Oxford English grammar course - Advanced ( PDFDrive )

page 289 page294 11NP 2 NP 3P 4NP 5NP 6P 7P 8NP 1 1 Open the packet at the other end. 2 See the diagram at the top of the next page. 2 (possible answer) 3 Take the car to the garage; find a baby-sitter for Dear X tonight; see Oliver at 3.30. l'm sorry to trouble you, but I have a question that I can't find the answer to, and I wonder if you can help 2 Pour mixture into large saucepan, heat until boiling, me. Could you possibly tell me the difference between shy and timid? then add three pounds sugar and leave on low heat for I look forward to hearing from you. 45 minutes. Yours sincerely, Y 31 Are you coming today? page 290 2 Thanks for a great party. 1 1 Could 2 wondered, were 3 hoped, would 3 Just to let you know. 4 might 5 did you want 6 Would, brought 4 Will you be here (on) Thursday evening? 7 could 8 Did 9 Would 10 Did 5 Are you OK? 6 (l) got your message. I2 was thinking / thought, was 2 was hoping / 7 (l) will be at (the) barbecue at nine. 6 (l) need more information. hoped, didn't 3 were wondering / wondered, could 4 Were 5 was wondering / wondered, could page295 6 lwas expecting 1 .I FURNITURE FACTORYWAGE(S) CUTTHREAT 3 (possible answers) 1 l'll have to ask you to come back on Tuesday. 2 1 Hospitals are to take / will take fewer patients. 2 l'll need two copies. 2 A dog travelled 500 miles and found its owners. 3 l'm afraid you'll need to pay in advance. 3 A/The boy has been found safe. 4 That will be f25.60, please. 4 A boy has found a safe. 5 Ministers were warned three years ago about flood page 291 defences. 6 (possible answers) 1 lt's kind of expensive. I 2 The music's quite boring. 3 I think l'll go for a walk. 4 We are writing to congratulate you on your prize. 5 We're thinking of meeting again next week. 6 Maybe we'll sell our house. 7 She's rather bad-tempered. 8 This meat smells a bit funny. 9 I would like to thank you for your donation. 10 We are writing to ask if you would give a talk to our members. p?gezez I 1 I do like old cowboy films. 2 Annemarie did talk a lot. 3 His voice does get on my nerves. 4 Do excuse me for interrupting you. 5 I do think it's time to go home. 6 Do be polite to your grandfather. 7 I do apologise for coming late. 8 Do say hello to Sally for me. 2 1 do like 2 do throw 3 did have 4 was 5 didflnd 6 didendup 7 dofix 8 will 338 ANSWER KEY

index o few 166 after anyway: discourse marker 266 o knowledge tzs after...ing 246 and any way306 o little too d lot of tos tenses 52, 204 apart fromt discourse marker 264 o lot of and lots of 168 apologise for + -ing f orm 95 o on: see articles after all: discourse marker apostrophes in plurals 303 abbreviated styles zo+ 264,306 opparently: discourse marker 266 able: be able to 59,60 approach: no preposition 1 15 occommodation: agreei not usually progressive 28 arrange for somebody to do uncountable 125 ain't 9 something 96 accuse: structure 97 oll right: discourse marker 263 arrive at or in 193 active and passive verb forms 297 alight: position 175 articles 142-149 alike: position 175 active verbs with passive alivei position 175 basic rules 142-145 expressions without articles meanings 85 oll tst,tos actually: discourse marker 265, (e.9. in bed) 144 all that meaning 'the only thing generalising with articles 1 46-1 47 266,267 generalising without the 144 that'261 geographical names 144 adjective clauses 2OB-21 5 superlatives without the 185 adjective complement after be, and everybody/everyo ne 1 57 various other points 148-149 seem etc 1 73 and whole 158 as after verb + object (e.g.You make and /ike I89 structure with not 5 me nervous) 1 11 as, since and because adjectives 172-178 all day and every day 1 57 all the same: discourse (reasons) 240 adjective or adverb? 1 73 marker 265 as, when and while 240 comparison 181- l86 allow + infinitive or -ingformgg as ... a ... 188 order 174 alone: position 1 75 as much 165 already with present perfect or inverted word order 258 participles used as adjectives (e.g special word order 257 broken, falling) 176 simple past 45,49 as ... as 181 + present orfuture242 position 175 d/so: discourse marker 265 as a motter of foct: discourse structures after adjectives 1 78 although marker 267 use of and 174 tenses 242 as a result\" discourse marker 264 without nouns (e.9. the asfar as .,, isconcerned: and though 306 blind) 177 discourse marker 263 advonced used before noun with always os for: discourse marker 263 He's always ...ing etc 26, 47 active meaning 176 position 180 as lwas saying: discourse adverb clauses 232-247 adverb particles 1 1 2, 1 1 6-1 17 position in imperatives 10 marker 263 adverbs amn't 302 as if zqt adverb or adjective? 1 73 American and British English 310 it looks as if 228 comparative adverbs '1 82 irregular verbs 298-299 position of adverbs 180 as regards: discourse marker 263 difference between adverbs and as soon ds: tenses 52,204 conjunctions 254-256 omong and between 197 os though 241 amount'. a large amount etc 1 68 position 179-180 and zoz it looks as though 228 advertisements: a bbreviated leaving words out after and 280 as well as 306 language 294 aswell as thaf: discourse advice: uncountable 1 25 with adjectives 174 advise + -ing f orm 94 marker 265 try and etc202,307 + infinitive or -ingform99 another four tables elc 126 osk: structures 1 19 afford + infinitive 93 another thing is: discourse asleep'. position 175 afloat: position I75 ossume: not usually progressive 28 afraid: position 175 marker 265 astonish: not usually afraid (o0 + infinitive or -lng any 161-162,164,169 progressive 28 form 100 and some basics 161, 162 at any ratei discourse marker 266 afraid so/not 279 at leasti discourse marker 266 'free choice' meaning 164 or any of 169 or no article 162 with comparatives 186 anyhow: discourse marker 266 anyone and any one306 anything that ... 208 INDEX 339

