal They've dug up my street several times so far this year. with (I.) c. discover in the course of digging a. take action in order to achieve sth or solve a While they were repairing the sewage system, the workers accidentally dug up a chest problem containing several thousand-year-old If the government doesn't start to deal with the manuscripts. energy crisis soon, there will be loads of d. (informal) (also dig up dirt on sb) locate; find, problems in the future. esp. in order to discover information that is b. be about a particular subject secret or forgotten by searching very carefully The documentary dealt with the international \"See if you can dig up any dirt on my spread of AIDS and its consequences. opponent.\" - \"Alright, I'll let you know as soon c. do business with a person or organization; as I've dug something up.\" meet or talk to sb, esp. as part of your job In my job, I often have to deal with dissatisfied DO customers. do away with (t.) DIE a. put an end to; abolish die away (int.) (of a sound) become weaker or The candidate claimed he would be doing away fainter and then cease with wasteful spending of the taxpayers' The sound of gunfire gradually died away as money. the battle came to a close. die down (int.) b. kill do by (t.) deal with; treat become calm or quiet; subside I've always tried to do well by my friends and After the riot, it took many hours for people's family, although it hasn't always been easy. anger to die down. die off (int.) die one after do for, (usu. passive) cause the defeat, ruin, or death of another until the number \"We're done for,\" whispered the general when is greatly reduced he saw the size of the army closing in on him As she grew older, her friends began to die off and his soldiers. one by one. die do In (t.) (informal) a. kill, esp. to murder out (int.) The gang leader had his rivals done in one by a. cease to exist; become extinct one. b. injure gravely or exhaust; wear out; ruin If we take no steps against deforestation, My job is really doing me in, so I'm thinking thousands of animal and plant species, some of about quitting. them unknown to man, will die out. c. cheat or swindle b. die away; fade; subside I think that car salesman did me in when he The sound of the blades died out as the sold me this piece of junk. do out helicopter flew off. of (t.) (informal) swindle; cheat to die for, (informal) stunning; remarkable That guy over there did me out of several That skirt is just to die fort hundred dollars a few years ago. do over (I.) DIG a. redecorate b. redo; do sth again because you did not do it ad.ig Idni(ginttr.e)nches, as in order to defend a position in well the first time (esp.AmE) battle The teacher said I'm going to have to do my The soldiers dug in and waited for the enemy to assignment over because it was too messy for her close in. to even read. do up (t.) (informal) a. wrap and tie up b. maintain one's opinion or position b. pin up or arrange (the hair) I tried to argue calmly and logically with her, Let me just do up my hair and then I'll be but she had dug in and wasn't even listening to ready to go. what I was saying. ELS Q 687 c. (informal) start eating Go ahead, dig in, there's plenty of food for everyone. dig Into (t.) a. press or push hard into sb or sth, or press sth hard into sb or sth The cat dug its claws deep into my leg. My backpack was digging into my shoulder. 704

c. renovate; launder; clean b. clothe oneself in; put on, esp. in a slow manner d. wear out; tire (t.) e. fasten (esp.BritE): She drew on her gown and walked elegantly towards the balcony. Don't forget to do up your coat; it's quite chilly outside. c. utilize or make use of, esp. as a source (t.) f. dress, esp. in a fancy or funny way Many bebop tunes drew heavily on songs from On Halloween, many children get all done up in old musicals. funny costumes. do with (L), a. gain advantage or benefit from; make use of draw oneself up, assume an erect posture You could definitely do with a vacation. draw out (t.) b. (informal, used to ask where sb put sth) a. pull out; remove What did you do with my files? I can't seem to b. prolong; lengthen find them anywhere. c. have to do with, be about or connected with sb You can't draw this boring conversation out or sth much further. I never watch those silly talk shows on television; c. persuade to speak what do all those people's problems have to do with She's not really quite as dull as she may seem, me? do without if you make the effort to draw her out. a. forgo; dispense with (I) d. take or withdraw (money) from a place of He just can't do without a glass or two of beer deposit after work. He drew his money out of the bank and blew it all b. dispense with the thing mentioned on the horse races. draw up The store didn't have any milk left, so we'll a. devise or formulate; draft, esp. in legal form or have to do without. as a formal proposal He drew up his will only a week before he DOUBLE passed away. b. put into position; arrange in order or formation double back (int.) turn and go back in the direction The captain drew up his men and ordered from which you have come them to charge. Alter realizing that I'd taken the wrong turn, I c. bring or come to a stop; halt had to double back. The van drew up at the curb and about a dozen clowns jumped out onto the street. double up (int.) a. share quarters planned for only one person or DREAM family dream up (t.) form a creative idea or plan in the Because there aren't enough rooms for all of us, imagination; devise we'll have to double up. He's always dreaming up the most outlandish b. suddenly bend your body forward, usu. schemes for making money. because of pain or laughter The amateur boxer doubled up in agony when the DRESS champion punched him in the stomach. We all doubled up with laughter when he walked in dress down, without any clothes on. double (up) as (t.) have the a. reprimand; scold (t) (esp.BritE) purpose of sth in addition to its original purpose A futon is essentially a bed that doubles (up) as a sofa. We got dressed down pretty badly for smoking in church. DRAW b. dress informally or less formally (int.) We always dress down when we go out on draw ahead of ((.) gradually pass sth. moving in the Saturday nights. dress up same direction a. put on one's best or fanciest clothing; dress The first-time auto racer slowly drew ahead of relatively formally (int.) the reigning champion. He always used to dress up for his own birthday parties. draw away (t.) b. dress up in/as (t.) dress in costume or in a. move or begin to move away another person's clothes: \"My sister's going to dress up in Victorian He slowly drew his hand away from the fire. clothing for the costume party.\" b. move farther ahead \"I think I'll dress up as Che Guevara.\" c. embellish or disguise, esp. in order to make The Formula One driver Michael Schumacher more appealing or acceptable (t.) quickly drew away from the competition. If you don't dress up the facts a bit, no one will drawback (int.) move away from sb or sth, usu. be interested in your story. because you are surprised or frightened She drew back in disgust when she saw the DRIVE cockroach crawling over the kitchen counter. draw Into (t.) cause to take part or enter, esp. drive at (t.) attempt or intend to convey; allude to; unwittingly suggest They somehow managed to draw him Into the I don't know exactly what it is you're driving at, discussion on human rights, although he had but I don't think I like it. drive back (t.) (also wanted to remain quiet. draw off (int.) move back or away drive o3\\ push back; force back; draw on repel; repulse a. come nearer; approach (int.) The rebels were quickly driven back/off by the Winter is drawing on, you can feel it in the air. superior numbers of the governmental forces. drive off, leave in a car, usu. suddenly (int.) He jumped in his Ferrari and drove off without even saying \"goodbye.\" 688 Q ELS 705

DROP FACE drop behind (t . ) fall short of the required pace or face down (t.) confront boldly or intimidate (an progress: opponent, critic, etc.) As a result of her long absence, she had The musician faced down his critics by dropped far behind the rest of the class and claiming that they were all failed musicians was forced to study much more in order to themselves. face up to (t. ) keep up. drop by/In (at) (I.) visit sb for a acknowledge; admit; meet short time, usu. courageously; confront; accept that a difficult without arranging it before situation exists I might drop by Steve's house later and see You should face up to the facts - she doesn't how he's been doing. love vnu anymore. drop off FALL a. (informal) fall asleep (int.) fall (all) over oneself: show unusual or excessive enthusiasm or eagerness, esp. in the hope of I was so tired last night that I just dropped off being favored or rewarded in front of the TV. The young artist fell all over himself to praise b. decrease; decline (int.) his mentor's newest painting. The number of students entering university fall apart (int.) dropped off significantly last year. a. break into pieces c. take sb or sth to a place, usu. by car as you My old shoes have started to fall apart. travel somewhere else ((.) b. start having problems that you cannot deal Don't waste money on a taxi; I'm going in that with direction myself, so I can drop you off. drop out of After she'd discovered that he'd cheated on her, she ((.) fell apart. fall away (int.) a. withdraw from being a member or participant a. withdraw support or allegiance I dropped out of the chess club because, to be As soon as it became clear that the candidate honest, it was starting to get boring. was xenophobic, many of his supporters b. stop attending school or college: quickly fell away. My sister dropped out of high school at 16 and b. become lean or thin; diminish; decline started working full-time. According to Edward Gibbon, the power of the Roman Empire began to fall away with the DRY adoption of Christianity as the state religion by Constantine the Great. dry up (int.) cease to exist; evaporate, esp. for fall back (int.) give way; recede; retreat supplies of sth After many hours of fighting, the weakened After all his money dried up, he was forced to soldiers were forced to fall back. ^sk for a loan from the bank. fall back on or upon (t.) a. (also, fall back to) retreat to EAT The exhausted soldiers fell back on the the town and dug themselves in. • eat away at (t.) b. have recourse to; rely on a. (also eat Into) destroy gradually, as by erosion . Having no savings to fall back on when his first child came along, he had to get a second part-time Centuries of rain and wind, not to mention air job in order to make ends meet. fall behind pollution, is eating away at many historical a. lag, in pace or progress (t./int.) buildings and statues. If we don't slop arguing over the details of the b. (for people's feelings, emotions, etc.) make sb project, we're going to fall behind the others. feel more and more unhappy, worried, etc. b. fall behind in (I.) fail to pay (a debt, obligation, The memory of what 1 said to her is really etc.) at the appointed time eating away at me. Al Capone fell behind in his tax payments, and it eat Into (I.) was for that reason that he was finally arrested. fall a. same as eat away at (a) for ((.) (informal) b. use or take away a large part of sth valuable, a. be deceived by such as money or time I can't believe that you fell for such an old The wedding preparations are eating into our trick! savings. eat up (t.) b. fall in love with sb a. show enthusiasm for; take pleasure in He says that he's fallen for her. fall In with (t.) The audience just ate up the comedian's every become acquainted with and spend joke. time with, esp. by chance b. believe without question I feu in with a strange young Australian couple My parents were eating up everything I said; while I was visiting Sicily. fall off (int.) they didn't even stop to think it might all be decrease in number, amount, or lies. intensity; diminish Profits fell off sharply last quarter due to the ENTER economic crisis. ... .. . . . . . . . ... .. fall on or upon ((.) a. enter Into (t.) assault; attack a. investigate; consider The cavalry suddenly fell on us from the rear. The president said that he would enter into the question of what should be done with the refugees at a later date. b. form a constituent part or ingredient of Another factor entering into our consideration of this issue is whether or not state employees should have their salary raised. ELS a 689 706

b. be the obligation of FILL The burden of choosing who is to be sacked has unfortunately fallen on me. fill in (i.) a, fill In for sb; substitute for C. experience; encounter As a result of Tom's gambling problems, his James couldn't come today, so I'll be tilling In family fell on hard times. for him. b. fill sb In on sth, (informal] supply sb with d. chance upon; come upon information Archimedes fell upon the idea of the principle of Could you please flfl me in on what was said at displacement while stepping into the bath one the meeting? day. fill out (int.) become larger, fuller, or rounder, as the figure e. happen on a particular day or date She's filled out quite a bit since she got Easter fell on 11 April this year. married. fall out (int.) FIND a. happen; occur find out (t.) It fell out that I wasn't actually broke: I'd had a. discover or confirm the truth about sth; learn a money in my pocket the whole time. b. leave one's place in the ranks, as a soldier fact for the first time After they had completed their drills, the cadets Have you found out what the problem with were ordered to fall out. your computer screen is yet? c. fall out over (I.) quarrel about; disagree about b. detect or expose, as a crime or offense They fell out over whether James Joyce or W.B. The police have yet to find out who killed the Yeats had been more important for Irish man. literature. c. uncover the true nature, identity, or intentions fall over backward(s) (int.) exhibit great eagerness, ofsb esp. in pursuit of one's own advantage The spy was found out before he could The new employee fell over backwards in assassinate the president. praising the manager's proposal. fall through (int.) come to nothing; fail of realization FIRE Unfortunately, they did not agree to our offer, so the deal has fallen through. fire away (int.) (informal) begin to talk and continue fall to (l.) apply oneself; begin without slackening, esp. to ask a series of Alright, everyone, that's enough chit-chat, let's questions fall to work. \"I've got a few questions to ask you.\" - \"Fire fall under (t.) away.\" a. be the concern or responsibility of The police can't do anything to you; what fire off (t.) you've done doesn't fall under their a. discharge (as weapons, ammunition, etc.) jurisdiction. b. be classified as; be included within The police Bred off tear gas at the picketers. His new book falls under the heading of b. write and send hurriedly dystopic novels. He fired off an angry letter of resignation to his boss and stormed out of the the office. fire up (t.) make FEED sb excited or angry feed on (t.) obtain sustenance from He always gets so fired up when we start The koala feeds only on eucalyptus leaves; it talking about politics. doesn't even drink water! FTT FEEL fit In feel for (t.) feel sympathy for or compassion toward; a. find the time to see sb or do sth (t.) empathize with He's been having a lot of problems lately; I The doctor won't be able to fit you in till next really feel for him. feel like (t.) Wednesday. b. fit In with (t.) (for people) feel that you belong to (informal) have a desire for; be a particular group and are accepted by them favourably disposed to; want (to) Transvestites are too often made to feel that I just don't feel like going to a movie tonight. they cannot fit in with the rest of society. Do you feel like staying in and watching TV? c. fit In with (t.) (for activities or events) exist or happen together in a way that is convenient feel like oneself, (also feel oneselfl be in one's usual We're going to Şile this weekend if the frame of mind or state of health weather's nice - how does that fit in with your He hasn't been feeling dike) himself since his plans? parents passed away. feel out (t.) attempt to fit out or up (t.) furnish with supplies, equipment, clothing, furniture, or other requisites; supply; ascertain (the nature of a equip situation, sb's attitude, etc.) by indirect or My brother owns a camping supply store, so he subtle means can fit us out for our trip. You should feel out his opinion before you ask him to support you on such a sensitive issue. FIX feel up to (t.) (informal) feel or be able to; be fix on or upon (t.) decide on; determine (esp.BritjE) capable of We can't fix on a date for the party until we She's very tired and doesn't feel up to going out know when everyone is going to be free. tonight. fix up (t.) (informal) 690 Q ELS a. arrange a meeting, date, event, etc. Let's try and fix up a time for our next meeting. 707

b. provide with; furnish b. surpass; outdo My wife's old friend was kind enough to Sx me She never let anyone get ahead of her in her up with this job. work as she was quite ambitious, c. smooth over; solve; resolve get along (BritE get on) If we don't talk like rational human beings, a. get along with (t.) like each and be friendly to we'll never be able to Sx up our differences. one another FLOOD He doesn't get along very well with his mother- in-law. flood In/Into [inl./l.) arrive in great numbers, usu. b. get along in (t.) deal with a situation, esp. within a short period of time As soon as the successfully: film star had endorsed the company's product, HO-— do you think Michael is getting along in his orders began flooding in. new job? get around/round (t.) a. circumvent; outwit; find a way of dealing with FLY or avoiding a problem Al Capone managed to get around everything fly about/around (int.) (for ideas or remarks) be except income tax evasion. passed quickly from one person to another and b. get around/round to, do sth, esp. sth that you cause excitement have intended to do for a long time Rumors about the prime minister's imminent I don't know when I'll have time to get around to resignation were ffying around. fly Into a checking your assignment. get at ((.) a. reach; touch rage/temper, suddenly become very angry He couldn't get at the top shelf so he asked me to help. WhehueenwIinmtoenatiroangeed. that I had broken his stereo, b. suggest, hint at, or imply; intimate I don't know exactly what Clive was getting at FOLLOW when he said that, but I don't think it was good. follow out (£.) carry to a conclusion; execute c. discover; determine Following out their orders to the letter, the If we want to solve the problem of soldiers began executing everyone in the unemployment, we have to get at the root of village. the problem. d. (informal) influence by surreptitious or illegal follow through (int.) means; bribe a. carry out fully, as a stroke of a club in golf, a Since the mayor had many debts in addition to a low salary, the mafia quite easily got at him. racket in tennis, etc. e. (informal) (BritE). criticize someone in an b. continue an effort, plan, proposal, policy, etc., unkind way He's forever getting at me. to its completion get away When studying a language, ^ou must follow a. escape; flee (int.) through or you will never really learn, follow up The robbers got away in an unlicensed hearse. (on) (t.) discover more about a situation or take b. get away with (t.) succeed in doing sth bad or further action in connection with it Can you follow wrong without being punished or criticized up (on) this report about the president's proposal to Their youngest son gets away with everything raise taxes across the board? because his mother is 'Convinced that he is an angel and can do no wrong. GAIN get back (I.) a. get back to, talk to sb, usually on the gain on (t.) get nearer to sb or sth that you are telephone, to give them some information they chasing have asked for or because you were not able to The police were gaining on the fleeing bank speak to them before robbers. I'll get back to you as soon as I've found out how much the tickets are. GET b. get back (at), (informal) be revenged on I'm going to get back at him someday for get about (AmE get around) (int.) embarrassing me in public like that. a. move about; be active get behind on (t.) not have done as much work or paid as much money as you should by a He gets about quite a bit - he's quite the particular time traveller. Don't get behind on your credit card payments Ever since the accident, he can get around only or you will regret it. with difficulty. get by b. become known; spread a. succeed in going past (t.) I wanted to keep our relationship a secret, but The protestors got by the police barricade and somehow it got around that we were dating. get stormed the palace. across (I.) b. be able to live or deal with a situation with a. make or become understandable; successfully difficulty, usu. by having just enough of sth communicate information to other people you need, such as money (int.) What I would mainly like to get across to you is He's far from rich, but he gets by. the importance of becoming actively involved in c. evade the notice of (t.) society. Not much gets by him, so be careful what you b. be convincing about; impress upon others say. The professor clearly got across the fact that he would not tolerate lateness. get ahead (int.) ELS Q 691 be successful, as in business or society Unfortunately, it's still quite difficult, even after all these years, for a woman to get ahead in business without being resented by the men around her. get ahead of (I.) a. move forward of, as in traveling The champion cyclist quickly got ahead of his competition. 708

get down b. (AmE get along) deal with a situation, esp. a. depress; discourage; fatigue (t.) successfully ((.) How did you get on with that project of yours? Watching the news really gets me down. b. write sth, esp. sth that sb has said (t.) c. advance in age Your mother's really getting on, isn't she? He was talking so fast that his secretary couldn't get it all down. d. get on with (I.) (AmE get along with), like each c. swallow (t.) other and be friendly to one another My throat was so swollen that it was difficult to get the pills down. e. get on with (t.) continue doing sth d. (informal) relax and enjoy oneself completely; Don't just stop in the middle of your story - get be uninhibited in one's enjoyment, esp. when on with it! get onto (t.) start talking about a dancing (int.) She was really getting down at the party last subject after night. discussing sth else e. get down to (t.) start doing sth seriously and We started talking about music but then we with a lot of attention and effort somehow got onto politics. Okay, let's get down to business. get in get out a. (also get Into) enter a car or a taxi a. go out to different places and meet people in You can go and get into the car. I'll be there in a minute. order to enjoy oneself (int.) b. (also get Into) (I.) arrive; come (int.) My husband doesn't get out much - he prefers She got in on the ten-o'clock train. staying at home and listening to music. Our plane should get into the airport about b. become publicly known (int.) three o'clock. News of the mayor's criminal connections got c. (also get into) (t.) be chosen or accepted, as for out. office, membership, etc. c. get out of: leave a car or taxi I was hoping to attend the University of I got out of the taxi at the wrong place, and had Chicago, but couldn't get in. My father was to walk ten minutes to get to the meeting place. never able to get into political office, although d. get out of (t.) leave: he tried a number of times. The party was so boring that I just had to get d. (also get oneself in) become implicated in sth, out of there. usu. slh bad or negative (i.) After years of struggling to make a profit, he If he keeps on borrowing money to pay off his debts, finally decided to get out of the publishing he'll only be getting himself in deeper and deeper. business. get into (t.) e. get out of doing sth: avoid doing sth that you a. become interested in an activity or subject; should do, often by giving an excuse start being involved in an activity I managed to get out of dissecting the frog in I didn't really get into literature until after I'd science class by telling the teacher that graduated from high school. dissecting anything was against the rules of my b. what has got/gotten into sb: not understand religion. why sb is behaving differently than normal f. get sth out of sb, persuade or force sb to tell or He's acting very strangely these days. I wonder give you sth what's gotten into him. I could only get five dollars out of my dad. get it, (informal} g. get sth out of sth: enjoy sth or think that sth is a. be punished or reprimanded useful Stop doing that, or you're going to get iti She felt that she'd gotten a lot out of her teaching b. understand or grasp sth career, but finally decided that it was time to move She was talking about politics all night long, but I on. get over ((.) just wasn't getting it. get off a. begin to feel better after being unhappy or ill; a. leave a public vehicle recover from We'll get off the train at the next station and It took years for Canan to finally get over her continue our journey by bus. divorce from Ulaş. b. escape the consequences of or punishment for b. (informal) can't/couldn't get over sth, be very one's actions (int.) shocked or surprised about sth The businessman arrested for embezzling Now that you've dyed your hair, I just can't get stockholders' money got off lightly in the end. over how different you look. c. help sb escape punishment (t.) c. get sth over (and done) with: do and complete Considering all the evidence against him, not sth difficult or unpleasant that must be done: even the best lawyer in the world will be able to I'll be so happy to finally get this job interview get him off. over and done with. d. (informal) have the effrontery; do sth that one get through has no right to do (I.) a. manage to reach or contact sb, esp. by Where does he get off ordering me around - telephone (int.) that's what I'd like to know. I called him several times last night, but I get on a. enter a public vehicle couldn't get through. An old woman fell and broke her leg as she b. deal with a difficult or unpleasant experience was trying to get on the bus yesterday. successfully, or to help sb do this (t.) Thank you so much for helping me get through my exams. c. finish; complete (t.) With his bad studying habits, I don't know how he managed to get through college. 692 Q ELS 709

