Hozumi Magsino STEM11-B Cycling

CASA DEL NINO SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL CYCLING HAND BOOK PHP 250 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CYCLING AND MOUNTAIN BIKES PLUS PRESENTED BY: HOZUMI, YURI AND MAGSINO GERMAINE Mountain bike PRESENTED TO MS. BEVERLY ROLDA

BICYCLE THE BICYCLE IS WELL KNOWN TO BE USEFUL FROM THE LAST CENTURY TO THE PRESENT. IT IS A POPULAR FORM OF TRANSPORTATION USED TODAY, AND IS ALSO CONSIDERED AS AN EFFECTIVE CARDIO AND LOWER BODY EXERCISE FOR PEOPLE. RIDING A BIKE, OFTEN CALLED CYCLING, IS NOW CONSIDERED AS AN OLYMPIC SPORT THAT IS VERY POPULAR IN THE WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN EUROPE. IN TODAY’S ERA, THE BICYCLE IS VERY USEFUL, BECAUSE IT HELPS LESSEN THE HARMFUL GASES EMMITED BY VEHICLES, IT IS AN EXCELLENT FORM OF EXERCISE, AND IT HELPS PEOPLE ENJOY NATURE.

TYPES OF BICYCLE TODAY F R A M E MOUNTAIN BMX BIKE COMMUTER FOLDING BIKE BIKE ROAD BIKE

HISTORY OF BICYCLE THE BICYCLE HAS A VERY INTERESTING HISTORY. IT WAS FIRST INVENTED IN THE YEAR 1418 WHICH WAS REALLY A LONG TIME AGO. IT ALSO EVOLVES THROUGH TIME BY DUE TO THE INNOVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF ITS PARTS, REFINEMENT OF ITS LOOKS, UPGRADES TO ITS AERODYNAMICS AND SPEED, AND MANY MORE. AS OF TODAY, THE BICYCLE IS STILL EVOLVING, AND IS NOW BEING CONVERTED TO HIGH TECH ONES. WE CAN SAY THAT THE BICYCLE HAS A REALLY LONG HISTORY WHICH HELPS US TO LEARN MANY IMPORTANT LESSONS AND ADVANTAGES THAT WE COULD USE TO INNOVATE THE WORLD OF CYCLING.

HISTORY 1418 - THE FIRST HUMAN-POWERED LAND VEHICLE - GIOVANNI FONTANA BUILT THE FIRST HUMAN POWERED LAND VEHICLE WHICH HAS FOUR WHEELS AND USES A ROPE CONNECTED BY GEARS TO THE WHEELS. 1790 - CELERIFERE - IT WAS INVENTED BY COMTE MEDE DE SIVRAC, IT HAS TWO EQUAL-SIZED WHEELS AND A SEAT, BUT NO STEERING WHEEL, BRAKES, OR PEDALS. 1817 - STEERABLE LAUFMASCHINE - THE WOODEN STEERABLE LAUFMASCHINE HAS A STEERABLE FRONT WHEEL AND IS THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE TWO-WHEELER PRINCIPLE. 1858 - PEDALS - THE STEERABLE LAUFMASCHINE HAD PEDALS ADDED TO IT. THE CREDIT EITHER GOES TO FRENCHMAN PIERRE MICHAUX, HIS SON ERNEST MICHAUX, OR PIERRE LLAMENT. 1863 - BONESHAKER - BLACKSMITH ERNEST MICHAUX INVENTS THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL BONESHAKER IN 1863. IT WAS MADE OF STIFF MATERIALS AND STRAIGHT ANGLES. 1866 - PENNY FARTHING - BRITISH ENGINEER, JAMES STARLEY INVENTS THE PENNY FARTHING WHICH IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE HIGH WHEELER.