af: placeand movement 193 British and American English 310 inverted word order 237 df: suggesting aggressive COng rAtu late: structure 97 tenses 49 behaviour 1 15 conjunctions 2oo-206 broadly speaking: discourse attempt: * infinitive 93 difference between conju nctions marker 264 and adverbs 254-256 auxiliary verbs: see be, have, do and modals but double conjunctions 203 notes on some conjunctions avail ab I e: structu res 306 discourse marker 265 awakei position 175 leaving words out after but 280 240-243 baggage: uncountable 1 25 by tenses after conjunctions 204-205 bank: treated as plural I26 and until 197 consequently: discourse and with 198 be 16-18 by...ing (method) 194 marker 264 + infinitive (l am to ... etc) 34,37 in passive structures 78 adverb, not conjunction 254 ambeingetc 16 by the way: discourse marker 263 consider don't be ... 10 there is 17-18 coll + object + adjective/noun (e.9. / be able to 59,60 be going fo 3o-33 + object + adjective/noun (e.9. Are consider it an honour.) 111 or present progressive or you calling me a liar?) 1 11 + object + infinitive 97 will3O-33 with two objects: structures 1 'l 8 consist wos going to (future in the not usually progressive 28 can 58-62,65-67 consist of 114 past) 37 can see, feel etc29 can't and may not 66 contain: not usually be supposed tozt be used to and used to 105 can't bear + infinitive or progressive 2B -ingform 10'l be used to ...ing 105 continue + infinitive or becouse can't have ...ed etc 68-70 -ingform 101 because, since and as care for/about 114 contractions 302 (reasons) 240 causative structures 1 20-1 21 cook with two objects: tenses 242 couse somebody to do structures 1 18 two possible meanings of because- cost: not usually progressive 28 something 96 costly: adjective, not adverb 1 73 clauses in negative sentences 9 before (adverb) with present certain (ofl + infinitive or could s,-oz,oo-ol -ingform 100 perfect 45 could have...ed etc 68-70 before (conjunction) certainly: discourse marker 265 in indirect speech 221 choir, chairman 132 before...ing 246 chance: used like an uncountable in sentences with if 234 tenses 52, 204 noun I25 countable and uncountable change: used like an uncountable before turning fo: discourse nouns 125 noun 'l 25 covered by/with 84 marker 263 choir: treated as plural 126 begin + infinitive or -ing form 101 cowardly: adjective, not believe choose * infinitive 93 adverb 1 73 + object + infinitive 97 clauses and sentences 200 crash into 114 believe in 1 14 c/eon: meaning'completely' 306 believe in + -ing form 95 cleft sentences 260 daily:ad)ective and adverb 173 collopsed: used before noun with dore:forms306 believe so/not 279 active meaning 176 daren't 306 I don't believe .. . B collective nouns with plural verbs not usually progressive 28 dates 3t 1 belong: not usually progressive 28 and pronouns 126 dead besides come and .,.307 commentarieszgq meaning'completely' 306 and except 198 comparatives and superlatives the dead\"l77 discourse marker 265 1 82-1 86 deadly:adjective, not adverb I 73 bef + present tense for future 306 deaf, the deaf 177 adverbs 1 82 deal: a great deal 168 between and among 197 forms '1 82 decide + infinitive 93-94 blind: the blind 177 modification wilh much, born gs declarative questions 286-288 far etc 186 declare (performative verb) 26 both tsg,tog more and more etc 'l 83 defining relative clauses 210, the more ... the more etc 183 both ... and 203 215 complements of nouns 133 and both of 169 complex indirect speech: demonstratives (thrs, rhdr etc) bother + infinitive 93 break: active form with passive structures 275 1 s0-1 51 this, that and it 253 meaning 85 COnCerni not usually deny'. not usually progressive 28 progressive 2B briefly: discourse marker 263 depend on tt+ bring with two objects: condition: on condition that 238 conditionals 232-239 + object + -ing form 97 structures 1 1B not usually progressive 28 in indirect speech 221 describe:structures 1 1 B, 1 1 l 340 INDEX

