MAGAZINE GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR TOMORROW 2018 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Definitions Service innovations: the Conceptual innovations: the Given the definitions and the development of new world views typology of innovation, there Public sector innovation can be introduction of a new service that challenge assumptions that are changes taking place within defined as the implementation by underpin existing service the public sector. The challenge, a public sector organization of product or an improvement in the products, processes and however, is to assess the extent new or significantly improved organizational forms. to which these changes have in products, services or ways of quality of an existing service fact, had an impact on growth doing things, either within the Policy innovations: changes to the and development in the structure of the sector itself or in product. E.g. National Land Agency’s thought or behavioural intentions Caribbean and specifically in the way in which the public associated with a policy belief Jamaica. services are provided. eLandjamaica, which provides system. E.g. Venture Capital (OECD/Eurostat 2005). Another Financing through public/private The Environment definition as posited by Jiyao Chen information on a specific plot of partnerships. , R.M. Walker and Mohanbir Innovation will only thrive in an Sawhney states that “Public Sector land. Systemic innovation: new or environment where there is innovation (PSI) is the improved ways of interacting transformational leadership at development and implementation Service delivery innovations: new or with other organizations or various levels, supported by the of a novel idea by a Public Sector altered ways of delivering to clients, knowledge bases. political will and commitment Organization (PSO) to create or or otherwise interacting with them, for radical change to the public improve public value within an for the purpose of supplying specific (Innovation In the Public Sector, sector. This requires a paradigm ecosystem.” (Academy of public services. E.g. Registrar The Innovation Policy Platform- shift from what currently Management Proceedings. 2015). General’s Department – Birth World Bank Group) obtains to an enabling Both definitions allude to new Certificate’s online and delivery environment that provides processes or activities, actual services and Passport, Immigration incentives for public sector development and implementation and Citizens’ Agency (PICA) – workers with the requisite that result in value to the public. airport kiosks and 1 day service for skills and competencies to passports. Administrative and penetrate the workforce. Windrum (2008) proposes the organizational innovations: changes following typology of innovations in the organizational structures and in the public sector: routines by which front office staff produce services in a particular way and/or back office staff support front office services. E.g. Executive Agencies (15) Tax Administration of Jamaica. 51

A new approach to governance They note that, “It represents a Pages, Pierre, and Scarpeta The countries in the region must be adopted to influence break with the past.” Over the years, (2009: 44) in examining Job innovation that will change the the incremental approach to public creation in Latin America and must increase their trajectory, to one that should sector transformation has been the Caribbean: Recent Trends impact growth and development. generally less than effective. and Policy Challenges concur “investment in research and Undoubtedly, Jamaica over the that a “strong correlation exists years as reflected in the current For better results, a strategic between changes in GDP per development training and environment, is conducive to and approach to overhauling the entire capita and labour productivity does promote to some extent public sector to more intentionally across Latin America and the institution collaboration which innovation, given the number of embrace innovation is now critically Caribbean. This correlation projects that are being pursued. required. An enabling environment indicates that changes in labour are strategies that will improve For example, ASYCUDA, the must be created to build and productivity are the main drivers computerized operating system nurture a culture of innovation of differences in growth across productivity and efficiency.” currently in place at the Customs within the public sector. To the countries in the region. Yet Department has not only extent that it is the government’s productivity growth was less than (Science, Technology and enhanced trade facilitation but has responsibility so to do, 1.0 percent annually.” The drivers considerably improved the level of restructuring the role of of productivity must of necessity Innovation in the digital productivity of both workers and government is an essential include research and development the public by virtue of the prerequisite for fostering innovation and innovation. The poor economy). Factors influencing reduction in the time now taken to in the public sector. Government investment in these has process goods. The dynamic must therefore create the space for consequential results, one of which innovation global environment, compels the public sector workers to be is the low GDP. public sector to adapt to the informed, inspired and incentivized For innovation to develop and changing political and societal for innovation to thrive. flourish, cognizance must be landscape. Osbourne and Brown taken of the context, the (2005: 3) concur that “This community, i.e., public sector challenging environment has workers, and the conditions made it increasingly important for that will impact growth and public service managers to engage development. in the management of change and innovation and to be clear about 52 the difference between these two phenomena.” Innovation requires a detachment from the status quo.

The Context For example, the small splintered The Community (Human labs located in various Ministries, Capital) The challenges facing the such as Health, Agriculture, and respective countries in the Ministry of Science, Energy and A critical component in public Caribbean are fairly well known; Technology (MSET), that these include the growing fiscal currently exist within the sector innovation is how austerity, large trade deficits with Jamaican context, are relatively the concomitant balance of unproductive and cannot advance Governments incentivise payments problems, vast social in the present construct, any inequalities and high levels of meaningful innovation that will innovation within the public unemployment. The public sector dramatically impact the growth continues to be the largest and development of Jamaica, or sector. Are there barriers to employer and absorbs a by extension the Caribbean. This considerable size of the budget, is due to limited financial innovation? The public sector is leaving very little for development resources and lack of the initiatives like research and requisite skills. A consolidation of apprehensive to change and the innovation. In Jamaica, given the skills and competencies, along fiscal constraints, the Government with the required financial question must be: What fuels is not too inclined to invest resources, could be impactful in significantly in the research and the creation of a Centre of such fears? Any deviation from development which should inform Excellence, focusing on research policy and decision-making. This, and development and innovation. the known frameworks, seems however, is a prerequisite for innovation to become a critical to pose a real threat to public part of the service sector contribution to economic In discussing innovation as a means sector workers. In examining activities, in the national and of solving local development global economy. challenges, Bruno Pouezat, the the context, the human capital United Nations Development Representative in Jamaica is component is central to the reported as saying that, “innovation is one of the more significant keys to discourse. economic growth and development, noting that the 2016-2017 Global 53 Competitiveness Report identifies innovation as the 12th pillar of economic growth, but warns that developing cutting-edge products and processes, require an environment conducive to innovative activity supported by both public and private sectors” (Jamaica Observer, September 2017).

Is there the right mix with the Homogenous thinking at the same There is need for collaboration The Governance Conditions requisite education, knowledge, level is limiting within respective skills and competencies, to Ministries, Departments and with the Universities and the The political five-year cycle introduce and implement Agencies and the limitation or lack quells any appetite for dramatic innovative ideas and concepts? of inter-cultural competencies, private sector to promote changes, if not effected within restricts intellectual capacity to the first two years of any Khadan (2018; 1) in estimating ‘think outside of the box.’ innovation at all levels that will political party assuming office. the effects of human capital Hence, many major policy constraints on innovation in the contribute to the country’s decisions are stymied by year 3. Caribbean, notes that “Human This was evident in the stance capital as reflected in education development. For example, the taken by successive levels and skills and innovation governments in the are two important engines of case of Singapore. The implementation of the Public economic growth” (2018: 1). She Sector Master Rationalization posits further that “The Caribbean Government Technology Agency Plan that was developed in is deficient in both: lower than 2010, by the Public Sector expected GDP growth rates are Insecurities as public officers of Singapore (GovTech) has Transformation Unit. This Plan accompanied by relatively low provided the impetus for innovation at the firm level [which perpetuate the silo effects that collaborated with the National systemic innovation within the could also be extrapolated and public sector that would have applied to the government level] continue to influence the public University of Singapore to boost demanded redesigning the and the work force is current system of operations. characterized by skills deficiencies sector and the competitiveness, in skills and innovation in the Public and educational mismatches” (Policy Brief, N IDB – PB 274, May unnecessary ways continue to Sector. Both parties share 2018). Innovation therefore, depends on a skilled workforce create barriers to learning. resources and expertise to that can conceptualise, implement and produce goods or services, for Maximizing diversity and enhance the technological the market. integration of technical, capabilities and competencies of managerial/organizational and public officers. political capabilities are critical to support innovation throughout the public sector. Fresh thinking, new insights and a dramatic change in culture are imperatives necessary to facilitate and encourage innovation. A totally new mind set is required within the government to incentivize public officers to be innovators and agents of change. 54

Governments must intentionally The GoJ should also reconsider its Develop the digital enablers and Current Status develop a policy framework that approach to prematurely taxing platforms for Smart Nation, to will support research and businesses that are in a fledgling grow economic value and catalyse To some extent elements of the development and promote state to reduce the financial burden innovation by companies and above have been captured as innovation that cannot be and to encourage innovation that citizens. The SNDGG (Smart over the past fifteen years, manipulated by successive incurs a certain amount of risks and Nation and Digital Government various innovations and governments. Vision 2030 must be therefore require time to be Group) will build on the ongoing initiatives have been in a shared vision that lends itself to established and grow. There is much work by GovTech to enhance data progress in several areas of GOJ continuity of all successive to be learnt from the Government of sharing through data.gov.sg, and with varying degrees of success. governments realizing the major Singapore and the priority they partner with the Monetary These include several of the goals. Aligned with that must be place on promoting a smart nation. Authority of Singapore (MAS) to examples mentioned previously an enabling environment that Their focus is primarily on three promote e-payments. Drive digital as innovations of various types. provides incentives for those major areas, namely: Apply digital transformation for the public developing and sustaining and smart technologies to improve service, to strengthen innovation within the public citizens’ lives in key domains, in Government ICT infrastructure sector. Investment in training and partnership with other government and improve public service development of the human capital agencies, industry, and the delivery. The SNDGG will build up is an imperative in promoting a public. One such key domain is digital capabilities within knowledge and digital economy. urban mobility. The Land Transport government, including in areas Training to build capacity and Authority (LTA) has been using data such as data science and IoT, to develop capabilities, along with a analytics to better manage their bus continue delivering excellent targeted approach to transforming fleets, reduce crowdedness and public services to the citizens. the existing culture, are improve timeliness. determinants to encourage (The New Silicon Valley, April 17, innovation in the public sector. 2017) Government should review some of its policies that could inhibit collaboration with the private sector or stymie private sector embarking on innovative businesses. 55

