HCM - Biên niên tiểu sử

["T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 Th\u00e1ng 11, trong th\u00e1ng 1929 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c r\u1eddi Xi\u00eam \u0111i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Xi\u00eam, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong phong tr\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, khi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf Xi\u00eam, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1eef k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sinh nghi, tung m\u1eadt th\u00e1m d\u00f2 t\u00ecm. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft. G\u1eb7p khi nguy hi\u1ec3m qu\u00e1, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a, t\u1ea1m c\u1eaft t\u00f3c \u0111i tu \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c r\u1eddi Xi\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, Tr\u1ea7n D\u00e2n Ti\u00ean trong Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00d4ng1) bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Xi\u00eam. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0n l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi anh em Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng... Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 hai: v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u201cT\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cH\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam Thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed\u201d l\u1ea1i chia ra hai nh\u00f3m. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 ba \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u201cH\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam Thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed\u201d ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc lo l\u1eafng. V\u00ec chia r\u1ebd th\u00ec suy y\u1ebfu\u201d. -\t Tr\u1ea7n D\u00e2n Ti\u00ean: Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1975, tr. 76, 78, 79. 1)\tCh\u1ec9 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c (B.T). 331","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec Th\u00e1ng 12, ng\u00e0y 23 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. -\t B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 18-2-1930 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c g\u1eedi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. 332","CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH V\u00c0 B\u1ea2N CH\u1ec8 D\u1eaaN T\u00caN NG\u01af\u1edcI 333","CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH 1. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1edf Trung K\u1ef3: N\u0103m 1908, \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Trung K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng s\u01b0u cao thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111i lao d\u1ecbch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Phong tr\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, sau lan r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, Ngh\u1ec7 An, Thanh H\u00f3a. H\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 2. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 5, phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u1eadp t\u1eaft trong m\u00e1u l\u1eeda. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang h\u1ecdc \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p - Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ec9nh Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tham gia phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y. Tr. 21. 2. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb V\u00e9cx\u00e2y (Versailles): N\u0103m 1918, Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Ng\u00e0y 18-6-1919, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tham gia chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ecdp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf V\u00e9cx\u00e2y (Ph\u00e1p). H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Pari, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i chia ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00fat h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thua tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e9cx\u00e2y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 M\u1ef9, Anh, Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e2n danh Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb V\u00e9cx\u00e2y b\u1ea3n Y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n An Nam. Tr.48. 334","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 3. B\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9: T\u1edd b\u00e1o h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p do Gi\u0103ng Gi\u00f4r\u00e9t (Jean Jaur\u00e8s) s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1904. Sau \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XVIII (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tua), \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, b\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y. Tr.52. 4. B\u00e1o Le Populaire: T\u1edd b\u00e1o ra h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u1edf Pari t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5-1916, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb sau \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tua (12-1920), Le Populaire ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (SFIO). B\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Th\u00e1ng 8-1944, b\u00e1o t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n. Th\u00e1ng 2-1970 th\u00ec \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y. Tr.54. 5. H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean minh nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1898 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p do s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p T\u01a1rari\u01a1 (Trarieux) nh\u00e2n v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u00camin D\u00f4la (\u00c9mile Zola). Tr.59. 6. T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u00e1p: Vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 CGT (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration G\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Travail), th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1895, b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch ra l\u1eadp T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (CGTU) do Gaxt\u00f4ng M\u00f4ngm\u00fatx\u00f4 (Gaston Monmousseau) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u00e1ng 3-1936, hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CGT v\u00e0 CGTU \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i. Tr.63. 7. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, trung t\u00e2m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1919 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1943. 335","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec Do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga n\u0103m 1917 v\u00e0 sau khi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, th\u00e1ng 1-1919, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1i t\u1ea3 tham gia \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba). H\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1ng 3-1919, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin, c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a 30 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i M\u00e1txc\u01a1va. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. S\u01a1 th\u1ea3o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i II Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (1920) th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tin theo L\u00eanin v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba. Th\u00e1ng 5-1943, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110o\u00e0n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Tr.66. 8. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga: Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch Nga, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 V.I. L\u00eanin, ng\u00e0y 7-11-1917 (t\u1ee9c 336","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 ng\u00e0y 25-10 theo l\u1ecbch Nga), giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Nga \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f9ng d\u1eady l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4vi\u1ebft do V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp tan b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi: Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi - th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, soi s\u00e1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr.67. 9. B\u00e1o La D\u00e9p\u00eache Coloniale: B\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Pari t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8-1896. Sau \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh La D\u00e9p\u00eache Coloniale et Maritime. Tr.68. 10. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf II: Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1889 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean minh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Pari theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph. \u0102ngghen. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf II \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi Ph. \u0102ngghen m\u1ea5t, c\u01a1 quan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf II r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. B\u1ecdn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, thay th\u1ebf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u201ch\u1ee3p t\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p\u201d, \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, v.v. v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf II \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Tr.76. 337","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec 11. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XVIII \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Tua (Ph\u00e1p) t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 25 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 30-12-1920, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00ean gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf III hay \u1edf l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf II. V\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (3.208 phi\u1ebfu t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, 1.022 phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng), \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf III. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c tham gia \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf III v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p. Tr.84. 12. B\u00e1o Le Matin: T\u1edd b\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Pari t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2-1884. Tr.84. 13. B\u00e1o Le Libertaire: Tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 - c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do Ph\u00e1p, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Pari t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1895. Tr.91. 14. Tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u: Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u00e1c li\u1ec7t di\u1ec5n ra trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y (t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 21-5 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 27-5-1871) c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang Pari ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00e9cx\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Pari. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Qu\u00e2n V\u00e9cx\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch man r\u1ee3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ecdi tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cTu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u\u201d. Tr.98. 15. Ban Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ban L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e1ng 6-1921. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Ban \u0111\u00e3 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n trong nh\u00e2n 338","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Ban \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ban \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tr.99. 16. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean: Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean th\u00e1ng 8-1917. \u0110\u00eam 30-8-1917, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i C\u1ea5n (t\u1ee9c Tr\u1ecbnh V\u0103n C\u1ea5n) v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc Quy\u1ebfn, binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5. Sau s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc Quy\u1ebfn hy sinh, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5, chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, V\u0129nh Y\u00ean, Ph\u00fac Y\u00ean, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y. Do b\u1ecb truy n\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n. Ng\u00e0y 11-1-1918, \u0110\u1ed9i C\u1ea5n t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdn kh\u00ed ti\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Tr.106. 17. H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, do Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp th\u00e1ng 7-1921, t\u1ea1i Pari. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 200 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf trong H\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ma\u0111ag\u00e1txca. Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c. C\u01a1 quan tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 b\u00e1o Le Paria. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1926, h\u1ed9i ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr.108. 18. H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u00e1cx\u00e2y: N\u0103m 1922, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 M\u00e1cx\u00e2y (mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p), Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf H\u1ed9i 339","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec ch\u1ee3 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt mang t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p sang, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao \u201ckhai h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf v\u1ed1n kinh doanh v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Tr.131. 19. H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m (Franc-Ma\u00e7onnerie): Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, h\u1ecd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m (tam \u0111i\u1ec3m): h\u1eefu \u00e1i (Fraternit\u00e9), gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau (Mutualit\u00e9) v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft (Solidarit\u00e9), kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. H\u1ed9i k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00e1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ebf, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khai t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u00ed huy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. Tr.133. 20. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1923, nh\u1eb1m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1ecdp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10-1923, t\u1ea1i M\u00e1txc\u01a1va. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. T\u1ea1i 340","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Tr.187. 21. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng): Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i M\u00e1txc\u01a1va (Li\u00ean X\u00f4) n\u0103m 1921, theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v.v.. Trong g\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Sau khi v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 sang h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta nh\u01b0: Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa, L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Minh Khai, v.v.. Tr.193. 341","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec 22. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: M\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ba ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1p li\u1ec1n ba v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, \u00cagi\u00ea v\u00e0 H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i. Trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 x\u00e2u x\u00e9 ngay ch\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Xev\u01a1r\u01a1, th\u00e1ng 8-1920). S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng l\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f2i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00e1ng 11-1922, K\u00eaman, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u201cTh\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1ebb\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn; th\u00e1ng 10-1923, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a; th\u00e1ng 4-1924, ban h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i g\u00ec. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00e1ng 9-1920, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i cu\u1ed9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat t\u1edbi 50 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. Th\u00e1ng 11-1923, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf C\u00f4ngxtantin\u1ed1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 K\u00eaman \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p h\u1ecd. Theo d\u00f5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u201cNh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn n\u1eefa\u201d. Tr.196. 23. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Li\u00f4ng: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdp \u1edf Li\u00f4ng (Ph\u00e1p) th\u00e1ng 1-1924. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u1ea5n 342","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1. Tr.201. 24. T\u1eadp san Inprekorr: Vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft t\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed International Press correspondence (b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh), c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p, Nga. Tr.204. 25. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a V.I. L\u00eanin, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u1edf B\u00e9clin (\u0110\u1ee9c) t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 20 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 26-11-1919 (c\u00f3 29 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a 13 n\u01b0\u1edbc tham d\u1ef1) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n b\u1ed9. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf 56 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin trong thanh ni\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho thanh ni\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1943, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Thanh ni\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n. Tr.214. 26. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 V Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17-6 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 8-7-1924 t\u1ea1i M\u00e1txc\u01a1va. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1918 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1923 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng 343","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ph\u00e1i h\u1eefu v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1txk\u00edt. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ba l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Tr. 214. 27. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ecf: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1923 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f2i tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb giam c\u1ea7m. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n hy sinh hay b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y v\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ecf c\u00f3 chi nh\u00e1nh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1927, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t chi nh\u00e1nh C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tr.220. 28. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ecf (Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n): T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23-7-1921, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1937. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Amxt\u00e9c\u0111am (Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n) v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ed1ng nguy c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4vi\u1ebft. Tr.220. 344","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 29. B\u00e1o Thanh ni\u00ean: C\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Thanh ni\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 1 ra ng\u00e0y 21-6-1925 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 107 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 108 ra ng\u00e0y 28-7-1929 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1: C\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Thanh ni\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u1edf g\u00f3c tr\u00e1i ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ng\u00f4i sao nh\u1ecf n\u0103m c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh b\u00faa li\u1ec1m thay cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u00f4i sao to tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. B\u00e1o d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng do kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00e1ch quan n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ef3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 hai trang ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n trang, kh\u1ed5 gi\u1ea5y 18 x 24cm, in lit\u00f4. T\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng hai th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef: ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. B\u00e1o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, tin t\u1ee9c, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, v.v.. M\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in kho\u1ea3ng 100 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt g\u1eedi cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf Xi\u00eam. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o Thanh ni\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y: - \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. - C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng. - Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. - \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. - C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. - C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. - H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, v.v.. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u00fat ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Thanh ni\u00ean nh\u01b0 L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng S\u01a1n, H\u1ed3 T\u00f9ng M\u1eadu, L\u00ea Duy \u0110i\u1ebfm c\u0169ng tham gia trong ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o Thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, l\u1eddi l\u1ebd gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, trong s\u00e1ng, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u1edd b\u00e1o Thanh ni\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 345","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i h\u1ed9i. B\u00e1o Thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1930. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o Thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u00e0y 21-6 h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0y b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr.255. 30. Phong tr\u00e0o 30-5: M\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1eeb sau \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c (1-1925), phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, Thanh \u0110\u1ea3o l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00e2m m\u01b0u d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft phong tr\u00e0o. Ng\u00e0y 14-5, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 sa th\u1ea3i v\u00f4 l\u00fd c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngay ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n C\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh H\u1ed3ng, b\u1eafn b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u0103m ph\u1eabn cao \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y 30-5, trong cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt tinh c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 2.000 h\u1ecdc sinh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u0103m ph\u1eabn, t\u1eadp trung tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea1i giam \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. L\u00ednh Anh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u201c30-5\u201d. Ng\u00e0y 31-5, T\u1ed5ng C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5 ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, b\u00e3i th\u1ecb, b\u00e3i kh\u00f3a. Ng\u00e0y 7-6, H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p C\u00f4ng - Th\u01b0\u01a1ng - H\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 20 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11-6 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua 17 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. 346","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 Phong tr\u00e0o \u201c30-5\u201d \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t cao tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u1edf C\u1ea3ng T\u1ec9nh (H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng - Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u) c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia cu\u1ed9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y. Tr.256. 31. B\u1ea3n \u00e1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p: L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn do Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 qu\u00e1n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (Librairie du Travail) Pari, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1925. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ra \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1eefa l\u00fac l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111ang d\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp B\u1eafc - Trung - Nam; v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa l\u00fac Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. Ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang l\u1edbn trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u1edbi l\u1eddi v\u0103n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n \u0111anh th\u00e9p nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c t\u00e0y tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i... B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1t l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ea1ch ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba; th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0111i theo l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c: \u201cV\u00f4 s\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i!\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh. 347","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m B\u1ea3n \u00e1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p; v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc - ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chung trong h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tr.269. 32. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh: L\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Thanh ni\u00ean do Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1925 - 1927. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1930. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u1edf \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1927 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr.292. 33. Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn gi\u1eefa giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n 348","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, do nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Anbe Anhxtanh (Albert Einstein), H\u0103ngri B\u00e1cbu\u00fdt (Henri Barbusse), v.v. s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u1edf Br\u00facxen (Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ec9) th\u00e1ng 2-1927. T\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf B\u00e9clin (\u0110\u1ee9c), sau chuy\u1ec3n sang M\u00e1txc\u01a1va, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chi nh\u00e1nh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e1ng 7-1929, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tr.306. 34. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng trong n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n: B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf M\u00e1txc\u01a1va v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1927 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928 (Theo Hu\u1ef3nh Kim Kh\u00e1nh: Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1925 - 1945, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1972). Trong cu\u1ed1n Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang do A. Neuberg tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n n\u0103m 1970, b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. Erich Wolleuberg, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1924, trong l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII: C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng trong n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (c\u1ea3 349","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n), v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du k\u00edch trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh du k\u00edch, Kinh nghi\u1ec7m du k\u00edch T\u00e0u, Kinh nghi\u1ec7m du k\u00edch Nga, l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 ta t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1941 tr\u1edf \u0111i, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m sau n\u00e0y. Tr.308. 35. \u1ee6y ban Xim\u00f4ng: T\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ee6y ban nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 do Xim\u00f4ng l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. Gi\u00f4n Anx\u01a1br\u00fac Xim\u00f4ng (1873 - 1954) l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 Anh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Xim\u00f4ng l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n chia c\u1eaft \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c theo s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cchia \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb\u201d. Tr.312. 36. MOPR (T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng): \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9-1921 t\u1ea1i B\u00e9clin (\u0110\u1ee9c), t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4vi\u1ebft. Sau n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1935, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c chi b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr.313. 