deserve: not usually with do 10,16,20,292 first: position 174 progressive 28 emphatic imperatives 1 o first of all: discourse marker 263 encourage somebody to do first time etc: with perfect despite thi s/that: discourse something 96 tenses 54 marker 264 firstly'. discourse marker 263 end-weight zst determiners: enjoy + -ingform 93-94 fif: not usually progressive 28 enough 167,169 focus on 114 articles, demonstratives and + infinitive 102 for ... to ... 102,104 possessives 142-153 enter no preposition 1 15 quantifiers 156-169 equipment: uncountable 1 25 after enough 167 developed: used before noun with escapedi used before noun with for.,.ing purpose 194 active meaning 176 active meaning 176 for and during 197 difference: used like an even: position 179 even so'. discourse marker 265 for another (thing): discourse uncountable noun 1 25 every 160 different: very different 306 marker 263 and each 160,169 difficulty: used like an uncountable every day and all day 157 for example: discourse noun I25 every one 160,169 structure with not 5 marker 265 directly z+z ev e ry b ody /ev e ry o n e and discourse markers 262-269 for i nstance: discourse discuss: no preposition 1 15 all 157 dislike everyone and every one 306 marker 265 + -ingform94 everything and all 157 for one fhing: discourse evidence: uncountable 1 25 not usually progressive 28 except and besides 198 marker 263 except for'. discourse distancing: past, progressive and forbid + infinitive or -ingformgg marker 264 forget + infinitive or -ingformgB future forms used for politeness forgive: structure 97 exclamations 13 formality 290-291 with negative questions 7 actives and passives 81 divide... into 114 expect complex noun phrases in formal + infinitive 93-94 divorce or be divorced 85 wtiting 274 do expect so/not 279 informal structures with lf 239 inverted word order 258-259 auxiliary with negative words 4 expect somebody to do emphatic uses 10, 16,20,292 /ittle and few 166 in structures with something 96 phrasal verbs and one-word ellipsis2T6-277 in negative structures B experi en ce: countable or equivalents i 16 doso 2ll polite formulae in written uncountable 125 doubt: not usually progressive 28 explain: structures 1 1B invitations etc 291 dozen: plural without -s 311 dream about/of 114 faded: used before noun with pronouns in lt's methat ... dropping words see ellipsis active meaning 176 drown or be drowned 85 etc 260 during and for 197 fail + infinitive 93 structures in informal speech and foir: adverb 306 each and every 160,169 fallen: used before noun with active writing 281-283 each other 136-137 early:adjective and adverb 173 meaning 176 that or who in relative echo questions 286-2BB family: treated as plural 126 either far: with comparatives 1 86 clauses 21 4 feel quantifier 159,169 fractions 3t t either ... or 203 + object + infinitive 97 frankly'. discourse marker 266 elder andeldest: position I75 + object + infinitive in passive 96 frequency: adverbs of el ect + object + adjective/nou n + object + infinitive without frequency 180 (e.9. They elected Susan to96 friendly: adjective, not adverb 1 73 frightened by/of84 President.) 111 can feel 29 feel like + -ing form 94 fronting 257 ellipsis (leaving out words) progressive or not 2B-29 furniture: uncountable 1 25 further: discourse marker 265 after and, but and or28O few and little 166,169 fu rthermore: discourse after auxiliaries 27 6-277 fewer and less 166 fewest 166 marker 265 in spoken sentences 281 filled aymnhe+ with infinitives 278 finally: discourse marker 263 future find + object + infinitive 97 with 50 and not: believe so fine zoo will, going to and present forms etc 279 finished: be finished 306 32-37 embedding 270-273 future in the past 37 emphasis future passive 78 in speech: stress 292 future perfect 36 future progressive 35 it... that260 future verb forms used for position of adverbs 180 politeness 290-291 what...lsetc 261 INDEX 341

gendeilI32 her: see personal pronouns if only tenses 206 get here: with inverted word order 26, if possible 237 as passive auxiliary 79 259 if so/not 279 get divorced, dressed, drowned, here's and there s + plural noun 127 in indirect speech 221,222 married 85 meaning'although'238 hesitate + infinitive 93 used for politeness 291 get on with 113 him: see personal pronouns i//: position 175 his, her, hers etc: see possessives get somebody to do home: prepositions 307 imagine honestly: discourse marker 266 I don't imagine ... 8 something 120 hope imagine so/not 279 get something done 120-121 * infinitive 93-94 i m mediately: conju nction 242 get something happening 120 + present tense for future 307 imperatives 10-1 1 have got 19 hope so/not 279 not used in requests 289 give impress: not usually how passive structures 79 how... a...1BB progressive 28 with two objects: structures 1 1B how...!word order 13 give up + -ingform94 in...ing z+o how-clause as subject, object or go and ...307 complement 227 in addition: discourse marker 265 go on + infinitive or -ing form 98 in all/most/some coses discourse going to see be going to how many as subject: word gonna (='going to') 302 marker 264 gotta (='got to') 302 order 2 government: treated as how to .. . 222 in and on 193 in any case: discourse marker 266 plural 126 how long haveyou been here / are in case and if 235 i n conclusio n: discou rse gradable and non-gradable you herefor? 