The challenge, however, is a lack of to facilitate shared services. These GovNet, is expected to result in The rollout of AMANDA in the co-ordination and cohesion for include data centre computing greater interconnectivity and Municipal Corporations (MCs) “joined-up” government that services (Gov-Cloud); a consolidated efficiency in the public sector. and related Agencies since 2006 would result in greater efficiencies voice communication system (Gov- creates a seamless/continuous and cost reduction and directly Talk), a consolidated email system AMANDA electronic processing and contribute to growth. Several (Gov-Email); and Gov-Internet. It is management system for major ICT investment projects envisioned that GovNet will In 2008, the Government of Development Applications. It is currently being undertaken by GoJ facilitate the seamless transfer of Jamaica (GOJ) developed an a major element in streamlining entities remain uncoordinated and information between State agencies implementation plan to the Development Applications decentralized. The rationale and other stakeholders, as well as, streamline and standardise the Process (DAP) and reduce the behind these investments is provide online services to the public Development Approvals process time for processing centred around the concept of at minimal cost. GovNet will be the for building and land use. The development applications. (For shared services, requiring a underlying network platform that intention is to reduce the lengthy Subdivision applications nine common (shared) infrastructure, provides a secure network and cumbersome challenges that (9) lots and under on less than connecting service providers and infrastructure for shared services to persisted and had an impact on five acres and building customers. Regrettably, each of all MDAs. Some of the projected investment. The thrust to improve applications 3000 sq.ft (300m2) these entities is separately benefits from this shared secure the Development Approvals and below), in the first proposing their own individual network include: Review Process (DARP) has instance). GoJ Wide Area Network (WAN) resulted in the implementation of infrastructure for provision of More efficient and productive use of the Application Management and their respective services to their resources Data Automation (AMANDA) customers, resulting in a waste of System across all Municipal resources and duplication of More efficient control, monitoring Corporations (Parish Council efforts. There are some areas of and accounting for resources Offices) and key Agencies that operations in which the concept of impact the DARP. shared corporate services is now Improved data collection and being introduced, to include the storage following: GovNet Improved security GovNet is a secure, wide area 56 network infrastructure that will link government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs)

The National Environment and The need arises therefore to build This innovation in handling these The officer at the time, Lionel institutional capacity to properly trade matters has resulted in: Planning Agency (NEPA) has manage the borders, effectively Brown, worked assiduously control processes and operations, already implemented other types while maintaining trade compliance. with the MDAs to capture all of automated processes to treat The level of efficiency of customs Efficiently and effectively critical information pertinent to administrations has an important controlling legitimate trade with various applications, impact on transaction costs for across borders; every single employee of the international trade. Streamlining including environmental permits and simplifying customs procedures government of Jamaica and was will reduce transaction costs and and licences for large benefit: (a) exporters; (b) able to project ahead of time importers; (c) the government; and developments. Dealing (d) the private sector. The Enhancing Government revenue the number of persons who introduction of technology has collection; expeditiously with approvals and greatly reduced corruption and would retire annually from the improved the revenue to the permits is a critical matter for Government. Other related public service. Such information government agencies benefitting investors, who are better able to from the system are: the Port Facilitating trade and simplifying was critical for future planning Authority, health, veterinary, business process; and, plan and execute projects in a agricultural, as well as, the trading in terms of training and community which includes Customs timely manner, resulting in more brokers, forwarding and shipping development, succession agents, carriers, banks and other investments in the country’s intermediaries. This enhanced and Supporting the decision-making planning, leave arrangements, fully integrated management economic development. information system is critical in process in formulating economic pension planning, among other improving compliance and ASYCUDA – A System for Customs facilitating trade. and fiscal policies. It was believed things. Data that the Public Sector Transformation Unit was Generally, customs innovative in 2010, when the administrations operate in a unit was able to develop the e- dynamic environment where trade Census using Excel to capture logistics, technological information on the 125,000 innovations and other challenges public sector workers in all are encountered. With the government Ministries, expansion in international trade, Departments and Agencies this is accompanied with (MDAs). increased commercial fraud, terrorism, smuggling and contraband, as well as, money laundering and other financial crimes. 57

That at the time, was innovative The first phase of the Government The Companies Office of Jamaica Time and money will be saved after thirty years of implementing of Jamaica Portal (Gov.jm) has now (COJ) is to launch before the end for those registering a business. the HRMIS system.. The made conducting business with the of 2018, an electronic business Importantly, this should Government has now invested in a Government of Jamaica much easier registration form (EBRF), to improve Jamaica’s standing in new HR software system which with the official launch of the facilitate a hassle-free and more the UN Doing Business Ranking will provide both HR and Payroll GOV.JM website in August 2017. convenient option to transacting in the category of Registering a functions. The introduction of HR business. The electronic business Business. Shared Services will be on a It is a one-stop shop for registration form will convert the phased basis and the application is government-related information manual form to an electronic NIDS currently being rolled out to the and services and will help to reduce version, which will allow persons MDAs. The initial phase of cost, while improving efficiency. to register their business name or Since the 1970’s the operations of the HR+ software Among the services available online, company online. The other Government of Jamaica has will provide the following services are tax and traffic fine payments, as agencies that are responsible for seen over forty years of among others: well as, queries; motor-vehicle regulating business start-ups will indecision in attempting to registration; bill payments; and also be included in the process. introduce a National Leave Administration applications for passport, birth, Once the form is properly Identification System. During death and marriage certificates and completed and submitted, then 2011 to 2015, reports and Employee Record of Service driver’s licences. The website also the registration is done documents were developed to facilitates applications for import automatically and a notification support the implementation of Reporting and Data Analytics and export permits and licences sent when the certificate is a NIDS. (ASYCUDA); and access to forms and ready.Persons who do not have Employment Verification Letters links for doing business and access to the internet or a investing in Jamaica. The computer, are still able to utilize Talent Acquisition and Government Portal is part of the the eBRF, as kiosks will be in eGovernment Strategy. EBRF – place at various office locations of Onboarding Support Electronic Business Registration the Tax Administration Jamaica Form (TAJ) and the COJ. Pension and Retirement Planning Support Payroll gov.jm – Government of Jamaica 58 Portal

Among them were the following: and a multi-agency Technical As Jamaica moves in the right Developing the metrics and the Design of NIDS ICT Architecture; Committee have been established to direction to present its Science, appropriate tools for assessing Development of a Baseline Survey; provide oversight and technical Technology and Innovation policy innovation in the public sector, Development of an Institutional support during the implementation to the Cabinet, it is hoped that are crucial to measuring Framework; Preparation of an of NIDS. “this national system of progress and remains a Economic and Cost Benefit innovation will [indeed] generate, challenge to measure the Analysis; Development of a Conclusion store and transfer knowledge and degree of success to date. Densil Communication and Behaviour technologies that promote Williams, former Head of the Change Strategy and the Several initiatives are currently growth, competitiveness and Department of Management Development of a Legislative underway in the public sector that efficient delivery of public goods Studies, UWI is now PVC Framework. will improve citizens’ lives and [and services].” The next steps Planning, has stated eloquently, encourage investors to invest in should be integrating science, that “For Jamaica to move In April 2016, the National Jamaica. To a large extent reduction technology and innovation in all forward, there is no doubt that Identification System (NIDS) was of transactional costs is being public policies. the country will have to make stated as a priority of the GoJ and pursued, They also aim to expedite significant investment in subsequently the NIDS Policy was business efficiently, reduce Training to build capacity and building an innovation culture. formulated and approved by duplication and overlaps, eradicate develop capabilities, while Cabinet in November 2016. In or minimize corruption and transforming the existing culture March 2017 the Government streamline the business of and the recruitment of the right tabled the National Identification government through innovation and skills and competencies, are and Registration Authority Bill in the effective use of technology. In major determinants to encourage Parliament, allowing for laws to be concluding, The Governments of the innovation in the public sector. enacted to bring the Civil Caribbean should learn from the Registration and Identity lessons of Jamaica. Collectively, Management under a new entity much can be achieved locally, to be called the NIRA (National nationally and regionally, in shaping Identification and Registration public policy and facilitating Authority). The establishment of innovation and the use of NIRA and the implementation of a technology, within the public sector, National Identification System will which will positively impact growth pave the way for Jamaica to and development. become a digital society in the Caribbean. An Implementation 59 Taskforce (ITF)

This investment has to come from OECD/Eurostat. 2005. Innovation Review of Economic Performance. Windrun, Paul. 2008. Public in the Public Sector. The Innovation January – March 2018. Planning private firms, venture capitalists, Policy Platform. World Bank Group. Sector Typology. In Public Accessed June 26, 2018. Institute of Jamaica Media Brief. angel investors and the Sector Innovation: Typology Gebre, Beniam, Petter Hallman, Science, Technology and Government. If this investment is Mark Minukas and Becca O’Brien. Innovation in the digital and Validation. Jiyeo Chen, R. M. 2012. Transforming Government economy: The State of the Art in not coming, Jamaica will not be performance through lean Latin America and the Caribbean. Walker and Mohanbir Sawhney management. McKinsey Centre for 2016. Second Session of the able to overcome the innovation Government. Accessed June 26, Conference on Science, in Academy of Management 2018 from mckinsey.com Innovation and ICTs of ECLAC. challenge, which is inhibiting LC/G 2685. CCITIC 2/3. United Proceedings. 2015. Accessed Organization for Economic Nations. Santiago. Accessed July robust economic growth in this Cooperation and Development 12, 2018 from July 17, 2018 from (OECD) 2018. Fostering Innovation repositorio.cepal.org. small, island economy. It is time to in the Public Sector. Accessed July 3, researchgate.net 2018 from www.oecd.org. Jeetendra Khadan. 2018. change course” (The Gleaner, Estimating the effects of human capital constraints on innovation October 2011). Ladies and in the Caribbean. Inter-American Nitin Dahad. 2017. Singapore Development Bank. Policy Brief makes moves to spur public Gentlemen: It is time to change N.IDB – PB 274. May 2018. sector innovation, build smart Accessed July 10, 2018 from nation. In the Next Silicon course dramatically. The publications.iadb.org. Valley, April 17, 2018. Accessed July 23, 2018 from presenter closed with a quote http://www.thenextsiliconvalle y.com/ from Edith Widder, Researcher/Explorer, who states: “Exploration is the engine that drives innovation. Innovation drives economic growth. So let’s all go exploring.” REFERENCES: “Innovation Key to Economic Growth says UNDP Rep in Jamaica.” Jamaica Observer, September 29, 2017. Accessed July 16, 2018 in jamaicaobserver.com. “Cabinet to receive Science, 60 Technology, and Innovation Policy shortly.” Rochelle Williams. Jamaica Information Service. May 17, 2018. Accessed on July 16, 2018 from Jamaica Information Service.