HISTORY 1868 - RUBBERIZED WHEELS - CLÉMENT ADER IS GRANTED THE FIRST PATENT FOR RUBBERIZED WHEELS. THERE WAS STILL ROOM TO IMPROVE ON RIDE SOFTNESS, SO RUBBER TIRES WITH AN EMPTY CORE WERE TRIED. 1876 - CALIPER BRAKES - ENGLISH INVENTORS BROWETT AND HARRISON PATENT AN EARLY VERSION OF THE CALIPER BRAKE. 1879 - BICYCLETTE - HENRY J. LAWSON PATENTS THE FIRST REAR WHEEL, CHAIN-DRIVEN SAFETY BICYCLE. LAWSON’S EARLIER MODELS WERE ALL LEVER- DRIVEN. 1885 - ROVER SAFETY BICYCLE - JOHN KEMP STARLEY INVENTS THIS IN ENGLAND. THIS MODEL COMBINES A LOW SEAT, STRONG METAL FOR A CHAIN, AND TWO WHEELS THAT ARE SIMILAR IN SIZE. 1888 - INFLATABLE TIRES - JOHN BOYD DUNLOP PATENTS PNEUMATIC TIRES IN IRELAND. THESE CAME ABOUT WHEN JOHN’S YOUNG SON ASKED HIM TO FIND A WAY TO MAKE HIS TRICYCLE HAVE A SOFTER RIDE ON THEIR COMMON COBBLESTONE STREETS. 1889 - THE PEDAL-BACK BRAKE - THESE BRAKES WERE PATENTED BY DANIEL-STOVER AND WILLIAM HANCE, AND WOULD LATER BECOME KNOWN AS SAFETY BRAKES.

HISTORY 1896 - COASTER BRAKES - THESE BRAKES ALLOW THE BIKE TO MOVE FORWARD WITHOUT REQUIRING THE PEDALS TO MOVE. ADDITIONALLY, THE RIDER CAN BRAKE BY PEDALING BACKWARDS. 1897 - DUCK BRAKES - THIS TYPE OF BRAKE USES A ROD OPERATED BY A LEVER ON THE HANDLEBAR. THE RIDER PULLS THE LEVER TO PULL RUBBER ROLLERS AGAINST THE FRONT TIRE TO SLOW DOWN THE VEHICLE. 1898 - FREEWHEEL - ERNST SACHS INVENTS THE FREE WHEEL. THIS INVENTION ALLOWS THE RIDER TO KEEP PEDALS STATIONARY WHILE THE BICYCLE STILL MOVES FORWARD. 1979 - MOUNTAIN BIKE - CALIFORNIAN JOE BREEZE IS CREDITED FOR CREATING THE MOUNTAIN BIKE. THESE ARE THE FIRST TOUGH FRAMES BUILT FOR DOWNHILL RACING. 1984 - COGS - IT BECOMES POPULAR FOR COGS TO BE ADDED TO THE REAR GEAR CLUSTER, INCREASING THE NUMBER OF SPEEDS FROM 15 TO 18, 21 AND 24. 2002 – 10-COG REAR CLUSTER - ITALIAN BICYCLE COMPONENT MANUFACTURER CAMPAGNOLO DEVELOPS A 10-COG REAR CLUSTER, ALLOWING FOR 30-SPEED BICYCLES.

MOUNTAIN BIKE THE MOUNTAIN BIKE (ALSO CALLED MTB) IS A TYPE OF BICYCLE THAT IS VERY USEFUL AND HAVE MANY INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT IT. A MOUNTAIN BIKE IS A BIKE DESIGNED FOR ROAD AND OFF ROAD TRACKS. IT SHARES SOME SIMILARITIES TO OTHER TYPES OF BICYCLE BUT ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR GREAT DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS LIKE MOUNTAIN TRAILS.

MOUNTAIN BIKE

HISTORY OF MOUNTAIN BIKE 1ST MOUNTAIN BIKE THE MOUNTAIN BIKE WAS DEVELOPED IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA DURING THE 1970S WHEN CYCLISTS BEGAN TO FIT OUT THEIR BICYCLES WITH WIDER TIRE, RAPID-SHIFT GEARS AND GROUND-BREAKING SUSPENSION COMPONENTS. FROM ITS LOW-KEY BEGINNINGS, THE SPORT QUICKLY SPREAD AROUND THE WORLD. CROSS- COUNTRY MOUNTAIN BIKE MADE ITS OLYMPIC DEBUT AT THE ATLANTA 1996 GAMES.

How did cycling added to the olympics? The mountain bike sport was adopted as an official Olympic sport. The first national mountain bike championships were held in 1983 in the USA. Mountain bike Cross-Country (MTB Cross-Country) was accepted as an official Olympic sport at the Atlanta 1996 Games. It is an event for men and women. Competition format The mountain bike events has basic format to follow. The race will be held on an off-road trail while riders are seeded into a starting grid according to their current UCI ranking. Both men and women can compete here. They complete one start loop, followed by a specified number of laps of the course. The winner is the first to cross the finish line.

Rules and Regulations 1.Riders must complete the entire distance of the tour, and the responsibility for following the official route lies with the rider. 2.Riders must act in a polite manner at all times, and permit any faster rider to overtake without obstructing. 3.Riders must respect the countryside and ride only on the official route. 4.No glass containers of any kind are permitted on or near the course. 5.Riders must not use offensive or abusive language during the race, act in an unsporting manner, be disrespectful to the officials, or ignore the race regulations.