44 marker 263 adjectives 309 however granted'. discourse marker 265 adverb, not conjunction 254-256 in fact: discourse marker 267 in front of and opposite 198 group nouns: with plural verbs and on the other hand 3O7 in general: discourse marker 264 and pronouns 126 conjunction in adverb in order to zql in other words: discourse grown-upi used before noun with clauses 243 active meaning 176 marker 265 discourse marker 264, 265 guess so/not 279 i n pa rticu la r: discou rse hundred had betterlt marker 265 hundred, a hundred, one in short: discourse marker 263 in indirect speech 221 hundred 311 in spite of this/that: discourse hafta (= 'have to') 302 plural without -s 3l 1 half (of) zoo marker 264 happen: if . .. happen to 237 I don't know: discourse hardly in the first place: discourse marker 266 need hardly + infinitive 74 marker 263 not used with not 4 I feel: discourse marker 266 with inverted word order 258 in the same way: discourse hate I guess: discourse marker 266 + infinitive or -ing form 100 I reckon: discourse marker 266 marker 264 +object +-ingform9T not usually progressive 28 /: see personal pronouns i ncide ntally: d iscourse I suppose: discourse marker 266 have 19 I think: dlscourse marker 266 marker 263 I'd rather you... etc: tenses 206 have a swim etc 'l 32 l'm afraid: discourse marker 266 include: not usually idea: used like an uncountable have something done 120-121 progressive 28 have something happen/ noun 125 increosed: used before noun with happening 121 identifying relative clauses 210, active meaning 176 indeed have (got) fo and must63 215 he: see personal pronouns adverb, not conjunction 254 headlines zgs if (conditional clauses) 232-239 very... indeed3OT hear and in case 235 indirect speech 21 8-223 + object + infinitive in passive 96 and whether in indirect + object + infinitive or complex structures 275 questions 222 -ingform99 'indirect'verb forms in polite discourse marker 265 + object + infinitive without requests erc290-291 to96 if any,164 infinitives 88-106 can hear 29 if .. . happen to 237 * preposition (a garden to play in hearabout/of114 if .. . should 237 etc) 1 02 not usually progressive 28 if .. . was/were to 237 help somebody (to) do something after enough/too 102 if I were you 239 after nouns 1 33 96,307 if in doubt 205 after noun/pronoun phone callsto if it were not for etc 236 make, nothing to do etc if necessary etc 237 102,103 if not and unless 235 .for . .. to . . 102, 104 for there to be 104 in indirect speech 222 342 INDEX

infinitive clauses24T know + object + infinitive 97 make something happen lzl nfinitive of purpose24T know:notusuallyprogressive28 manage * infinitiveg3 nfinitive or -ing form both know what I meon?i discourse many a 165 possible after some adjectives/ marker 267 verbs 9B-10'l known by/tog4 many and much 165,169 103nothing to do / be done with of 169 andsimple, perfect, passive lack marry negative 89-91 15no preposition 1 no preposition 1 15 verb + object + infinitive 96-97 28not usually progressive or be maruied 85 93verbs followed by infinitives /ast: position 174 mass nouns: see countable without to92,96 lastly:discourse marker 263 motteri not usually progressive 28 information structure 251-252 least 166 may 58-59,66-67 information: uncountable 125 leaving out words: see ellipsis discourse marker 265 'ing forms 88- l06 169/ess and fewer 166, may have ...ed etc 68-70 after prepositions 194 let may not and can't 66 -ing f orm or infinitive both + object + infinitive without with inverted word order 259 possible after some adjectives/ to96 moybei position 179 verbs98-101 letme,him... etc 12 ,7re: see personal pronouns perfect -ingformsgl mean letmesee: discourse marker266 + infinitive or-ingformgg to ...ing 105 let me think: discourse marker 266 verb + object + -ing form 96-97 let's lZ not usually progressive 28 with determin ers my speaking 266let's see: discourse marker mean somebody to do etc 106 like something 96 insist on 114 + infinitive or -ingform 1oO meanttohave-edetc91 + -ingform9| if/when/whereyou likeeLc2TS meanwhilei adverb, not 97+ object + -ing form 28not usually progressive conjunction 254 instructions: abbreviated like and as 189 meAsure: non-progressive use 28 language 294 likely melf: active form with passive intend 173adjective, not adverb meaning 85 + infinitive 93 structure 307 me,'e: position 175 might 58*59,66-67 +infinitive or-ingform101 |isten+ object+infinitiveor-ing inindirectspeech22l interested (in) + infinitive or form 99 -ing form 100 little might have ...ed etc 68-70 inversion 258-9 and few 166 mind you'. discourse marker 264 237in conditional clauses with inverted word order 258 mine, yours etc: see possessives involve: not usually live on llq misrelated participles 245 28progressive lively: adjective, not adverb 173 miss + 'ing f orm 93 irregular verbs 298-299 lonelyi adjective, not adverb 173 modal verbs 58-74 it look in indirect speech 221 It ... thdt emphatic structure 260 264discourse marker money'. uncountable 125 it,heorshe (animals,countries preposition 112, 114 monthlyi adjective and etc) I32 progressive or nol28-29 adverb'l 73 it, this and that 253 look forward to more 165,169 17if is and there is + ...ing 105 comparative structures 182, 183, 26or looking forward to 184, 186 229preparatory object 264look here: discourse marker with of I69 preparatory subject 228 see also personal pronouns look out for 113 more or less: discourse itistrue fhaf:discourse lofsofand alotof 168 marker 266 marker 265 love