World Bank In the 2000’s, there was a shift from Today there is a better shift Important advances have been administrative reformed to public again from some administrative made in the past, including a A number of elements in the sector modernization. The rhetoric reforms and modernization to steady reduction in public debt. is uber important to pay attention to now transformation. The Improvement can be seen in public sector management because there is sort of an evolution speaker believes that actually service delivery as well. One there that is quite interesting. And reflects the use of ICT, e- has to turn the radio on when programme was discussed. This this programme in the early 2000’s government techniques. It was curious to hear what people are was motivated by a desire to define mentioned in a presentation on talking about and read the entails the investment operation, and to modernize the State to shared services that these are newspaper and one can see respond more effectively to needed by the government, as comments in the newspaper and local advisory work as well as globalization, to take this austerity well as a focus on reforming the about the level and quality of and to meet expectations for specialist agencies and entities public services and ideas for their development role in the efficiency and improved services for that have a high impact on the improving it every day . But the public. Many of which are private sector such as PICA, the anyone who has had to wait in operation . Many of the reforms drawing out concepts of New Public Passport and Immigration line for their TRN number or for Management. And new Public Agency, which has a very their driver’s license can attest that have been pursued within the Management draws on a lot of what important role to play. And in to that. was happening in the private sector fact, under the project context of macro-economic management space and bringing supported in Jamaica, the Public that into the public sector. So for Sector Transformation project, stability and a high public debt example, they are paying attention addresses a number of these to management techniques, areas. programme from which in turn introducing performance incentives, introducing a kind of customer have very much constrained the focus. level and quality of civil servants and the citizens. The public service has been under more constant pressure to reform, and to adapt to changing external circumstances. What one can see here is that in the seventies (70s) through the administrative reform programme, emphasis was really on professionalizing the public sector and ensuring effective control of budgeting. Now in the eighties under the financial and programme management improvement project, the focus was really on the human and financial investments, as well as private investment and expert development. 61

Attempts to address the different The need to provide local expertise and some capacity to And finally, just to acknowledge aspects of reform can be seen over where possible and closely backtracking some areas and the that public sector reform and the years which have brought coordinate that with government need to bring in better capacity in government reforms in some unbalanced improvements. counterparts, so that the reforms others. Another lesson is really particular is as much about Suggesting a review of the can seem to be led by government for more coordinated support attitudinal and cultural change, approaches are needed. A more counterparts because that’s the only around development partners, as it is about changing comprehensive and coordinated way that one would get State reform and that’s not just specific to organizational structures and attempt at reform particularly over time. Engaging agencies and Jamaica, that’s been around the procedures. Achieving change from the development partners is departments that are particularly world where nowadays groups in one without the other, may required. The lessons from the located for change. The public can come together and try to have the effect of sabotaging the past was reflected on, many of sector will seize the island of coordinate the reform measures. whole process of reform. So the which are documented in the excellence where there is a It was mentioned that leadership laws may change, the world bank reports. dynamism to build, reform and is really important. Something institutions may change, but let improve. And so, drawing on that that has also come up in relation that be the case to trickle down The government’s own reform dynamism to really build reforms to the topic, is that there must be into implementation through programs was reviewed and there behind that… There needs to be media respect, to communicate the budgeting process that may are a number of lessons that one focus on really building the capacity that reform, which demonstrates result in improved services to can draw from it, and certainly of the service itself, Within the motivation and something that the public. many persons have a number of context of the high public debt others can follow. lessons that can be brought to the burden and macro-economic table. One of them would really be instability, there is still a lot of to not underestimate the kind of pressure on public service in reform portfolio, and the fatigue particular, caused by constant reforms of the development sector. It can be seen 62 where this has been a very sustained agenda over time and that can actually impact momentum. The importance of the need to engage the population can be seen as there is really a need to communicate with them about what’s happening in the public sector.

Also, in conclusion, public sector PANEL D: INNOVATION, reform and governance reforms in INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN particular is a very difficult reform to CITY MANAGEMENT undertake, and again this is not specific to Jamaica, this is something Description: The idea of a that is being addressed in the “smart’ city, conveys visions of Caribbean and in Latin America as citywide networked transport well here, but these are reforms, and systems, Wifi and retrofitted they require a deep engagement ICT driven services. How does across the public sector to get a lot of Government become an enabler people motivated, and these of innovation, thereby organizations are made up by stimulating the development of individuals. cities, communities as well as connective infrastructure – Sometimes enough attention is not urban, sea and air and a healthy paid to the sort of cultural change investment climate? The that needs to happen in order to get negative impacts of urban the current reforms. And then finally, sprawl cauterizes city just to say it’s kind of remarkable, sustainability and services, that one can see the commitment to which suggests the need for governance and public sector market mechanisms to enforce reforms over the long haul in eg, urban land use regulations Jamaica, this is very remarkable. And but also to stimulate on the donor side, coordinated and development and partnerships, sustained support is needed. A both public and private. What partnership really guided by the are the implications for the objectives set in the Vision 2030 and governance of urban growth that is really making Jamaica the and city management and the place of choice to live, to work, to citizenry given the inequalities raise families, and to do business. of accessibility? And that’s something that the banks come to acknowledge over time and 63 absolutely the vision of the country and the objectives emanating from that need to be aligned.

PANELD:INNOVATION, Dr. Damian Graham spoke on Dr. Graham said that historically The aim is to create Smart INFRASTRUCTUREANDURBAN Cities. Dr. Graham defined a CITYMANAGEMENT Managing Urban infrastructure local planning of a city is done. Smart City as one that is willing to adapt to fast changing Panellists: through technological applications. However the UDC looks at urban environments. It will invest in infrastructure. There will be Dr. Damian Graham, General The mission of the Urban management at both the local and widespread use of data in Manager, Urban Development governance of city. A Smart City Corporation Development Corporation (UDC) is national levels. At the local level, will allow people to propel. Dr. Graham proposed that smart Mr. Everton Hunter, CEO, National to make development happen which the Corporation is concerned governance should be Works Agency concerned with the future of will cause an improvement in the with Minor Road Repairs, public services, specifically in Mrs. Julian Palmer, Director of reducing the overall cost of Finance and Administration, lives of people. There are two main Granting of Building Permits, managing the public sector. Dr. Michael Saunderson from the MBJ Airports Ltd urban centers: Kingston and St. Street Vending Management, National Works Agency was the next to present. He focused on Mr. Trevion Manning, President, Andrew and Montego Bay. 1.69 Development Control and roads being essential on the Jamaica Institute of Planners. journey to Smart Cities. million people live in Kingston and Licensing of trades and business. Transportation systems connect Mr. Robert Woodstock, Chairman, everybody. Jamaica Institute of Architects, 350,000 in Montego Bay. In At the national level, concerns accordance with Vision 2030, Dr. include Major Road Development, Graham spoke to the need for Solid Waste Management, Sewage redistributing the Infrastructure Development and population. Overpopulation results Development Orders. Dr. Graham in crime, poverty and lack of pointed out some of the opportunity. According to Dr. Development Challenges that are Graham, the government tries to put now being faced. They are; Ad hoc in prevention mechanisms which development, Lack of affordable don’t always prove effective. The Housing, Fragmented Lands - planning of a city takes 10 years. confused land titles, Poor traffic management, inadequate response to climate change Adaptation, Urban Sprawl - Mr. Christopher Hamilton, housing schemes. President Elect, Jamaica Institution of Engineers Dr. Michael Saunderson , National Works Agency Mr. Richard Vernon, Councillor of 64 Montego Bay

There is technology now that adds All of this is possible because of Mrs. Palmer is the director of Mrs. Palmer also iterated that to the safety of roads. For example, infrastructure such as: Trenching, Finance and Administration and Montego Bay Jamaica Limited is there are road sensors that can Duct Installation, Cable installation has been with the prestigious a share ownership business detect speed of drivers and and Microwave network. airport for over two years and has with Grupo Aeroportuario del friction on the road surface during over fifteen years’ experience in Pacifico, a Mexican airport rain. Incident detection is now Dr. Saunderson lamented on the fact accounting. Mrs. Palmer drifted group, owning 74.5% of the possible through CCTV cameras. that the government cannot afford the conversation from Innovation, shares and 25.5% of the shares There are digitized advisory signs the cost of some infrastructure. infrastructure and city being owned by Vantage on roads and apps such as Waze. Information Sharing between the management in the city to Airport Group, a Canadian Dr. Saunderson envisions the NWC, Flow and others who lay innovation and infrastructure company. future where people will be able infrastructure aids cooperation development in the airport. Mrs. to connect with the Waze Platform between agencies to allow for traffic Palmer began with a brief The presenter then shifted her in such a way that deals with enforcement, transit enforcement, synopsis on the Montego Bay presentation towards the traffic management. Data will be parking enforcement, traffic court Airport Limited, which is a various developmental phases sent about where construction is and traffic management. company that operates the that the Montego Bay Jamaica taking place, accidents etc. Smart Donald Sangster International Airport limited has undertaken roads will help tremendously with The focus of the National Works Airport under a concession since 2003. the enforcement of road codes. Agency in 2019 is to expand the agreement. Montego Bay Jamaica The technology will be able to road camera systems, license plate Limited has been managing the detect: recognition, expanding the fibre Donald Sangster International optic network by 120 km and Airport successfully for 15 years. Red Light Running connecting 7 major cities. Spot Speed The next presenter was Mrs. Julian Palmer from the Montego Bay Average Speed Jamaica Airports Limited. Lane Violation Real Time Monitoring and Control 65