d. get through to sb: succeed in making sb e. (for machines, fuel, etc.) become used up; fail understand or believe sth (int.) I tried explaining why I thought so, but I just Just as we were driving through the middle of couldn't get through to him. Death Valley, our fuel gave out. get to (t.) give over to (L), a. get in touch or into communication with; a. put into the care of; transfer contact After retiring, he gave over all his property to his By the time he got to me, it was already too late. wife and ran off to Tahiti. b. (informal) make an impression on; affect b. devote to a specified activity Beethoven's final string quartet really gets to He gave the rest of his life over to relaxing in the me - I cry every time I listen to it. sun. give up c. (informal) begin a. abandon hope; despair (int.) Don't let Tony get to telling you the story about the After the death of his beloved wife, he simply old white-haired man in Arizona, or you'll never gave up. hear the end of it. get up (I.) b. surrender; relinquish (int.) a. prepare; arrange; organize (esp.BrilE) The team conceded four goals in the first ten The museum's getting up an exhibit on the minutes and thereafter gave up. Christian elements in Van Gogh's paintings. c. quit; stop; desist from; renounce (t.) b. draw upon; marshal; rouse He somehow managed to completely give up You really need to get up your courage if you're drinking after nearly 50 years of severe going to go bungee-jumping. alcoholism. c. get up to sth, do sth, esp. sth that other people d. slop trying to think of the answer to a joke or think is wrong question (t.) Look at his face! I just know he's been getting \"What animal walks on 4 legs in the morning, 2 up to some sort of mischief. legs in the afternoon, and 3 legs in the evening?\" - \"I give up.\" - \"A human being.\" - \"I GIVE don't get it.\" e. give up on sb: stop hoping that sb will do what give away (t.) you want them to do a. expose or betray sb She's given up on Oğuz; she knows he will never change. The thiefs partner gave him away when the f. give up on sth: stop hoping that sth will police began to pressure him. achieve what you want it to achieve b. reveal (a confidence or secret, hidden motives, I give up on this CD player - it's never going to true feelings, etc.), often without intending to work right. While she was chatting away, she gave away g. give oneself up: allow the police or an enemy to that there was going to be a surprise birthday catch you party. The fugitive eventually gave himself up. give In a. acknowledge defeat; concede (int.) GO The general declared that he and his army would never give in. go about (I.) b. give a piece of written work or a document to a. occupy oneself with; perform sb for them to read, judge, or deal with (t.) (AmE hand in) Perhaps you should stop chatting and go about We have to give our essays in on Monday. your work. c. give In to (t.) finally agree to or accept what sb b. start to do sth or deal with sth wants after a period when you refuse to agree Can you tell me what's the best way to go about The President has boldly vowed never to gtre in learning a language? go after (t.) to terrorist demands. a. attempt to obtain; strive for give off (t.) put forth or produce; emit, esp. for light, If you don't go after her, you'll never know if she heat, smell, gas, etc. loves you or not. This lamp isn't giving off much light - why b. chase or follow sb in order to catch them don't we change the bulb? give or take Seeing him run out of the bank with a gun in (t./int.) plus or minus a specified his hand, the police went after him. amount; more or less go against (t.) A new Mercedes will run you $75,000, give or a. go against sth, be in conflict with or opposed to take. (a rule, a policy, etc.) give out Eating meat of any kind at any time goes a. send out; emit ((.) against the rules of the Jain religion. Stars are known to give out enormous amounts b. go against sb, have the result of a vote or of radiation. decision be the opposite of what was needed b. make public; announce; claim (I.) The vote went against the incumbent senator The journalist gave out that the prime minister this year, and he announced his retirement had been concealing certain important from politics. information. go ahead c. distribute or issue to a large number of people a. used to give permission to sb to do sth (t.) (AmE hand out) \"Dad, can I borrow the car tonight?\" - \"Go Several young political activists were giving out ahead, but be careful.\" pamphlets to anyone who would take them. b. go ahead with (t.), start to do sth d. (for people, parts of the body, etc.) become Now that all systems have been checked out, we exhausted; fail (int.) can go ahead with the countdown. I had been carrying heavy boxes for hours, and then my strength gave out. ELS Q 693 710

go along. go for (t) a. move forward; proceed; continue doing sth a. choose (inl.) Do you know yet what kind of car you are Don't memorize every rule immediately - you'll going to go for? learn most of them as you go along. b. make an attempt at; try to get b. go along to, go to a place or event, usu. without The team is going for its third straight much planning (t.) (esp.BrilE) championship. I may go along to the pub after work, I'm not c. (for money) sell for a certain amount of money quite sure yet. The house went for $40,000. c. go along with sb (also come along with sb) d. favour; like; enjoy accompany sb (f.) I don't think I would really go for a life of Can I go along with you to the party? travel. d. go along with sb/sth, agree; concur (t.) e. go for sb, assault; attack He doesn't go along with my ideas about how to The thief suddenly went for me with the knife make this country a better place. go around/round in his hand. a. be sufficient or enough for everyone in a group f. go for It, (informal) pursue a goal with (inl.) determination; do what you must do in order to There are twenty students and only ten seats, have or achieve sth so there are not enough seats to go around. If you want to be a professional musician b. pass or circulate, as in transmission or someday, go for it - nothing's stopping you. communication (int.) go In for (t.) adopt as your particular interest; Word's going around that he finally broke up approve of; like with Emma. I don't really go in for most pop music - it's too c. go around/round doing sth, spend your time shallow and has no real originality. behaving badly or doing sth that is unpleasant go In with (I.) join in a partnership or union; for other people combine with He's been going around telling everyone that On the condition that we'd be sharing it in the Emma is a liar and that she cheated on him. future, he agreed to go in with me on the cost d. go around with (t.) be often in the company of of a new boat. sb go Into (t.) These days, he's going around with Linda quite a bit. a. describe, discuss, or examine sth in a detailed go at (t.) way a. assault; attack, either physically or verbally I'd really rather not go into the subject of my (also, esp.BritE, have a go at) own personal religious beliefs. She told him that she'd fallen for someone else, b. undertake as one's study or work and he just went at her. She has decided to go into politics. b. (informal) start doing sth with energy and go off enthusiasm (esp. BriUS) a. explode, fire, or perform or begin to function There was a lot of work to do, but we went at it abruptly (int.) straightaway. The bomb went off at 10:03 a.m. precisely. c. have a go at: (informal) try doing sth (AmE) b. leave a place and go somewhere else (int.) Well, do you want to .have a go at (fixing) this He's gone off to the pub with Rey. TV? c. (for a light, machine, etc.) stop working (int.) The electricity's gone off again. goby d. (for slh that makes a noise) suddenly start making a noise (inl.) a. be disregarded or not taken advantage of; pass My alarm clock went off about 5 minutes too (int.) early. This offer is one-time only, so don't let it go by. e. (for food and drink) spoil; go bad (inf.) (esp.BritE) Smell this milk - I think it's gone off. b. be guided by or rely upon (I.) f. go off sb/sth, stop liking sb or sth (BritE) He's a compulsive liar, so you can never really go by I've gone off red meat recently. anything he says. go down go on a. suffer defeat (inl.) a. continue (t.) He went on working as hard as ever despite all The team lost, but at least they didn't go down his personal problems. without a fight. b. happen or lake place (int.) b. leave university, permanently or at the end of a I couldn't understand what was going on. term (inl.) (BritE) c. use a piece of information to help you discover c. (for computers) stop functioning (int.) or understand something (I.) My computer suddenly went down and I lost all The detective had nothing to go on but a single my files. bootprint in the blood. d. go down as (I.), be accepted or believed d. go on (and on) about sth: talk in an annoying All that nonsense about why it was necessary way about sth for a long time to start the war went down as truth with a lot Every time I see her, she goes on and on about of people. how wonderful her boyfriend is. e. go down as (t.) be remembered in history or by e. go on to do sth: do sth else in the future posterity After defeating his rival in the semi-final, he This war may well go down as one of the went on to win the championship. biggest mistakes this country has ever made. f. go on (with sth), start talking or doing sth f. go down with sth, (informal) become ill, usu. again after a short time with a not very serious illness (esp.BritE) We took a short break and then went on with He's gone down with a cold, but he should be the meeting. back in a few days. 694 Q ELS 711

go out go with (t.) (informal) have a romantic relationship a. come to an end, esp. fade in popularity (int.) with; court; date (also go out with) They'd been going with each other for almost ten years Video cassettes are beginning to go out now before they finally got married. that VCDs and DVDs are widely available. b. (for sth producing light or heat) cease or fail to go without (t.) not have sth that you usually have function; stop producing light or heat; be Trapped under the collapsed building, the extinguished (int.) survivors had to go without food and water for As the campfire was going out, we began telling several days. each other ghost stories. c. go out (with sb), have a romantic relationship GROW with sb He's been going out with Burcu for almost a year grow Into (I.) now. go over a. grow Into sth: gradually become large enough a. talk or think abouth sth in order to explain it or make certain that it is correct; repeat; review for (I.) She eventually grew Into her older sister's Let's go over what was said at the meeting just clothes. one more time. b. grow Into sth: gradually become mature or b. examine (I.) experienced enough for He went over my essay and found quite a few Even if it seems very difficult at first, don't problems in its argument. worry, because it's the kind of job that you c. be thought of in a particular way; be effective have to grow Into. or successful (int.) (esp.AmE) c. grow Into sb/sth: gradually develop or mature My presentation went over pretty badly - I think into a particular type of person or thing I need a drink. go through It took many years for Van Gogh to grow Into the a. bear; experience, esp. a difficult or unpleasant great painter that he was. grow on or upon (t.) situation (t.) a. gradually increase in influence or effect I don't know if I'll able to go through another As he walked slowly through the dense jungle, a funeral so soon after the last one. troubling feeling that he was being watched b. carefully examine or search the contents of sth grew slowly upon him. or a collection of things in order to find sth (t.) b. become gradually more liked or accepted by A customs officer went through all my luggage The first time I listened to Turkish classical looking for God knows what. music, it seemed monotonous, but eventually it c. use or spend completely; use up (t.) grew on me. He went through his entire salary in a week. grow out of (t.) d. (for laws, plans, proposals, etc.) be officially a. become too large or mature for; outgrow accepted or approved As a child gets older, it quickly grows out o/all That new gun control law probably won't go its old clothes. through because so many people in Congress b. stop doing sth (esp. childish habits) as you get are so conservative. older e. go through with sth, persevere with sth to the He still picks his nose, but I think he'll grow end; bring to completion, usu. for sth out o/it soon. unpleasant or difficult that you have planned c. originate in; develop from or promised to do One of the wonders of nature is that it is He was going to ask her out on a date, but he just sometimes possible for an entire forest to grow out couldn't go through with it. go together (int.) of a. single seed fallen in the middle of an empty a. be appropriate or harmonious plain. grow up (int.) The curtains and wallpaper don't go together at a. be or become fully grown; attain mental or all. physical maturity b. (informal) keep company; date; court Thelonious Monk was born in North Carolina Ulaş and Burcu have been going together for but grew up in New York City. quite a long time now. go under (Int.) be b. come into existence; arise; develop or become overwhelmed or ruined; fail bigger or stronger financially (int.) Although a close friendship had grown up He ran a successful used book store for almost between Gauguin and Van Gogh while living in twenty years, but after the economic crisis, his Aries, eventually their personalities clashed. business went under. go up (int.) HAND a. be in the process of construction, as a building A new high-rise apartment building is going up hand back (t.) return sth to the person who gave it on Lake Shore Drive. to you (esp.AmE) b. increase in cost, value, etc. The professor handed our exams back The price of cigarettes has gone up again. yesterday. c. go to a university at the beginning of a term (BritE) hand down (t.) d. go up in flames, suddenly explode: a. deliver (the decision of a court) The explosion made the building go up in flames. When the jury handed down a guilty verdict, the defendant wept. b. (for heirlooms, traditions, etc.) transmit from one to another, esp. bequeath to posterity The Christmas tree is not originally Christian at all, but rather something handed down from pre-Christian religion. ELS Q 695 712

hand in (t.) submit; present for acceptance hang out (esp.AmE) a. lean or be suspended through an opening (t.) I'll be handing in the first draft of my thesis sometime in August. hand it to sb (/or slh) She was hanging out the window when the bird landed on her shoulder. (informal) give just credit to b. (informal} loiter in public places (int.) (esp.AmE) or pay respect to sb There wasn't anything to do Saturday We've really got to hand It to her for managing afternoon, so we just hung out. to finish the project on time. hand out (t.) give c. hang out in/at, (informal} frequent a particular place, esp. in idling away one's free lime (I.) or distribute; pass out (esp.AmE) (esp.AmE) Lots of pamphlets were handed out at the Ulaş spends far too much time hanging out in demonstration. hand over (t.) deliver into the cafes. d. hang out with sb, (informal) consort or appear custody of another in public with sb (esp.AmE} The kidnapper refused to hand the man over She's been hanging out with some strange until he'd been allowed to leave the country people lately. hangover safely. a. remain to be settled; be postponed (t./int.) Let's just let the final decision hang over a HANG while, there's really no rush. b. be imminent or foreboding; threaten (t.) hang around or about (informal} Death hung over the city in the form of a. spend time somewhere, usu. without doing American bombers. very much (int.) hangup Quite a few American teenagers spend a lot of their time hanging around in shopping malls. a. cause or encounter delay; suspend or slow the b. linger about; loiter (int.) progress of His friends had all left the pub about ten Traffic got hung up for several hours because of minutes before, but he was just hanging about the construction. a bit while he finished his drink. c. hang around/about with sb, spend time in b. (also hang up on sb) break a telephone certain company connection by replacing the receiver on the Lately, my son's been hanging around with the hook or turning the telephone off skateboarding crowd - last month it was with the I was just about to tell her that I loved her, and football players. hang back (int.) then she hung up on me. a. be reluctant to proceed or move forward When his girlfriend jumped up to the HAPPEN dancefloor, Murat hung back out of shyness. b. refrain from taking action; hesitate happen on or upon sth/sb: find sth or meet sb by The infantry advanced while the cavalry hung chance or without planning to back awaiting orders. hang in (there), While I was tidying up my desk, I happened (informal) persevere (esp.AmE) upon some old poems I had written several After he'd lost his job, his house, and his wife, years before. happen to do sth: do sth by somehow he still managed to hangin there. hang in the balance: be in a precarious or critical chance or without state or condition planning to At the peace talks, the destiny of millions of I happened to bump into Mihraca on the street people was hanging in the balance. hang it a few days ago. up (informal] quit, resign, give up, etc. (esp.AmE) HAVE Because of a crippling disease, Lou Gehrig was forced to hang it up after nearly twenty years of have at (t.) do sth vigorously; attack playing. I'm going to have at my composition a bit hang on (int.) before I go out tonight. have a. continue with effort; persevere Just try to hang on for one more month, then done with sth: cease; finish we'll have enough money to move into a new After many long years without success, it apartment. seemed as if they would never have done with b. hold sth tightly their struggle against oppression. Hang on, this road we're going over's pretty rough. have had it c. be sustained to the point of danger, tedium, a. suffer defeat; fail (int.) etc. My skin rash hung on for months. Their relationship, which used to be so stong, d. (informal} wait briefly (often on the telephone); has had it. keep calm b. become weary of or disgusted with sth (int.) Hang on a second while I put you through to him. (also, esp.AmE, have had it (up to here) with hang onto (I.) sth,) (t.) a. hold fast or cling to sth I've had it up to here with your lies! have (got) Make sure you hang onto your wallet when it coming: merit or deserve, esp. for a bad you're walking down İstiklal Caddesi. or negative consequence b. keep sth; not throw sth away Most people in this country are so terribly If my father had hung onto all his old baseball unhappy that I think the government's got it cards, my family would be rich now. coming to them. have it in for sb: plan or wish to do sth unpleasant 696 Q ELS to sb; hold a grudge against sb That professor seems to have it in for anyone who disagrees with her. have it out (int.) come to an understanding or decision through discussion or combat I've had it with all these silly little quarrels; it's time we had it out once and for all. 713

have (got) on (t.) hold down (t.) a. be clothed in; be wearing a. restrain; check (also, esp.AmE, keep down) Hold that noise down, will you! \"What did she have on at the party?\" - \"Her b. keep the cost of sth at a low level new black dress.\" Artificially holding down the average worker's b. make sb think that sth is true, as a joke (BritE; wage can lead to a series of problems. AmE have sb going, put sb on) c. (for a job, a post, a position, etc.) continue to He really had me on, telling me he was going to hold and manage well be getting married. It's often difficult for those newly released from prison to hold down a full-time job. hold forth (t.) HELP a. extend or offer; propose The old woman held forth an apple and said to help oneself to sth Snow White, \"Here you are, my dear.\" a. serve onesell; take a portion of b. hold forth (on sth), talk at great length: harangue You can go ahead and help yourself to coffee or He was sitting at his usual table in the pub, and as tea. usual holding forth on how much better things had b. take or use without asking permission; been when he was young. hold off (l.) appropriate a. keep at a distance; resist; repel Those kids helped themselves to my flowers, The soldiers fought bravely, but in the end didn't they? There's not one left in the garden! proved unable to hold off the enemy's superior numbers. HIRE b. hold off doing sth: wait before doing sth; postpone action; defer hire on as (t.) obtain employment as; take a job as Until I've seen all the facts, I'm going to have to hold Hakan hired on as a barman during the off making my final decision. hold on (int.) summer. hire oneself out (as) (t.) offer or a. keep or maintain a firm grip Hold on tight; there's a sharp turn coming. exchange one's b. stop; halt (usu. used imperatively) services for payment Hold on! You've completely misunderstood me. I'm probably going to hire myself out as a c. (informal) wait briefly (often on the telephone) session musician next summer. Could you please hold on for a moment while I see if he's in the office? HIT hold onto (t.) a. hold sth or sb firmly with your hands or arms hit back at sb: criticize or attack sb who has Hold onto my hand while we cross the street. criticized or attacked you b. keep sth that you have That author is fond of hitting back hard at I've held onto this watch for over twenty years, and those critics who call his work I'm not going to sell it now, even if it doesn't keep incomprehensible. hit It off (informal) get along good time. hold out (t.) a. stretch forth; extend with or understand Adam held out his hand and Eve gave him the one another very well as soon as you meet sb apple. Mert and Evren really hit It off, I mean, they're b. (for supplies of sth) continue to exist; last; be both interested in the same things, so why not? enough for a particular period of time The money we've got in the bank won't hold out hit on or upon sth: have a good idea, esp. one for more than two weeks at most. which solves a problem c. refuse to yield or submit While James Joyce was working on Finnegans The rebels are still holding out behind their Wake, he hit upon the idea of writing it in barricades. several different languages. hit d. hold out for sth, wait until you get what you want out When you go to the interview, don't be afraid to a. deal a blow aimlessly (int.) hold out for whatever salary you think you deserve. The boxer wasn't really fighting last night, he e. hold out (sth on sb), withhold sth expected or was just hitting out. due to sb b. hit out at sth, make a violent verbal attack The boss owes us more money than this - I The president's harsher critics immediately hit think he's holding out on us. hold over (t.) out at his proposed tax reforms. remain beyond the arranged or scheduled period HOLD Due to popular demand, the Yılmaz Erdoğan show was held over for three more hold sth against sb: like sb less because they have performances. done sth wrong or behaved badly I know he hold up said some thoughtless things, but you really a. stop; halt (int.) shouldn't hold It against htm. Hold up! I can't walk as fast as you, you know! b. maintain one's position or condition; endure hold back (t.) (int.) a. restrain or check; prevent sb or sth from How is he holding up after the death of his father? moving forward or making progress The police held back the angry protestors. I was held back by my inability to understand the subject. b. stop oneself from showing an emotion She held back her anger, knowing that if she didn't she would regret it. c. refrain from revealing; withhold; not give information to sb The candidate tried to hold back the fact that he had refused to serve in the army during the Vietnam War. d. refrain from participating or engaging in some activity He held back from dancing because he was very shy. ELS a 697 714

c. prevent sth from falling down (L) b. prevent from going up or increasing Can you hold this painting up while I go to get a The manager says he'd like to try keeping hammer and some nails? prices down next quarter. d. hinder; delay ((.) c. be able to eat or drink without vomiting So sorry I'm late. I was held up in traffic. My stomach and intestinal infections meant that I couldn't keep anything down. e. stop sb or enter a place by force in order to rob them or it (L) keep (sb/sth) from doing sth: prevent sb or sth The James gang was notorious for holding up from doing sth banks and trains. Small children should always be kept from playing with very small toys, as they may try to f. hold sb up as sth, display sb to sb else as an swallow them. keep {sth) from sb: example to be followed or admired I would hold up Thelonious Monk as an not tell sb about sth example of an artist who always stayed true to \"Do you think he's cheating on you?\" - \"Well, I himself. know he's keeping something from me, whatever it may be.\" keep in with sb: stay in g. hold sb up to sth: present sb to notice; expose Following a series of disastrously bad films in sb's favor; be on good the early 1990s. Kevin Costner was held up to terms with sb ridicule by many. Even if you don't like him or her personally, it's never a bad idea to keep in with your boss. hold with ((.) be in agreement with; concur with; approve of; condone keep (sb/sth) off sth: not go onto an area, or stop We don't hold -with the idea that a just society is sb or sth going onto an area an impossibility. Lifting her messy son off the ground, Arzu managed to keep him off the rug which she IDENTIFY had just cleaned. keep sth off (sb/sth) stop sth identify sb/sth with sb/sth: connect one person, touching or harming thing, or idea with another sb or sth else Some critics identify the Romantic movement In Japan, a small net in a domed steel frame is With bourgeois complacency, while others placed over food to keep insects off. keep (on) identify it with revolutionary social and even political change. Identify with sb/sth: feel that doing sth: continue to do sth, or do sth again and again you are similar to sb She kept (on) staling at me the whole time I and can therefore understand them or their was at the bar. situation Despite cultural or religious differences, poor keep to people all over the world can identify with each a. adhere to; conform to other's problems. By not keeping to the established rules of INTRODUCE tradition, many artists have been able to display their true genius. Introduce sb to sth: help sb experience sth for the b. stay in one particular area first time If you've got the flu, you really must keep to bed. It was my father who first Introduced me to c. do what you have promised or planned to do good country music. (also, esp.AmE, stick to) When writing an essay, it is often a good idea to JUMP .keep to a clear outline. d. keep sth to sth: make sure that sth does not jump on (L) blame or rebuke; reprimand become larger than a particular number or He's always Jumping on anybody that criticizes amount him in the slightest way. Jump at (I.) take an I'm trying to keep the number of guests at the wedding to one hundred or less. opportunity to have or do sth in e. keep to oneself: remain aloof from the society a very willing and excited way or company of others She Jumped at the chance to play the double He's the sort of person who prefers to keep to bass in the school jazz band. himself most of the time. f. keep sth to oneself: keep sth secret and not tell KEEP anyone else about it I'll tell you what he told me, but only if you promise keep at ((.) persist in; be steadfast; continue to keep it to yourself. keep up U.) working hard at sth difficult a. not allow something that is at a high level to If you want to really learn a language well, you fall to a lower level have to keep at it. Keep up the good work! b. keep up (on or with sth), stay informed about keep back the latest information, technology, news, etc. a. not go near sth, or prevent sb or sth from going I've always liked keeping up with the latest computer technologies as they are introduced. past a particular place (t./inl.) c. keep up (with sb/sth), maintain an equal rate Sandbags will only keep back the floodwaters of speed, activity, or progress with sb or sth for so long. else b. not tell or refuse to tell everything you know You were walking so fast that I couldn't keep about a situation or event ((.) up. The look on her face told me that she was The class was very interesting, but the keeping something back. professor was giving out so much information c. keep back from sth, stay away from sth that I couldn't keep up with everything she was The hungry crowd would not keep back from saying. the barriers surrounding the bakery. keep down ((.) a. hold under control or at a reduced or acceptable level Please keep your voice down a little, I'm trying to take a nap. 698 o ELS 715