morethanone...isingularor + infinitive or -ingform 101 plural 127 it looks as if/though ...228 not usually progressive 28-29 moreover'. discourse marker 265 it's no use ...ing zol it'stimeyou... etc: tenses206 lovely:adjective,notadverb I73 most 165,169 it'sworth...ing\\Ol /uck: uncountable'l 25 superlativestructures 182, its and it's 302 luggage: uncountable 125 185, 186 with of 169 just majority: the majority of + plural much not just any 164 verb 1 26 and many 165,169 with present perfect or simple or very wilh past participles (e.9. past4s,49 make + object + adjective/noun (e.9. much imitated, very 264just as: discourse marker 111You make me nervous.) keep on: + -ingformg4 96+ object + infinitive in passive frightened) 176 kind of: discourse marker 266 + object + infinitive without uses 187 with comparatives 'l 86 to96 with of 169 INDEX 343

must 58-59,63,65 nonetheless: discourse marker 264, on top of that: discourse and have (got) to 63 26s marker 265 in indirect speech 221 once: conjunction242 must have. . . ed etc 68-70 nor 9 my, your elct see possessives one another 136-137 myself , yourself etc 136-137 and or202 oneof ...i singular 127 or or after not9 one,you and they (general meaning) name (performative verb) 26 need not 138 and no 5 + infinitive 93 one(s)i substitute for countable modal or ordinary forms 74 extra not in if-clauses239 noun 139 need...ing passive meaning 95 extra not in negative only need somebody to do sentences 9 only ... with inverted word order 258 something 96 not .. . or/nor 9 needn'tin indirect speech 221 need only + infinitive 74 not usually progressive 28 not all/every: structu re 5 not used with never, hardly etc 4 only to .. . 247 negatives +-9 position I79 complex negative structures and not onlyiwith inverted word open: active form with passive reading difficulty 273 order 258 meaning 85 I don't think etc I notes: abbreviated language 294 nothing opposite and in front of 198 negative imperatives 1 0 negative questions 6-7 not used with not 4 or 202 negative questions as nothing to do / be done 103 and nor202 exclamations 13 nouns 124-133 leaving words out after or280 negative questions not used in or nor after not9 + infinitive: ph one calls to make or rather discourse marker 266 requests 289 negative sentences ending in / etc 1 02 ought s8-s9,64 after verb + object (e.g.They don't thinWsuppose 9 in indirect speech 221 nof not used with negative elected Susan President) 111 ought to have .. .ed elc 68-70 countable and uncountable 1 25 Ouf, ours etc: see pOSSeSSives words 4 group (collective) nouns 126 owe structures after nouns I 33 not usually progressive 28 neither 9 noun clauses 218-229 owe it to ... 229 noun complements 133 own quantifier 159,169 noun phrases in formal notanovvn 307 neither ... nor 203 not usually progressive 28 never writing2T4 not used with not 4 nouns for activities: d swim participle clauses 244-24s position 'l 80 participles position in imperatives 10 etc 1 32 with inverted word order 258 plural forms 303 past participles with active nevertheless: discou rse marker meaning (e.9. a retired nouns in groups 128-131 general) 176 264,26s news headlines 295 noun + noun or preposition past participles wilh very (e.9. very news: uncountable 125 frightened) 176 structure i 28-1 30 next position 174 noun + noun or possessive used as adjectives (e.9. broken, no falling) 176 structure 130,131 and not 5 particles 112,116-117 no andyes in answers to negative noL4l: discourse marker 263 passives 78-85 questions 6 now (that) 242 active verbs with passive no, not any and none (o0 number: a number of + plural meanings 85 161,164 verb 1 26 complex structures 82-83 with comparatives 186 numbers 311 get as passive auxiliary 79 passive and active verb no doubt discourse marker 266 of coursei discourse marker 265 no matter who etc243 of: with quantifiers I69 forms 297 offer + infinitive 93-94 passive infinitive: to be taken no sooneri with inverted word often: position 180 order 258 etc 1 03 OK: discourse marker 263 position of prepositions 79 non-defining relative clauses present passive with perfective old: the old 177 210,215 on ...ing 246 mea nin g (packed, fi n ished on and in 193 etc) 84 non-identifying relative on condition that238 reasons for using passives on the contrary: discourse clauses 210,215 B0-81 non-progressive verbs 2B-29 marker 264 non-restrictive relative clauses verbs that don't passivise 85 on the one hand: discourse past and perfect tenses 40-54 210,215 none (of) 161,169 ;marker 264 past instead of would... after conjunctions 204 on the other hdnd: discourse marker 264 and however30T on the whole: discourse marker 264 344 INDEX