These developmental changes in The Montego Bay Jamaica Airport More individuals are entering the Montego Bay is the fastest limited is also known for its growing city in Jamaica. Today phase one included an expansion impeccable customer service and Caribbean region and are utilizing Montego Bay has outgrown the has received various awards for this. infrastructure that is here. In of the terminal building, increased In the last 15 years they have this airport so mechanisms that Nov 2012 there was a flood due received the Caribbean’s leading to the influx of persons to the parking spaces for the aircrafts, airport award 10 times. The airport are compliant with international city. Inner-city communities are is also receiving more passengers developing more so now. People implementation of 18 boarding because of their customer service standards have been put into who are earning more new and dedication to their work. Due to revenue are building houses in bridges, enhanced security this the Montego Bay Jamaica place to ensure there is efficient the hillside. This results in Airport Limited continues to water flowing down roads from systems with higher technology innovate and improve where it is running of the airport. These infrastructure which results in possible. Currently they are working flooding. There must be for more efficient safety and on improving the taxiway, developments indicate that the partnership with NWA, UDC, rehabilitating the check in area and PIOJ, UNDP etc. to ensure that improving the fuel hydrant ensuring that the environment is Montego Bay Jamaica Limited are there is sufficient urban hospitable. The ceilings, floors planning to tackle these issues. system. Phase two, which was in lighting, air handling units have making progress in Innovation been revamped and a bit of 2009, saw improvement in the fire Caribbean aesthetics come into play. and infrastructural development The ceiling has been designed to hall, the customs hall, immigration emulate the waves in the Caribbean in the society and work is being Sea. The Montego Bay Jamaica area, runway overlay, equipment Airport has been utilizing a master done to ensure this. Councillor plan that has short term, medium and the introduction of more and long term goals. Richard Vernon was the final checking counters for airlines. The presenter. The first point the final phase is in 2018 and this is Councillor of Montego Bay geared more towards touched on was the municipal infrastructural investment of 100 corporation being the million USD into runway extension replacement term for what used and other infrastructural to be the parish council. Montego developments. Since 2003 Bay continues to undergo reform Montego Bay Jamaica Airport to meet the needs of modern Limited has processed 52.3 Jamaica. million passengers, 655,000 aircraft movement and has 29 airlines operating at the Donald Sangster International airport travelling to 61 destinations in 16 countries. The Montego Bay Jamaica Airport Limited is also a major employer in the western region supplying 7,500 jobs and several commercial enterprises, at the airport, which are owned by 66 local Jamaican companies.

The corporation is responsible for the PANEL E: BALANCING municipality of St. James but they are focused now on the urban area. Trying to INVESTMENT, SUSTAINABLE control traffic, vending etc. is the main challenge facing the government of DEVELOPMENT AND Montego Bay. Councillor Vernon spoke of the intention of rebuilding Charles Gordon ECONOMIC GROWTH Market for sale of clothes and ground provisions. Giving road vendors new Description: In the midst of the avenues to provide a living in the market will allow the roads to be more functional. challenges of debt, fiscal Issuing vendors licenses also helps alleviate the roads. Now, improvements austerity, poverty and have been made of the sidewalks so that the disabled community, such as those vulnerability to external risks with wheelchairs can access the city with more ease. There is also more building that prevail for Small Island being done with inflammable materials so as to mitigate the destruction caused by Developing States (SIDs), what fire. The final area the Councillor touched on was in the government's relationship frameworks, strategies, with the Jamaica Constabulary Force in regulating traffic. mechanisms and approaches have proven successful for SIDS managing investment capital in key economic sectors? What are the lessons learned that can engender economic growth, poverty reduction, environmental protection and sustainable development? 67

PANELE: BALANCING PANEL F: TRANSFORMATIONS IN INVESTMENT,SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL SECURITY & DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMIC GOVERNANCE GROWTH Description: National security Panellists: captures multi dimensions such as economic security, environmental Professor Luca Buscema: security, energy security, food University of Milan, Italy, security, cyber security in all its non- Conference Paper: ‘Sustainable military forms. The global explosion Development, Efficient and of innovation and technological Effective Production Processes advancement has heralded an era of and Protection of the Environment insecurity as well as heightened from Pollution in the Italian Legal risks to national governments and System international governance. The power of technology has encouraged Mr. Ainsworth Carroll, Director of global competition and innovation Projects, Planning, Programmes, that transcends national boundaries. Monitoring Evaluation & Research How are governments to respond to –NEPA emerging security risks that threaten national stability and Mr. Lenworth Tracy, General improve their national security Manager, Trade and Commercial related capabilities to be resilient to Lending EXIM BANK external and internal threats? Mr. Richard Kelly, United Nations 68 Development Programme (UNDP)

PANELF: TRANSFORMATIONSIN Thursday,26July2018 The essence of governance is to One is used to thinking in one NATIONALSECURITY& ensure that it can take all these direction. as an engineer, one GOVERNANCE Day2: different parts, all these different thinks like an engineer. As a problems, all the data to solve medical doctor, one thinks like Panellists: INNOVATION,GOVERNANCEAND them, and bring it to some kind of a medical doctor. As a teacher, INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT mainstream thinking. The one thinks like a teacher. Think Ms. Dianne McIntosh, Permanent problem-solving method, so of any situation, any problem Secretary, Ministry of National TRENDS drawn from everything that one and see if one doesn’t see that Security can find to create some kind of it has an economic side to it, it Keynote:Mr.RichardKelly-UNDP streamline approach to problem has a social side, and it has an Mr. Rohan Richards, Chief ProgrammeSpecialist, solving. Problem solving is being environmental side. In other Technical Director, Ministry of tackled in a very ordered way. But words, it has economic National Security Representative,UnitedNations going back, It starts with chaos.. implications, it has social DevelopmentProgramme Learning to live with uncertainty implications and it has Mr. Delroy Simpson, Ministry of (UNDP)Jamaica must be stressed. The time calls environmental implications. National Security, Corporate and for less things being ordered, That is considered in UNDP and HR, Ministry of National Security when one could predict what was of course, in other agencies, going to happen. Just look around, World Bank, IDB, for instance, Mr. Dunstan Bryan, Deputy Moving from micro to macro problem one can just listen to the news, government, local institutions. Financial Secretary, Ministry of solving requires a different type of skill locally, globally, regionally, things This kind of thinking is really Finance than what is needed to solve small change rapidly, In a very dynamic expanding that they have to problems . And of course, moving from environment, governance systems think multidimensionally if one Professor Anthony Harriott, incremental to transformational change. respond as such. Now, one is ought to solve problems, and Director, Institute of Criminal So, these concepts or settings are wearing glasses of course, one one ought to solve the mysteries Justice and Security. definitely not the kinds of environment never used to wear them. One is that are really bombarding in which one has to govern. Things are getting younger every day, so one entities each day. Another all over the place, and it has been felt by finds that one has to wear them. school of thought is that one has all. Just knowing not what to do, there to think systems. are so many things to address, so many things to do locally, in the community, nationally, regionally, just everywhere, globally. 69

Again, this is extremely important It’s the process through which One has to ensure that what is The normal definition of because a system is any set of States and non State actors interact governance is good governance. distinct parts that interact to form to design and implement policies happening internationally In UNDP, inclusive democratic a complex rule. So, for instance, within a given set of formal and governance is said. In there is a governance, innovation, informal groups that shape and are reverberates and articulates at democracy really, majority rules local and national system. All shaped by power. That’s actually or majority can rule. It’s more these systems are interacting. So coming from a World Bank the national level, and regional than just the majority who wins people who are a part of the definition. State and non-state an election. That is democratic system interact with the system. actors are the key players and the first too. It is ensured that the governance. But inclusive And there is interaction with main players in governance. And democratic governance goes a different systems every day. How very importantly too, governance structural parish level is effective, step further by ensuring that does one get all of these systems can be formal as well as informal. the interests of all is accounted to be compatible? How does one Again, these are all systems and efficient and interfacing with for. And this is the definition get them to interact effectively, interacting. Power should also be that UNDP uses. Good and efficiently and successfully? defined and is the ability of groups what is happening nationally, and governance overall but one These are the challenges that are and individuals to make others needs to go a step further and faced in regard to governance, active in the interest of those groups of course there are the look at inclusive democratic locally, internationally and and individuals and to bring about governance. regionally. Systems approach. If specific outcomes , and that is communities, and this is really one never used to think in three important. Of course, governance dimensions, one needs to, because occurs on different levels: the playground that all policies that’s the only way one is going to community, parish, national, be able to solve problems as they international. And here lies another and governance systems really present themselves today. And if challenge of governance and here one never used to think in lies the system’s approach again. play on. How does one get all of systems, one needs to think systems because again that’s the these systems and levels only way one is going to be able to successfully address the problems interacting in a way that brings that are faced. What is governance? the kind of upliftment and economic development that they want. So, there is good governance, and inclusive governance. Good governance of course, 70

And as the presentation continues, Invention is a new device, method, Well likewise, innovation is It was said that if these process or product that is Sustainable Development Goals one will hear about “leave no one developed. It could be a process, it needed to perpetuate good are achieved it would be becomes an innovation when it’s thought of as heaven with no behind”, which is the foundation of made available to the market or the governance. And of course, poverty . Just the thought of masses who use it. And innovation achieving these goals will be the Sustainable Development is the conversion of knowledge and governance is the hand that just so great but it requires two knowledge implementation turning major things among many that Goals. So, it’s not just about good ideas into products, processes and cradles the sustainable were mentioned. Governance services for commercial and public and innovation. And the two go governance and democratic use. And of course, this is no new development goals, and there are together. It is essential that knowledge. The point is that there is good governance to governance, It has to be ensured governance and innovation are 17 of them. One that directly achieve all these goals, but one twins, they go together. One cannot would have to innovate or die. that governance is inclusive so have good governance if one doesn’t deals with government was innovate processes, if one doesn’t that no one is left behind because innovate systems to make them looked at, but all of them have better to change with the demands there is equality for all in terms of of time. And if one doesn’t have some kind of governance good governance of course, can one the governance systems. What are have innovation? No, but that will be situation in them, but specifically addressed later on. Innovation some of the characteristics of good happens anywhere anytime, but one goal 16 speaks to good needs good governance to fuel, governance? Good governance is stimulate and catalyze innovation. governance, peace, justice and accountable of course, strong institutions. So, transparent, responsible, governance is the hand that consensus-oriented, participative, cradles the sustainable inclusive, following the rule of law, development goals. Governance so important, efficient and it was and innovation drive the said that one could add that good achievement of the SDGs. Here governance is innovative. And this are 17 goals, very ambitious. No list is non-exhaustive, there are a poverty, gender equality, life and million other things but a few land, climate change, life under were mentioned. What is water, peace, justice and strong information? Now remember it is institutions, excellent a journey, where one is trying to partnerships, reduced inequality, figure out something. The speaker sustainable cities, just think about started with governance, and took what these goals expect to be the presentation to a place where done to meet it. inclusive democratic governance and some of the characteristics of good governance are understood, Now it is time to look at innovation. Often people tend to mix up invention with innovation. 71

