TERM 2 - CLASS 5 - PRIME YEARS

Contents 1. Environment and natural disasters .................................152 2. Pollution and its prevention .....166 3. Stone age to machine age......173 4. Inventions that changed the world .................................185 5. First war of Independence......193 6. Gandhiji and the freedom struggle ...................................205 7. Social reformers .....................215 Class 5 Term 2

Environment and natural disasters What is environment? Living and non-living things around us form our environment. Air, water, rivers, mountains, soil, plants, and animals together make our environment. When every element of our environment is in balance, it poses no risk. However, an imbalance in any one of them will lead to disasters. For example, when harmful gases mix with air, it leads to imbalance; when water bodies overflow with water, it leads to floods; when there is not enough water in water bodies, it leads to drought. Presence of mountains and forests aids good rainfall. They also provide vegetation, and shelter for wildlife. Plants and animals depend on each other for survival. If the forests are cleared, wild animals become homeless, and gradually become extinct. When the animals disappear, it affects the plant life too, as the food chain is disrupted. Plants herbivores carnivores higher carnivores Plants human beings Plants herbivores human beings. All the food chains shown above are affected when any of the links is broken. 152

Animals in danger: Once upon a time, India was home to a large number of tigers. There were over 40,000 tigers in India. However, now, there are hardly 1500 left. What is the reason for that sharp decline in the number of tigers in our country? Deforestation: Clearing of outer forests for industrial and residential complexes deprives the small animals of their food and shelter. Large carnivores like tigers and lions depend on small animals for their food. As there are no small animals left, the higher carnivores are left with nothing to eat, which results in declining numbers. Hunting is another cause for disruption of food chain. Often, animals like tigers, bears, elephants etc. are hunted in large numbers for their skin, fur, tusks etc. As the number of carnivores is reduced, it leads to Deforestration 153

an increase in the number of small animals, since there are fewer animals to eat them. However, due to declining forest cover, there is not enough food and shelter for small animals. Thus, they encroach into nearby fields, tribal establishments, and in some cases, residential complexes too. In the process, they get killed by human beings. Deforestation has other disastrous consequences too. Tall trees on hills help in precipitation of clouds and bring rainfall. They also prevent top soil from being washed away. Cutting down trees in large numbers and clearing the hills leads to less rainfall, which ultimately leads to droughts. Droughts and lack of fertile soil affect food production, which means we get less food for our consumption. As you can see from above, if we disrupt nature in any way, it leads to serious consequences. Man-made disasters Man’s activities are targetted towards economic development, but they adversely affect the people. For example, while dams are intended to prevent floods and produce electricity, they also lead to destruction of villages where they are constructed. 154

Similarly, industries are a symbol of economic development. However, very often, industries lead to air and water pollution. Green Revolution has increased the yield of crops. At the same time, it has led to polluting of our water bodies through heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Of late, we have started realizing the consequences of our actions. Steps are being taken to avoid disastrous consequences of man’s activities. The solution lies in adopting a middle path. For example, industries are good, but we need to treat industrial waste before dumping it in our rivers and seas. Environmental disasters: Apart from our activities like deforestation, there are natural disasters that disrupt the environment. Let’s take a look at some natural disasters and how they occur. Earthquake: Earthquakes are natural disasters that bring about loss of life and property on a vast scale. How and why do earthquakes occur? In order to understand that, we have to understand the Earth and its different layers. When tectonic plates collide, it gives rise to seismic waves. There are three types of seismic waves. The p-waves which move back and forth, the s-waves which move side to side, and the L-waves which move in concentric circles. It is by measuring the time between the p-waves and s-waves to reach the surface that the epicenter is located. Earth Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core 155

The Earth consists of three layers – crust, mantle and core. The crust consists of solidified rocks, the mantle is in hot, boiling liquid form, while the crust is a heavy solid mass.The rocky matter in the crust is present as different layers arranged one over the other. These layers are called tectonic plates. Due to the heat of the mantle, the layer of rocks near the mantle melts, resulting in tectonic plates floating over the molten mass. When energy is released from the molten layer, friction between the tectonic plates reduces. As the friction between them reduces, they slide over one another. This movement of tectonic plates is what causes earthquakes.The plane along which the plates slide is called fault line . The point on the fault line where the first movement occurs is called focus . The point on the surface of the Earth vertically above the focus is called the epicenter .The intensity of an earthquake is measured by an instrument called seismograph . The scale in which this intensity is measured is called Richter Scale . Where do earthquakes occur? Mountains are formed due to tectonic movements. The plate movements are an ongoing process in mountainous regions. Therefore, mountainous regions are the most prone to earthquakes. The Himalayan region lies in the seismic belt, and so does also China and Tibet. 156