past or past perfect in indirect prefer one(s/: substitute for countable speech 220-221 noun 139 + infinitive or -ing form 101 past tense used for politeness not usually progressive 28 possessives 1 52-1 53 290-291 somebody to do something 96 reflexives 136-137 past tense with present or future fhey (singular indefinite use) 139 prepare + infinitive 93 with -lng form s: me/my speaking meaning 206 prepositional verbs 1 i 4-1 1 s, etc 1 06 past continuous: see past 308-309 progressive see also quantifiers prepositions i92-198 proper position and meaning 307 past participles punctuation 300-301 + conjunction s (e.9. the question of passive or adjectival 84,176 whether) 133, 196 with adverbs and conjunctions with active meaning (e.g. a retired 254-256 after infinitives (a garden to play in general) 176 quantifiers 1s6-169 wilh very (e.9. very etc) 102 question tags 284-285 question-words frightened) 176 after verbs, adjectives and nouns in complex indirect speech past perfect 51-52 308-309 structures 275 expressing completion 204 in passive structures 79,84 question-word clauses 227 in indirect speech 220-221 prepositional verbs 1 12-15 as subjects 2 prepositional verbs in passive questions 2-3 passive 78 decla rative questions 286-288 structures 79, 84 echo questions 286-2BB progressive 53 position 193,195 in polite requests 289 position in questions 3 negative questions 6 past progressive position in relative clauses 212 position of prepositions 3 reply questlon s 284-285 and simple past 41 ,46-47 structures after nouns 1 33 rhetorical questions 286-288 future in the past 37 with -lng forms 194 questioni used like an uncountable passive 78 present continuous: see noun 'l 25 present progressive quite past simple: see simple past perfect present perfect meanings with gradable and non- gradable adjectives 309 and past tenses 40-54 and simple pasl 42-43, 45, 48-49 infinitives 89-91 instead offuture perfect 204 word order 305, 307 -ing forms 91 quite the opposite'. discourse passive 7B performative verbs 26 marker 264 perhaps: position 179 progressive 44-45,50 permit + infinitive or -ingformgg present progressive rother personal pronouns 134-5 I'd rather you... etc: tenses 206 and simple present 22-29 he, she or lt (animals, countries word order 305, 307 etc) 1 32 for future reference 30-33 reading complicated sentences he or she 132 passive 78 270-273 with -ing forms: me/my speaking present simple: see simple real:informal use as adverb present etc 1 06 173,307 persuade somebody to do present tenses 22-29 realisei not usually present instead of future after something 96 conjunctions 204 progressive 2B phrasal verbs 't 12, 116-117 not used to say how long 26 really: discourse marker 266 p/oy: structures I 19 present: position and reasoni used like an uncountable pleasei not usually progressive 28 plenty of 16s meaning 307 noun .l25 plural or singular: see singular or reckon so/not 279 pretend + infinitive 93 recognise: not usually plural present continuous: see plurals progressive 28 present progressive irregular and special plurals 303 preventi structure 97 reduced relative clauses 211 with no singular 303 progress: uncountable 1 25 reflexive pronouns 136-1 37 progressive forms used for regarding: discourse marker 263 poetry: uncountable 1 25 regret point: used like an uncountable politeness 290-291 promise + infinitive or -ingform93 noun 125 not usually progressive 28 polish: active form with passive + infinitive 93-94 relative clauses 2OB-21 5 not usually progressive 28 and reading difficulty 270-273 meaning 85 performative verb 26 in complex indirect speech pronouns politeness 289-291 structures 275 poOr: the poor 177 + infinitive: nothing to do possess: not usually reduced relative clauses 21 1 etc 1 02 progressive 28 demonstratives 1 50-1 5 1 possessive nouns (sand s) each other, one another 130-131 posSessiveS (my, mine etc) 136-137 personal pronouns (l,you etc) 1 52-1 53 134-13s possible: structu res 307 pronoun problems 253 practise + -ing form 94 one, you and they I 38 INDEX 345

relative pronouns 208-21 5 in indirect speech 221 start rely on 114 + infinitive or -ingform 101 remember should have .. .ed 68-70 that . .. should 225 + object + -ing form 97 + infinitive or -ing form 98 with if 237 still: discourse marker 264,265 can remember29 stop not usually progressive 28-29 shout ot/to 114 + -ing form 94 remind... of/about 114 shrink: active form with passive + infinitive or -ingformgS repetition 293 + object + -ingform9T reply questions 284-285 meaning 85 stress in speech reported speech: see indirect in contractions 302 sick: the sick 177 showing reference of not 5 speech silly: adjective, not adverb 1 73 used for emphasis 292 requests 289-291 reseorchi uncountable 1 25 similarly: discourse marker 264 subjunctives 224 resemblei not usually simple past 41-47 such and so I88 suffer from 11q progressive 28 and past progressive 41,46-47 su ggesti structu res 93, 1 1 8, 222 resent + object + -ing form 97 and present perfect 42-43, 45 superlatives and comparatives restrictive relative clauses passive 78 182-186 perfect tenses after 210,21s simple present retired: used before noun with superlatives 54 and present progressive 22-29 suppose active meaning 176 for future reference 31 rhetorical questions 287 -288 I don't think/suppose after negative rich: the rich 177 passive 78 sentences 8,9 right: discourse marker 263 run into 114 since not usually progressive 28 since...ing 246 satisfy: not usually progressive 28 suppose so/not 279 say since, as and because supposed: be supposed to 7 1 and tell219 (reasons) 240 supposing zze not followed by object + sure (of) + infinitive or tenses 49 infinitive 1 1 1 sing: structures 1 19 -ingform\"lOO say so/that 279 scarcely singular and plural: irregular surprise: not usually need scarcely + infinitive 74 progressive 28 with inverted word order 258 plurals 303 scratchi active form with passive surprised by/at 84 singular or plural sweor meaning 85 a good two hours, another four secondly: discourse marker 263 * infinitive 93 see tables etc 126 performative verb 26 + object + infinitive or a number of, the majority of 126 swollen: used before noun with -ing form 99 expressions wilh and 126 active meaning 176 can see 29 group nouns 1 26 three miles etc 126 tag questions: see question prog ressive or not 28-29 verbs with ony/none of 164 tags see ... as .. . 