That is what is being looked at. And these authors are positive that Could it be that why nations fail, And why design systems put has this kind of wonderful human development at the When the Sustainable why nations fail is not because of hypothesis. Could it be that there heart of addressing problems. It are no effective institutions that could be that in the approach in Development Goals were being culture, not because of geography, should exist? There are visions solving problems, humans were and plans, which have not necessarily put first or at developed for instance, The but there are positive that it’s programmes, universities, and the center, which is what the institutions, but could it be that Sustainable Development Goals presenter read one of these because of the types of institutions the institutions are not as strong seem to do. as they ought to be.? The quotes, “democracy, good that are developed and perpetuated presenter wanted to talk about So, what if, there is a sort of design thinking, and how design methodology employed that governance and the rule of law at in countries that have not actually thinking can help improve the could possibly give better governance systems. scenarios to addressing the national and international seen the kind of social and economic problems. Design thinking was proposed. What is the analysis levels as well as an enabling development that are expected. So of the existing terrain, the context, and then out of that, environment are essential to they purport that there are two start believing something could happen to change this. What if sustainable development types of institutions, (one is) that could happen?, what if 10% economic growth over 5 including sustained and inclusive extractive institutions. Extractive years could be achieved? economic growth, social institutions are led by a few, and of government, environmental course as the name suggests, extract protection, and the eradication of wealth and resources, basically poverty and hunger. Again, good everything from the rest of the governance is the cradle or the society, and it makes them wealthy cornerstone of social and and they remain that way. However, economic development and of what happens eventually of course course, buttressed by because one is not having this kind environmental protection. It is of creating destruction, no extremely important that people innovation, new thinking, then there are calling for good governance. is poverty and economic stagnation. Now, There’s this very interesting And there are inclusive institutions, book, some persons might know that of course leverage power, it it, it’s called “Why Nations Fail” decentralizes power, it includes and it’s written by James everyone in the competition and of Robertson and Daron Acemoglu. course it creates an enabling environment for people to strive. These kinds of institutions of course would support innovation. 72

What if one could empower The government was supported in And in terms of this discussion on This was very startling, very people in communities to have governance, if these accelerators interesting, and it’s something their own local government Mainstreaming Acceleration Policy were achieved , then one would that Jamaica can boast about. systems and do that effectively. be on the way to achieving the When a Rapid Integrative Actually now, out of all of these Support Missions, it’s called MAPS. goals of Vision 2030, for example. Assessment was carried out, ideas, one would say, what would What the accelerator tends to do what was realized is that the people actually like? What could And this is to ensure that local is if one achieves one, it has a planning documents in Jamaica work in the end based on the multiplying effect across sectors. were 91% aligned to the SDGs. resources and capacities? What planning framework, development Now, bear in mind that a lot of actually works? The thing about For example, if strengthened these planning documents were this is that it’s inclusive. This planning framework is aligned to protected areas were look ed at, prepared before the SDGs were method enlists a lot of different one would find that many developed, and that is partnerships. But most the Sustainable Development Goals communities depend on something that is astounding. importantly it has empathy, which ecosystems, goods and services And, when one goes to Vison means that it’s a type of approach which really is essential to adequate for their survival. The tourism 2030 itself, it’s actually 77% that ensures they listen to people. industry depends on protected aligned to the SDGs. Jamaica So, if one is enhancing and effective governance systems. areas, coral reefs, beaches, etc. So was like the third country in the government systems then one the 3D approach, one would world that had this alignment would have to listen to people. An alignment process was looked at actually achieve economic and that is something one needs One has to know what their development, social upliftment, to boast about. There are good challenges are, one wants to know which involved the national and of course, one would have governance systems in place, what their needs are and then environmental protection. and the vision. Vision 2030 is they have to be addressed. In priorities, and how those were spouted as one of the better 2016 through UNDP support and plans of the world. the UN by extension, aligned with the SDGs. Institutional coordination that would ensure that those priorities are achieved was looked at as well . The actors were also looked at in relation to the priorities of the SDGs and it was found that there should be heavy participation with government and other stakeholders. ‘SDG accelerators’ that are aligned with one of the goals of Vision 2030 were also formulated. 73

All the planning framework, RoundtableDiscussion2 Speakers: equated to over 90% alignment with SDGs, Data is available but PartnershipsforGovernanceand Mr Richard Kelly, United Nations more is needed. There are many Development: Development Programme (UNDP) universities. There are intelligent people. And there is more or less a TheRoleoftheInternational Ms Joanna Watkins, Senior, Public stable democracy. The ingredients DevelopmentPartners Sector Specialist, (World Bank) exist, and one hopes one can see where, the country can be Development Partners have had a European Union (TBD) positioned to achieve developed key supportive role to governments status such as what the Vision in enabling the introduction of Ms Adriana La Valley, Chief of 2030 is aiming for. projects and programmes that Operations, Inter American support the development trajectory Development Bank (IDB) Why then has Jamaica not of states. In these interventions, advanced as expected? Here lies what is the role of innovation in the challenge of governance, and economic development and the the presenter hopes that this very lessons learned from multi important and essential stakeholder partnerships and conference can help to fathom, implementation across diverse dissect, analyses and provide sectors? As modernization proceeds answers for some of these and societies become networked, questions that are to be traditional approaches and addressed. institutions become challenged to respond. Can innovation yield new capacities, institutions and approaches to old problems, supporting good governance ideals and transformational outcomes, critical to sustainable development.? 74

PANEL G: E-GOVERNANCE & DIGITAL INNOVATION

PANELG: E-GOVERNANCE& Panellists: DIGITALINNOVATION Mr. David Soutar Slashroots E-governance seeks to build upon Mr. Ron Mckay, CEO/Co- existing Government services, Founder, Audience Data Strategies Inc. and Immediate enhancing the access and delivery Past President of the American Chamber of Commerce for by the use of technology, Jamaica computers, the internet as well as Mr. Andrew Nooks, Managing Director of OpenWave citizen engagement and Information Security Limited participation through, to impacts. Mr. Walt Brown, Senior Technical Specialist, Research Beyond the focus of Government and Innovation Department, eGovJa Ltd. practice and administration, Ms. Leona Atkins, IBM Client digital governance creates an Executive for GOJ ecosystem with multi partners- public and private sectors and non-governmental groups interacting with deeper interconnectedness in innovative ways. How can digital innovation be transformative, leading to better information and communication flows and efficiency? Can digital innovation foster increased trust through better governance and access to data? 76

The session was geared towards However, noting that the system is The public believes this would be He stated that this digitization technology’s role in governance- much safer than a paper base that another avenue where the should understand the need it is addressing developmental does not leave a footprint in the case government will be ineffective. He to solve. Souter highlighted the postulated that it is not the base needs such as the need for challenge, interconnectivity of of theft. Additionally, he highlighted releasing of sensitive information the digitization of services in sectors and increasing public the concern of artificial intelligence which causes the issue of trust as the country to advance the sector efficiency. this information is given freely to society. In terms of economy systems displace human workers in private companies and on social and growth there is a need for: media platforms. Souter noted people with skills in technology some markets such as call centers, a that software usage has become and design, processes that increasingly important in the encourage iteration and Mr. David Souter opened the current input to the decreasing world and Jamaica’s economy is feedback loops, leaders willing discussion as the founders for unemployment rate. Removing one becoming digitized which will to reinvent institutions and Slash Root which is a social impact of the lower rungs of the economic affect policy. Therefore, solutions protect teams that do the work organization that uses the development ladder. Souter went on must be digitized. Digital and most importantly, focusing principles and practices of the to inquire on the effects this shift in Solutions are more than just on understanding context and digital age to create a more technology may have on the poorest websites. It was noted thatthere is delivering real user needs. and countries in the world. Legislatively a need to rethink how Failing to do so will result in the equitable, inclusive, institutional governments are digitization solutions being sustainable Caribbean society. He he posited that GDPR and other being operated and form ineffective. The second panellist purported that technology is Data Protection Legislations are institutional change through the to speak was Ms. Leona Atkins available in Jamaica, there are required to ensure consent is digitization of services. who is the IBM Account technological solutions to societal granted, however, he added what Technology should not be the Manager for the Government of problems. The challenge lies in form should consent take (What driver of public transformation. It Jamaica. Ms. Atkins spoke about figuring out the problems and does consent looks like). Therefore, should be the enabler. the fact that nowadays, citizens then ensuring that there is Souter asserts that asymmetry of are expecting more from their sustainable implementation of the information should not be shunned governments. technology in alleviating these but welcomed as informing users problems. He highlighted the about how their personal data will challenge the Indian government be used is an important step to faces in their attempt to collect consent and trust. He purported biometrics information from its that the technological shift in 1.3 billion citizens to create a governance to e-governance faces a digital identification system. While moral conundrum. This is due to the acknowledging the benefits of reluctance of the citizenry to trust such system, Mr. Souter contends the government with such sensitive with the idea of privacy and information, as the perception of government inefficiency. security. 77