Another seismic belt in India is in the plateau region between Malwa plateau and southern plateau. The belt lies between Gujarat and Odisha. A few years back, there was a devastating earthquake in Bhuj (Gujarat), which killed thousands of people. Can we prevent earthquake? Earthquakes cannot be controlled by humans. However, we can take precautions to minimize the loss of life and property because of earthquakes. For example, sometimes, a mild tremor is the foreteller of an earthquake. Similarly, sudden elevation at the surface of land also foretells chances of earthquake. Consequences: Massive earthquakes result in the collapse of buildings, resulting in loss of life and property. Sometimes, entire towns are buried under the earth due to large scale earthquakes. Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions are also natural disasters. People living in the vicinity of volcanic mountains are at risk at all times. What are volcanoes? As you read above, the bottom layer of the crust gets melted due to the heat of the mantle. At certain points between the plates, due to excess pressure from the mantle, the molten rocks push 157 Lava Vent Crust Magma Mantle

themselves up. The molten rocks are called magma . When the magma reaches the top of the crust, it is called lava . Due to the force of the upcoming magma, the earth’s surface moves up like a mountain. The hot lava vents out through the hole in the mountains, pushing out gases and ash. Due to the bursting of gas bubbles, volcanic eruptions are often accompanied by an explosion also. A volcano continues to give out lava and ash for months. The lava that solidifies on the Earth’s surface is called basalt. Some active volcanoes in the world are: Mt Helena in Washington Mt Katmai in Alaska Mt Fujiama in Japan Mt Pinatuo in Philippines Vesuvius in Italy Krakatau in Indonesia. Carbon dioxide, water vapour, and sulphur vapours are the gases present in volcanic eruptions. The sulphur combines with water vapours to form hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, which are harmful gases. After a volcanic eruption, there is no vegetation for years in the vicinity of a volcano, even after it becomes dormant. Hazards: The lava and ashes given out engulf settlements on its way. The gases released due to volcanic eruptions cause suffocation and death. Prediction: Red spots in the infra red photographs of the Earth indicate a volcano about to erupt. Satellite photographs also indicate volcanic eruptions. Sudden elevation in a volcanic mountain is also an indication of impending eruption. 158

Precaution: Evacuating people from the vicinity of an active volcano is the only solution. Cyclones Cyclones are strong winds accompanied by heavy rain and thunder storms. In different countries, they are known by different names, such as hurricane, typhoon etc.Cyclonic winds originate in the ocean and blow towards the land. The speed of such winds is between 300- 350 miles per second.Cyclonic rains on the eastern coast of India are an annual phenomenon. They occur in the months of October- November. Why is the eastern coast of India affected by cyclone? Cyclones originate in the Bay of Bengal. The gush of warm air from the north blown by winds spreads on both sides of the bay, leaving an area of low pressure where it enters the sea. The low pressure area, surrounded by high pressure area, moves towards the coast in the direction of the winds blowing from the north. 159

Consequences: Extremely fast winds and heavy rains lasting over a week cause floods in the low lying plains, with sea waves rushing far into the interior of the land. Houses in low lying plains nearby are washed away. People and cattle die of starvation or due to drowning. It is an annual phenomenon. Yet, we are unable to do anything to prevent loss of life and property. After the cyclone, epidemics break out due to contamination of water and air by the decayed dead bodies and drainage water flowing into the flooded areas. Floods During the monsoon season, excess water flows into rivers, leading to floods. Every year, people lose their crop yields and cattle due to floods. During floods, water gets contaminated, leading to epidemics and death. Crop loss is the most severe consequence of floods. 160

Experts are working on a way to store excess water that floods the rivers during floods. This way, we can use this excess water during summers and droughts, when there is shortage of rainfall. Drought While some parts of our country experience floods, some other parts experience droughts. For example, when Assam is facing floods, Rajasthan experiences droughts. Drought situation arises in places where there is scanty rainfall and a dry weather. In summers, dry weather and extremely high temperatures result in cracks on the earth. It is surprising that states like Kerala which experience heavy rains in monsoon experience droughts in summers. Tsunami ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese term for ‘rising sea tide’. Giant tides originate in the sea and move towards the coast, submerging the plains. The tides are accompanied by strong winds. 161