11'l verbs with either and neither 159 seem smell tails in spoken language 282 + infinitive 93 toke it that .. . 229 in negative structures 8 can smell29 talk somebody into doing not usually progressive 28 seldom: with inverted word progressive or not 28-29 something 97 tal ki ng of/abo ut: discourse order 258 smile at 114 sel/: active form with passive marker 263 so meaning 85 toste send and such 188 can taste 29 passive structures 79 discourse marker 264 progressive or not 28-29 with two objects: structures i 1B so ... d ... 1 88 sentences and clauses 200 featn: treated as plural ,l26 sexist language 1 32 so I hear, understand etc 279 tell shall s$-sg so much 165 with inverted word order 258 and say219 in indirect speech 221 so as to 247 tell somebody to do something 96 she: see personal pronouns SO that + present or fulure 242 tend + infinitive 93 so to speok: discourse marker 266 sheer: position 175 some '161-163,169 tenses shocked by/at a+ in indirect speech 220-221 short answers2S4-285 and any 161 past, progressive and future forms used for politeness 290-291 should s9-sg,64-65 or no article 162 tense simplification after pronunciation 163 conjunctions 204-205 (if Iwere you,) I should 239 see also present, past etc with of 169 346 INDEX sort of: discourse marker 266 text messages 294 speaki ng of/about: discou rse than marker 263 + present or future242 specialise in tt+ spelling zoo spend ... on 114 + -ingform95 split infinitives 88 spoken grammar 257, 281 -2BB

,', :h inverted word order 258 to + object + infinitive in passive 83 infinitives without to 92 + object + infinitive or -ingform -ank ... for + -ing form 95 instead of whole infinitive 278 :rct conjunction) to ...ing 105 96-97 + object + -ingform9T :': out after reporting verbs 222 to a great exfenf: discourse + particle 112,116-117 - :i after prepositions 196 + preposition 1 1 2-1 1 5, 308-309 marker 264 + preposition in passive -' : i- cl a uses 21 8-226, 228-229 -'::-clauses after nouns 1 33 to begin urifh: discourse structures 79 + thdt-clause in passive 82 ::ct relative pronoun) 208-21O, marker 263 + two objects 1 1B-1 19 + two objects in passive 215-217 to return to the previous point structures 79 :3 /ing out thot and reading discourse marker 263 very or (very) much: with past to some extenti discourse difficulty 270-273 participles (e.9. marker 264 :ct this etc: see demonstratives to start with: discourse marker 263 very frightened, much to sum up: discourse marker 263 imitated) 176 ? at is to soy: discourse marker to tell the frufh: discourse wait 265,266 marker 267 and .. . 307 :-e: see articleS wait for somebody to do too ,.. :e blind, deaf etc 177 something 96 - e English, French etc 171 + infinitive 102 Wanna (= 'want to') 302 :efactthat 196,226 too ... d ... 1BB :e moment (that) 242 too much 165 want fofol: position 175 ?eir, theirs etc: see possessives traffic: uncountable 1 25 * infinitive 93 ::ern: see personal pronouns :-en: discourse marker 264 translate into 114 in negative structures 8 :-en: adverb, not conjunction 254 travel: uncountable 1 25 not usually progressive 28 fry+ infinitive or -ingform99 -'ere want somebody to do \"2'e goes... (simple present) 26 try and 202,307 ^ , erted word order 26,259 something 96 turning now to: discourse :r€re's and here's + plural noun 1 27 wos/were to have -ed etc9l marker 263 we: see personal pronouns Terc is 17-18 weather: uncountable 1 25 ':' there to be 104 ugly:adjective, not adverb 173 weeklyi adjective and adverb I73 uncountable and countable weigh: progressive or not 28-29 Terefore well nouns 125 :: ;erb, not conjunction 254 discourse marker 266, 267 : scourse marker 264 understand position 'l 75 + object + infinitive 97 vvere: instead of was224,233 =e. y^gular indefinite use I39 uvhaf (question word) can understand 29 as subject: word order 2 :^zy, you and one (general not usually progressive 28 what...li word order 13 what to ... 222 meaning) I38 understanding complicated what-clause as subject, object or sentences 270-273 .:e also personal pronouns complement 227 unless 235 whot (relative pronoun) 209 -ink unlikely what .../s: emphatic ::cut/of 114 adjective, not adverb 1 73 structure 261 ,.out/of + -ing form 95 structure 307 what is more: discourse :cn't think .. . 