Rules and Regulations 6.The Tour will not have exclusive use of any public roads during the race. 7.Any person who cannot continue for whatever reason must immediately inform the Race Office. This can be done at the Race Start, the Finish or at Water points. Withdrawals will only be official once you have handed in your bike board. 8.Riders retain the ultimate responsibility to carry enough water and nutrition with them. 9.The riders will be disqualified if they did the followings: Riding at any point on any stage without a helmet. Excessive littering. Disrespect or damage to the environment. Bad sportsmanship. Abuse of Race Officials. Traffic Rule violations. 10.Riders must avoid polluting the area, and not leave any waste or litter.

Equipments and parts Bicycle competitions require proper equipment and parts to allow cyclist to participate. We must require the proper equipment and parts not just to be part of the competition but also to be safe at all times. There are tendencies that accidents occur when we have defective parts and equipment. Which is a reason why bicycle competitions are strictly following protocols in order to ensure the cyclist’s safety. As a cyclist, we must also follow protocols to make the competition safe and fun. To wrap things up, both the cyclist and the competition itself must follow protocols to guarantee the safety of both parties.

Equipments 1.Helmets with international “ANSI” standards. 2. Appropriate riding attire, Cycling clothes (This will be your identification as a racer.) 3. Elbow, knee and shin pads (Optional) Fully enclosed footwear or cleats 4. First Aid Kit – consisting of a minimum of: 5. Foil survival blanket 6. First Aid Dressings x 3 (Sizes 2, 3 and 4 recommended) 7. Adhesive first aid plasters x 5 8. Sun-block with a minimum SPF factor of 15 9. Any riders on specific personal medications are responsible for supplying and carrying such medication. 10. At least 2 liters drinking bottle liquid capacity per rider. 11. Multi-tool or bike repair tools. 12. Mobile and working telephone (South Africa uses Dual Band GSM 900/1800 – this is the same as in Europe). 13. Extra pair of inner tubes 14. Extra pair of brake pads 15. Eye protection is strongly recommended.

Parts of the Mountain Bike

Parts description Seat post- a post that the seat is mounted to. It slides into the frame's seat tube and is used to adjust ride height depending how far into the seat tube it is inserted. Seat- what a bicyclist sits on. Shifter- gear shifting control, it lets you control the speed of the bike. Handle bar- a lever attached, usually using an intermediary stem, to the steerer tube of the fork. Allows steering and provides a point of attachment for controls and accessories. Chip- it is a small device where the GPS is placed to guide your way. Brake lever- Brake lever: a lever for actuating a bicycle brake. Disc brakes- the disc component that helps brake the bike. Hubs- the core of a wheel; contains bearings and, in a traditional wheel, has drilled flanges for attachment of spokes. Wheel- most commonly a wire wheel, designed for a bicycle. A pair is often called a wheelset Frame- the mechanical core of a bicycle, the frame provides points of attachment for the various components that make up the machine. Cassette- is the cluster of sprockets located on the rear hub of your bike F R A M E

Parts description Rear derailleur- an assembly of levers, usually cable actuated, that moves the chain between sprockets on a cassette or chainring assembly located on the rear of the bike. Chain- a system of interlinking pins, plates and rollers that transmits power from the front sprocket(s) to the rear sprocket(s). Front derailleur- an assembly of levers, usually cable actuated, that moves the chain between sprockets on a cassette or chainring assembly located on the front. Crank set- composed of cranks and at least one chain ring. Pedals- There are two general types; one secures the foot with a mechanical clamp or cage and the other has no connection to lock the foot to the pedal. Tire- A tubular tire is glued to the wheel rim; most tires use tubes, but tubeless tires and rims are increasingly common. Suspension fork- is based around a spring and a damper, which sees the spring rate controlled by air pressure. Cable: a metal cable enclosed in part by a metal and plastic housing that is used to connect a control, such as a brake or shifting lever, to the device it activates. Rim: that part of a wheel to which the tire is attached and often forms part of the braking mechanism. Rotor: the disc component of a disc brake. F R A M E

Glossary 10-Cog Rear Cluster - Italian bicycle component manufacturer Campagnolo develops a 10-cog rear cluster, allowing for 30-speed bicycles. ANSI- The American National Standards Institute is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. Bicycle- also called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. Bicyclette - Henry J. Lawson patents the first rear wheel, chain-driven safety bicycle. Lawson’s earlier models were all lever-driven. BMX Bike - an off-road sport bicycle used for racing and stunt riding. BMX means Bicycle Motocross. Machine goes by many names, including the running machine, velocipede, Draisine, and the swift-walker. Boneshaker - Blacksmith Ernest Michaux invents the first commercially successful velocipede in 1863, which is now called the boneshaker. Celerifere - Invented by Comte Mede de Sivrac, it has two equal-sized wheels and a seat, but no steering, brakes, or pedals.