d. match one's friends, neighbours, business b. knock sb/sth down: cause sb or sth to fall to associates, etc., in success, affluence, etc. (also the ground by hitting them or it (AmE} in AmE, keep up with the Joneses) After he knocked me down, I could barely breathe. KICK c. knock sth down, destroy a building or part of a kick about/around (l./int.) (informal} building a. pass time idly; move or wander from place to They knocked down the legendary Maxwell place frequently and aimlessly Street Market in Chicago just to build a He and his wife kicked around a lot before university parking lot. knock off finally settling in New Orleans. a. (informal} cease activity, esp. work (int.) b. remain unused, unemployed, or unnoticed That painting had been kicking about Europe (esp.BritE} for hundreds of years before anyone realized it I knock off at about six every day. was an original Rembrandt. b. stop doing something; quit (I.) kick around ((.) (informal} Knock it off, or I'll tell Mum. a. treat sb harshly or inconsiderately c. imitate, copy, or plagiarize (t.) I wouldn't kick him around if I were you. Lots of the clothes you can buy on the streets of b. consider, discuss, or speculate about (a Istanbul were knocked off of famous designer proposal, project, etc.) labels. At the meeting, the company executives kicked d. knock sth off (sth) take a particular amount around quite a few ideas about how profits might be away from sth, usu. a price increased. kick back (Int.) That young salesman knocked five dollars off for a. recoil, esp. vigorously or unexpectedly her just because she was pretty and flirting with Firing a rifle for the first time can be quite him. knockout (I.) surprising because it kicks back rather a. make or render sb unconscious strongly. That particular brand of cold medicine always b. (informal} relax knocks me out. This weekend I'm planning to just kick back and b. make sb tired or exhausted listen to music. kick in At the end of the working day, he's generally a. contribute one's share, esp. in money (l./int.} quite knocked out. If you're buying a pizza, I could kick In a c. damage or destroy sth; make or render sth couple bucks - I'm starving. inoperative b. (informal) become operational; activate; go into The mistake at the main power grid knocked effect; start (int.) out the electricity for several hours. Ireland's new anti-smoking law kicked In d. defeat a person or team in a competition so earlier this year. kick off (l./inl.) initiate (an they can no longer take part undertaking, meeting, Barcelona knocked out Real Madrid in the etc.); begin semifinal. So, what time does the party kick off tomorrow e. (informal} produce sth quickly, hurriedly, or night? kick with ease out (informal} In the last two years of her life, Sylvia Plath a. (for machines, electricity, etc.) fail; give out, was knocking out at least one poem a day. esp. suddenly (int.) knock over (1.) strike sb or sth from an erect to a The engine kicked out and the car just slid to a prone position stop in the middle of the road. Don't play football in the house! You'll knock b. kick (sb) out (of a place or organization), force something over! sb to leave a place or organization; oust or eject knock up (t.) He got kicked out o/the bar for insulting the a. exhaust; weary; tire other customers. I'm feeling pretty knocked up, so I think I'll just His wife kicked him out of the house last night, so stay home tonight. he had to stay with me. kick up U.) stir up trouble; b. damage; mar make or cause a disturbance, scene, etc. The While playing football in the house, the children factory workers, quite understandably, kicked up a knocked up their father's new desk. huge row after being told that they would have to c. wake up; rouse; call (BritE} work more hours for less pay. The hotel manager knocked us up at ten as we had asked. KNOCK d. make pregnant (BritE} She got knocked up and had to quit school in knock about/around (informal} order to have the baby. a. wander aimlessly or idly; loaf (t./inl.) LAND Stephanie knocked about New Mexico and Arizona for a few years before moving back to land (sb) In sth: be in or cause sb to be in a Germany. difficult situation b. mistreat sb, esp. physically (t.) The candidate's reckless indulgence while at If you keep on knocking him around, he's going university has landed him in a lot of trouble to get back at you someday, trust me. knock with the media recently. down (t.) a. knock sb down: hit sb with a vehicle and injure land on (t.) (informal} reprimand; criticize or kill them (BrilE} My boss really landed on me just because I was My brother's been knocked down three times in fifteen minutes late. his life. land sb with sth: cause sb to be in a certain situation, often a problematic situation His gambling addiction has landed him with debts that he may never be able to repay. ELS Q 699 716

LAUGH lay on (t.) a. cover with; apply laugh at (/.) a. be scornful of; reject You should lay some butter on the fish while it's cooking. Many jazz critics stopped laughing at the b. strike blows; attack violently bizarre music of Thelonious Monk when they When the striking dockworkers started saw more established artists, such as Duke chanting slogans, the police laid on. layout Ellington, paying him deep respect. (£.) b. find sympathetic amusement in; regard with a. spread out in order on a surface; arrange; humor prepare It's always a good idea to laugh at your own The painter laid his brushes out on the ground little mistakes, rather than obsessing over and began to look intensely at the horizon. them. b. explain sth clearly, usu. in writing laugh off (I.) laugh about sth unpleasant so that it He's just laid out some ideas about how we can seems less important increase the profit margin next quarter. Chevy Chase has managed to laugh off the c. ready a corpse for burial many death threats he has received from He had been laid out in a bed of lavender certain Greek- and Armenian-American groups flowers. layover ((.) for doing the Cola Turka advertisements. a. be postponed until action may be taken We'll have to lay over our decision until all the LAY facts are in. b. lay over in, make a short or temporary stop, as lay aside (L) during a trip a. abandon; reject I laid over in New Mexico for two days while on the way to Arizona. lay up He is a heartless person - he laid his girlfriend a. put away for future use; store up aside as if she was an old pair of shoes. So far I've only laid up about $200 for the trip. b. save for use at a later time; store b. cause to be confined to bed or kept indoors; We've got to lay some money aside every month if disable we want to have a big wedding. lay away (I.) She was laid up for about a month last year a. reserve for later use; save with a very bad case of the flu. b. hold merchandise pending final payment or request for delivery LEAD I've laid the new bicycle away till I have the money to actually buy it. lead off (inf.) take the initiative; begin lay back (int.) (informal) relax Cem will be leading off the discussion today. During the summer holiday, I think I'll just lay Go ahead, Cem. lead sb on: cause or encourage back and do nothing. lay by (t.) put away for future use; store; save to believe something lay down (I.) that is not true a. give up; yield He said that he loved her, but he was just The Confederate general Robert E. Lee finally leading her on. lead to (L) cause sth to laid down his arms at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. happen or exist b. assert firmly; state authoritatively; make rules Smoking can lead to numerous health (also, esp.AmE, lay down the law) problems later in life. Not surprisingly, Catholic schools lay down very strict rules of conduct. lay In (L) store lead up to away for future use lay Into sb (informal} attack a. prepare the way for sb physically or criticize sb verbally Post-Impressionist and Expressionist artists, This new mayor is rather fond of laying such as Paul Cezanne and Emil Nolde, led up to viciously into anyone who disagrees with him. the explosion of abstract art in the early lay it on: exaggerate in one's speech or actions, esp. twentieth century. to engage in exaggerated flattery or reproof b. happen before an event (also lay it on thick} In the days leading up to the Thanksgiving He really laid it on thick when he was telling holiday, business really starts slowing down. her how beautiful and intelligent she was. c. approach (a subject, disclosure, etc.) gradually layoff (I.) or evasively a. dismiss an employee, esp. temporarily because By the way she kept looking away from me of slack business while asking how my marriage was going, I The government's economic policy resulted in knew she was leading up to something else. hundreds of thousands of workers being laid LEAN lean off. on (L) b. mark off; measure; plot a. use sb or sth to help you in a difficult The family laid off two hundred acres of prairie situation; rely on land for their farm. At some time in life, we all need someone to c. get rid of or transfer (blame, responsibility, etc.) lean on. The boss tried to lay off the responsibility for b. (informal} exert influence or pressure on sb or the quarter's losses on his workers. sth in order to gain cooperation, maintain d. (informal} cease or quit; reduce discipline, etc. She decided to lay off cigarettes in case she The candidate is really leaning on the tobacco was really pregnant. companies to give him financial support during his campaign. 700 Q ELS c. (informal} criticize, reprimand, or punish My teachers were always leaning on me in high school. 717

LEAVE leave let on (int.) off (t.) a. reveal one's true feelings a. desist from; cease; stop; abandon She was very worried about her health but The dentist told me that if I didn't want to lose didn't let on. all my teeth someday, I should leave off sugar, b. pretend or at least cut down. Ulaş let on that he was glad to have finally b. omit broken up with Burcu, but 1 could tell how hurt Make sure you don't leave anyone's name off the he really was on the inside. let out guest list. leave out (I.) a. allow sb to leave somewhere, usu. by opening a a. omit; exclude locked or closed door (t.) My professor said that I'd left some important Let the dog out, he needs to use the toilet. details out of the first draft of my thesis. b. release from confinement, restraint, etc. ((.) b. feel left out (int.) be or feel unhappy because The prisoners are only let out for one hour you have not been included in an activity each day, and they must, of course, stay within When her friends went out dancing without the fenced prison yard. even asking her, İpek felt very left out. c. enlarge (a garment, clothing, etc.) (t.) These pants are a bit tight. Could you let them LEND out a little? d. divulge or release information; make known lend Itself to sth, (formal) be suitable for a (int.) particular purpose The terrorists refused to let out the names of Even had the means been possible, the feudal their hostages. system in Europe wouldn't have lent Itself to e. terminate; be finished; end (int.) mass production. I'll be so glad when school finally lets out for the summer. letup (int.) lend sth to sb/sth (formal] add a quality to sth or a. slacken; diminish; abate sb The booming sales we've had so far this month Despite the Saudi Arabian government's clear are sure to start letting up soon. conflict with professed American ideals, the b. (for bad weather) cease; stop; improve United States continues to lend its support to When the rain lets up, we can go out and play the king. some basketball. c. let up on sb: treat less severely; be more LET lenient with The police, despite rumours to the contrary, let down (t.) have not been letting up on political prisoners a. disappoint sb by failing to do what you agreed lately. or were expected to do LEE Arzu really let her husband down when she started smoking again after she'd had the baby. lie around (int.) b. betray; desert a. (for things) be left in an untidy way in places He was accused of letting his country down by selling secret information to the enemy. where they should not be c. slacken; abate (also let down in) My husband's always leaving his papers lying Despite funding problems, the prime minister around and I'm always having to clean up after felt that he was too near success to let down in him. his efforts to alleviate the problem of b. (for people) (informal) spend time lying down, homelessness. relaxing, and doing very little d. allow to descend slowly; lower After I retire, I'm not planning to do much The rescue team was slowly let down from the other than Ife around and watch the sun shine. helicopter to the people still stranded in the water. lie down on the Job (informal) do less than one let In (i.) could or should do; shirk one's obligations a. allow sb to enter a room or building, usu. by Homer J. Simpson has always been known to opening a door lie down on the job. Can you let the dog to, please? It's starting to lie In rain. a, stay in bed in the morning later than usual b. let sb/oneself in for sth, involve sb without his (int.) or her knowledge or permission (also be let in I lay in till about noon on Saturday and for. be in foi) Sunday. He'll be let in for a surprise if he thinks she's b. lie In sth: exist or be found in sth not coming to the party tonight. He didn't One of the secrets of creative writing lies in realize how much work he was letting himself describing ordinary things or events in striking in for when he accepted that new job. and unusual ways. c. let sb In on sth: share a secret with sb; permit lie with (t.) be the duty, function, or responsibility sb to participate in sth of Let me let you in on a little secret: the boss is In the end, the decision about whether or not planning to lay a few people off this week. let off (I.) to go to university lies not with your parents, a. free from duty or responsibility; excuse but with you. I think we're going to be let off school tomorrow because of all the snow. b. not punish sb who has done sth wrong, or not punish them severely William Zanzinger got let off with a 6-month sentence for the murder of Hattie Carroll. ELS Q 7O1 718

LISTEN look in (on sb/sth) visit (a person, place, etc.) listen In on/to sth: secretly listen to a conversation, briefly, esp. to check their or its condition Look in on Mehmet after work, will you? He's been esp. by telephone; eavesdrop She must have feeling quite down lately. been listening in on my conversation; otherwise, how would she know everything I look into sth: investigate; examine the facts about a said? situation LIVE The newspapers are looking into the candidate's live down (t.) live so as to allow (a mistake, disgrace, claim that he had resigned from his job with etc.) to be forgotten or forgiven I'll never live UNESCO, not been fired. down that time I said I thought she was about 50 years old. and she was really only 30. look on live for sth/sb: have or consider sth or sb as the a. look on (at or upon sth) be a spectator; watch most important thing in your life A football fanatic is someone who lives for football. (slh) happen but not become involved live it up (informal) live in an extravagant or wild Too many people simply looked on as Reginald manner; pursue pleasure For many young Denny was dragged from his truck and beaten people all over the world, the university years almost to death. are the time to really live it up. b. look on sb/sth as sth, think about or regard sb live on (int.) continue to live; survive or sth in a particular way My grandmother lived on for almost twenty The Mormons look upon everything from hard drugs years after the death of her husband. to alcohol to caffeine as sinful, and forbid their use. live on sth look out (for sth) a. (for money) use a certain amount of money a. try to notice or find sb or sth only for the things that are necessary Can you look out for Kerem Görsev's new CD My grandparents had to live on less than a while you're at the music shop? dollar a day during the Great Depression of the b. used when sb is in danger 1930s. Look out! There's a bus coming! b. (for food) only eat a particular type of food look out for (t.) take watchful care of; be concerned During his university years, my brother lived about on cheese sandwiches. Now that she's getting older, she should really live up to sth: live in accordance with (expectations start looking out for her health. look over (t.) or an ideal or standard); measure up to; be as examine, esp. briefly (also, esp.AmE, good as sb hopes take a look over) How can I possibly live up to the incredibly Could you just look over this essay for me high standards my father sets for me? before I hand it in to the professor? look live with sth: accept a difficult or unpleasant through ((.), read or examine sth briefly (also, situation esp.AmE, take a look through) We all must learn to live with the knowledge I looked through your report and there seem to that, someday, we are going to die. be no major problems. look to (I.) regard with LOCK expectation and anticipation lock sb up: put sb in prison or a hospital for people We look to the day when all men and women who are mentally ill will finally be treated as equals. On this date next year, he will have been look up locked up for exactly four decades. a. become better or more prosperous; improve LOOK (int.) look after (I.) take care of sb or sth by keeping them These days business is starting to look up healthy, safe, or in a good condition quite a bit. Can you look after my bag for a second while 1 b. search for an item of information in a reference run to the toilet? look at (t.) consider book, on the Internet, etc. (t.) slh in a particular way I looked up some biographical information on Well, I look at the situation differently than Peter Kropotkin in the library yesterday. you. look back (on sth) (l./int.) review past c. seek out a person, esp. in order to visit them events; after a long time apart (t.) remember sth in the past I looked Rey up yesterday - he's doing quite Looking back, 1 realize how fortunate I was well, you know. when I was growing up. look down on or upon d. look up to sb (for sth), respect and admire sb sb: regard sb with scorn or (for a certain reason) disdain; have contempt for; think that sb is I've always looked up to Samuel Beckett for his less good or important than you (also look integrity and absolute honesty as well as his down one's nose at sb) writing talent. There are certain types of people who have a tendency to look down on all foreigners. LOSE look for (t.) seek; search for I can't find my keys. Can you help me look for lose out (int.), not have an advantage that sb else them? look forward to (t.), feel happy and has excited about You really lost out last night - the concert was sth that is going to happen amazing! I'm really looking forward to spending our honeymoon in Ireland. MAKE make away with (t.), steal 70* a ELS The guerrilla forces broke into the camp and made away with some weapons and ammunition. 719

make for (t.) f. make up (with sb) become friendly (with sb) a. go toward; approach again after you have quarrelled with them Do you know if Ulaş and Burcu have made up with When I spotted Kelly down the road, I began to each other yet? make for her through the crowd. b. lunge at; attack MARK The mugger took out a knife and made for my throat. mark down (t.) reduce the price of c. help to promote or maintain Winter coats have been drastically marked The ambassador's obstinacy made for an down now that it's the end of March. extremely tense atmosphere during the settlement negotiations. make of sb/sth: have mark up (t.) an opinion of or about sb or a. increase the selling price of sth b. mar or deface with marks What do you make o/Kofi Annan? Do you believe he means well, or is he just another When Burcu left Ulaş, she was so angry that selfish international politician? she marked up all his favourite CDs. make off (int.) run away; leave hastily She made off before I even had a chance to say MATCH goodbye. make off with (1.}, (informal) carry away; steal, esp. match sb/sth up with sb/sth: choose sb or sth that with ease or without much difficulty is suitable for sb or sth else Thieves made off with the Mona Lisa. These days Özden's big project is to try to make out match Birsen up with Ulaş. match up a. be able to see, hear, or understand sth or sb (t.) I can't make out what you wrote here at the (int.) (for information) be identical top of the page. The witnesses' accounts of the accident didn't b. say sth that is untrue (int.) (esp.AmE) match up at all. match up to (t.) He made out that he'd once served in the CIA. c. (informal] manage; succeed; deal with sth, usu. be as good as sth else in a successful way (int.) (esp.AmE) In my opinion, the only works of Picasso which He's making out pretty well in his new job. can match up to his cubist masterpieces are d. make sb out to be sth, imply or suggest that sb the political paintings of the 1930s, such as is sth Guernica. She made me out to be the bad guy in the relationship. MEASURE e. make sth out to sb, write out or complete, as a measure up bill or a check a. be good, capable, or qualified enough (int.) Who should I make this check out to? make over (L) As a president, Ulysses S. Grant couldn't really a. remodel; alter measure up. She had her dress made over so that it b. reach a certain standard; be as good as sb or wouldn't go out of style. sth else (t.) b. make sth over to sb, transfer the title of The songs Paul McCartney has written as a (property); convey solo artist haven't measured up to those he After retirement, he made his house and all of his wrote in collaboration with John Lennon. belongings over to his children and moved to Bangladesh. make up (t.) MELT a. put in order; arrange Make up your room before your mother gets melt away (int.) disappear home from work. The Viet Cong forces were often impossible for b. say or write sth that is not true the United States Army to attack, or even find, \"How come you weren't at school yesterday?\" - because they could so easily melt away into the \"I made up some story about a sick relative and jungle or the villages. stayed home.\" c. make sth up to sb: do sth good for sb because MISS you have done sth bad to them in the past I'm sorry I said all those terrible things to you miss out (t.), omit; leave out; not include sb or sth the other night - I hope I can make It up to you You've only missed out one thing in your whole somehow. complaint - she doesn't really love you. d. make up for sth: reduce the bad effect of sth, or make sth bad become sth good MOVE I hope this bottle of wine will make up for some of the awful things I said to her the other move on (int.) night. a. start doing a new activity e. make up sth: form part of the whole of an amount Having struggled with the same composition for Taken all together, so-called \"minorities\" - several hours, the composer decided to move Blacks, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, etc. - on. actually make up more than 50% of the b. move on to sth: change from one subject to population of the United States. another while talking or writing After discussing the economic aspects of the workers' uprising in Barcelona, we moved on to the social aspects. OCCUR occur to sb: suddenly think of sth It occurs to me that you haven't once mentioned the name of this new girlfriend of yours. ELS a 7O3 720