This creates the need for Brown observed the cyber-security Brown asserted that NIDS wants Brown posited that there will government to digitize so that one of new technology. He looked at the to achieve several objectives also be: auditing, data can deliver proper services. Good tablet programme in Barbados who which are to: establish reliable restriction, logs protection, data governance relies on accessibility, partnered with Digicel Barbados . In and established system for security and accreditation. security and integrity. In light of regard to children a concern was identification of Jamaican Finally, Mr. Ron McKay’s this, “smart” government needs to how to regulate that they are using citizens, who will receive a unique presentation focused on think differently about how it for e-learning? National ID number which will technology in governance. He services are consumed and how This could be regulated by: Pushing serve as the trusted form of asked the question on the life they are delivered to increase approved educational content personal ID throughout Jamaica, cycle of Jamaica, to put into effectiveness. In the private sector, directly to the devices; restrict provide legislation, policy, perspective the needs based of business transformation is often access to unauthorized apps process and technology - saving the country. Observing global about technology transformation. websites. Finally, she highlighted money on books and distribution perspective on where the world The same ought to be true of that the shift in technology can be as well as a digital ecosystem is and how Jamaica fits into government. Ms. Atkins informed used for cognitive analysis for crime which results in secure and that. The idea of big data is an the attendees that the IBM works prevention. Noting the Jamaica eye reliable e-governance. Brown ignorant topic to majority of the in almost 160 countries around technology as a move towards such highlighted the principles population. Mckay, posited that the world. Its deepest skills area is developments. Thirdly, Mr. Walt Governing ICT - separation of the public therefore should be in helping to foster smarter Brown presented on the interest, consent, transparency, given information of usage, as governance in areas such as controversial issue of the National inclusiveness and accountability, these information passes from defense and intelligence, social Identification System. He looked at adoption of industry standards. public to private and serves an services education etc. national the incorporation of biometric Security access was also mention important role in facilitating infrastructure. Ms. Atkins pointed information which would aid in the as a component of the efficient service by the private out that there is new technology efficiency of governance of Jamaica. implementation process of the sector and government upon its now available in Jamaica in the The issue of unauthorized use of NIDS. implementation of systems such form of and Micro services, data or disclosure of information is as NIDS. Artificial Intelligence, Cyber the main issue that is articulated by security, Automation and the populist. However, this system is Advanced Robotics and Block highly recommended to move the chain. Looking at social services , country towards becoming a digital ⅓ of the cost of an election is economy. He posited that IT has about voter registration as such he solutions that must be considered to noted that the new systems would enhance governance. remove this cost dramatically. 78

There was pushback however on Ultimately he proposed that in PANEL H: GOVERNANCE OF Can SIDs navigate new Jamaica, there is a unique INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS: such a system. McKay posited that opportunity to continue looking at COMPETITIVENESS COMMERCE technological innovations, best practices globally in order to AND TRADE while there are pushbacks, the move forward in a prosperous business models, access online way. system is safer than the current markets and digitized and the paper system as they leave platforms, as the modalities of no trace. While cyber theft can be (Innovations in Trade Agriculture global trade and commerce are and Commerce; Sustaining the tracked to point of origin and Potential) being transformed? notification can be made in case of a breach. He stated that questions such as why are there (Governance of International Networks: Engendering Growth pushback/concerns, should be and Competitiveness) asked to facilitate the process of trust. Data has already been given to so many government and Description: The modern economy private agencies which include: has been transformed informally voter registration process, car by the way in which governments, registration, auto insurance, network with investors, financial health insurance, bank accounts, institutions, academics and non- and TRN. This system he stated state actors. Can these new would therefore centralize these synergies strengthen the national for more efficiency. Governance development trajectory and uses digitization to protect its transform regimes alongside the citizens. Get out of the paper development of a corporate body world it poses major threats to the of ethical practices that engender safety of people's private development and not information. The implementers underdevelopment? Technology should explore unique affords opportunities to opportunity - looking at best strengthen agribusinesses practices globally, global operating in the context of initiatives, remove the mistakes, to fragmented food chains and move forward- when efforts to improve and sustain implementing such changes. productivity. 79

PANELH: GOVERNANCEOF Ms.DianeEdwards A former Trade Commissioner INTERNATIONALNETWORKS: Biography Dr. Maria Myers-Hamilton, for JAMPRO in New York, COMPETITIVENESS Managing director of Spectrum COMMERCEANDTRADE Management Brussels and London, Ms. Panellists: Dr. Tolupe Bewaji Edwards has a wealth of knowledge and experience in international marketing and business development. She successfully managed product Ms. Elaine Campbell-Daenen, launches of Jamaican food Conference Paper;” brands into mainstream Competitiveness, Innovation markets and conceived and towards Sustainability and the negotiated substantial Regulatory Mechanisms for the European Union funding for the Settlement of Investment Disputes innovative ‘Target Europe’ for CARICOM States’ Trade Development Programme, an initiative that Ms. Diane Edwards, President, positioned Jamaican products in JAMPRO the European market, and subsequently evolved into the Dr. Cliff Riley, Executive Director, five-year Private Sector Scientific Research Council Development Programme (PSDP). Equally adept at Mr. Ative Ennis, Head of investment promotions, the Innovations and Entrepreneurship (Digicel) President also commenced negotiations with foreign investors Riu and Iberostar, Ms. Eritha Huntley Lewis, which led to landed Lecturer, Mona School of Business and Management - Paper: The investments in Jamaica; and Relationship Between Tourism and Agriculture: A review of the was instrumental in the Purchasing Behaviour of Select Hotels in Jamaica development of Jamaica’s garment sub-contracting and information and communications technology (ICT) industries. 80

Prior to rejoining JAMPRO on Ms. Edwards holds an MBA Dr.CliffRiley Dr. Riley holds a PhD in from New York’s Pace Biography September 2, 2013, Ms. Edwards University, a Masters in Biotechnology International Relations from completed a highly successful Institut d’Etudes Politiques de (Pharmaceutical), a M.A in Paris and a BA (Hons) in tenure as General Manager and French, Spanish and German Teaching-Science Education, from the University of the West Director of J. Wray & Nephew UK Indies (UWI). She is a member and a Bachelor of Science of the UK Institute of Directors, Ltd., where she led the a Trustee for the British Degree in Chemistry and Foundation for the University of organisation to profitability and the West Indies, and an active Biochemistry from the member of the St. Andrew High successfully grew the UK School Old Girls’ Association. University of the West Indies, Company’s turnover by 77% over Mona. He is currently the 10 years. During her time at Executive Director of the JAMPRO since rejoining the Scientific Research Council, organisation, she has led its Jamaica. Dr. Riley has served in transformational development to several capacities including, serve as a catalyst for wealth Associate Professor and creation through increased Associate Dean, Graduate customer focus and more effective Studies and Research in the marketing communications College of Health Sciences, programmes, and has promoted a University of Technology, culture of innovation to facilitate Associate Director of Research and support the development of and Grants at Northern new industries in Jamaica. She has Caribbean University. also been a strong advocate for the Additionally, he has served the development and advancement of scientific community both Jamaica’s business brand and locally and internationally and transformation of the nation’s is an active member of several business environment. Ms. professional organizations Edwards also currently serves as including the Biochemical the President of the Caribbean Society, UK, the Society for Association of Investment Scientific Advancement, and the Promotion Agencies (CAIPA) Caribbean Academy of Science. where she strives to position the Caribbean Region as a premier destination for foreign investment. 81

Additionally, he served as Dr.MariaMyers-Hamilton Chairman of the Board of Biography Directors of the Jamaica National Agency (JNAAC) for Accreditation 82 from 2012 – 2015 and is currently the Vice-President of Cariscience, a Board Member of the Diabetes Association of Jamaica and a Director for the Carnegie Foundation for Cancer Research, Trustee to the Environmental Health Foundation, Commissioner of the National Commission on Science and Technology, Member of the Board of Graduate Studies UTech among others.

Objectives of the session: The Ms. Campbell-Daenen highlighted one Thus, Ms. Campbell-Daene Currently Jamaica is 71% objective of this session was to get a of the major problems to sustainable proposed that there should be a service industry and this better understanding of trends in development which is dispute system where CARICOM and industry is open to many risks the commerce and trade sector and resolution. The presenter gave the other international bodies should because of dependence on the what is currently being done example of the Bauxite case where be given some jurisdiction, there markets of other countries. compared to what should be done investors had the option to bring their should be some integration of Jamaica is also a major primary case to international jurisdiction. The sustainable development as a producer and has to reach into The presenters all took a different EC Banana and shore case was also legal framework and some clarity markets to achieve targets set view towards governance in brought up to reiterate the point that in the dispute resolution system by other countries. However, international networks and these dispute resolutions do occur for foreign direct investment. Dr. there are gaps in the research competitiveness. The first and the public has knowledge about Riley, on the other hand spoke where large hotels could not be presenter, for instance, was Ms. these cases. However, the same cannot from the point of view of the contacted for interviews. It is Campbell-Daenen and she be said about foreign direct Science Research Council. Dr. evident that demand for highlighted the sustainable investment because this area lacks Riley began by congratulating the produce is based on occupancy development principles and goals. some amount of clarity. This has University of the West Indies for but linkage is evident and It was opined that at the largely to do with the fact that if a case organizing this wonderful policies can be imposed to bring international level there needs to is taken against a country it is kept Conference. From the perspective the agriculture industry back to be more done in regard to foreign private. The presenter recommended of the Science Research Council, life. It is clear that there is an direct investment. To achieve this that cases need to be brought to the there is a disconnect between over dependence on tourism goal of sustainable development forefront so that there can be more what needs to be done for and the service sector and there must be a balance in clarity in the area of foreign direct international commerce and the various institutions need to step investment capabilities. The investment and dispute resolution. policies that are implemented. in and fix this problem. balance should be between economic investment, social investment and cultural investment. Ms. Campbell-Daenen highlighted the legal framework of sustainable development and discussed the CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement. 83

Ms. Eritha Huntley Lewis If linkages occur between tourism The findings suggest that there is a relationship between the Paper: The Relationship Between and agriculture then the country agriculture sector and the Tourism and Agriculture: A review tourism sector in terms of the of the Purchasing Behaviour of will gain in terms of innovation and supply of produce. There are, Select Hotels in Jamaica however, notable differences in creativity (Wiley, 1998). the purchasing pattern when the Abstract size of the hotels is considered. The main purpose of this study, Additionally, the impact of the Small open economies face a purveyors was also evident since challenge in terms of productivity therefore, is to examine the nature they are one of the main source of and economic growth since they agricultural purchases identified. are more vulnerable to external of the relationship between the The researchers hope to add to shocks, have limited access to the discourse on strengthening capital markets and are more hotel sector and the agriculture with the link between these two susceptible to natural disasters sectors by assessing the behavior (Iyare & Moore, 2011). As such, in a view to ascertain the purchasing of hotels and the value of this the pursuit of sustainable relationship. Recommendations development, it is important that behaviour of select hotels in will also be made to suggest linkages are formed between key innovative ways in which the sectors in order to maximise the Jamaica. This paper is a part of a linkage can be strengthened. The benefits they can accrue to the paper will help to influence policy society. Tourism and agriculture wider assessment of the link and practice in both sectors. are two of these key sectors in Jamaica. If planned and managed between tourism and agriculture. well, tourism has the potential to be an axial industry that radiates The research utilizes the survey benefits to other sectors. Agriculture is poised as one that technique, administering can benefit from this relationship given the nature and necessity of questionnaires to personnel from consumption. forty (40) hotels who were asked about their purchasing behaviour. The researchers are attempting to determine the frequency of agricultural purchases, the value of purchases, as well as the source of agriculture produce utilized in the hotels under examination. 84