Glossary Derailleur- an assembly of levers, usually cable actuated, that moves the chain between sprockets on a cassette or chain ring assembly. Equipment- it is a specific type of item for a particular purpose Folding Bike - designed to fold up into a compact size so that you can store them away when you’re not using them Hybrid/Commuter Bike - mixture between road bikes and mountain bikes Mountain Bike - designed to go on mountains or on off- road trails Olympics- it is an ancient Panhellenic festival held every fourth year and made up of contests of sports, music, and literature with the victor's prize a crown of wild olive. Parts- different types of pieces which combines together to make a device. Road Bike - designed for long road rides, optimized to make road cycling as efficient as possible Steerable Laufmaschine - This SPF- sun protector factor is a number of scale to measure the degree of protection of the sunscreen against the radiation of the sun.

Bike facts Did you know? 1.The longest tandem bicycle seated 35 people, it was more than 20 meters long. 2.The word bicycle started being used several years after the first bicycles went on sale. The first models were called velocipedes. 3.The first bicycles were created in France, but the modern design was born in England. 4.There are over 1 billion bicycles currently being used all around the world. 5.Bicycles save over 238 million gallons of fuel every year. 6.Cycling is one of the best pastimes for people who want to reduce the risk of having heart disease or a stroke. 7.The first constructed bike was almost entirely made of wood. 8.The largest rideable bicycle has a wheel diameter of 3.3 m (10 ft 9.92 in) and was built by Didi Senft from Germany. 9.The fastest bicyclist is American rider, John Howard 10.The world manufactures about 100 million bikes each year

REFERENCES HTTP://WWW.BICYCLEHISTORY.NET/BICYCLE-INVENTOR/OLIVIER- BROTHERS/ HTTPS://WWW.UCI.ORG/OLYMPIC-GAMES/CYCLING-AT-THE-OLYMPIC-GAMES HTTPS://WWW.EDINBURGHBICYCLE.COM/INFO/TYPES-OF-BIKES-BUYING- GUIDE HTTPS://WWW.MTB- ADVENTURES.CO.ZA/RULES#:~:TEXT=BASIC%20MOUNTAIN%20BIKE%20RACI NG%20RULES%20AND%20ETIQUETTE&TEXT=RIDERS%20MUST%20ACT%20IN %20A,LEAVE%20ANY%20WASTE%20OR%20LITTER. HTTPS://WWW.WORLDCYCLETOURS.COM/BLOG/2019/22-INTERESTING- FACTS-ABOUT-CYCLING HTTPS://BILLBONEBIKELAW.COM/NEWS-FROM-THE-ROAD/12-FUN-FACTS- CYCLING/ CTIONAID.ORG.UK/BLOG/FUNDRAISING/2015/04/07/8-WEIRD-AND- WONDERFUL-FACTS-YOU-DIDNT-KNOW-ABOUT-CYCLING HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/BMX_BIKE HTTPS://KALONGKONG.WORDPRESS.COM/2014/02/24/JUST-SHARING- ANATOMY-OF-MOUNTAIN-BIKE-PARTS-COMPONENTS/

THANK YOU!

ABOUT: THIS DIGITAL NOTEBOOK CONTAINS MANY INFORMATION ABOUT CYCLING. THIS NOTEBOOK WAS MADE IN MARCH 2021 BY YURI HOZUMI AND GERMAINE MAGSINO. THEY ARE BOTH STUDENTS OF CASA DEL NINO SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL FROM STEM 11-B. GERMAINE MAGSINO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INFORMATION GATHERING ABOUT BICYCLES, WHILE YURI HOZUMI DESIGNED THE DIGITAL NOTEBOOK. ALL INFORMATION THAT WAS FOUND IN THE INTERNET ARE ALL CREDITED TO ITS RIGHTFUL AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM. IN SHORT, THIS DIGITAL NOTEBOOK WAS MADE BY YURI HOZUMI AND GERMAIN MAGSINO FROM STEM11-B OF CDNSHS AND CONTAINS INFORMATIONS ABOUT CYCLING, AND BIKES, ESPECIALLY MOUNTAIN BIKES.