OPEN b. fail to take notice of or consider Because of my poor grades in high school, I open up (int.) start to talk more about oneself and was passed over by most of the better one's feelings universities I had applied to. He never really opens up, and whenever I try getting him to do so, he moves on to some pass up (t.) not use an opportunity to do sth other subject of conversation. interesting or advantageous; reject There aren't many opportunities to see such a great OWN musician perform, so you shouldn't pass this up. own up to doing sth: admit that you have done sth wrong PAY Even after all these years, my sister's never payback U.) retaliate against or punish owned up to breaking the stereo when we were children. We'd gossiped quite a bit about her, so she paid us back by spreading rumours about us. PACK pay down (t.) pay part of the total price at the time pack In or up (I.) relinquish or give up; quit of purchase, with the promise to pay the balance in installments I paid ten percent down After the disastrous performance at Carnegie on my new car. Hall, the kazoo player packed up his kazoo and pay for sth: suffer or be punished for sth moved on to the harmonica. Certain people who believe in reincarnation pack It In: give up; abandon one's efforts claim that, in this life, we pay for the sins we In 1920, his grandfather packed it in and have committed in a previous life. moved from Ireland to America. payoff pack off or away (1.) (informal) send away a. pay sb everything that is due that person, esp. They packed the kids off to summer camp and to do so and discharge from one's employ went down to Bodrum to live it up for a while. Homer Smith was never actually paid off by the nuns for whom he'd built a chapel. PASS b. pay a debt in full c. (informal) bribe pass around/round (I.) offer sth to each person in a Many local policemen have been paid off by the group of people mafia. Take these papers and pass them around, d. result in success or failure please. pass as or for sth/sb: appear It was a big risk to take, but in the end it paid off quite well. pay one's or its (own) like sth/sb way a* pay one's portion of shared Although Ajda Pekkan is around 60 years old, expenses she quite easily passes for 40, thanks to the My brother had to pay his own way through miracle of modern plastic surgery. law school. b. yield a return on one's investment sufficient to pass away or on (int.) (formal) die repay one's expenses Atatürk passed away at exactly 9:05 in the Any new business takes time to begin paying morning. pass down (L), teach or give sth to sb its way, so the entrepreneur should be patient. pay out U.) who will be a. distribute money, wages, etc.; disburse alive after you have died b. spend a lot of money on sth, or pay a lot of Traditional Turkish folk music is passed down money to sb orally from older musicians to younger ones. I paid out almost $500 to get my computer repaired. pass for (I.) be accepted or considered as c. let out a rope by slackening This new synthetic material could pass for silk. As the mountain climber was paying out his partner's rope, the wind picked up dangerously. pass sth/sb off as sth/sb: pretend that sth or sb is pay up (int.), pay fully, esp. when you do not want different from what they really are to He thought he could pass himself off as an Al Capone often threatened those who would expert, but we quickly saw through him. not or could not pay up with violence. PICK pass on (t.) pick apart (t.) criticize severely or in great detail a. tell or give sb sth that sb else has told or given My advisor really picked apart the first draft of my thesis. you pick at (t.) Could you pass this note on to Tom when a. find fault with unnecessarily or persistently; you've finished reading it? nag b. give a disease to another person His wife's always picking at him. Contrary to popular belief, the AIDS virus b. only eat a small amount of your food because cannot be passed on through mere proximity to of worry or illness an AIDS patient. He's only picking at his food; he must have pass out, something on his mind. a. (Jn/brmaJ) lose consciousness; faint (int.) c. grasp at; touch; handle He nearly passed out after running five While picking at his father's glasses, the baby kilometres. accidentally threw them to the floor and broke b. distribute, esp. individually by hand (t.) them. The professor passed out the exams and we all got to work. c. pass out of sth: be exempted or promoted from sth Because his entering essay was so well-written, Neil passed out of freshman composition class. pass over (I.), a. disregard; ignore You can pass over the first page or two of the report as it's only the company's mission statement. 704 Q ELS 721

d. remove small pieces of sth with your fingers n. recover one's courage, health, etc.; regain (int.) You shouldn't pick at that scab, or else it'll Thankfully her health is starting to pick up never heal. again. o. make progress; pick off (t.) improve (int.) a. remove by pulling or plucking off Business is finally starting to pick up again. p. b. single out and shoot The marksman picked his targets off one by one. (for wind) become stronger (int.) pick on (I.) The wind is really picking up; let's get inside. q. a. single out; choose pick it up, (informal) move, work, etc.. at a The professor generally picks on Pelin to read the poems aloud because she's a trained fc*-'-~r rate actress and a poet herself. b. (informal) choose sb and criticize or treat them Come on, people, let's pick it up, the unfairly inspector'!! be here any minute now! I got picked on a lot in high school because of my pick up on sth/sb (informal) funny clothes and strange behavior. pick out (l.) a. become aware or cognizant of; be perceptive a. remove by picking about; notice I picked out the splinter with a pair of tweezers. The United Nations didn't pick up quickly b. choose; select; designate enough on the fact that what was happening in Adolf Hitler had not yet picked out a successor Rwanda was actually genocide. by the time he died. b. pay special attention to; keep an eye on c. distinguish from that which surrounds or The teacher took pride in being able to pick up accompanies; recognize on the troubled students very quickly. Even though there was a huge crowd, I was PLAY able to pick him out by his bright red hair. play along (with sb/sth) pick over (t.) examine an assortment of items in a. cooperate, concur, or go along (with sb/sth) order to make a selection Will you please stop This business is ruthless, and requires that picking over those shirts and just buy one? you play along. We're already late! b. pretend to cooperate or concur pick up I'll play along with him as long as it's necessary, a. lift or take up (t.) and then I'll start going my own way. play In his films, Cüneyt Arkın was able to pick up around/about (informal} boulders and throw them at his many enemies. a. behave in a playful or silly manner; fool around b. collect, esp. in an orderly manner (t.) If you don't stop playing around, you'll never Make sure you pick tip your toys before you go be able to finish your homework in time. to bed. b. play around/about with sth: think about or try c. collect sb who is waiting for you, or collect sth different ways of doing sth that you have left somewhere (t.) I've been playing around with a few ideas for a new Do you think you'll be able to pick me up from song. play at work this evening? a. pretend interest in d. learn, esp. by experience (t.) Arzu played at enjoying football in the hopes I managed to pick up a few Creole words and that Mehmet would ask her on a date. phrases while I was passing through Haiti. b. do something without seriousness e. claim (t.) He was simply playing at studying political 1 have to go and pick up my husband from the science while his real interest was music. police station again. c. be playing at sth (used as a question when you f. bring into range of reception, observation, etc.; are angry because sb is doing sth silly) receive a signal (I.) (esp.BritE) They picked up some strange signals on the What on earth does he think he's playing at? radar and wondered if they might be UFOs. Why doesn't he just tell her that he doesn't love g. notice (t.) her? play down ((.) try to make people believe The smell of drugs coming from the man's that sth is briefcase was easily picked up by the police less important or bad than it really is dog. h. catch or contract, as a Although the government had tried to play disease (L) down the seriousness of the prime minister's Many of the soldiers picked up dysentery. illness, they proved unable to keep the truth 1. resume or continue after being left off (t.) hidden forever. play (sb/sth) off against sb/sth: Well, it's time to go home, so let's pick up this set one person or discussion tomorrow morning. thing against another, usu. for one's own gain J. accept, esp. in order to pay (t.) or advantage Don't worry about the price; I'll be picking up A clever president can sometimes get his or her the check this time. way by playing one congressional faction off k. gain speed; accelerate against another. play on sth: use sb's fears, The bicycle really picked up speed as it went insecurities, etc. in down the hill. 1. (informal) take into order to make that person do or believe what custody; arrest (t.) you want Her husband got picked up this weekend for Most dictators play on people's fears and drunken and disorderly conduct. m. prejudices in order to seize total power for (informal) obtain; find; purchase (t.) themselves. I picked up a few good books while I was out. ELS Q 7O5 722

play out (t.) (informal) (usu. passive) pull away (from sb/sth) a. exhaust; tire; weary a. move or draw back or away from sb or sth, I felt really played out after the basketball often with force game yesterday. The boxer pulled away from his opponent and b. make sth go out of fashion moved to the edge of the ring. The 1970s fashion revival is already beginning b. move or start to move ahead to be played out. I arrived at the bus stop just seconds after my bus c. use up; finish had pulled away. pull down (t.) My car's old tires are played out so I'll have to get a. destroy a building because it is not wanted any them replaced. play up longer a. emphasize the importance of; highlight or The municipal government has decided to pull publicize ((.} down the old theater. The president likes to play up his own role in b. (informal) receive as a salary; earn implementing national policy, when his He's pulling down more than 4 billion liras a importance is actually small in relation to that month in his new job. pull for (t.) of Congress. support actively; encourage b. behave badly (int.) (BrilE) We were all pulling for Barcelona, but Real c. {for machines) not work properly (int.) (BritE) Sociedad managed to win in the last minute of play up to (t.), (informal) attempt to impress in the match. order to gain sb's favor pull In Because he's not too intelligent yet is expected by a. reach a place; arrive (int.) (also pull into (I.)) his parents to receive excellent grades, he feels The train pulled in at about four o'clock. himself forced to play up to his teachers. play with b. Informal, arrest sb (t.) sth: keep touching or moving sth, often when you He was pulled in for driving while drunk. are bored or nervous She's always playing with her pull off (informal) hair when she should be working and I find it very a. perform successfully, esp. something requiring distracting. courage, daring, or shrewdness (t.) The thieves almost pulled off the bank robbery, POINT but were caught at the airport before they could flee the country. point sb/sth out: make a person notice sb or sth He b. (for vehicles) start moving (int.) (esp.BritE) pointed his wife out and I saw that she really The motorbike pulled off down the road. is as tall as everyone says. pull on sth: put on clothes quickly I pulled on my jacket and ran outside to catch point sth out: tell sb a fact the bus. pull oneself together: become calm He's always pointing out other people's and behave mistakes, but he never notices his own. normally again after being angry, upset, depressed, etc. point to/towards sth: show that sth probably After Ulaş had abandoned her for Arzu, it took exists, is happening, or is true The Burcu a long time to pull herself together evidence in this case seems to point again. pull out (of sth towards homicide. into sth) a. (for all vehicles) leave; depart POUR Three ships pulled out o/the harbor in Cadiz in the autumn of 1492. pour out ((.), (for feelings, emotions, etc.) talk very b. (for cars, trucks, etc.) start moving onto a road openly and honestly about what is making you or onto a different part of the road feel sad, upset, etc. A truck suddenly pulled out in front of me and He's not the sort of person who pours out his I had to turn sharply to avoid it. troubles, is he? c. abandon abruptly Nazi Germany pulled out of its non-aggression PRESS pact with Soviet Russia in a rather dramatic way by invading on June 22, 1941. press ahead/forward/on (with sth) continue to do pull over (I.) direct one's automobile or other vehicle sth in a determined way to the curb; move out of a line of traffic The Although almost all of his advisors are against taxi got pulled over by the police as it was him, the prime minister insists on pressing speeding the pregnant woman to hospital. ahead with his radical new tax reform bill. pull through (t./inl.) come safely through a crisis, illness, etc.; survive PROVIDE Despite the severity of her injuries, the patient finally managed to pull through. provide for sb: give sb the things they need, as pull up money food, or clothes a. bring or come to a stop As he had a new baby to provide for, he really A hearse pulled up outside of 10 Downing needed to get that raise in salary. Street and, strangely, a clown got out. b. pull up a chair, stool, seat, etc.: move a chair PULL nearer to sth or sb Putt up a chair and join the discussion, won't pull apart (t.) you? a. destroy sth by tearing it to pieces b. analyze critically, esp. in order to point out errors He thought his argument was quite good, but the professor easily managed to pull it apart. C. separate two things or people The teacher had to pull apart the two boys who were fighting on the playground. 7O6 Q ELS 723

PUSH put down (I.) a. write down; register; record (often for official push ahead/forward/on (with sth) continue doing sth, esp. sth difficult reasons) The soldiers pushed on into the most In some cultures, when accepting a new job, a dangerous part of the country. push verbal contract is enough; while in others, the terms of the contract must be put down in around/about ((.) tell sb what to do in a rude writing. way b. enter in a list, as of subscribers or contributors He's such a quiet, passive person that he gets I ~~-t myself down for a year's subscription to pushed around all the time. push aside (t.) National Geographic Magazine. c. suppress; check; squelch decide to forget about or ignore sth The Paris Commune of 1871 was, eventually, or sb put down quite ruthlessly. She was pushed aside for the managerial d. regard or categorize position largely because she is a woman. push Although the music of Duke Ellington is extremely wide-ranging and diverse, most put it In (informal] rudely join a line of people who down simply as \"jazz.\" are wailing for sth by moving in front of some e. criticize, esp. in a contemptuous manner; of the people who are already there (int.) (also disparage push into (I.) in BritE; in AmE butt in/into; cut Although critics continue to put down the In/into) push off (int.) (informal) go works of Edgar Allan Poe, those works have nonetheless had an enormous influence on away; depart literature. I'm going to have to push off if I want to catch f. (informal) make sb feel stupid or unimportant the last bus. push through (t.), make a plan or by criticizing them When his project for science class didn't work suggestion be properly, all his classmates started putting officially accepted Jimmy down all the time. Most of parliament didn't fundamentally agree g. pay as a deposit with the new law, but the extreme We'll need to put down at least 10% of the full circumstances compelled them to push it price on the new boat. h. put an animal to through anyway. push up (I.) increase the death humanely because it is suffering; put away amount, number, or value My dog Asa, who was almost 16 years old, had of sth to be put down because of numerous health The increasing scarcity of oil will continue to problems. L put (sth) down at: land an push its price up in the coming decades. aircraft or in an aircraft PUT After a 20-hour flight from Chicago, we finally put down at Atatürk International Airport in put about (t.) start or circulate a rumour; claim It Istanbul. J. put sth down to sth; attribute or was being put about that the president had ascribe sth to been addicted to amphetamines while he was at sth else university. If she makes any mistakes her first week, you can put them down to unfamiliarity with the put across (L) job. put a. explain or express sth clearly so that people forth (L) a. bring out; bear; grow can understand it easily The Judas tree in the garden has begun to put Although the ideas he deals with are quite forth flowers. difficult for the non-specialist, Steven Hawking b. propose; present manages to put them across quite well. Since no one in his cabinet was either willing b. do successfully; accomplish or able to put forth a viable alternative, the We really put the project across; the manager president decided that war was the only option. was quite pleased with what we had done. c. bring to public notice; publish c. be successful in a form of deception Several different ideas concerning the age of Even though it was quite a big lie, he managed the universe have been put forth in the last to put it across, put aside or by (t.) store up or half-century. save sth, esp. for d. exert; exercise later use If you want to win that creative writing prize, you'll It's always a good idea to put a little money have to put forth your very best effort, because the aside every month, if you can. competition is tough. put forward (t.) put away ((.) a. state an idea or opinion, or suggest a plan, so a. put in the designated place for storage that it can be considered or discussed You never put away your tools when you're The plan that Robinson put forward at the finished with them. meeting was the best idea he'd had in months. b. store up or save, esp. for later use b. nominate, promote, or support, as for a position c. discard Although George Washington had been If you want to succeed in the business world, unanimously put forward as the best choice for you must put away the notion that your the first president of the United States, it was a colleagues will always help you out. post which he was extremely reluctant to d. drink or eat, esp. in a large quantity; finish off accept. He put away an enormous supper and then went out for a walk. ELS a 7O7 e. confine in a jail or a mental institution Although John Clare was put away in a sanitarium for the last thirty years of his life, he continued writing excellent poetry. f. put an animal to death humanely because it is suffering; put down Our cat's developed stomach cancer, so I think we're going to have to put her away soon. 724

put In f. exert; apply a. put In for sth: apply for or request sth Despite putting out his best effort, Andre Agassi failed to win Wimbledon again. He's going to put in for a transfer to a different department, as he's had it with working in put over (t.), succeed in; accomplish Accounts Receivable. Because of the farmers' obstinacy and b. put time, work, effort, etc. Into sth/dolng sth: resistance to change in that part of the spend a lot of time, work, etc. doing sth country, it'll be difficult to put over the new I had put so much hard work into that essay that I land reform adjustments there. was devastated when the computer virus erased it. put off (I.) put something over on sb: take advantage of or a. postpone; defer deceive sb (also, esp.AmE, put one over on sb) As a result of the chairperson's illness, the That car salesman really put one over on me. conference will be put off until next week. b. make sb not like sb or sth, or not want want to put through (t.) do sth a. complete successfully; execute She immediately put me off with her snobbish attitude. In spite of working double and even triple time, c. get rid of by delay or evasion he was still unable to put through the project. The fugitive put the police off the trail by joining b. bring about; effect the circus and disguising himself as a clown. put on The new tax laws have not yet been put a. get dressed; to clothe oneself with an article of through. clothing (I.) c. make a telephone connection for sb It was a bit cold in the room, so 1 put on a Put me through to the Mediterromaneo Hotel in sweater. Istanbul. b. pretend to have a particular feeling, or to d. make a telephone connection behave in a way which is not real or natural for The job of telephone operator, always putting you (I.) through calls, is a monotonous one, and also is She's only putting It on, she's not really angry largely thankless. with you. e. make sb experience or do sth unpleasant or c. inflict; impose (t.) (often passive) difficult He feels really put on at work these days - I don't want to put you through torture, but you they're giving all the more difficult projects to really do have to meet my parents if we're planning him for some reason. to get married. put (sth) to sb d. cause to be performed; produce; stage (t.) a. suggest an idea or plan to sb so that they can They're putting on a performance of Samuel consider or discuss it Beckett's \"Endgame\" at the Mercury Theater Let me put this to .you, class: This author was next Saturday; would you like to go? possibly bisexual - what do you think? e. (informal) tease sb, esp. by pretending the b. ask sb a question truth of something that is untrue (t.) After two hours of reporters putting questions I know for a fact that she was born in Çorlu, not to him, the Nobel Prize winner was absolutely Morocco, so she must be puttingyou on. played out. put to It: be confronted with a f. act in a pretentious or ostentatious manner; problem; have pretend to be more intelligent, refined, or better difficulty (also, esp.AmE, hard put to it) than you actually are (int.) (also put on airs) I was really put to it trying to find an answer to Pelin is always putting on airs just because the professor's question. put sth together: she's the daughter of a diplomat, an actress prepare a piece of work by and writes poems. collecting several ideas and suggestions and put oneself out: take pains; go to trouble or organizing them expense We put together a plan about how we could Whenever you visit her house, she puts herself remodel the house. put out quite a bit just to make sure that everyone up (t.) is comfortable. put a. construct; erect (a building, bridge, etc.) out (I.) Plans to put up a third bridge over the a. extinguish, as a fire, cigarette, etc. Bosphorus have, apparently, been abandoned. b. annoy sb by words or actions (often passive) b. fasten sth to a wall or ceiling She felt really put out when I missed our date, I once had a job putting concert posters up all even though I did call her to tell her I co-ildn't over Chicago. come. c. increase the price or value of sth (BrilE) C. cause trouble or extra work for sb They're putting the price of cigarettes up again. Please don't buy any presents for the wedding; I d. provide money; contribute really don't want to put you out. If you want to go in with us on this new d. publish computer business, you'll have to put up your Soon, a new and complete translation of share of the money. Mikhail Bulgakov's \"Master and Margarita\" will e. accommodate; lodge be put out in Turkey. Don't stay at a hotel. We can put you up for a e. manufacture; prepare; produce couple nights. That factory puts out more cars than any other f. propose sb as a candidate; nominate sb in the country. She wanted to run for class treasurer, but was so popular that the students put her up for class president instead. g. offer, esp. for public sale The police auction occasionally puts up quite expensive things - Rolls Royces, Rolexes, and so on - seized from convicted drug dealers. 708 a ELS 725

put upon: take unfair advantage of; impose upon ride on (t.) succeed or fail depending on a certain (usu. passive) situation Many factory workers feel quite put upon, and A lot of jobs are riding on this deal. they certainly have a right to feel that way. put ride out (t.) sustain or endure successfully sb up to (doling) sth: provoke sb to do sth The stock market somehow rode out the Somebody must have put him up to doing economic depression that had hit the country something so stupid, because he's usually without collapsing completely. quite a sensible person. put up with sb/sth: RING accept unpleasant behaviour or an unpleasant situation, although you do ring In (int.) indicate one's arrival at work by not like it punching in on a time clock (BritE} She's thinking of quitting her job; she just He says he rang in on time today. ring off can't put up with her boss's authoritarianism any more. (int.) terminate or finish a telephone conversation (BritE) RAIN Without even saying goodbye, she just rang off. rain off (I.) cause, by raining, the cancellation or ring out (int.) indicate one's departure from work by postponement of a sports event, performance, punching out on a time clock (BritE) etc. (usu. passive) (BritE: in AmE lain out) Yesterday's match between Liverpool and ring up (l.) Newcastle United was rained off. a. register the amount of a sale on a cash register READ The cashier rang me up with a very sour look on his face. read (sth) Into sth: believe that an action, remark, b. accomplish or record etc. has a certain meaning when it actually Charles Mingus rang up a series of classic jazz does not albums from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. You're always reading too much into everything c. telephone (BritE) (in AmE call (up)) I say! read over/through (t.), read sth from Can you ring Anthony up and find out if he's coming tonight? beginning to end, esp. in order to find mistakes RISE The professor read over my essay and wrote quite a lot of notes in the margins. read up rise above (t.) succeed in not allowing something harmful, bad, or petty to hurt, affect, or on (t.), learn about by reading; gather influence you information on; research by reading The senator tried to rise above party politics I've got to read up on the Age of Pericles for my and appeal to everyone. rise up (int.) try to history exam tomorrow. defeat and change a government REDUCE or an institution Many socialists believe that workers should reduce sb to sth/doing sth: make sb unhappy or immediately rise up and take control of cause them to be in a certain bad situation His production for themselves. harsh criticism of her article almost reduced her to tears. ROLL reduce sth to sth: destroy sth, esp. sth that has roll back (t) reduce the price of a commodity, been built wages, etc. to a former level, usu. in response The Allied bombing of Dresden on 13 and 14 to government action February, 1945, reduced the city to rubble. As a result of the congressional decision, the minimum wage is being rolled back. REFLECT roll In (informal) reflect on (t.) a. luxuriate in; abound in (t.) a. think about; consider, esp. in order to learn a Bill Gates is just rolling in money, isn't he? lesson about sth you have done wrong b. arrive, esp. in large numbers or quantity (int.) After reflecting on the incident, he made a decision never to do such a terrible thing The wedding guests started rolling in about 4 again. o'clock. b. affect other people's opinion of sb or sth, esp. roll out in a bad way a. spread out or flatten (t.) The scandal reflected very badly on the The first step in making a pizza is to roll out government. the dough. b. (informal) introduce; unveil (t.) REST They'll start rolling out the spring fashions pretty soon. rest on (I.) (formal) depend on c. (informal) arise from bed; get up (int.) The fate of the nation rested on the president's I didn't roll out of bed till about 11 o'clock this decision at that crucial moment. morning. roll up to (t.) (informal) arrive somewhere, usually RIDE late Murat finally rolled up about midnight, but by ride down (t.) that time, most of the others had already gone a. trample or overturn by riding upon or against home. b. ride up to; overtake; capture RUN No one ever managed to tide Pancho Villa down. run across (t.) meet or find sth or sb accidentally I ran across Burcu in Beyoğlu the other day. run after (1.) a. follow; chase Hundreds of police were running after Buster Keaton. ELS o 7O9 726