350","B\u1ea2N CH\u1ec8 D\u1eaaN T\u00caN NG\u01af\u1edcI B B\u00d4R\u00d4\u0110IN M.M. (t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Grudenb\u00e9c) (Mikhail Markovich Borodin) (1884 - 1951): \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch Nga t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1903. N\u0103m 1915 l\u00e0 B\u00ed th\u01b0 Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Riga c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (b) Nga. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1918, l\u01b0u vong \u1edf M\u1ef9. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1918 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1922, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf B\u1ed9 D\u00e2n \u1ee7y Ngo\u1ea1i giao Li\u00ean bang C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4vi\u1ebft Nga v\u00e0 trong Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1923 - 1927, l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n D\u1eadt Ti\u00ean. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1927, l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch D\u00e2n \u1ee7y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n x\u00e3 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. BLUM, L\u00ca\u00d4NG (L\u00e9on Andr\u00e9 Blum) (1872 - 1950): Nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat b\u00e1o Le Populaire - c\u01a1 quan Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1919, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tua (n\u0103m 1920), thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p (th\u00e1ng 6-1936 - th\u00e1ng 6-1937). T\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. B\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Visy (Vichy) b\u1eaft, \u0111\u00e0y sang \u0110\u1ee9c (1942 - 1945). Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12-1946 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1947, l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. 351","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec C CASANH, M\u00c1CXEN (Marcel Cachin) (1869 - 1958): Nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1918, l\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean b\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9 - c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1918 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3. Casanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. \t N\u0103m 1920, \u00f4ng tham gia \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p. \t T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1943, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Casanh c\u00f2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ee6y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p. \t N\u0103m 1957, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eb7ng Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00eanin. CL\u00caM\u0102NGX\u00d4, GIO\u00d3CGI\u01a0 B\u0102NGGIA (Georges Benjamin Clemenceau) (1841 - 1929): V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sau ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 II s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 (4-9- 1870), ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p (1906 - 1909). N\u0103m 1920, b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong tranh c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Cl\u00eam\u0103ngx\u00f4 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch. C\u00d4LAR\u1ed0P, VAXIN P\u00caT\u01a0R\u1ed0P (Vasil Petra Kolarov) (1877 - 1950): Nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Bungari v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Bungari t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1897. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1897 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00f3m m\u00e1cx\u00edt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1905, t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XII \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Bungari (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1i h\u1eb9p), \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban 352","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1921, l\u00e0 \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1922 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1924, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng \u0110imit\u01a1r\u1ed1p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00e1ng 9-1923 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng sang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1945. \t T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1945 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1946, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch l\u00e2m th\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Bungari khi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1947 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1950, l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Bungari. CUTUYARI\u00ca, P\u00d4N VAY\u0102NG (Paul Vaillant Couturier) (1892 - 1937): M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m b\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p (n\u0103m 1919). \t T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tua n\u0103m 1920, P\u00f4n Vay\u0103ng Cutuyari\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng l\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, b\u1eaft li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Li\u00ean X\u00f4. D D\u00c9TKIN, CLARA (Clara Zetkin) (1857 - 1933): N\u1eef chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Xp\u00e1ctaqu\u00fdt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c. 353","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec DIN\u00d4VI\u00c9P, RA\u0110\u00d4M\u01afXL\u01a0XKI G.E. (Grigory Yevseyevich Radomyslsky Zinoviev) (1883 - 1936): Gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nga n\u0103m 1901. Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch X\u00f4vi\u1ebft P\u00eat\u01a1r\u00f4gr\u00e1t, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (b) Nga, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i; n\u0103m 1934, b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb h\u1eb3n kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. DUY T\u00c2N (1900 - 1945): T\u1ee9c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh San, vua th\u1ee9 11 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1916. Duy T\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng vua y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 1916, \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Phi\u00ean v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Cao V\u00e2n trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang ph\u1ee5c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 binh l\u00ednh b\u1ecb m\u1ed9 sang Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam Trung K\u1ef3. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh. Duy T\u00e2n b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1ea3o R\u00eauyni\u00f4ng (ch\u00e2u Phi). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Duy T\u00e2n gia nh\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt; n\u0103m 1945, m\u1ea5t v\u00ec tai n\u1ea1n m\u00e1y bay \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. \u0110 \u0110\u00c1CL\u01a0, \u00d4GU\u00ddTXT\u01a0 (Augustine Darles) (1876 - 1940): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u1eed nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1906, sang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng; l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t do \u0110\u1ed9i C\u1ea5n (Tr\u1ecbnh V\u0103n C\u1ea5n) v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc Quy\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 huy (th\u00e1ng 8-1917). \u0110UME, P\u00d4N (Paul Doumer) (1857 - 1932): Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p (ph\u00e1i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn) c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1888 - 1895. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1895 - 1896, 1921 - 1922. To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1896 - 1902. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1927. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1931. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch 354","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 Indochine - Fran\u00e7aise (\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p hay \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p). B\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u0103m 1932. \u0110UYCL\u00d4 GI\u1eaeCC\u01a0 (Jacques Duclos) (1896 - 1975): Nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1921. N\u0103m 1926 l\u00e0m \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1931, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed v\u00e0o B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1935, l\u00e0m \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \t Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi M. T\u00f4r\u00ea, G. \u0110uycl\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Pari (n\u0103m 1944) gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m Tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p. G. \u0110uycl\u00f4 l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p (1946 - 1952), Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p (n\u0103m 1959). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1919, 1946, 1957 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. G G\u0102NG\u0110I, M\u00d4HAN\u0110\u00c1T KARAMSAN (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) (1869 - 1948): Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, M.K. G\u0103ng\u0111i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng coi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (1919 - 1922), M.K. G\u0103ng\u0111i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 355","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u0103m 1946, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M.K. G\u0103ng\u0111i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0 Mah\u00e1tma ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. N\u0103m 1948, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1m s\u00e1t. K KH\u1ea2I \u0110\u1ecaNH (1882 - 1925): T\u1ee9c Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac B\u1eedu \u0110\u1ea3o, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Tu\u1ea5n, vua th\u1ee9 12 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. N\u0103m 1916, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1925. Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. KH\u00c1NH K\u00dd (1874 - 1946): T\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n D\u01b0 Kh\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng Lai X\u00e1, x\u00e3 Kim Chung, huy\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, sang Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1911 - 1912. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho Phan Chu Trinh l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y Phan Chu Trinh \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c. L L\u00caNIN, VLA\u0110IMIA IL\u00cdCH (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) (1870 - 1924): L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n B\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch Nga v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. K\u1ebf t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen, V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch 356","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c (tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e1cx\u00edt, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc m\u00e1cx\u00edt, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc), gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Trong b\u1ea3n S\u01a1 th\u1ea3o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (n\u0103m 1920), V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. LI\u00d4T\u00c2Y, LUI UYBE G\u00d4NGDAV\u01a0 (Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey) (1854 - 1934): Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f3 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1894, Li\u00f4t\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1912, l\u00e0m T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Mar\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1916 - 1917, l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Chi\u1ebfn tranh. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, Li\u00f4t\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 huy nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00f2i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. L\u01a0PHEVR\u01a0, RAYM\u00d4NG (Raymond Lef\u00e8vre) (1891 - 1920): Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh (ARAC). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p tham d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm thuy\u1ec1n, m\u1ea5t t\u00edch. L\u00d4NG, M\u00d4RIX\u01a0 (Maurice Long) (1866 - 1923): Ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12-1919. Th\u00e1ng 1-1923, khi v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n, qua C\u00f4l\u00f4mb\u00f4 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, l\u00fac ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. 357","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec L\u00d4NGGH\u00ca, GI\u0102NG (Jean Longuet) (1876 - 1938): L\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c; \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XVIII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ng\u1ea3 sang ph\u00e1i h\u1eefu. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o. M M\u00c1C, C\u00c1C (Karl Marx) (1818 - 1883): L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng Ph. \u0102ngghen s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi - tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc. Ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1edbi nhau, c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. C. M\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft C. M\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1847, C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen tham gia s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1864, C. M\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. C. M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. MANUINXKI, \u0110IMITRI DAKHAIL\u00d4V\u00cdCH (Dmitriy Zakharovych Manuilsky) (1883 - 1959): \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nga cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1903. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb \u0111i \u0111\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u1ee5c, s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p V.I. L\u00eanin \u1edf Pari. N\u0103m 1912, b\u00ed m\u1eadt tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nga ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, V.I. L\u00eanin c\u1eed \u00f4ng ra m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn h\u00e0m 358","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 Ch\u00ednh \u1ee7y \u201c\u0111\u1ecf\u201d, r\u1ed3i h\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf. N\u0103m 1921, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m B\u00ed th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ucraina. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1922, chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1edf Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1924, l\u00e0 \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1928, l\u00e0 B\u00ed th\u01b0 Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m li\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4. M\u00d4NGM\u00daTX\u00d4, GAXT\u00d4NG (Gaston Monmousseau) (1883 - 1960): Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0m Th\u01b0 k\u00fd T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u00e1p, T\u1ed5ng Bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u00e1o La Vie Ouvri\u00e8re, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p. B\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi gian Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o. N NGUY\u1ec4N TH\u1ee8C CANH (1884 - 1965): T\u1ee9c Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu C\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kh\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec7n Nghi L\u1ed9c, t\u1ec9nh Ngh\u1ec7 An, tham gia phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng du, sau h\u1ecdc y khoa \u1edf B\u00e9clin. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1923 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1931, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. Sau n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi con trai v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Nha Trang ng\u00e0y 11-8-1965. NGUY\u1ec4N TH\u1ebe TRUY\u1ec0N (1898 - 1969): Qu\u00ea \u1edf l\u00e0ng H\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec7n, huy\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ec9nh Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, sang Ph\u00e1p du h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham gia vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o Le Paria v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba; nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p. 359","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec P P\u00caT\u01a0R\u1ed0P, RAC\u00d4NNIC\u1ed0P PH\u00ca\u0110O (Fyodor Raskolnikov Petrov): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (b) Nga. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 V Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u1ee6y vi\u00ean d\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1924; tham d\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0110o\u00e0n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1925 - 1927. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 4 c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1924 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eed P\u00eat\u01a1r\u1ed1p tham gia Ban Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u0103m 1926, \u0110o\u00e0n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1eed P\u00eat\u01a1r\u1ed1p v\u00e0o Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ki\u00eam T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Ban Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. PHAN B\u1ed8I CH\u00c2U (1867 - 1940): Hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 S\u00e0o Nam, qu\u00ea \u1edf \u0110an Nhi\u1ec5m, Nam \u0110\u00e0n, Ngh\u1ec7 An, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Tham gia l\u1eadp Duy T\u00e2n h\u1ed9i (1904), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng du (1905 - 1908) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i (1912). Th\u00e1ng 6-1925, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft c\u00f3c c\u1ee5 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111em x\u1eed \u1edf t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea3 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tang Phan Chu Trinh, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea3 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea3 t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n sinh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta, ng\u00e0y 21-12-1926, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tha cho c\u1ee5 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i giam l\u1ecfng c\u1ee5 \u1edf Hu\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u1ee5 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb giam l\u1ecfng \u1edf Hu\u1ebf, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng 360","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1935. PHAN CHU TRINH (1872 - 1926): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 Tam L\u1ed9c, huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fa Ninh, t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, \u0111\u1ed7 Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1901. N\u0103m 1903, l\u00e0m Th\u1eeba bi\u1ec7n B\u1ed9 L\u1ec5. N\u0103m 1905, c\u00e1o quan v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1906, sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1, Phan Chu Trinh ra s\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. N\u0103m 1908, khi phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Trung K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e0y ra C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o. \t N\u0103m 1911, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean minh nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 sang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. \t N\u0103m 1925, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00e2m m\u01b0u l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3-1926. PHAN V\u0102N TR\u01af\u1edcNG (1876 - 1933): Qu\u00ea \u1edf ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u1ea1c, qu\u1eadn B\u1eafc T\u1eeb Li\u00eam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i; sang Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1908, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc th\u00eam. N\u0103m 1914, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111i l\u00ednh; v\u00ec nghi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u00f9 11 th\u00e1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00f9 v\u00ec tr\u1eafng \u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1919 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169. Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u1edf T\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m Pari. N\u0103m 1923, v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, thay Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u00e1o La Cloche f\u00eal\u00e9e xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, cho \u0111\u0103ng to\u00e0n v\u0103n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C. M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph. \u0102ngghen; \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf Pari; \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, 361","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Th\u00e1ng 5-1926, b\u00e1o La Cloche f\u00eal\u00e9e \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh L\u2019Annam, v\u1eabn do Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc. PHR\u1ed0TXA, LU\u0110\u00d4V\u00cdCH \u00d4XCA (Ludovic Oscar Frossard) (1889 - 1946): T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1918, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh tham gia Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tua n\u0103m 1920, sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ra kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y 1-1-1923. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p. POANHCAR\u00ca, RAYM\u00d4NG (Raymond Poincar\u00e9) (1860 - 1934): T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1920, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1922 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1924 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1926 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929, Poanhgcar\u00ea l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p, thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a s\u00f4 vanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4. T T\u00d4N TRUNG S\u01a0N (1866 - 1925): C\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u00f4n V\u0103n, T\u00f4n D\u1eadt Ti\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n (Trung S\u01a1n), Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \t Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa B\u1eafc T\u1ebf (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u), n\u0103m 1894 \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u01b0ng Trung h\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0n H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n (H\u00f4n\u00f4lulu), n\u00eau kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201c\u0110\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i M\u00e3n Thanh, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Trung Hoa\u201d. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng l\u01b0u vong ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1905, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam d\u00e2n (d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n sinh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac). Sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi 362","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i (n\u0103m 1911) th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m L\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u201cL\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng do Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \t N\u0103m 1914, t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra Trung Hoa C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ba ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn: li\u00ean Nga, li\u00ean C\u1ed9ng, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng (n\u0103m 1923), tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 1-1924), x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n phong, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ed1 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. \u0110\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ef3 Th\u1ee5y l\u00ean B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. Sau khi t\u1edbi B\u1eafc Kinh, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n phong m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n B\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i. \u00d4ng l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh r\u1ed3i m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh ng\u00e0y 12-3-1925. T\u01a0RANH, ANBE \u00c9TM\u00d4NG (Albert Edmond Treint) (1889 - 1971): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XVIII \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Tua, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u1ee6y vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c Ban L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng theo Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf III, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1925 - 1926, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh 363","H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH B I \u00ca N N I \u00ca N T I \u1ec2 U S \u1eec tr\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1923 - 1924. N\u0103m 1928, b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1934, tham gia \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. U UT\u01a0R\u00c2Y, ECN\u1ebeXT\u01a0 (Ernest Outrey) (1863 - 1941): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, tham gia H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Nam K\u1ef3 trong H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p. Ut\u01a1r\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm 2.000ha \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9. V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Ut\u01a1r\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. UYNX\u01a0N, VU\u0110R\u00d4 (Woodrow Wilson) (1856 - 1924): T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 (1913 - 1921). D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Uynx\u01a1n, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e3 man phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n; v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, can thi\u1ec7p th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latinh. N\u0103m 1918, Uynx\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0a ra Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 14 \u0111i\u1ec3m. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd m\u1ef9 mi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u201cd\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d, \u201cquy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft\u201d. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Uynx\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 b\u1ecbp l\u1edbn\u201d. N\u0103m 1920, Uynx\u01a1n, b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 th\u00f4i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V VAREN, AL\u1ebeCHX\u0102NG\u0110R\u01a0 CL\u1ed0T\u0110\u01a0 (Alexandre Claude Varenne) (1870 - 1947): Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Straxbua v\u00e0 Tua (thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i 364","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 L\u00f4nggh\u00ea), kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1925. Sau b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1945 - 1946. V\u00d4ITINXKI (\u0110arkhin), GRIG\u00d4RI NAUM\u00d4V\u00cdCH (Grigori Naumovich Voitinsky) (1893 - 1953): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, tham gia \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (b) Nga n\u0103m 1918. N\u0103m 1920, l\u00e0m Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Ban Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n; Ph\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u Ban Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ban Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, V\u00f4itinxki \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4. X XAR\u00d4, ANBE (Albert Sarraut) (1872 - 1962): To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1911 - 1914 v\u00e0 1917 - 1919. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. N\u0103m 1936 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1951 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p. 365","M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C Trang - L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V - L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII N\u0103m 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 N\u0103m 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 N\u0103m 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 N\u0103m 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1901 - 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 N\u0103m 1903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 N\u0103m 1904 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 N\u0103m 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N\u0103m 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 N\u0103m 1907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 N\u0103m 1908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 N\u0103m 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 N\u0103m 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 N\u0103m 1910 - 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 N\u0103m 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 N\u0103m 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 N\u0103m 1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 366","T\u1eac P 1 : 1890 - 1929 N\u0103m 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 N\u0103m 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 N\u0103m 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 N\u0103m 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 N\u0103m 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 N\u0103m 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 N\u0103m 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 N\u0103m 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 N\u0103m 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 N\u0103m 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 N\u0103m 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 N\u0103m 1926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 N\u0103m 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 N\u0103m 1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 N\u0103m 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH V\u00c0 B\u1ea2N CH\u1ec8 D\u1eaaN T\u00caN NG\u01af\u1edcI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Ch\u00fa th\u00edch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 B\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 367","","",""]