PANEL I: THE FOURTH AND FIFTH ESTATE - TRANSFORMATIONS IN MEDIA AND DIGITAL MEDIA FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE

PANEL I:THE FOURTHAND Panellists: FIFTHESTATE- Mr. Cordel Green, Executive TRANSFORMATIONSINMEDIA ANDDIGITALMEDIAFORGOOD Director, Broadcasting GOVERNANCE Commission (TechnologicalandMedia Revolution:SocialDevolutionfor Dr. Maria Myers Hamilton, Managing Director - Spectrum CaribbeanStates) Management Description: Print media, the Ms. Davianne Tucker, Brand press and print journalism of the Manager for Wright Image, Fourth estate find themselves Dream Entertainment being crowded out in part by the Fifth estate, of electronic and Mr Gavin Myers- National social media and blog sites which use non-mainstream media Integrity Action (NIA) platforms. To what degree can regulation enhance the credibility Conference Paper: We the of these forms of media? Is democracy held hostage to these People Need to Know: Using media forms or strengthened by them? How trustworthy are they Social Audits for People in exposing the truth? Do they influence governance regimes in Participation and an unbiased fashion? Are the sources of power the same Accountability in Jamaica influencing media content, ‘what is left in and taken out’ hence Mr. Darragh Fitzgerald Selby, reducing the possibilities for true Chair, Knowledge Linkages democracy and equitable power Network, Ministry of Tourism distribution which underpins sustainable development ideals? Mrs. Sharon Hay-Webster, Advisor, Minister of Education, Youth and Information 86

Mr.CordelGreen Mr. Cordel Green is an Attorney-at- Mr. Green is a graduate of the Biography Law, a former Assistant Attorney- University of the West Indies General of Jamaica and a former where he had the distinction of broadcaster. He is the Executive serving in a number of Director of the Broadcasting capacities, including President Commission, which regulates radio, of the Students’ Union and a television and cable in Jamaica. founding Resident Advisor at AZ Preston Hall.He holds He is a Commissioner on the Jamaica Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) and Bachelor of Laws (Hons.) National Commission for UNESCO; degrees from the University of the West Indies; a Master of member of the Intergovernmental Laws Degree with distinction, from the University of Sheffield Council for the Information For All in England; and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) Programme (IFAP), UNESCO; Member degree from the Mona School of Business. He is also an alumnus of the Law Committee for the IEEE of the Harvard Kennedy School Executive Education Program. Global Initiative for Ethical He is married to The Honourable Mrs. Justice Marcia Consideration in Artificial Dunbar-Green, Judge of the Supreme Court, and they have a Intelligence and Autonomous daughter, Pia-Milan. Systems; and Honorary Member of 87 the Multicultural Media, Telecom and Internet Council (MMTC), Washington D.C. He has a rounded lifestyle, which over many years has included active participation in cultural and entertainment events in Jamaica. He remains involved in the musical side of entertainment mainly by performing the role of MC at select reggae concerts such as “Rebel Salute”. He is also chairman of the Planning Committee for “Powerful Women & Men Perform for Charity” Concert.

PANEL J:GENDEREQUITY,SOCIAL Panellists: INNOVATIONANDINCLUSIVENESS Mr. Jaevion Nelson, Executive FORGOVERNANCEAND Director, Jamaica Forum for DEVELOPMENT Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays Description: To achieve economic Dr. Natasha Mortley, Lecturer growth, equity in participation, and Research Specialist at the the access to and strengthening of Institute for Gender and institutions that shape good Development Studies (IGDS) governance are essential components. To create the social Mrs. Cordia Chambers Johnson, capital and societal cohesiveness, United Nations Development key governance issues relating to Programme (UNDP) the inclusion of all societal groups and measures that would seek to Mr. David Allen; Faculty Adviser, diminish forms of gender-based International University of the discrimination to promote Caribbean (IUC) fairness, equity and transparency are critical. What are the Ms. Cordia Chambers-Johnson, measures required? What is the relationship between gender and Project Manager, Gender Seal governance? How is this divide to be bridged in the context of Certification Programme, sustainable and inclusive development? United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 88

Dr.NatashaMortley Dr. Natasha Kay Mortley is a Self-fashioning in Post-diaspora Biography Lecturer at the Regional Contexts Network (Post- Coordinating Office of the Institute diaspora Network), which for Gender and Development Studies consists of scholars from the (IGDS) at the University of the West UK, North America and the Indies, Jamaica, lecturing in the Caribbean, who investigate how areas of Development Studies, globalization works for African- Gender Analysis for Policy & Caribbean women migrants, Development Planning and Research even while acknowledging and Methods. Dr. Mortley is a addressing its exclusions and Sociologist, Developmentalist and production of inequalities. She Research Specialist having been is also currently Expert Advisor engaged in a multi-disciplinary to the Organization of Eastern approach to key developmental Caribbean States (OECS) challenges of particular relevance to Secretariat for the “Migration Caribbean countries. Her work has and Engaging OECS Diaspora inter alia focused on: migration and Programme”. diaspora studies; migration and health; medical tourism; diaspora tourism; sports tourism; gender and entrepreneurship; gender and political leadership; gender and climate change; Contemporary Caribbean masculinities. Dr. Mortley is a member of the African- Caribbean Women’s Mobility and 89

Panels J and L had to be merged The main focus previously has been Also, the need for the Government The actions taken as outlined by and the session began with Mr. Jaevion Nelson, Executive Director, on HIV prevention. Now, a to fulfill the role of reducing the presenter include extensive J-FLAG sharing under the topic “The Gay Agenda: Centering LGBT distinguishing number of homophobia within Jamaica in research which informed the people in Jamaica’s future”. The broad issues that this presentation programmes in Jamaica are being order to have a safer space for implementation of Gender focal focused on included homophobia in Jamaica, existing challenges and geared towards the LGBT cohort of LGBT persons and finally an point Networks as well as threats faced by people within the LGBT community, policy the population, as well as there inclusive approach to Gender Ambassadors responses (or lack thereof) to the presupposing conditions that were greater levels of inclusion for development planning. The programmes within Primary LGBT men and women face in Jamaica, low levels of tolerance for LGBT youth at the national level e.g. second presenter, Dr. Siddier and Secondary schools across LGBT people in Jamaica, discrimination, harassment and a greater representation of LGBT Chambers is the Acting Director Jamaica in an attempt at the need for constitutional reform. youth was noticed in 2018’s cohort for Policy and Research at the promoting gender equality Mr. Nelson identified some actions that were taken in an attempt at of the National Youth Parliament of Bureau of Gender Affairs, shared through education. mitigating these issues. It was purported that more attention has Jamaica. The primary strategy on the topic of Gender Equality. been focused on the LGBT community, in that they were now referenced by the presenter that The issues identified included being included in national research. achieved most of these results was Gender mainstreaming, sexual “The Gay Agenda”, a programme harassment, gender-based which inoculated “…building violence, gender equality and boldness and confidence among Gay sustainable development through people…to live their truth” as well as gender equity. to evoke change in policies at the national level. In the end, the recommendations were that, there exists a need and an opportunity for more and better relationships to be formed between Organizations, Community groups and the LGBT community as well as an appeal to the Government to make “deliberate efforts to meaningfully include LGBT persons in programmes, activities and policies”. 90

The strategies expounded by the The primary issue was grounded in UNDPs Sustainable Development presenter included policies Goals, the catchphrase for which is “Leave no one behind”. These goals established in the workplaces were formed in the post 2015 agenda for equity, gender and across the island that address the human rights. The presentation explored findings of several UNDP issues of gender equality and researches that sought to identify systematic inequalities and bridge sexual harassment, the the gap of inequities and inequalities on the basis of gender establishment of a Gender in Jamaican systems. Inclusiveness was measured against the Advisory Council by Cabinet as Recommendations. well as a 10 year plan to eliminate gender-based violence. Additionally, references were made to National Strategic action plans, the purchasing of National shelters for female victims of gender-based violence, education and sensitization within public sector, the “International End Violence against Women Day” and initiatives geared towards “positive masculinity”. The recommendations purported included poverty alleviation and development of rural women in the context of expanding their social and psychological capabilities through policies and programs. The final presenter, Ms. Cordia 91 Chambers Johnson presented with the theme of Gender spoke on the topic “Inclusiveness and Social Innovation: A Practical Approach for Gender Equality”.

PANEL K: COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE & DEVELOPMENT

PANELK:COMMUNITY Panellists: GOVERNANCE& DEVELOPMENT Mr. Tarik Weekes, Research (InnovationandChanging Officer, Institute for Criminal ModalitiesofCommunity Justice Development) Dr. Sharon Smith, Director, Mona Entrepreneurial & Description: Community Commercialization development involves changing Ms. Nicole Satchell - Lecturer, The University of the West power structures to build Indies sustainable communities that Ms. Peisha Bryan, Social Sector Specialist, Planning Institute of pivot around social justice and Jamaica participatory decision making. Dr. Donovan Stanberry, Permanent Secretary, Minister Implicit in this is the need for of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries social change powered by the Dr. Christopher Charles, inbuilt capacity of communities Lecturer , the University of the West Indies facilitating the realization of a 93 joint vision and a renewed discourse anchored in practices that engender growth and further reflexive change. What are the necessary approaches and reforms necessary to build sustainable community development frameworks that work?