b. pursue or court the affections of, esp. in an t. meet sb accidentally aggressive manner My mother was always running Into people she Ulaş had been running after Arzu for months knew whenever we went out shopping. before she finally agreed to go out with him. run along (Int.) leave; go on one's way c. amount to; total Let's run along. It's getting quite late. The company's losses ran Into millions of run around dollars. a. be very busy doing a lot of different things (int.) You've been running around all day, why don't d. succeed; follow you lie down and rest a bit? When you work in an office, one day just b. run around (on sb): be unfaithful to one's seems to run Into the next without much spouse or lover difference or change. He's running around on his wife and she has no idea. e. experience; encounter c. run around with sb: socialize or consort with The project has run into a few problems. sb She's been running around with some strange run off people lately. run away (from sth/sb) flee or a. leave quickly or unexpectedly (int.) escape; leave a place of confinement or control with the intention of He ran off and forgot to take his coat. never returning b. create or perform rapidly or easily (t.) My sister ran away from home several times as a teenager. run According to rumour, Tatyos Efendi ran off away with sb/sth quite a few of his songs while drunk. a. go away with sb, esp. elope with sb c. drive away; expel (t.) Romeo and Juliet apparently never thought of He's got a lot of big dogs to run. trespassers off running away with each other. his property. b. steal sth d. print or otherwise duplicate (t.) The burglars ran away with my new stereo We need to run off 1000 copies of this by speakers. tomorrow. run off with sth/sb c. overwhelm or get the better of sb (esp. for a. steal or borrow sth; take sth feelings, emotions, etc.) Somebody ran off with my eraser and I need it His anger sometimes runs away with him and he back. starts shouting at people for no reason. run down, b. elope with sb a. strike and cause to fall or overturn, esp. when King Edward VIII ran off with a wealthy driving a vehicle into sb (t.) American divorcee. run on My dog almost got run down by a truck a few a. continue without interruption (Int.) days ago, but luckily he wasn't hurt. The prime minister's speech seemed to run on b. pursue until captured; chase (t.) for hours. The United States government has made a b. (for machines) use sth in order to function (t.) decision to run down all terrorists, wherever These days, most calculators run on solar and whoever they may be. power. c. peruse; review (t.) runout, Can you just run down this report while I go a. end; expire (int.) talk to the boss? Before Liverpool could score another goal, time d. (informal! criticize sb or sth, often unfairly (t.) ran out. The students were forever running down their b. become used up (int.) chemistry teacher just because of his thick If you keep spending like this, your money'll run glasses. out quickly. e. search out; trace; find c. drive out; expel (t.) I need to run down some information on Sultan Nestor Makhno got run out of Russia by the Selim the Grim. Bolsheviks and died of poverty and drink in f. cease operation; stop (int.) Paris. run out of sth: exhaust a quantity or My watch is pretty cheap - it runs down every supply of sth day. run for sth; compete in an We've run out of milk, could you go and pick election some up? run out on sb: withdraw one's Ralph Nader is running for president again this support from or flee,yeesapr.-rtuon for it (informal} hurry away or abandon sb evade something • He ran out on his wife and kids. We'd better run for It before your parents get run over home and see what we've done to their house. a. hit and knock down, esp. with a vehicle run in Too many animals get run over every day either a. visit sb casually (int.) because drivers are not cautious enough or 1 might run In for a bit if I happen to be because they just don't care. nearby. b. go beyond; exceed b. (informal) arrest sb; take sb to jail (t.) Despite having little real content, the prime He got run In for arson. minister's speech still managed to run well over run into (t.) the time limit. a. crash into or collide with sth or sb c. repeat; review I wasn't looking where I was going and I ran Let's run over that song again and try to get it right this time. run sth by sb: tell sb about sth so that they can give their opinion about it I ran the proposal by my boss quite a few times, but he just wouldn't accept it. run through sth: repeat sth in order to practise it or to make sure that it is correct I'm not quite ready yet - I've got to run through my speech a few more times. Into a tree. 71O o ELS 727

run up (t.] begin a debt; cause or allow a debt to SEND grow larger send forth He ran up quite a debt by going to medical a. produce; bear; yield school. run up against sth: begin to experience Cherry trees send forth vc v beautiful, delicate problems or flowers. difficulties b. emit or discharge We ran up against some problems while Lavender flowers send forth a lovely odour, working on the project. send up a, expose the flaws or foibles of through parody, SAVE burlesque, caricature, lampoon, or other forms of satire save on sth: avoid using sth so that you do not The film \"The Life of Brian\" hilariously sends up have to pay for it the Christian religion. Sometimes I prefer to walk to work so that I can b. (informal) sentence or send to prison save on transportation fares. The famous country music singer Johnny Cash was sent up when he was younger. SEE see about sth/doing sth: deal with sth, or arrange SET for slh to be done Before you'll be able to work in the United set about sth/doing sth: start doing sth, esp. sth States, you've got to see about getting a green that takes a lot of time or energy card. see after (t.) take care of; As soon as I get home tonight I'm <*oing to s*i look after about washing the dishes, He's going to see after my dog while I'm on vacation. see off (I.) go to the place that sb is set against (L) leaving from in a. compare or contrast order to say goodbye to them It was very depressing when nobody came to We must set the empire's political and the airport to see me off. economical advantages against its social see out (t.) disadvantages in order to understand why it a. take sb to the door of a room or building when ultimately fell apart. they are leaving b. be (dead) set against sth, not want to do or Can you please see Ms. Meissner out? have sth b. remain with a task, project, etc. until its Arzu's parents are dead set against her completion watcmhaorrrycilnogckUtloaşa. set ahead or forward (L), set a He said he was going to see that job out even if later time it killed him. aee sth In sb/sth: believe that In spring, clocks are set ahead one hour. sb or sth has a set aside (t.) put to one side; reserve particular good quality The waiter has set aside the best table for us. I really wonder what it is that people see in We're setting aside one-quarter of our salaries heavy metal music. see each month for a new house. set through (I.) back (t.) a. understand that sb is trying to deceive you a. make something happen more slowly or later Arzu easily sthaewetnhdroourguhnUtillacşo'smlpielse.tion; than it should b. stay with to The mistakes he made set the project back persevere quite a bit. No matter how difficult it may be, you've got to see b. set a watch or clock to an earlier time it through. see to (I.) deal with; be responsible for In fall, clocks are set back one hour. For our picnic, I'll see to the sandwiches if you c. set sb back (sth) (informal) cost sb a large see to the drinks. amount of money Her new guitar set her back almost $1000. set SELL down (t.) a. write, copy, or record in writing or printing sell off (t.) sell, esp. at reduced prices, in order to b. set sb/sth down as sth, consider; estimate get rid of I'd set him down as a selfish person, and I When the executive started selling off most of wasn't wrong. his shares, his partners got worried that c. set sth down to sth, attribute; ascribe something bad was set to happen. In my opinion, Renoir's failure as an artist can be set down to his inability to try anything really new. sell out set forth a. dispose of entirely by selling a. give an account of; state; describe (I.) Einstein first set forth his special theory of The tickets were all sold out, so we couldn't go relativity in 1905. to the concert. b. begin a journey; start (int.) b. betray an associate, one's country, a cause, Very few of the men who had set forth with etc.; turn traitor Magellan actually survived the journey, During the 1950s, film director Ella Kazan sold out including Magellan himself, set forward or many of his fellow directors as Communists in ahead (t), set a watch or clock to a order to protect himself. sell up: sell your house or later time set In (int.), begin to happen; arrive, company in order to go somewhere else or do sth usu. for sth else (BritEj She sold up everything and moved to unpleasant or unwanted Bodrum to live it up. As we began our journey, darkness was setting in. ELS Q 7ix 728

set off settle Into (t.), become established in a. cause to become ignited or to explode (t.) After starting the job, Cem found it difficult to settle into the new routine. No one can be sure exactly who set off the bomb that caused the riot in Haymarket SHAKE Square in Chicago in 1886. b. intensify or improve by contrast (I.) shake off (t.) Her dress really sets off the color of her eyes. a. get rid of an illness or sth that is causing you c. begin a journey or trip; depart (int.) We set off very early in the morning. problems set on or upon (t.), make a person or animal attack I can't shake off the feeling that I have sb forgotten something, but I don't know what I That crazy old man sets his dogs an anybody may have forgotten. who comes near his house. set b. succeed in escaping from sb who is following out you a. begin a journey or course The jewel thief was unable to shake off the The conversation grew boring, so we set out for determined detective. shake up (t.) make sb feel home. shocked and upset b. start doing sth when you have already decided My father was badly shaken up when his own what you want to achieve father passed away. Having told us what he believed, he set out to prove that his beliefs were the right ones. SHOOT c. give all the details of sth, or explain sth clearly, esp. in writing shoot down (t.) (informal) disparage, reject, or His newest article sets out his controversial expose as false or inadequate; debunk The arguments very clearly and concisely. set theory that all dinosaurs have completely died sb/sth apart from sb/sth: cause to be noticed; out got shot down when it was proved that distinguish birds are actually descendants of dinosaurs. Thelonious Monk's bizarre melodies set him apart from other jazz composers. set to: shoot for or at (t.), attempt to obtain or accomplish; make a vigorous effort; apply oneself to strive toward work; begin Although the sprinter was shooting for a gold We set to work right after lunch. medal, he was happy to win a silver. setup U.) a. put sb into a high or powerful position shoot off (one's mouth) (int.) General Pinochet set himself up as the dictator a. talk indiscreetly, esp. to reveal confidences, of Chile after deposing Socialist president Salvador Ailende in 1973. make thoughtless remarks, etc. b. inaugurate; establish a government, a She's always shooting off her mouth - nobody company, a group, etc. really trusts or likes her any more. Atatürk set up the Turkish Republic on b. exaggerate October 29, 1923. He really enjoys shooting off about how handsome c. arrange for sth to happen the girls find him, doesn't he? shoot up (int.) grow We need to set up a meeting for sometime next or increase rapidly or suddenly Inflation sftot up week. almost 100% over the last year. d. get all the necessary equipment ready for an activity SHOW Can you help me set up these amplifiers? e. trick sb in order to make them do sth, or in show off order to make them seem guilty of sth that a. show sth or sb you are proud of to other people they have or have not done The mafia boss, who had been set up by his (I.) own son, got sent up to prison for twenty years. My brother is very fond of showing off his collection of medieval European armour and SETTLE weaponry. b. try to make people admire your abilities or settle down achievements in a way which other people find a. become established in some routine, esp. upon annoying (int.) No one can stand him because he's always marrying, after a period of independence or showing off. show up indecision (int.) a. come to or arrive at a place (int.) After almost thirty years of living it up, Rey Halil did not show up at the party last night. finally decided to settle down, and he got b. make sb/sth feel inferior or embarrassed (t.) married and moved to the suburbs. He's a much better basketball player than me - b. become calm or quiet (int.) he shows me up every time we play. Will you kids settle down, please? Your mother c. be clearly visible; appear; is trying to work! Are you sure this picture will show up well c. settle down to sth/doing sth, apply oneself to against the coloured wallpaper? serious work The office is so loud that it's difficult to settfe down SHUT to work every morning. settle for (L), be satisfied with shut down (t./int.) (for a machine or business) stop You should never settle for less than what you operating or functioning think you are worth. My computer suddenly shut down while I was in the middle of writing an important e-mail. 712 a ELS shut off (t.) a. stop a machine working, or stop the supply of sth; turn off; switch off All of a sudden the lights shut off and we were left in complete darkness. 729

b. isolate; separate sit on or upon (t.) (informal) suppress; silence The Because American Indian civilizations were minister tried to sit on the scandal, but eager completely shut ojffTrom those of Africa, Asia, journalists managed to find it out. and Europe, they developed in quite different ways. sit out (t.) a. stay to the end of; sit through shut out (t.) stop sb or sth from entering a place or from being included in sth Although the movie was incredibly dull, we A good pair of sunglasses will not only shut out chose to sit it out. sunlight, but also the dangerous ultraviolet b. not do an activity such as a game or dance radiation coming from the sun. because you are tired or have an injury The player will have to sit out the entire rest of shut up (l./inl.) (informal) stop talking or making a the season because of his broken leg. noise, or to make sb do this An effective c. wait for sth unpleasant to finish before you military commander can shut his soldiers up take action with no more than a glance. The company insists that it will sit out the strike rather than give in to the union's unreasonable SIGN demands. sit through (t.) stay until the end of; sit out. sign away or over (t.) assign or dispose of by putting one's signature on a document SLEEP Before she died, the old woman had signed her entire fortune over to her pet canary. sign In (or sleep In (int.) sleep longer in the morning than you usually do out) record or authorize one's arrival (or I think I'll sleep In this weekend. sleep off (t.) departure) by signing a register We have to sign in before they'll let us have a sleep until you feel better, esp. after room for the night. sign on (int.) sign a drinking too much alcohol sleep on ((.) postpone document, a contract, etc. making a decision about for saying that you will work for sb at least a day I'm thinking of signing on as a salesman for my Let's not buy it immediately - let's sleep on it brother's company. sign up for sth: enlist, and see what we think tomorrow. sleep over as in an organization or (int.) sleep in sb else's house for a night group; register or subscribe or two I'm thinking about signing up for weekend My daughter's sleeping over at a friend's house tango lessons. this weekend. sleep through (t.) continue to SINK sleep despite a loud noise or noises sink In (int.) (for unpleasant or surprising facts) The baby always wakes me up with her crying gradually begin to be believed, its effects on sb in the middle of the night, but my husband gradually beginning to be understood After he just sleeps through it. won the lottery, it took a while for the fact that he was rich and would never have to work SLIP again to sink In. slip away (int.) depart quietly or unobtrusively; sink Into (I.) slowly move into a sitting or lying steal off position, in a relaxed or tired way As soon as The prisoners slipped away in the middle of the she'd got home from work, she sank into her night. slip Into (or out of sth or slip sth on (or favorite armchair and fell asleep. ofl) quickly sink sth Into sth: invest/spend a large amount of put on (or take of]) a piece of clothing slip money in a business or other piece of work I'd sunk almost $10,000 into renovating and out (int.) (for a remark, a comment, etc.) be remodeling my house, and then the flood came said without the speaker's intention and destroyed it all in one night. I didn't mean to tell her that you were planning to break up with her - it just slipped out. slip srr sth over on sb: deceive; defraud; trick (also slip sit about/around (t./int.) spend time sitting down one over on sb) and doing very little I think that used car salesman slipped one over My cat Kimyon just sits around all day long on me, because the car's already broken down. doing nothing. slip up (Int.) make a mistake; fail sit back (int.) He slipped up and sent the postcard to the a. relax in a chair so that your back is against the wrong address. back of the chair SORT Ladies and gentlemen - sit back, relax and enjoy the show. sort out b. wait for sth to happen without making any a. evolve; develop; turn out (Int.) effort to do anything yourself Some students seem to think they can just sit Things sorted out pretty badly for Mehmet in back in class and learn by osmosis. sit the end. In for sb: take sb's part as a temporary b. successfully deal with sth, esp. a problem or participant difficult situation (t.) I sat in for the band's regular bassist after he How am I ever going to be able to sort out this had sprained one of his fingers. sit In on sth: mess? attend sth (a meeting, a class, etc.) as sort through (t.) look at a number of things to a visitor organize them or to find sth I'd sorted through I decided to sit in on a few classes before the files for hours before I finally found what I choosing which ones to take. was looking for. ELS a 713 730

SPEAK stand for (t.) a. represent; symbolize speak for U.) a. intercede for or recommend; express or C.I.A. stands for \"Central Intelligence Agency.\" b. support a certain set of ideas articulate the views of I think I speak for all of us when I wish Ulaş That candidate stands for the restriction of civil and Arzu a happy and healthy married life. rights, so you mustn't lend him your support. b. choose or prefer; have reserved for oneself c. (informal} tolerate; allow I'm sorry, sir, but this table is already spoken I will not stand for such rude behaviour! stand for. In for sb: do sth that sb else was going to do speak out or up (int.) express one's opinion openly because they cannot be there and without hesitation When the president came down with A good politician should not be afraid to speak pneumonia, the Secretary of Defense stood in out for him and gave his speech. stand off or back (Int.) keep or stay at a distance. stand on (t.) depend SPELL on; rest on The entire case stands on the reliability of the spell out (t.) explain sth in a very clear way with only witness. details stand out (int.) I shouldn't have to spell it out for you - you a. project; protrude; stick out know exactly what I mean. Our windowsill stands out quite far from the glass. SPILL b. be conspicuous or prominent Her bright red curly hair makes her really spill out (int.) (for crowds, large numbers of people, stand out in a crowd. etc.) exit or leave a place, esp. all together and c. be better than other similar things or people suddenly Her performance stood out from all the other Once the film had ended, everyone spilled out musicians' at the concert. of the cinema and onto the street. stand up (int.) a. (for material, fabric, etc.) remain strong or spill over (int.) (for bad situations, events, etc.) durable begin to have an unpleasant effect on another Suede is lovely, but doesn't stand up very well. situation or group of people What began as a b. (for ideas, information, etc.) be convincing or small local conflict quickly spilled over into prove to be correct neighbouring countries and became a full- Rene Descartes' arguments don't stand up very well if you really examine them. stand up SPINfledged international war. for (t.) defend the cause of; support You should always stand up for your friends spin off (t.) derive from or base on something done and family. stand up to (t.) meet or deal previously with fearlessly; Her character on the sitcom was so popular confront that they spun off another show all about her. I know he's your boss, but you can't let him treat you that way - stand up to him! spin out (t.) make sth such as a story or an activity last as long as possible START The minister spun his speech out for hours, hoping to wear down the opposition. start over (int.) begin again (AmE) I made a mistake, so I had to start all over. SQUEEZE STAY squeeze sth/sb In: manage to do sth or see sb when you are very busy stay behind (int.) not leave a place when other Well, the doctor is very busy, but it's possible people leave she can squeeze you In sometime this I stayed behind long after everyone else had afternoon. gone. stay out of sth: not become STAND involved in an argument or discussion stand back or off (int.) keep or stay at a distance I think you should stay out of their arguments standby and mind your own business, stay a. continue to support sb when they are having up (int.) go to bed later than usual problems (t.) Just remember, I will stand by you no matter STICK what happens. b. adhere to an agreement, promise, etc.; stick to suck around (int.) (informal) stay somewhere for a (t.) period of time The actress stood by her controversial Their party was great, but I wasn't able to stick statements even though the media criticized around for very long. suck at (t.) (informal) her severely. c. stand ready; wait (int.) continue trying hard to do sth The soldier stood by and awaited his orders. difficult d. do nothing to prevent sth unpleasant from Learning a language can be tough, but you happening need to suck at it. stick by or to (t.) continue to How can you just stand by while he treats you like a slave? support sb when they stand down (int.) step aside; resign; withdraw, as are having problems; stand by sb. from a competition The unhappy stockholders insisted that the stick out a. project; protrude (int.) entire management should stand down. He's got a strangely-shaped head - it's very round, but his ears stick out quite far. 714 O ELS 731

b. make part of your body come forward from the SWITCH rest of your body (t.) She stuck out her hand and told me to give her switch off the money. a. turn off a light, television, etc. by using a c. be conspicuous or prominent; stand out (int.) switch (t.) suck it out (informal) continue doing sth that is Switch off the computer when you're finished using it, will you? boring, difficult, or unpleasant b. stop giving your attention to sb or sth (int.) The physics course is extremely difficult; Whenever he starts talking about how much he however, it's also fascinating, so I think I'll hates his job, I just switch off. sock It out. stick to sth or with sb/sth: continue switch on (t.) turn on a light, television, etc. by doing, using, using a switch or employing sb/sth and not change to switch over to (t.) anything or anyone else a. (for television, etc.) change from one television My father gave me some advice, but 1 think I'll or radio station to another (BritE) stick to my own way in carrying out the b. change from doing one thing to another business. stick up for (I.) (informal) defend I've decided to switch over to tea - no more the cause of; coffee for me! support; stand up for TAKE STIR take after (t.) stir up sth a. resemble another person, esp. an older family a. cause arguments or bad feelings between member, physically, temperamentally, etc. people, often intentionally Michael's very bad-tempered - he takes after He really seems to enjoy stirring up trouble. his mother. b. make sb remember events in the past b. follow; chase (also take off after) Hearing that song always stirs up memories for The pickpocket got my wallet and I took off after him. take apart (I.) separate sth into its STOP different parts He took the TV apart to find the problem. stop by or In (at) (t./int.) visit a person or place take back (L) briefly a. cause to remember Can you remember to stop by the shop and Whenever I hear The Talking Heads, it takes me pick up some eggs on your way home tonight? back to my childhood. b. (for words) retract stop off at or over In (I.) stop briefly in the course of I'll only take back my statement if you prove I'm a trip or journey wrong. take down (t.) On the drive to Bodrum, we stopped off in a. pull apart or take apart, esp. for buildings, İzmir to say hello lo a couple of friends. edifices, etc. They'll be taking down the old cinema soon. STRIKE b. write down; record Can you take down this telephone number for strike in (with sth) interrupt suddenly; intervene In me? the middle of our argument, Murat struck in c. diminish the pride or arrogance of; humble with some comment about how stupidly we Fatih Terim thought he was unbeatable, but were acting. his team's poor performance took him down a bit. strike off (I.) remove or cancel, as from a record, list, take for (t.) assume, esp. falsely, to be; mistake for etc., by drawing a line through After my I'm always being taken for a taxi driver when I brother's rude remarks, my wife insisted he be drive my yellow car around. struck off the guest list for our party. take In (Into) a. permit to enter; admit strike out She took me Into her office and we sat down. a. erase; cross out; strike off (t.) b. alter an article of clothing so as to make it b. (informal) (of a person or effort) fail (AmE\\ (int.) narrower I need to take this dress In a little bit. He was really hoping to get Arzu's phone c. provide lodging for number, but he struck out miserably. My aunt'll take us In while we're in Seattle. strike up (t.) start a conversation or relationship d. include; encompass with sb His farm takes In almost 200 acres. He struck up a conversation with a lonely- e. grasp the meaning of; comprehend looking guy at the end of the bar. The lesson was too complex; there was just too much to take in. SWEAR f. deceive; trick; cheat I got taken in by some shoeshine boy on my swear by (I.) (informal) believe strongly that sth or first day in Istanbul. sb is useful or effective g. (for plays, films, etc.) visit or attend; see My grandfather swore by the health benefits of After dinner, let's take in a movie. a glass of Irish whiskey every evening. h. (for police) bring to the police station The police took him in for questioning. swear In (t.) admit to office or service by takeoff administering an oath a. remove (t.) American presidents are sworn in on the 20th Take off your hat in the classroom, please. of January every four years. swear off (t.) b. sI'pmentdaktiinmgeFarwidaayyforoflmrv-ewcoarukse(Io.)f the funeral. promise or resolve to give up sth, esp. ELS Q 7X5 intoxicating beverages No matter how much my grandmother warned him, my grandfather never swore off Irish whiskey. 732