8 until and by 197 :cn't think after negative up: meaning'completely' 'l 17 marker 265 us: see personal pronouns sentences 9 what sort of ... as subject: word use: it's no use ...ing 307 ^ ot followed by object + order 2 infinitive I 1 1 usedto...73 whatever 227 :'ogressive or not 2B-29 and be used to 105 conjunction in adverb :'nkso/not279 vanished: used before noun with clauses 243 :nird person without -s (that she active meaning 176 when go erc) 224 verb relative use 215 :tis is fhe first time etc: with + infinitive 93 tenses 52, 204 + infinitive or -lng form (both when, as and while 240 perfect tenses 54 when...ing 246 possible) 98-101 when to ... 222 :lis. thdt etc: see demonstratives + object + complement (e.9. You :\\ough wheneverconjunction in adverb make me nervous; They elected zl'd although 307 clauses 243 Susan President) 111 :pecial word order 257 + object + as + complement :housand (e.9. / see this as a great clural without -s 31 1 opportunity)111 :nousand, a thousand, one + object + complement in thousand 31 1 passive 83 till 197 !ime :ountable or uncountable I 25 ; s time you... etc tenses 206 INDEX 347

where British and American English 310 yearlyiadjective and adverb 173 compound adjectives (e.9. French- yes and no in answers to negative relative use 21 5 speaking) 176 questions 6 where-clause as subject, object or complement 227 end-weight 251 yet fronting 257 where to .. . 222 discourse marker 264 whereas in exclamations 13 with present perfect or simple in negative questions 6 and while 241 in phrasal verbs 1 1 2-1 13,117 past 45,49 in questions 2 discourse marker 264 you; see personal pronouns whereveri conjunction in adverb in sentences with ellipsis 280 you, they and one (general meaning) in spoken questions 286-288 clauses 243 inversion 258-9 138 inversion in conditional whether you know: discourse marker clauses 237 and if in indirect questions 222 266,267 whether ... or...: meaning'it order of adjectives 1 74 you know what I mean? doesn't matter order of clauses 25 1 position of adjectives 175 discourse marker 267 whether ...' 241 position of adverbs 179-180 position of all 157 you see: discourse marker 267 whether-clause as subject, object position of both 159 young: theyoung 177 or complement 227 position of each'160 your, yours etc: see possessives position of enough 167 which .,.? as subject: word position of first, next,last 174 position of linking adverbs and order 2 conjunctions 255 w h i ch (r elative pro n ou n ) prepositions after infinitives (a 208-210,215-217 garden to playin etc) '102 atwhich point etc 213 prepositions and particles in whichever 227 passives 79,113 conjunction in adverb prepositions in questions 3 prepositions in relative clauses 243 clauses 21 2 while quite 305,307 and whereas 241 rather3O5,307 so... a, as... a, how... a, discourse marker 264 foo ... a l88 while...ing 246 structures with os and while, as and when 240 though 257 who ...? as subject: word subjects in negative order 2 imperatives 1 1 who-clause as subject, object or sucha...188 complement 227 verbs with two objects 1 19 with question-word subjects 2 who (relative pronoun) 208-210, Work: countable or 215-217 uncountable 125 whoever22T worry or be worried Bs conjunction in adverb worth: it's worth ...ing 307 would 58-59,6s clauses 243 future in the past 37 whole tsa (if lwere you,) lwould 239 in indirect speech 221 and o// 158 in sentences with if 232-239 whom 307 whose (question word) willingness, typical behaviour 72-73 and who's302 whose ... as subject: word would have .. .ed etc 68-70 would like / would have liked to order 2 whose (relative pronoun) 214 have -ed etc 91 why'. relative use 215 would like * infinitive 93 will would like somebody to do modal uses 58-59,65 will, be going to or present something 96 t4l,,ife: structures 1 19 progressive 30-33 willingness, typical behaviour 72 with if 236 wish not usually progressive 28 tenses after I wish etc 206 with and by 198 word order 304-305 always and never in imperatives 10 348 INDEX

Step-by-step progress Clear simple explanations, realistic examples and varied exercises take you from understanding to production. Grammar and vocabulary Learn to understand and use more words as you practise structures. reading Learn to handle confusing sentence-types. speaking Learn to understand and use the structures of spoken English. writing Study and practise the structures of formal written English. pronunciation Understand and produce structures with natural stress and rhythm. Grammar through discovery Work out rules from examples. exploration Use the internet to find out more about English. personalisation Practise grammar by talking about your own experience. About the authors tr Michael Swan and Catherhe Walter are experts in rnakinE drgltal sense English and language teaching. Michael is the author of Practical English [Jsage. Catherine is a Lecturer Pronunciation for grammar CD-ROM practises in Applied Linguistics at Oxford University. Their rhythm, stress and intonation. Listen, think, weli-known books include The Good Grammar Book repeat and record. and How English Works (the basis for Oxford English Grammar Course Basic and Intermediate). Online exercises take you from practising g ram ma r lo usi ng g ra m m a r. OXTORD f F:'l tSBN 978-0-19- 431 250 s UNIVEITSITY PRESS lilililltililtlililltl w\\ nv.oup.com/e1t