Dr.SharonSmith Sharon Marie Smith, PhD, is the She also served as President of Biography her Alumnae Association's vibrant Director of the UWI South Florida chapter a registered 501(c)(3). In South Business Incubator. She has Florida, she directed activities, managed the budget and significant industry as well as negotiated contracts to achieve goals for the more than 150- consulting experience with a focus member organization serving approximately five thousand in on MSMEs, a proven track record in their community. There she designed a programme to give teaching and research as well as support (financial, social and even educational) for recent the practice of marketing, past students on athletic scholarships in the US. She was operational and general recently recognized by Project Harambe and Mughamba management in the global Foundation (Chicago based charities) for her contribution marketplace. In the short time that to the women and children with HIV/AIDS in Kenya, based on she has been with the UWI, she has her innovative microeconomic projects that have helped ignited fires in terms of restore dignity to its participants. Since her return, entrepreneurship and she has continued her activism on behalf of women and commercialization on the campus! children, focusing on Jamaica and other Caribbean territories. Sharon has a highly evolved sense 94 of social responsibility and justice evidenced by her numerous community and professional involvement. Her burning passion is for the causes of women and children worldwide. As past president and active life member of the St. Hugh’s Past Students’ Association in Jamaica, she pioneered a self-sustaining School Breakfast Feeding Programme, which has endured for more than twenty years. There was also an innovative activity she introduced in the 90s, “Rap Sessions” between past and current students which has evolved into Group Mentoring at St. Hugh’s today.

Objectives of the session: To Ms. Satchell conceptualised the There are also many actors that Dr. Smith is the director at the notion of community in relation to play a key role in community identify the changing modalities of the research area and problematic governance. There are gangs, Mona Entrepreneurial and narratives were highlighted dons, corner groups, community Community Development; (Garrisons, Social exclusions/ male members and they all play a role Commercialization Centre marginalization, subculture of in community governance. Presentations were centred violence, organized crime, counter Furthermore, in high violent (MECC). This organization societies etc.).The Lapop survey was communities everybody is their around using social research and also utilised to help get the statistics own government and make focuses on the vulnerable across to those in attendance. It was various rules. Mr. Weekes modern advancements like highlighted that in Jamaica a highlighted an approach that population in order to create a problem arises where the issue of should be taken and proposed technology as well as finding violence is seen as a state problem that there needs to be some more equal Jamaica. The but a solution becomes evident recognition that it cannot be a synergies in social investment (i.e. where Jamaicans are willing to single effort and it also needs to presenter highlighted that organize at the community level, be understood that this is not just social programs). building trust, fixing the problem of a police effort. Dr. Sharon Smith women and persons with corruption (Macro level). At the shifted the focus of the discussion meso level- community networks, to incorporate what is currently disabilities are less likely to policing for social control, control being done to help the Ms. Nicola Satchell, from the the narrative in communities. The community. identify themselves as University of the West Indies, was Outlook in relation to Governance the first presenter. The presenter for Tomorrow is that there must be entrepreneurs even when they looked at community governance a critical approach to building good gone wrong and delved into relations between the government are doing what entrepreneurs research into social process. It was and the people. Mr. Tarik Weekes, a highlighted that social processes Research Fellow from the Institute do. They are making steps to has its downfalls and if social of Criminal Justice, was the next processes issues are not dealt presenter and he focused on the improve this and incorporate with then vision 2030 goals notion of community governance. It cannot be achieved. Ms. Satchell was opined that Community these individuals. MECC highlighted that there is a need to governance is quite diverse and it is look into the high rates of urban not just the geographical space. provides space and support violence, lowering crime rates, economic hardships, community services and advisory services policing and community policies implemented. The research to help individuals formulate problem that the presenter highlighted was “what are the their business. MECC targets social processes at the community level that are problematic”. women and persons living with disabilities and they have seen an 800% increase in women interested in MECC. 95

The presenter concluded by session. Dr. Charles looked at a Finally, the long term goals last Multifaceted Approach to Solving highlighting that they have made Crime and gave his take on more than a year and are various solutions. Dr. Charles significant strides and some of iterated that there should be geared towards infrastructural immediate solutions, short term their clients have won prize solutions, medium solutions and development, garbage long-term solutions. Immediate money from UWI competitions, solutions are things to be done collection and out-competing right now. local competitions and dons by providing efficient It was suggested that the international competitions. It is government should place police services. There should also be military post in 13 hotspots and important not to just look at what the benefit is that these posts take tax-break for companies that less resources than zones of is wrong with the community but special operations. However, move to inner cities, social police posts only work to a point to also highlight where the so it is a fix for right now. The workers, training and support short-term solutions take 6 community is doing well. Ms. months. Short term solutions for frustrated single mothers. includes public education, Peisha Bryan from the Planning mobilize public support and There also needs to be some working on transparency. The Institute of Jamaica was the next medium solutions take one year case studies of successful youth and are geared towards needs presenter at this panel session. the people and good governance. assessment and socio-economics programs in the world. Effective governance is a profile of inner-city communities. Ms. Bryan focused on aligning prerequisite and outcome of the legitimation of formal systems and national development planning normative frameworks. Effective governance is about making sure and community development that things work the way that was stated and agreed upon. planning. To have national The presenter concluded by development more needs to be proposing some initiatives to consider. There need to be global done to develop and uplift the and regional development frameworks integrated into vision Jamaican communities. This was 2030. There should also be an establishment of the Community described as balancing the desired Renewal Program to produce relevant community level data. Dr. goals and outcomes of collective at Christopher Charles a lecturer from the University of the West Indies all levels. However, it is evident was the final panellist at this that there is a lack of trust in the system so Jamaica’s ability to develop as a country is questioned. Trust is needed for development and as long as Jamaicans have this culture of not trusting each other then difficulties in development will be faced. Ms. Bryan also touched on Vision 2030 and highlighted that it 96 is really about

PANEL L: CLIMATECHANGE, Panellists: GOVERNANCE,RESILIENCEAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Mr. Carliton Burrell, Project IMPLICATIONSANDTRENDSFOR Manager, Caribbean Climate Innovation Centre THE21STCENTURY Description: In 2017, Hurricanes Dr. Babu George, Conference Paper: Inclusive Sustainable ‘Irma,’ ‘Maria’ and ‘Harvey’ Tourism: Leveraging Social Capital to Create Competitive reminded the Caribbean region of Advantage in Tourism Cooperatives and Business how vulnerable small island Networks developing economies are to natural disasters and climate change effects. The governance of resilience regimes, adaption and Ms. Beienetch Watson, Lecturer and Tourism and Event mitigation measures within the Specialist, School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, context of risk management for Utech states are critical existential considerations in achieving established objectives of sustainable development. Ms. Leah April, Climate Resilience & Governance, World Similarly, tourism a key Bank contributor to GDP, would require strategic interventions to enable resilience and sustainability, Mr. Ainsworth Carroll, Director given the context of the realities of Projects, Planning, of a competitive global market Programmes, Monitoring and external shocks. How can Evaluation & Research –NEPA policies and programmes be engineered to support climate change resilience and sustainability for the tourism sector? 97

Critical Review Leah April centered her Also, with contribution from the On the other hand, Leah April presentation on the role of International Development Bank Climate change is a global security government in ensuring resilience; there has been training camps representing the World Bank threat affecting states and non-state whilst, Anthony McKenzie shared throughout the Caribbean region actors. It is a major defect to his view on coastal resources and which helped to train focused on the role of the economic and sustainable building resilience in relation to the entrepreneurs to lead the charge development. The reality of such a country’s coastal areas. After in minimizing climate shocks. In Jamaican government in security threat was demonstrated identifying the specific issues addition, the Development Bank with the 2017 North Atlantic possible recommendations were of Jamaica also provided 14 building resilience. Great hurricane break. Roughly five given. million to its local entrepreneurs. hurricanes developed during that The presenter identified these emphasis must be placed on year while one affecting several Carliton Burrell raised the issue of strategies and actions as being Caribbean states and destroying one- innovation through the use of successful as businesses and natural disaster management, Barbuda. After the introduction, the technology in improving resilience entrepreneurs raised millions to facilitator raised the question, how in key areas. These include: tourism, combat climate change in every risk management, tourism, law can governments incorporate transportation. recycling and energy sector. Furthermore, the innovation to foster mitigation and conservation. In addressing this presenter raised the issue that and regulations. One of the strengthen resilience against climate issue, the CCCIC is working with governments must employ change? To this the three panellist, entrepreneurs to contribute to climate smart technology to limit issues raised was the idea of the representing the Caribbean Climate climate resilience. This was evident the effects of climate change. One Change Innovation Center (CCIC); the in a 2014 training programme recommendation emphasized by government to ensure World Bank and the National where the CCCIC contributed the presenter is that states should Environment and Planning Agency $80, 000 to emerging entrepreneurs adopt progressive strategies that infrastructural resilience. Both (NEPA) gave different responses to to support resilience against climate have worked in different states. the question raised. change. during and after the event of natural disasters. In addition, governments must be responsible in ensuring that financial resources are allocated effectively. This can be done through budget allocation which will help the government to react to climate issues. The possible strategies focused on the Vision 2030 document. The first panellist, Carliton Burrell, focused on incorporating innovation when dealing with climate change issues in specific areas such as transportation, tourism, recycling and energy conservation; with the use of technology. 98

Some recommendations include: Strengthening resilience across the creation of effective several sectors will help to conserve regulations regarding proper resources. The need for the building codes, there must be government to become more greater corporation with the state involved through financing, access and non-state actors and to information and regulations will involvement of technology in improve resilience. Maintaining and climate change which surrounds protecting the country’s coastal citizens access to information. The areas are another strategy towards National Environment and climate resilience. Planning Agency’s (NEPA) representative raised the issue of 99 improving coastal areas as a mechanism in building resilience. This is achieved with the employment of a monitoring process island-wide. This is supported through data collection in corporation with varying institutions. The monitoring of beaches around the island is necessary to reduce the trends in beach erosion. These actions tend to improve coastal guidelines policies. Coral bleaching is heavily recommended in building coastal resilience. Even though coral bleaching can induce natural disasters. This can be limited with policies set out to control the bleaching process. Building climate resilience through innovation is integral in limiting the effects of climate shocks.

SESSION M: DOCTORAL COLLOQUIUM