c. lead away (t.} d. begin to advocate or support; sponsor The business magnate's son was taken offby Baroness Pannonica von Koenlgswarter took up kidnappers. Thelonlous Monk when he was banned from d. withdraw or remove from (I.) playing jazz clubs in New York. He was taken off the team because of his bad attitude. e. continue; resume e. remove by death; kill (t.) Let's take up where we left off at yesterday's The Black Death took off about 25% of the meeting. population of Europe in the 14th century. f. subtract, as a discount; deduct (t.) f. assume responsibility for; take over Because we bought so many things, the shop I'll take up your duties for a while if you can't assistant was kind enough to take off 10% of manage it. the total price. g. (informal) achieve sudden, marked growth, g. make shorter or tighter success, etc. (int.) Can you take this dress up an inch or two? Tom Cruise's career really took off after the 1983 film \"Risky Business\". h. (informal) h. deal with in discussion depart; leave, esp. suddenly or After talking about Samuel Beckett's dramatic quickly (int.) technique, we took up the issue of his When the police showed up, Stacey and 1 took influence on Harold Pinter, i. off running. i. (for airplanes) leave the ground (int.) accept, as an offer or challenge take on (I.) He said he'd give me a ride home, and I took a. hire; employ up the offer. take sth upon oneself: voluntarily The factory has taken on a lot of new workers recently. assume sth as a b. accept a responsibility responsibility or obligation I think I took on too much when I decided to He took it upon himself to teach his children learn makams in Turkish classical music. as he couldn't trust the American school c. begin to have a particular quality system. take up with sb (informal) become When the subject of his speech turned to terrorism, the president's voice took on a much friendly or keep more authoritarian tone. company with sb d. accept as a challenge; compete or contend Neil took up With a group of communitarians against after graduating from high school. I'd like to take you on at chess one of these days. take out (t.) TALK a. withdraw; remove talk around sth: consciously avoid talking about The robber took out his gun and threatened the bank teller. sth He was talking around the issue, so I b. procure by application couldn't She took out an insurance policy on her car. c. go somewhere with sb and pay for them, esp. understand what his real opinion was. talk sb as a date around {to sth) bring sb over to one's way of I'd like to take you out to dinner sometime. take over (t.) assume management or possession of thinking; persuade or responsibility for At first, she didn't want to come along, but I If the president proves incapable of performing managed to talk her around to it. talk at his or her duties, the vice-president will take sb: talk to sb without letting them say over the office. take sth out on sb (informal] anything or without listening to them cause sb to suffer for He was talking at me all night long and I one's own misfortune or dissatisfaction couldn't get a word in edgewise. talk away I know you're angry at your boss, but you have U.) spend or consume time in talking no right to take it out on me! take We talked days away while she was lying in the sb through sth: explain sth to sb hospital with pleurisy, talk back (to sb) reply to Let me take you through the procedure. a command, request, etc., taketo((.) in a rude or disrespectful manner a. devote or apply oneself to; become habituated Whenever I talked back to my mother, my to father would threaten me with his bell. talk She took to the flute like a fish takes to water. down (1.) overwhelm by force of argument or by b. respond favourably to; begin to like loud and persistent talking; subdue by talking Arzu and Ulaş took to each other as soon as they I was about to go and kill the guy who'd met. take up (l.) punched me, but my friend talked me down. a. begin to occupy oneself with the study or talk down to sb: talk to someone in a way that practice of shows you think they are not intelligent or not After his retirement, he took up playing the important piano again after almost forty years. It's really unnecessary to taifc down to children; b. occupy; cover moreover, they hate it. That couch would take up half the living room talk out (t.) - we shouldn't buy it. a. talk until conversation is exhausted c. consume; use up; absorb After an hour of trying to explain myself, I was Proofreading takes up a lot of time. all talked out. b. attempt to reach a settlement or understanding by discussion Many wars could be prevented if the countries involved would just talk out their disagreements and reach a compromise. talk sb out of (doing) sth: persuade sb to do or not do sth We tried to talk him out of marrying someone he didn't really love, but he wasn't hearing us. talk over (i.) a. weigh in conversation; consider; discuss I should talk it over with my wife before I make my final decision. 716 a ELS 733

b. cause sb to change an opinion; convince by think over ((.) consider an idea or plan carefully talking before making a decision She's very good at talking people over to her side of almost any issue, think up (t.) devise, contrive, or create by thinking I've just thought up a new chord progression talk up for the song. a. promote interest in; discuss enthusiastically (t.) THROW Until I saw that salesman on the ferry the other day, I never knew it was possible to talk throw away (t.) an umbrella up so much. a. employ wastefully; squander b. speak without hesitation; speak distinctly and openly; speak up (int.) Don't threw your college years away on You should talk up now, because this may be drinking and having a good time. the only chance you'll have. b. fail to use; miss a chance, opportunity, etc. She threw away a perfectly good job just TEAR because she didn't take to the manager. throw back (onto sth) force into dependence upon tear apart (t.) or necessary use of a. make a group of people argue or fight with When all the castaways' canned food had run out, they were thrown back on their own each other (usu. passive) resources. throw In Sudan has been torn apart by civil war for (t.) (informal) several decades. a. add as a bonus or gratuity b. destroy They throw In a free litre of cola with every Two airplanes proved enough to tear apart the pizza. World Trade Center. b. bring into a discussion, plan, etc. as an c. distress; afflict; tear at addition; interject His father's death really tore him apart for a long The president's a good speaker - when he gives a time. tear at (I.) speech, he's always throwing in sarcastic yet funny a. pluck violently at; attempt to tear asides. throw off U.) The baby tore at the wallpaper but I managed a. free oneself of; cast aside to pull her away before she could do any real Haiti was the first modern nation to gain damage. independence by throwing off the yoke of b. distress; afflict; tear apart slavery. tear sb away from sth: make sb stop doing sth that b. escape from or delay, as a pursuer they enjoy in order to do sth else When he's The fugitive managed to throw off the police. watching a football match, it's absolutely c. confuse; fluster impossible to tear him away from the TV. The drunken and shouting audience threw the tear down ((.) pull down; destroy; demolish singer off and she forgot some of the lyrics to The Vikings tore the monastery down. the song. throw oneself Into sth/dolng sth: tear Into ((.) (informal) engage in sth with a. attack impulsively and heedlessly energy or enthusiasm The boxer tore into his opponent with fury. He threw himself into learning to play the flute. b. attack verbally throw oneself on or upon sb: commit oneself to My mum really tore into me for coming home late. another's mercy, generosity, support, etc.; trust tear up (I.) in a. tear into small shreds; tear completely After he lost his house and life savings, he After Arzu'd left him. Ulaş tore up all of her threw himself on his friends for support. throw photographs. out (t.) eject or expel from a place or a group, b. cancel or annul esp. forcibly Does he want us just to tear up his contract When he started shouting drunkenly and and let him leave? harassing the other customers, the bouncer threw him out o/the bar. TELL throw together a. make in a hurried and haphazard manner tell sb/sth apart: be able to distinguish between It's obvious the carpenter just threw this table two people or things that are very similar I can together in a hurry. never tell a Picasso and a Braque apart. b. cause or force to associate Throwing criminals all together in prison is not tell off (1.) (informal) rebuke severely; scold exactly the best way to encourage their He was trying to kiss me, but I told him off. rehabilitation, is it? throw up (t.) a. give up; relinquish THINK Six points behind with two difficult games remaining, Barcelona has basically thrown up think back (on/to slh) remember sth that happened their chance for the cup. in the past b. build hastily I quite enjoy thinking back on my university If a building is just thrown up, is it any years. think out or through (I.) think about in surprise when it collapses in an earthquake? c. vomit detail until My son got seasick on the ferry and was a conclusion is reached; understand or solve throwing up all the way to Bandırma. by thinking You should think things through before getting married. ELS a 717 734

TIE turn down a. turn over; fold down tie down (t.) limit one's activities or freedom; confine; curtail The last thing to do when making a bed is to She got really tied dawn after she had a child. turn down the blanket's edge. b. lower in intensity; lessen tie In with sth: connect or be connected; be Could you please turn the volume down? I consistent can't even hear myself think. What you told me doesn't tie in with what c. refuse or reject a person, request, etc. others have said. He applied for the position but was turned down. turn in tie up (L) a. hand in; submit (t.) a. invest or place money in such a way as to She has finally turned in her letter of resignation after twenty years with the render unavailable for other uses company. His money is all tied up in the new business. b. inform on or deliver up (t.) b. engage or occupy completely His own brother turned him In to the police. I'll be really tied up with work tomorrow, so c. (informal) go to bed; retire (int.) can we get together this weekend instead? I'm tired; I think I'll turn in. turn Into (t.) be changed, transformed, or converted TOUCH into, or make sb or sth do this (also turn to) This city is slowly turning into a much safer touch down (at) (for airplanes) come into contact place than it used to be. with the ground; land turn off Ladies and gentlemen, we'll be touching down a. stop the flow of water, gas, electricity, etc.; at O'Hare International Airport in about ten switch off (t.) minutes. Don't forget to turn off the gas when you leave home. touch off (I.) b. diverge or branch off, as a side road from a a. cause to ignite or explode main road (int.) This road turns off just past the statue of De We need someone very brave to touch off the Valera. bomb. c. drive a vehicle or walk onto a side road from a b. give rise to; initiate main road (int.) Silvio Berlusconi's insensitive remarks touched off Don't go all the way downtown, you should a minor scandal. touch on or upon (L) turn off on Maxwell Street. a. mention a subject briefly or casually; treat of in d. (informal} stop listening; switch off (int.) passing While she was describing her holiday, I just In his speech, the president refused to even turned off touch on the abortion rights controversy. turn on (t.) b. relate or pertain to a. cause water, gas, electricity, etc. to flow; switch The gun issue touches upon the related issues of on crime and the limits of civil rights. touch up (I.) It's very dark in here. Why don't you turn the a. make minor changes or improvements in the light on? appearance of b. become suddenly hostile to (also turn upon) Let me just touch up my hair a bit before we go. We'd been close friends for years, but then he b. modify or improve a painting, photograph, etc. just turned on me. by adding small strokes or making slight turn out (t.) changes a. extinguish a light; turn off; switch off We should get this photo touched up; it's not b. produce as the result of labour very clear at all. The factory turned out very little last quarter because the workers were extremely TRY dissatisfied and refused to work very hard. c. drive out; dismiss; discharge try on (I.) put on an article of clothing in order to Aristide was turned out of the presidency of the judge its appearance and fit Haitian Republic. Why don't you try this dress on? I think it'll d. turn out (for sth): be present at; appear look good on you. try out (t.) Nearly 100,000 people turned out for the protest. use experimentally; test e. turn out that: be found or known; prove I tried out that new restaurant this afternoon I talked to her for a while and it turned out and it's really quite good. try out for sth: that we'd been born in the same town. f. turn out to be sth: result; issue; come to be; compete for a position, membership, become ultimately etc. Ronald Reagan's \"trickle-down\" economic policy He tried out for the basketball team, but turned out to be a failure in the end. turnover (t.) unfortunately, he didn't make it. a. consider; meditate; ponder I turned it over and over in my mind, but I still TURN couldn't work out why she'd left me. b. change to a different television station (BritE) turn sb away: not allow sb to enter a place If you're not watching this, can I turn it over? It's a very exclusive club; they turn a lot of c. turn sth over to sb, transfer or give sth to sb people away. The old king, tired of ruling, turned the throne over to his son. turnback (t.) a. return in the direction you have come from, or to make sb do this Lots of illegal immigrants get turned back at the border, but lots get through as well. b. fold a blanket, sheet of paper, etc. on itself I don't use bookmarks very often; I usually rum back the page instead. 718 Q ELS 735

turn to U.) walk out (int.) a. apply to for aid; appeal to a, go on strike As he couldn't afford the university fees If the manager doesn't answer their demands himself, he had to turn to the government for soon, the workers are going to walk out. loans. b. leave or resign in protest b. change to (also turn into) The meeting was a fiasco, so Anthony just When the sun came back out, the ice turned to walked out. walk out on sb/sth: leave water. unceremoniously; desert; c. find a page in a book forsake Turn to page 221 and start reading, please. I can't believe that she walked out on her d. start to do sth bad, esp. because you are family like that. walk sb through sth, guide or unhappy instruct carefully one After Arzu left hım, Ulaş got very depressed and step at a time turned to drink and drugs. turnup If the job seems a bit complicated at first, don't a. uncover; find (t.) worry, because I'll walk you through it. While I was looking through the attic, 1 turned up these old photos. WASH b. be recovered or found (int.) Your keys should turn up eventually, don't wash away (t.) remove by water worry. Heavy rain has washed away most of the c. intensify or increase (I.) topsoil here. wash down (t.) facilitate the Towards the end of the match, Barcelona really turned up the pressure, but still couldn't swallowing of food or manage to score a goal. medicine by drinking water or other liquid d. happen; occur (int.) These pills are quite big, so you'll need a lot of Stop worrying so much; there's really nothing water to wash them down. we can do but wait and see what turns up. e. (informal} appear; arrive (int.) wash out He turned up at the last possible moment, so not a. remove or be removed by washing (t./int.) surprisingly, all the tickets had already been sold out. I tried and tried, but the blood stain just wouldn't wash out. USE b. damage or demolish by the action of water (t.) Several houses were washed out by the heavy use up (t.) flooding. a. consume entirely; finish a supply of c. (informal) fail to qualify or continue; be eliminated (tat.) We've used up all the gas. His parents had high hopes for him, but he ended b. exhaust of vigour or usefulness; finish (usu. up washing out of law school. wash up (t.) end, esp. dishonorably (usu. passive) (int.) passive) Everybody believes that he ought to retire; he's At the end of the match, he felt all used up. all washed up as a football coach. WATT WASTE walton (t.) waste away (int.) gradually become thinner and a. perform the duties of an attendant or servant weaker Anorexics, if not helped, will eventually waste for away and die. The waiter who waited on our table at the restaurant last night was very clumsy. WATCH b. supply the wants of a person, as serving a meal watch out or serving a customer in a store Excuse me, sir, but is anyone waiting on you a. look out (used to tell sb to be careful because yet? they are in danger) Watch out! a car's coming! WAKE b. watch out for sth: be on one's guard; be wake up to sth: start to understand sth that is cautious important Watch out for that hole in the road! When I was a teenager, I finally woke up to the watch over sb: look after sb and protect them if fact that not everyone in the world was nearly necessary as well off as I was. Don't worry; I'll be watching over you every step of the way. WALK WAVE walk off (t.) get rid of by walking \"I've got a bit of a headache.\" - \"Why don't you wave sth aside: refuse to consider what sb says go outside and try walking it off?\" He just waved aside every single one of my suggestions. wave sb off: wave your hand walk off with sth, a. remove illegally; steal to sb as they are leaving in order to say goodbye; see sb off The bank robbers walked off with over $10,000 in cash. WEAR b. win or attain, esp. easily, as in a competition That movie walked off with almost every major wear (sth) away: disappear after a lot of time or use, award this year. or make something disappear in this way The toe of the saint's statue had been worn away by the kisses of pilgrims. ELS a 719 736

wear down (t.) b. pay or fulfill a debt, a favour, etc. by working a. reduce or impair by long wearing Since he'd lost his wallet, he had to work off the restaurant bill by washing dishes for a while. My sandals are all worn down. I guess 1 should work on or upon (t.) exercise influence on; gel a new pair. persuade; affect: b. weary; tire If you keep working' on him, he's bound to Her unceasing complaints really wear me change his mind eventually. down. work out, c. prevail over by persistence; overcome a. solve, as a problem (t.) Eventually, the president's never-ending What 1 can't work out is why Arzu married Ulaş speeches wore down those who'd been opposed in the first place. to his tax reform bill. b. arrive at by or as by calculation (t,) wear off (int.) dimmish slowly or gradually or Let me just work out the cost of the meal. diminish in effect; disappear C. prove effective or successful (int.) When the morphine began to wear off, the Despite some minor setbacks, everything patient's pain returned. wear on (ini.) (for worked out alright in the end. periods o[ time) pass, esp. slowly d. practise, exercise, or train, esp. in order to As the years wore on, she grew increasingly become proficient in an athletic sport (int.) dissatisfied with her marriage. I'm going to go work out at the gym tonight; do wear out (I.) you want to come? a. make or become unfit or useless through hard e. work out to sth: amount to a total or specified or extended use figure; add up (to) 1 wore out all my socks because I was always The bill works out to $42.73. forgetting to cut my loenails. f. work out, understand the reasons for sb's b. exhaust, as by continued strain; weary; wear behaviour down We can't work out. why she has been crying all All this arguing is beginning to wear me out. morning. work through sth: deal with sth successfully; come WEIGH to terms with sth He took a long time to work through the guilt weigh down complex caused by his Catholic upbringing. a. cause to become bowed under a weight work up: move or stir the feelings of; excite \" Although Adolf Hitler was an absolute After the blizzard, the heavy snow and ice was madman, he was a genius at working up great really weighing down the trees. masses of people. work (one's way) up to: rise b. lower the spirits of; burden; depress to a higher position; My money problems are really weighing me advance down; it's such a burden. weigh on or upon sb: Evita Peron worked her way up from an actress make sb worried or unhappy: to the co-leadership, with her husband Juan, The collapse of her marriage is really weighing of Argentina. work up to sth: gradually prepare on her these days. weigh sth against sth: judge yourself for sth which of two things is difficult or frightening more important before making a decision Before 1 play music live, 1 always have to work The pros of starting your own business have to myself up to it first. be weighed against the cons. WRITE WIPE write off (t.) wipe out (t.) eliminate, destroy, or defeat completely a. cancel an entry in an account, as an unpaid The Holocaust is the name given to Hitler's attempt to wipe out all Jews, Gypsies, Slavs and uncollectable debt and homosexuals. After the man had disappeared and could not be found, the bank was forced to write off his WORK debt. b. regard as worthless, lost, obsolete, etc.; decic work against sb: make it more difficult for sb to to forget achieve sth Whatever you may have heard about her, yoi Your qualifications for that job are outstanding, shouldn't just write her off until after you've but your lack of experience might work against actually met her. you. work In write up: put into writing, esp. in full detail and usu. using notes that you made earlier 1 or Into (t.) wrote up a report about everything that'd gone a. bring or put in; add, merge, or blend on at the meeting. American novelist Thomas Pynchon worked both pop culture and advanced science into his 1973 masterpiece, Gravity's Rainbow. b. arrange a time or employment for Although she was quite busy, the dentist managed to work me to in the early evening. work off (t.) a. lose or dispose of, as by exercise or labour 1 needed to Work off the extra pounds I had gained at Thanksgiving dinner, so 1 went for a jog. 737

UNTT l EXERCISE l 1.are...doing/am tasting/has 2.do...know/is talking/don't recognize/suppose S.are...whispering/is sleeping/am trying/is...sleeping/don't think/are 4.are...taking/isn't raining/always take/never rains/never know 5.works/relies/pays/provides/is building G.look/takes/doesn't resemble 7.are rising/are even considering 8.is weighing/is trying 9.weighs/seems/always wears lO.look/don't smell 11.are arriving/is still wrapping 12.is listening/a: ^ öitting IS.doesn't taste 14.is getting/is raising 15-feels 16-look (are looking)/hope/am thinking 17.is feeling 18.are...sniffing/am trying/are wearing/smells 19.looks/doesn't feel 20.are enduring 21.is seeing 22.do...think/have/see EXERCISE 2 1.bound 2.arose S.founded 4.raised S.laid 6.grounded 7.risen S.sawn Q.wound lO.hanged 11.fallen 12.set 13.wounded 14.hung IS.bounded 16.ground 17.1aid 18.lay/saw 19-raised 20.fell 21.found 22.aroused 23.rose 24.sat 25.arose EXERCISE 3 l.kept 2.arose S.crept 4.forgave S.lay G.held 7.forbade (forbid) S.laid 9.hid lO.fell 11.dug 12.felt 13-sprang 14.fed IS.slid EXERCISE 4 1.fought 2.threw S.rode 4.bound S.froze 6.bet 7.tore S.grew 9.bore lO.shed ll.left 12.ate 13-dealt 14.sought IS.wound : EXERCISE 5 1.forecast 2.mislaid 3.flew 4.burst S.cost G.drew 7.shook S.fled 9.broadcast lO.mistook ll.chose 12.ground IS.lit (lighted) 14.bent IS.led EXERCISE 6 l.rang 2.1ost 3.wore 4.hurt S.hung 6.withdrew 7.shrank S.shone 9.spun lO.rose 11.forgot 12.bit 13.sold 14.wove IS.undertook EXERCISE 7 1.climbed 2.saw 3.swore 4.bought S.played 6.missed 7.slipped S.felled 9.bled lO.struck 11.sawed 12.swept 13.fell 14.attended 15.F\" \" EXERCISES 1.left/was raining 2. continued/was driving 3.arrived/was still raining 4.was going (went)/saw/was overtaking/(was) coming/stepped/swerved/barely avoided S.was having/phoned 6.was having/phoned 7.was/had/wore S.was trying/was playing 9.jogged/got lO.was jogging/met 11.saw/stopped/got out 12.saw/was driving IS.were driving/hit 14.did...turn/was distracting IS.was taking (took)/burst/had to 16.heard/were coming/knew/had 17.was still hiding/rang/took 18.shot/shook/fell 19.were sitting (sat)/announced 20.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 21.was pouring/spilled 22.were looking EXERCISE 9 1.hasn't passed 2.followed/didn't believe S.has spoken/hasn't had 4.started/worried/has made/have subsided S.has been/rained 6.hasn't got/hasn't started 7. read/was/were/never took/didn't really appreciate S.have broken 9.met/have forgotten lO.learnt/haven't had 11.have been/were/didn't hear/just overslept 12.have often dreamt 13.merged/have shown 14.haven't been IS.had/didn't come 16.have seen 17.has done/got/have never met IS.have had/have got/endured/bought 19.opened/have observed/has almost doubled/has caused 20.has been/were 21.have never tried 22.sold/has ever raised 23.took/have appeared 24.has beaten/beat 25.has believed/knew/finished 738

EXERCISE 10 1.has been snowing/have...just noticed/have never seen/have seen 2.have been driving/have drive. S.has always wanted 4.have been working/have only painted S.has received 6.has been working/have already changed/has been 7.has been leaking/haven't been able to S.has just fixed 9.have been suffering lO.Have...been working 11.have repaired 12.have been killing/has lasted IS.have shrunk/have only had 14.have been chopping IS.has been learning/hasn't had 16.has offered/have been expecting 17.have thought/have been working (have worked) IS.have been revising/haven't even gone 19.Have...been crying/have been peeling 20.have been running/have gained 21.have been wanting/have resisted 22.have received/have been considering/have chosen 23.have been considering/has been trying 24.have been burning/have reached 25.have been drinking/have only had EXERCISE 11 1.Have...ever seen/saw/went 2.found/saw/was hiding S.has been promising/even sent/has happened 4.were having/moved /have held S.has been manufacturing/produced/contributed 6.bought/have now driven/has only ever broken 7.has been laughing/told S.only put/have already had 9.Have...read/did/was travelling lO.have left (have been leaving)/has been increasing (has increased) ll.wasn't paying/gave/didn't realize/got/has been 12. started/has always preferred/had/drove/was loading/pulled/has been lying 13.won/has become 14.was drinking/announced/told/still had/became IS.have seen/have visited 16.saw/were picnicking/has been begging 17.had/have been working/have just completed IS.paid/have changed 19.caught/were fishing/has been boasting 20.was talking/came/started/have been talking/has phoned EXERCISE 12 1.since 2.for S.for 4.slnce S.for 6-since 7.since S.since 9.for lO.for 11.for 12.for IS.since 14.since IS.since 16.since 17.for IS.since 19.since 20.since EXERCISE 13 1.seems/has stabilized/think/see 2.has suffered(has been suffering)/don't understand/falsified (was falsifying)/appeared S.have just finished/looks/have been working/haven't had 4.has...been doing/has been familiarizing/has fully mastered S.collapsed/were working/called/didn't get 6.was sailing/(was) drinking/(was) enjoying/don't think/haven't been 7.has always resented/has been getting S.got/intensified 9.try (are trying)/clings lO.are wearing/did...buy/have only had 11.don't want/have just washed/is 12.bought/have been feeling/is IS.was sawing/accidentally cut/has been bleeding 14.have just written/complained/didn't send IS.look/Have...changed 16.haven't spoken/hope/aren't worrying 17.didn't know/tastes IS.is giving/Do...feel 19.is talking/have been trying 20.began (was beginning)/went/had to 21.haven't arrived 22.still have/are attempting 23.Are...still mowing/haven't been mowing/saw/took/didn't start/explains 24.raise/isn't working/have been driving 25.generally plays/is/sustained/is still troubling EXERCISE 14 l.warned/had already got infected 2.took/were/had never been S.got/opened 4. asked/gave/had never had S.offered/accepted/considered G.had/didn't know/started/had studied/improved/ended/had learnt/helped/passed/once again confirmed (had once again confirmed) 7.saw/was/decided S.had closed/got/went 9.had already explained/still wanted lO.had never behaved/decided 11.had scarcely finished/appeared 12.recognized/hadn't seen/was IS.hadn't arrived/had to 14.spoke/still hadn't made 15.had got (got)/realized/had lost 16.surprised/refused/didn't know/had given up EXERCISE 15 l.has only known/has already agreed 2.had announced/had been S.has only been 4.had never walked S.had already made up G.had read 7.had all drowned S.hasn't acted 9.hadn't acted lO.have given EXERCISE 16 l.had been driving 2.were travelling S.was hanging 4.were chatting/was working S.had been going 6.had already been taking 7.had been strolling S.was sewing 9.had been flashing lO.had been making ~. I—k w*m t 739

EXERCISE 17 1.have been working/have produced 2.had been working/had produced S.have just arranged/have already made 4.has been/has been trying S.had been looking/have been 6.have really been painting 7.had been counting/had been backing S.have confirmed 9.had been smoking lO.had removed 11.have just sold 12.have checked/(have) updated IS.has been working (has worked) 14.have been monitoring/have announced IS.had been planning/had made EXERCISE 18 1.split/has been crying 2.was hurrying/tripped/twisted 3.rushed/had just bitten 4.applied/still haven't heard 5.wears/is wearing/are moving (or wears/wore/moved (were moving)) 6.met/had been working/saw/hardly recognized 7.is getting/regularly complain/don't seem 8.were operating/were pacing (operated/paced) 9.have been frowning 10.1s going 11.hadn't informed (didn't inform) 12.has only just arrived/start IS.has been looking/has come 14.did...last hear/haven't heard 15.take/were/saw/were feeding/were jumping/is taking/wants 16.had just finished/were watching/heard/rushed/found/was/had broken 17.were entering (entered)/whispered/had felt (had been feeling)/rose/just muttered/sat 18.1ooked/had ever seen/have ever seen 19.dropped (had dropped)/dropped/caused/had witnessed 20.have found/checked/were still testing EXERCISE 19 1.will...get (are...going to get)/is going to drive 2.will do 3.am going to buy/will get 4.is going to faint S.will do 6. am going to repair 7.is going to fall (will fall) 8. are going to get/are going to come 9.will make 10.will have/will do EXERCISE 20 I.We won't be able to use the cold tap in the kitchen until the plumber replaces (has replaced) the leaky pipe. 2.Once he has got written confirmation of the job offer in Germany, he's going to book his flight. S.After the board has interviewed (interviews) all the candidates, they will announce the results. 4.When she leaves school, she's going to take a year off to go travelling. 5.You'll have to wash your hands before you eat dinner. 6.While you're getting some more petrol, I'll quickly go to the supermarket. 7.The bus won't leave until all the passengers have got (get) on board. S.After he has completed (completes) his apprenticeship, he's going to set up his own business. 9.While you're washing up (wash up), I'll telephone the cinema to see what time the film starts. 10.As soon as I come back from holiday, I'll start a diet. EXERCISE 21 l.will not commence/arrive (have arrived) 2.will close 3.won't reserve/are 4.will check S.settles (has settled)/will take 6.won't be/see 7.will contain/is 8-won't let/come (have come)/only allow 9.familiarizes (has familiarized)/will be lO.won't be able/check (have checked) EXERCISE 22 l.will be playing 2.will be driving/will be sailing/will be feeling S.have improved (improve)/will have to 4.will never learn/will be whizzing S.will see (will be seeing) 6.will drop/don't have (won't have) 7.get (have got)/will provide/will need (need) S.will be performing 9.will be working/will be working lO.have undergone (undergo)/won't bother ll.won't open/have cleaned (clean) 12.won't be able/will be welcoming/will present (will be presenting) EXERCISE 23 l.will regret/run out 2. arrives/will have received S.will find/return/will have received 4. will somehow manage/reach/will have removed S.will have risen 6.will pretend/asks 7.put/will have saved 8.brings/will have already gone 9.will adapt lO.will have become 11.announces/will say 12.arrive/will have already broken EXERCISE 24 l.will have sold 2. will be driving/will give 3. will... recognize/will be wearing 4. will be waiting/will probably have gone S.will experience/will have settled 6.will be/will have been travelling 7.will be congratulating S.will have been working/will have qualified 9.will take/will have been soaking/will have been lO.will have extinguished 1 l.will be inspecting/will have been digging/will makefwill be making) 12.will look EXERCISE 25 l.until 2.by the time S.until 4.By the time 5.Until 6.until/by the time 7.by the time 8.until 9.By the time lO.until 11.By the time 12.Until IS.by the time 14.until IS.until 740

EXERCISE 26 l.has just taken/was/announced/have been/will increase (will be increasing) 2.were intending (had intended)/went/had arranged/cut/was doing/tried/put/was playing/are both/usually hurt/are playing/were sitting/heard/hurried/had happened/had thrown/had hit/was trickling/nearly fain ted/saw/took S.have been/doesn't know/knew/seem/were wearing/are wearing/is causing(has caused) (has been causing)/will face(are going to face) 4.have always been afraid/was/hear/immediately put/don't know S.has experienced/is/will experiencefwill be experiencing) G.hadn't been sleeping/went 7.is going to exchange/will regret (will be regretting/is going to regret) S.was blazing/came/took 9.will have expanded lO.has turned/will snow(is going to snow) 11.is losing/will have lost 12.will be makingfwill make)/will have been sitting (will have sat) 13.last looked/had not yet commenced 14.immediately rang/reached/were already waiting 15.is expecting/am/will have had 16.have been hiking/still have/join/will have been walking 17.store/bottle/has fermented (has been fermenting) IS.will not ignorefam not going to ignore)/will say/treats 19.had only been driving/failed/was coming/had/stopped 20.were talking/don't think/have seen 21.has had/went/caught/is suffering/has been coughing/sounds/will get(is going to get) 22.has recently designed/runs/thinks/will be driving EXERCISE 27 l.has been 2.hasn't rained 3.is suffering 4.will only last (is only going to last) 5.is 6.are keeping (keep) 7.are storing (have been storing/have stored) 8.are using 9.is 10.faces 11.has developed (develops) 12.called 13.said 14.have IB.were lying 16.announced 17.don't see (haven't seen) EXERCISE 28 1.arrived (had arrived) 2.was opening (opened) 3.approached 4.asked S.was lighting (lit) 6.suddenly held 7.overpowered S.tried 9.pushed 10.drove off 11.gave 12.1ost 13.woke up 14.was lying IS.told (were telling) 16.found 17.had been working 18.offered 19.promised 20.threatened 21.gave 22.was feeling (felt) 23.just lay 24.fell 25.happened 26.had been sleeping 27.woke 28.saw 29.W111...excuse SO.don't feel (am not feeling) EXERCISE 29 I) 1.invented 2.made (had been making) S.weren't 4.named S.inhabited 6.designed 7.comes 8.had gained 9.ceased (had ceased) 10.produces 11.is 12.bears 13.does not burst 14.spends Et) a)resin b)adhesive cjwaterproof d)inhabit e)staggering fjcease gjdevote h)plant ^equivalent j)bear k)shelf-life ^providing m)burst rOcollectively IH) l.D 2.E 3.B IV) 1.equivalent 2.burst 3-waterproof 4.devoted S.providing EXERCISE 30 I) l.was 2.have burst 3.rose 4.still stands 5.is 6-escalated 7.has prompted (has been prompting) S.has resulted 9.have made 10.actually happens 11.developed (has developed/develops) 12.continue (are continuing/have continued) 13-claims ü) a)virtually b)untreatable c)companion d)escalate ejrelative flobscurity glprominence hjprompt Ijbroad-ranging JJdramatic k^heralded IJincidence HI) l.C 2.D 3.A IV) 1.companion 2.virtually S.dramatic 4.prompted S.relative EXERCISE 31 I) l.has felt 2.was 3.has created 4.has further strengthened S.also developed 6.has devoted 7.finished (had finished) S.organized 9.went lO.becamefhad become) 11.finally took 12.began 13.has visited 14.has crossed ü) a)intense b)spell (attraction) c)unshakeable d)further e)solitary ^adolescence gjpassion h)reptiles i)amphibians jjapparently kjinexhaustible l)enthusiasm mjstir up Di) l.C 2.B 3.E IV) 1.further 2.solitary 3.passion 4.apparently S.intense EXERCISE 32 I) l.have been 2.have been living (have lived) S.means 4.1ived S.became 6.intruded (had intruded) 7.doubted S.had always lived 9.had found lO.is 11.came 12.had been living (had lived) 13.set 14.were IS.had not encroached IG.still exist 17.1ive IS.have succeeded 19.live 20.were 21.have almost eliminated 22.now resemble 23.use ü) a)mass b)isolated c)existence d)intrude e)territory fjremote g)ancestor hjhemisphere i)apparently j)millennia kjinterior l)preserve m)primitive njinterference o)distinct p)assimilation qjintermarriage r) eliminate s)resemble IH) l.E 2.B 3.A IV) 1.distinct 2.resembles S.assimilated 4.interior S.preserve 741

UNIT 2 EXERCISE 1 1.if I sat 2.repeating 3.if I switched/switching 4.if I didn't join S.lending 6.if I borrowed 7.not smoking 8.if I stopped/stopping 9.if I kept lO.if I skipped EXERCISE 2 (Sample answers) 1.Could you tell me where the post office is?/Would you mind telling me the way to the post office? 2.Would you mind if I used your phone?/Could I possibly use your phone? 3.Would anyone mind if I smoked?/May I smoke? 4.Would you mind if I borrowed that book?/Could I possibly borrow that book? S.Could I/Can I open the window?/Would anyone mind if I opened the window? 6-Could you possibly give me a hand?/Can you me a hand? 7.Would you mind if I ate my lunch while you explain?/Could I keep eating while you explain? 8.1 wonder if you could tell me where the bank is./Would it be possible for you to tell me how to find the bank? 9.Would it be okay if I went on the skiing trip?/Do you think I could go on the skiing trip? 10.Would you mind if I drove it a little first?/Do you think I could drive it around a little first? EXERCISES 1.needn't/mustn't 2.mustn't S.mustn't 4.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.needn't (don't have to/don't need to) 6-mustn't 7.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) Q.mustn't lO.mustn't EXERCISE 4 1.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 2.must (have to) S.must (have to) 4.had to S.must (have to) 6.doesn't have to (doesn't need to/needn't) 7.have to S.mustn't Q.mustn't lO.doesn't have to 11.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 12.don't have to IS.must 14.don't have to (don't need to/needn't)/must (have to) IS.mustn't EXERCISE 5 1.didn't need to buy (didn't have to buy) 2.didn't need to write (didn't have to write) S.needn't have called 4.needn't have prepared S.didn't need to alter (didn't have to alter) 6.needn't have watered 7.didn't need to water (didn't have to water) S.didn't need to hire (didn't have to hire) Q.needn't have bought 10.needn't have bought EXERCISE 6 1.needn't 2.shouldn't S.shouldn't 4.needn't/shouldn't S.needn't 6.needn't 7.shouldn't S.needn't Q.shouldn't lO.shouldn't EXERCISE? 1.should have tried 2.shouldn't discriminate/should treat S.should be revising 4.shouldn't have scolded S.shouldn't have been talking 6.should be driving 7.shouldn't expect S.should let 9.shouldn't have bought 10.should have been wearing 11.should be writing 12.shouldn't settle/should bargain IS.shouldn't have been driving 14.should have left IS.should have visited/shouldn't have been going EXERCISES l.You're supposed to read the instructions first. 2.You were supposed to read the instructions first. S.You were supposed to come straight home./You weren't supposed to go to the cinema. 4.You aren't supposed to wear (to be wearing) make-up in school. S.You were supposed to shut the windows. 6.You were supposed to phone me./You weren't supposed to leave work without phoning me. 7.You aren't supposed to smoke here. S.You aren't supposed to feed (to be feeding) the animals. 9.You weren't supposed to make any noise. 10.You weren't supposed to take it without eating something first./You were supposed to eat something before taking it. EXERCISE 9 1.could swim 2.was able to S.could 4.were able to S.could G.was able to 7.were able to S.could hear 9.could go lO.were able to 742

EXERCISE 10 l.will be able to walk/is already able to take (can already take) 2.hasn't been able to walk 3.was able to stop 4.had never been able to form S.can have S.was able to avert 7.can't find (isn't able to findj/won't be able to go S.has been able to concentrate 9.won't be able to make/won't be able to attend lO.can speak ll.were able to restore 12.were able to free 13.can play 14.couldn't afford/was able to buy IS.was able to get EXERCISE 11 l.must live 2.must be getting S.must have been driving 4.must be flying S.must not have been watering (must not have watered) G.must have been sailing 7.must have told S.must be snowing 9.must have been playing lO.must have 11.must be 12.must have happened 13.must have been expecting (must have expected) 14.must not have been expecting (must not have expected) 15.must be approaching EXERCISE 12 1.can't have broken 2.must be quarreling/might (may) get/may (might/could) adapt S.must not have believed (must not believe) 4.must not want (must not have wanted) S.could (may/might)...have done/must have set 6.must be/must be 7.must have failed/can't have failed/must not have got/must be S.can't have forgotten Q.must be sleeping/can't be sleeping/must not have returned 10.may (might/could) have been/couldn't (can't) have been/may (might/could) have called (or may (might/could) have been calling) 11.must be coming 12.may (might/could) be/can't be/must be 13.should (ought to) be able to 14.Could...be 15.may (might/could) get ( or may (might/could) be getting)/may (might/could) award (or may (might/could) be awarding) 16.may (might/could) be freezing 17.should (ought to) withstand IS.should (ought to) sell EXERCISE 13 l.have 2.be doing/be sleeping S.not answer 4.not have raised S.gave 6.hadn't asked 7.not have taken 8-didn't tease 9-hadn't mentioned lO.do (be doing)/walking (walk) > EXERCISE 14 I.He used to attend... 2.No change 3.No change 4.1n the past, women didn't use to have... 5-There used to be a boy...who always used to laugh whenever he used to get... 6.No change 7.Many years ago there used to be a small cotton mill...it had to close down. 8.No change 9.1n the days of the wild frontier, spurs on boots used to serve... 10.Children used to work ... until trade associations forced change. UNIT 3 EXERCISE 1 l.is being mown 2.is mown S.was mown 4.was being mown S.has been mown B.had been mown 7.will be mown 8.is going to be mown 9.will have been mown EXERCISE 2 l.are going to be planted by local people next weekend 2.was interviewed by the manager S.will be explained by the vice-president at the meeting tomorrow 4.was being guarded by some soldiers S.was crossed by Nils Nordenskjöld, a Swede, in a ship called the Vega 6.has not been approved for sale by the Food and Drug Administration/has already been tested on human volunteers by scientists 7.were destroyed by the rainstorm last week S.are effectively cured by the antibiotic penicillin 9.is looked after by volunteers lO.will have been provided with books by the school by the end of the week 11.is still left around the campsite by the campers 12.have been searched by the customs officers/will be passed IS.had not been stolen by grave robbers 14.is being plagued by a teenage gang 15.will be paid compensation by the council EXERCISES l.are exposed to extreme cold 2.is provided with a pair of shoes by a private fund every year S.was being vandalized by some youths 4.is being increased by 25 percent S.was written by George Eliot G.was sent special delivery 7.was loved by people across the globe S.has been taken/will be brought 9.hadn't yet been received lO.has been loaded onto the plane 11.is watched by everyone 12.have been destroyed since the beginning of the riots IS.had been beaten by Smith three times before in the 100-metre race 14.hadn't been agreed to/hadn't been rejected IS.will have been collected/is drawn 743

EXERCISE 4 1.Is that dictionary being used? 2.Which machines are being inspected today? S.How many species of monkey are kept here? 4.Has our rubbish been collected? 5.Who was interviewed by the manager yesterday? 6.By whom were the applicants interviewed yesterday? (Who/whom were the applicants interviewed by yesterday?) 7.What has been agreed upon? 8.1s all the fruit going to be gathered today? 9.What is going to be done? lO.By whom is your translation work done? (Who/whom is your translation work done by?) ll.Who was influenced by Sally at the meeting? 12.By whom was Sally's decision influenced at the meeting? (Who/whom was Sally's decision influenced by at the meeting?) 13.Are the windows cleaned regularly? 14. How much wheat is produced annually in this region? IS.Has the crossword been done yet? EXERCISE 5 l.\"I wish that in one instant you could be told of my safe arrival, but... 2.This sentence was written by Samuel Morse in a letter to his mother in 1811, when he was 20. 3.No change 4.No change (Cümle passive yapılabilir ama anlam doğal olmaz.) S.However, he was allowed to go to London to study art in 1811, after his work was praised by Gilbert Stuart. 6.When Samuel returned in 1815, he found that Americans were not interested in buying paintings. 7.He realized that very little money could be earned from painting portraits. S.Morse was inspired to invent the telegraph by a chance conversation while he... 9.He was told by a fellow passenger about European experiments in electromagnetism. 10.Morse remarked, \"If the presence of electricity can be made visible in any part of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence cannot be transmitted by electricity.\" 11.No change 12.No change IS.Thus, years of work and study were required for him to perfect his device. 14.His determination was greatly admired. IS.He was given practical help by the industrialist Alfred Vail, the physicist Joseph Henry, and others. 16.1n 1837 a patent was applied for on The American Electromagnetic Telegraph. 17....for his invention but was met with failure there as at home. IS.Finally, in 1843, $30,000 was appropriated by the United States Congress in order to build a line... 19.1n May 1844, the first message was flashed over this wire. 20.No change 21.Use was quickly found for the telegraph by newspapers, railroads, and businesses. 22.After the Western Union had been founded in 1856, wires were soon strung from coast to coast. 23.The problem had been worked on by other men of science, but Morse's invention was the basis of the land telegraph system. 24.The code of dots and dashes used in sending messages is still known as Morse code, in honour of its inventor. 25.When Morse died in 1872, on April 2, public memorials were held across the nation. EXERCISES l.For more than 4000 years, this sensuous cloth has been created by weavers from the strand of a mere worm and it has reigned supreme as the queen of fabrics. 2.No change 3.In the sixth century, according to legend, a supply of silkworms was brought back to the emperor Justinian by two monks. 4.Silk cloth has been made into many items, such as clothing, tapestries, and accessories. S.Traditionally, part of a Chinese woman's marriage dowry was formed by silk items, such as bedcovers. 6.Much-needed work is still provided by silk production in several poor but labour-rich countries. 7.Silkworms are raised by more than 10 million farmers in China today. S.About half a million workers are employed by(in) silk fabric production. 9.No change 10.Silkworms are still fed by the Empress of Japan on the palace grounds each spring. 11.Silk-making lessons are sponsored by the Queen of Thailand in her palace. 12.Silk is even used for certain components of tennis-racket strings, fly fishing lines, parachutes, and bicycle tires. 13.Silk has been used by surgeons to save lives, as wounds are easily stitched by the fine thread. 14.A silk kite was used by Benjamin Franklin during his famous experiments with electricity. 15-No change 16-Silk fibres are triangular, and so light is reflected by them. 17.A pearly sheen is built up by layers of protein, making silk a luxurious, sensuous fabric. 18-Its feel, its look, and even its smell are rejoiced in by designers. 19.\"Bombyx mori\", the most commonly cultivated silkworm, is raised domestically by farmers, but only where there are mulberry leaves. 20.No change 21.A tougher, rougher silk is produced by wild silkworms because they are more robust than their domesticated cousins. 22.Silk is also produced in Japan... 23.Though production techniques have been mechanized by the Japanese, many tasks are done by hand in other countries. 24.1n India, the whole family is involved in the craft of silk-making. 25.An unceasing trade from East to West has always been encouraged by the West's hunger for silk. 26.Two powerful civilizations -Rome and China - were linked by the silk trade route... 27.Although silk is widely available today, mainly the rich and famous are adorned by silk gowns. 744

EXERCISE? l.will be awarded a scholarship this year/will be awarded to ten students this year 2.were handed a menu/was handed to us 3.was sent someone else's bill/was sent to him 4.are served to the passengers/are served light refreshments 5.is going to be sent to us/are going to be sent a catalogue 6.were provided for the victims of the earthquake/were provided (with) tents 7.will be told the decision/will be told to you 8.were sold burglar alarms/were sold to old people EXERCISES l.was reported/occurred/was covered/arrived/had already frozen(had already been frozen)/were rescued(have been rescued) 2.are mined/are found S.has been rehearsed/will (is going to) be performed 4.was thought/disappointed S.has been discovered/is being cut down/fear/will be made 6.fell/led/were made/were killed/died/had not been built(were not built) 7.were rescued/hit(had hit) S.has been shown 9.was whispered/had whispered lO.is exposed 11.is held/starts/lasts/walk/run/is allowed/is referred (has been referred) 12.have just been given/have dialled IS.had been discardedfwere discarded)/leaked/caused/has since been declared 14.Has...been told 15.Will (Can)...tell EXERCISE 9 l.be encouraged 2.distinguish S.have been repaired 4.speak/be translated 5.be sold G.have been damagedfbe damaged)/be seen 7.be worn 8.find/have been thrown 9.be made/be washed 10.be relied/have taken 11.receive 12.be learned/be picked 13.be sent 14.send(be sending) 15.be taken EXERCISE 10 l.is locked 2.was locked 3.is situated 4.is creased 5.was blocked 6.wasn't interested 7.am exhausted 8.were worried 9.was dressed lO.is dented 11.was...crowded 12.isn't insured IS.was annoyed 14.is decorated/are all covered IS.are still damaged EXERCISE 11 l.from 2.of 3.with 4.to 5.with/at(about) 6.from 7.of 8.to(with) 9.with 10.to 11.to 12.with IS.with 14.for IS.against 16.with 17.with 18-for 19.on 20.to/in (with) EXERCISE 12 l.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.E 9.B 10.E ll.D 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.A 20.C 21.C 22.B 23.B 24.E 25.D EXERCISE 13 l.will get lost 2.got delayed S.get depressed 4.am getting concerned S.gets confused G.often get involved 7.was getting dressed 8.will get promoted 9.always gets encouraged lO.got damaged ll.gets embarrassed 12.got tired 13.will get better acquainted 14.are both getting excited IS.are getting divorced EXERCISE 14 l.B 2.C 3-D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.E ll.E 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C EXERCISE 15 1. couldn't have been saved/anyone 2.Nothing could be done 3-hasn't been opened/anyone 4.couldn't be deciphered/anyone/nothing could be found out S.couldn't be dissuaded from handing in his resignation/any 6.Nothing should be left unattended 7.been told nothing/been told anything S.Nothing can be achieved 9.hasn't been lived lO.Nothing has been done yet EXERCISE 16 1.likes being given 2.want/to be pulled down S.hate being cheated 4.expects/to be handed/are expected to hand S.are not authorized to be signed/is authorized to sign company cheques 6.would prefer her to be accompanied 7.dislike being interrupted S.need to be produced 9.is not permitted to be taken lO.asked the company to be considered 745

EXERCISE 17 1.is believed that the whale possesses/is believed to possess 2.was believed by people long ago that supernatural spirits controlled/were believed by people long ago to control S.was understood that the two men had been helped/were understood to have been helped 4.is supposed that he has left/is supposed to have left 5.is assumed that he is living/is assumed to be living 6.was alleged that he had made/was alleged to have made 7.is estimated that he lost/is estimated to have lost S.was observed that the firemen were having/were observed to be having 9.is assumed that the couple were arguing/are assumed to have been arguing lO.is reported that five thousand homes were destroyed/are reported to have been destroyed ll.it, expected that the company will sell/is expected to sell 12.is acknowledged by critics that his latest book is/is acknowledged by critics to be IS.fs said that he was/is said to have been 14.was known that he was/was known to be EXERCISE 18 a) l.was born 2.was S.became 4.was spent S.seldom saw 6.was brought 7.1oved S.gave (had given) 9.became lO.accompanied ll.had 12.was done IS.met 14.reasoned 15.be made 16.had anticipated 17.had permitted 18.were being built IQ.decided 20.were made 21.became 22.led 23.was never defeated 24.was killed 25.was stabbed b) l.C 2.E 3.B EXERCISE 19 a) l.is generally acknowledged 2.were based (are based) S.ventured (were venturing) 4.is believed S.reached 6.were not nailed 7.were stitched S.was made Q.decided lO.agreed 11.covered 12.supplied IS.was built 14.was shaped (had been shaped) IS.were drilled (had been drilled) 16.were used (had been used) 17.was brought (had been brought) IS.was made (had been made) 19.was named 20.was launched 21.gathered 22.travelled 23.set 24.came 25.was loaded 26.were sailing 27.had given (gave) 28.continued 29.arrived SO.had covered b) l.E 2.E 3.C EXERCISE 20 a) l.is 2.starts 3.is characterized 4.display S.began 6.displayed 7.was 8.is 9.was known lO.decided 11.could be done 12.began IS.means (meant) 14.was done IS.was then working le.completed 17.won IS.became 19.had previously been thought (was previously thought) 20.was granted 21.further developed 22.has frequently been attributed b) l.C 2.A 3.D EXERCISE 21 a) l.is situated 2.was built S.was completed (had been completed) 4.became S.were built 6.served 7.began 8. saw (had seen) 9.was outraged 10.was thrown 11.hired 12.had designed 13-built (had built) 14.were cleared IS.started (was started) 16.were involved 17.was completed (had been completed) IS.could accommodate 19.was completed 20.were renovated 21.had been damaged (were damaged) 22.were restored 23.is visited 24.are only admitted 25.serve b) l.D 2.B 3.C EXERCISE 22 a) l.have been 2.was devoted 3.won 4.was born S.gave 6.managed 7.began 8-grew 9.visited 10.was given 11.preferred 12.was encouraged (had been encouraged) 13.believed 14.were accepted IS.awarded 16.marked 17.received IS.was even made 19.had been awarded 20.undertook 21.is considered 22.is now displayed 23.are depicted 24.had ever been painted b) l.E 2.A 3-D UNTT4 EXERCISE 1 1.brings/can play 2.brought/could play S.had brought/could have played 4.give/won't resign S.gave/wouldn't resign 6.had given/wouldn't have resigned 7.could have avoided/hadn't been driving 8. were/wouldn't be 9.wouldn't contribute/didn't consider lO.require/will contact ll.wouldn't be leaving (wouldn't leave)/liked 12.had found/wouldn't have suffered IS.would have to/were 14.had learnt/would have made IS.is/will leave 746

EXERCISE 2 1.don't like/won't invite/won't invite/don't like 2.died/wasn't taken to the hospital immediately/wasn't taken to the hospital immediately/died 3-didn't give/couldn't find/didn't give/couldn't find 4.aren't taking/is 5.was talking/wasn't able to understand G.may (might) succeed/will be 7.am lying/is really hurting 8.told/swam 9.am trying/can afford lO.can't ring/don't know EXERCISE 3 1.see/will ask 2.wouldn't have failed/had worked S.wouldn't have had/had been driving 4.would make/weren't 5.would attend/didn't work (wasn't working) 6.had joined/wouldn't have got 7.were/wouldn't spend S.doesn't improve/will have to 9.would like/had lO.would have enjoyed/had had 11. would like/had 12.hadn't resisted/might not have killed 13.hadn't chosen/would have been sitting/might have been injured 14.don't have/can do IS.were/would be EXERCISE 4 l.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.E 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.E 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.D 23.C 24.E 25.A 26.E 27.B 28.C 29.A 30.E EXERCISE 5 I.You will never get fit unless you exercise regularly. 2.Unless you know what you're talking about, you'd better keep quiet. 3.Unless you change your attitude, I'll stop being friends with you. 4.The angry mother warned her children that unless they ate their green beans, they wouldn't be getting any dessert. S.She couldn't have got the lead role unless she had impressed the judges. 6.Don't interrupt me while I'm working unless it is absolutely necessary. EXERCISE 6 I.She will take a postgraduate course at university even if she doesn't get a scholarship. 2.He didn't write to me, but even if he had, I wouldn't have made an effort to get in touch. 3.We have to pay the rent today even if it leaves us short of cash. 4.Even if they are unable to come to the party, we should still invite them. S.They didn't offer him a company car, but even if they had, he would still have quit. 6.Even if you apologize a thousand times, he will never forgive you. EXERCISE? l.If 2.unless 3.if 4.if S.unless G.if 7.unless 8.if 9.unless lO.unless EXERCISE 8 l.in case 2.in case 3.if 4.in case S.If 6.1f 7.1n case 8.if 9.if lO.in case EXERCISE 9 I.I wouldn't have to attend tomorrow's meeting if I'd attended the one last week. 2.1f he wasn't so unpopular with his colleagues, he'd have been invited on the trip to Cappadocia. 3.1f they'd treated the waste properly, the North Sea wouldn't be so heavily polluted now. 4. If you'd thought about your decision carefully, you wouldn't be regretting it now. S.If he didn't make so many silly mistakes, he'd have been given the promotion he wanted. 6.1f we'd taken the meat out of the freezer before leaving for work, we could have steak for dinner. 7.1f my father hadn't worked so hard all his life, he wouldn't be able to afford a pleasant retirement now. S.If he had any taste, he wouldn't have worn a yellow shirt and a purple tie to the interview. 9.If the buyer for our house hadn't changed his mind, we wouldn't still be living here. 10.If she'd let anyone discourage her, she wouldn't be successful now. EXERCISE 10 1. You handed your project in late, and now the teacher is deducting five percent from your grade. 2. Elephants are an endangered species because so many of them have been killed for their ivory tusks. S.He's not a bit reasonable like his father, so he caused the firm to become insolvent. 4.1 didn't study hard for the exam, and now it seems very difficult to me. S.You are reprimanding (reprimand) your daughter for her faults all the time, so she didn't develop (hasn't developed) a close relationship with you. 6.Local people campaigned for two years, and now cyclists are able to use this separate cycle path. 7.The winter snow hasn't thawed completely, so we can't take a different route down into the valley. S.You didn't allow your sister to use your computer, and now she's sulking in her room. 9.Because they gave him encouragement and opportunities, their son made rapid progress. 10.We can't take a walk along the coast because the wind is blowing very strongly. 10 Q EL» 747

EXERCISE 11 l.Were I him, I wouldn't spend so much on one thing. 2.Were the weather not so cold today, we would spend the day outside. 3.Had the skiers not ignored the clearly posted avalanche warning signs, seven members of the group would still be alive. 4.Were it not really important for him, I wouldn't swap shifts with Jamie. 5.Were the railway authorities to improve the conditions on long distance trains, more people would travel on them. 6.Should you not follow your doctor's orders, you may face unpleasant side effects. 7.Were they more interested in their children's achievements, the children would try harder. S.Should you want any tahletefr\"a\"t\"ioonnsattioonthsenaodt vfoerutgishetm, tehnert,epwleoauslednc'ot nbteacstuuchs before the end of the week. 9.Had the ancestors of passionate hostility today between the Turks and the Greeks. lO.Had the boy scouts been given proper supervision, the accident wouldn't have happened. 11.Were he to take his work more seriously, his staff might do the same. 12.Had I known that you were in the hospital last week, I would have visited you. EXERCISE 12 l.would be 2.would have hit S.would visit 4.hadn't won 5. would have completed/wouldn't be running 6.would have gone/didn't have 7.don't make S.hadn't been bombed 9.would have refused 10.finish/can leave 11.must be/wouldn't attract (wouldn't be attracting) 12.wouldn't be/had been defeated IS.were led/would have 14.wouldn't be considering (wouldn't consider) IS.could have played 16.Had...known/wouldn't have offered 17.(Should...need 18. would... do/broke EXERCISE 13 1.could have been/would have really enjoyed 2.weren't S.hadn't taken (wouldn't take) 4.would stop S.were/would end G.were (was) sittingfwas sitting)/drinking/watching 7.had telephoned S.had brought 9.would stop/would...like/pulled lO.hadn't interrupted (hadn't been interrupting) 11.could have seen 12.had IS.hadn't rejected 14.didn't contain 15.were/could be 16.were (was) coming 17.were set (had been set) IS.would stop EXERCISE 14 l.are baking 2.will be (is going to be) S.had happened (has happened) 4.is going to snow 5.were snowing 6.had been hit 7.didn't believe 8.were/had (have) 9.were lO.had climbed 11.did (has done/had done) 12.are 13.had been punched 14.had marched (had been marching) IB.will not have completed 16.had been chosen UNIT 5 EXERCISE 1 l.what the purpose of his visit is 2.where I left my keys S.how long you have been learning English 4.how she knows my address 5.Why they chose him as the new chairman 6.What they are talking about 7.what can be done in this situation S.what you can do in this situation 9.how many people have come to the party so far lO.Who helped him to escape from jail 11.who she went on holiday with 12.when we will be able to pick up our tickets 13. whom the police interviewed about the incident 14.whose signature this is IS.where the customer file could be 16.how he copes with so many children in the class 17.how long this has been going on 18.how long it took her to knit this cardigan 19.When they will move into their new house 20.whose jacket you are wearing EXERCISE 2 2.How much deposit do they require?/how much deposit they require S.How long is the longest ski run?/how long the longest ski run is 4.What is temperature measured with?/what temperature is measured with S.How much was raised at the school fund-raiser?/How much was raised at the school fund-raiser 6.How often does Alice come to the office?/how often Alice comes to the office 7.How did you get my phone number?/how you got my phone number S.Where did they suddenly run off to?/where they suddenly ran off to 9.How long did their holiday last?/how long their holiday lasted 10.Who is the man standing behind our literature teacher?/who the man standing behind our literature teacher is 11.Whose father is the man talking to the teacher?/whose father the man talking to the teacher is 12.Whom(Who) did she go to the party with?/whom (who) she went to the party with IS.What are the foreign representatives going to do after the meeting?/what the foreign representatives are going to do after the meeting 14.When is their golden wedding anniversary party?/when their golden wedding anniversary party is 15-Which sweater did she end up buying?/which sweater she ended up buying 16.How many people does she have to look after apart from her son?/how many people she has to look after apart from her son 17.How tall is that building?/how tall that building is 18-By whom was \"rung Lear\" written? (Who/Whom was \"rung Lear\" written by?)/whom (who) \"King Lear\" was written by 19.Which one is the best of all?/which one is the best of all 20.Whose fault was it that the project wasn't prepared in time?/whose fault it was that the project wasn't prepared in time 748

EXERCISE 3 1.Whether (or not) they can explore the whole universe someday (or not) 2.whether (or not) he is enjoying his new job (or not) 3.if (whether) the shop can deliver the sofa by Friday (or not) 4.if (whether) it gets very cold there in the winter (or not) 5. Whether (or not) they are going to accept the offer on the house (or not) 6.if (whether) they were given enough time to complete the project (or not) 7.Whether (or not) he got the promotion (or not) S.whether (or not) they should apply a long time in advance (or not) Q.whether (or not) he is going to request a transfer (or not) 10.Whether (or not) she spoke to the manager today (or not) EXERCISE 4 l.what they were doing in the warehouse 2.if (whether) the invitations have been sent out yet S.which hospital they have taken the injured boy to 4.How many children the school has in each class 5.Why he left the company 6.if (whether) the film version of the book will be successful 7.Whether (or not) he has made up his mind about his major at university 8.who/whom Veronica married 9. if (whether) Sarah was at work today lO.What they were talking about 11.which car they bought in the end 12.if (whether) he has a valid excuse for not coming to work yesterday 13.where she picked up such silly ideas 14.if (whether) this could be the end of their relationship IS.How much money Richard has made with his new business EXERCISE 5 l.How 2.What S.How much 4.What on earth (What in the world) S.How 6.What 7.How much 8.When on earth (When in the world) Q.How on earth (How in the world) lO.How ll.Who on earth (Who in the world) 12.Where on earth (Where in the world) 13.What 14.Why on earth (Why in the world) IS.How much EXERCISE 6 1.whoever 2.whomever (whoever) 3.whichever 4.whatever 5.Whoever 6.whichever 7.however 8.whenever G.wherever lO.whenever 11.wherever 12.whichever 13.Whomever (Whoever) 14. However 15. Whatever EXERCISE? l.E 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.E 9.A 10.C EXERCISE 8 l.(that) she had got his letter just as she was getting (had been getting) ready to phone him 2.he didn't have a clue what he was talking about 3.she was bored and there was nothing on TV 4.{that) future generations must find alternatives to fossil fuels 5.he had stayed in Saudi Arabia for three years, so he could speak Arabic fluently 6.the incident hasn't been reported properly by the newspapers 7.she had left Turkey two years before S.she had paid a fortune for that blouse and it had faded after just one wash 9.she had forgotten to pick up his suit from the dry-cleaner's lO.(that) she is having a very enjoyable time there 11.(that) he might be a bit late for the meeting the next day 12. (that) -we had to (must/would have to) start right away if we wanted to complete our term papers in time 13.they would probably go to the beach this week 14.(that) she was going to help her mother that night IS.(that) it must be very difficult to live in a cold climate 16.he wanted to view the house for sale in Castle Road 17.they expected that house to sell very quickly IS.in that case, he had to (would have to/must) view it that day if that was possible 19.he could view it the following day because the owner would have brought them the keys by then 20.he would meet him outside the property with the keys at 9 a.m. if that was convenient for him . . EXERCISE 9 1.if/whether I had seen my teacher the day before 2.if/whether she might use our telephone 3.if/whether it was raining (had been raining) heavily when she had left for work 4.how many rolls I would like 5.if/whether he had found the book he had been looking for 6.who is responsible for organizing the meeting 7.if/whether she had a good recipe for chocolate cake S.how long Mrs. Evans had been waiting for a reply 9.who the woman standing behind me was lO.when I had last checked the oil in my car 11.why his wife had abandoned him 12.if/whether you are experiencing any pain 13.if/whether he could tell him how much it cost 14.which charities are helping with the relief effort 15-how much longer they were going to produce cars at a loss 749

EXERCISE 10 1.to wait there until I came back 2.to wash his hands before he sat at the table 3.to put their toys away after they had finished playing with them 4.not to accept the job if I considered it to be unprofitable S.not to make too much noise while the baby was sleeping 6.to take good care of myself while I was away 7.to find myself a better job 8.to wear sunglasses if the sun was really strong 9.not to leave with the rest of the class/to stay behind lO.not to worry/(to) be happy 11.to look in his rear view mirror before pulling out 12. to put all our litter in the bins 13.not to worry about making grammar mistakes during open discussions 14.not to expect drivers to stop at pedestrian crossings in Rome IS.to empty the contents into a cup, (to) add water, and (to) stir well EXERCISE 11 1. shouted/to stop talking/said that we had to show some respect for our fellow classmates 2.asked/if (whether) I could post that letter/he wanted her to receive it by the weekend 3.told/that they would provide some drawing materials/(that) it was better to take our own 4.told/(that) the queue was too long/they would have sold out of tickets before we got to the counter 5.told/not to look up lots of words/(to) try to guess the meaning from the context 6.asked/why she thought his plant was dying/if (whether) it needed more water 7. told/(that) my hair looked lovely/asked/where I had got it done 8.warned/not to walk about after dark/it was dangerous around the city 9.told/to be quiet/asked/what they were talking about anyway 10.told/not to stick their fingers in the cages/the birds sometimes pecked people's fingers ll.told/(that) he didn't have enough cash with him/asked/if (whether) they accepted credit cards 12.told/not to withdraw too much money from our bank account/we wouldn't be paid for another couple of weeks 13.asked/if (whether) I was sure my information was accurate/said/she had never heard of such nonsense 14.asked/what he thought the problem with the car was/if (whether) it needed a service 15.said/that pen wasn't hers/that she thought it was Alice's EXERCISE 12 (note: \"neither\" yerine \"nor\" da kullanabilirsiniz.) 1.neither is 2.neither was 3-hadn't either 4.so have S.does too 6.neither did 7.hasn't either 8.so would 9.has either lO.so should 11.do too 12.so does IS.didn't either 14.neither must IS.may too IG.won't either 17.neither could IS.neither is 19.can too 20.so should EXERCISE 13 I.I think so 2.I'm afraid not 3.1 hope not 4.1'm afraid so 5.1 expect not (I don't expect so) 6.1t appears so 7.1 think so 8.1 expect so 9.1 suppose so 10.1 don't think so 11.I'm afraid so 12.It doesn't appear so 13.lt seems so 14.1 think so 15.1'm afraid not EXERCISE 14 1.doesn't it 2.will you S.shall we 4.have you 5.do they 6.haven't you 7.do they S.mustn't there 9.mustn't it lO.can you (or would they) 11.can she 12.must you 13.did they 14.was it IS.didn't there 16.wasn't she 17.does she 18-have they 19.will you 20.wouldn't he EXERCISE 15 l.C 2.B 3.E 4.D 5.D 6.E 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.D UNTT6 EXERCISE 1 (sample answers) 1. Buying second-hand clothes 2.Working night shifts 3. Crawling 4.Trying to change her mind 5. Learning about different cultures 6. Reading in dim light EXERCISE 2 (sample answers) a) 1. sitting outside in the sun reading a book 2.maintaining education standards at a high level S.having to learn to live without much peace and quiet 4.1earning the language and culture b) S.learning to think in English rather than in their own language B.learning to play several musical instruments 7. preserving traditional Turkish culture against American cultural influence S.never really having any privacy 750