Tsunamis originate due to underwater volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes under the seabed. A few years back, an earthquake in the Pacific Ocean near Indonesian islands led to a tsunami which caused severe damage to the eastern coast of India, Malaysia, Thailand, the Andamans, and Sri Lanka. Landslides You might have read about floods in Uttarakhand leading to landslides and stampedes that killed thousands of pilgrims in the year 2013. Landslides occur in the slopes of hills and mountains. Due to pressure within the earth’s crust, huge masses of earth and rocks break off and slide down mountains, burying houses, animals, and even people underneath. If this happens near a stream or a glacier, it can lead to floods. 162

1. Food chain - The link that exists in the feeding habits of different classes of animals. 2. Tectonic plates - Layers of rocks in the Earth’s crust. 3. Mantle - Molten matter below the Earth’s crust. 4. Magma - Molten rocks in the bottom most layer of the Earth’s crust. 5. Lava - When magma reaches the top of the volcano, it is called lava. 1. Sketch a food chain involving plants, rabbit, fox and lion. 2. Give two reasons for decrease in number of tigers in our forests. 3. Mention 3 consequences of deforestation. 4. Explain the following with respect to an earthquake: (a) epicenter (b) focus (c) fault. 5. How do volcanoes erupt? 6. What is a tsunami? 7. What causes landslides? Where do landslides occur? 163

3. Discuss in groups and find explanations for the following: 1. Why are mountainous regions prone to earthquakes? 2. Why is the eastern coast of India affected by cyclones? 3. Why killing smaller animals leads to extinction of carnivores like lions and tigers? 2. Write the terms related to earthquakes and volcanoes in the bubbles Earthquake 1. Unscramble the following letters to get a meaningful word: e p i e t n r c e e o v a r c n i r d t g h r o u t a l u f t e v n a l v a i s m a t n u 2. Give one word for the following: a. Animals that eat other animals. b. The plane along which two tectonic plates slide. c. The magma that comes up the volcano and is thrown out. d. High tidal wave in the sea. e. The condition of the earth when there is scarcity of water. 164 Volcano

1. Read the extract on ‘Environment’ and write 4-5 sentences on how man and his environment are related (Just give 3 points) ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. Prepare a speech for the assembly on the topic ‘Protection of Environment’. 165

Pollution and its prevention What is pollution? Presence of undesirable substances in air, water, and soil is termed as pollution. Causes of pollution: Activities without foresight by human beings leads to pollution. Look around your school or your house. What are the different ways that air, water and soil around you are polluted? Make a note of them. Carbon dioxide absorbs sun’s heat, but it does not let it out. As a result, the Earth gets heated. This is called green house effect. Why the term ‘green house’? A green house absorbs heat radiations from the Sun through glass walls, but it does not let them escape. Glass has the property of absorbing and trapping heat. Carbon dioxide behaves the same way, and hence, it is called a green house gas. A green house is used to grow plants that need more warmth. 166 Air pollution Air contains 21% of oxygen, apart from several other gases. Oxygen is essential for sustaining life. We can say it is the life giving gas. If any other gases, say nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or other components of air increase, the percentage of oxygen decreases. This is one scenario of pollution. Sometimes, gases which are not a component of air mix with air. These gases reduce the level of oxygen, and also cause health hazards when such air is inhaled. This is a more dangerous kind of pollution.

Let us see what happens in the following cases of imbalance in air: 1. Carbon dioxide increases in air: The normal level of carbon dioxide in air is 0.03%. Excess of carbon dioxide in air leads to global warming. Sources of carbon dioxide: Exhaust gases from factories, domestic cooking, forest fires, restaurants, and burning waste in public – all give out carbon dioxide. Cutting down trees in large numbers leads to excess carbon dioxide in the air. Plants use carbon dioxide for synthesizing food. When they are cut down, carbon dioxide is left unused. Growing more trees and reducing the use of bio fuels can help bring down the levels of carbon dioxide in air. 2. Industrial gases: Industries give out carbon dioxide, smoke, water vapour, and gases like sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, fluorine, carbides etc. Some of them are poisonous and cause respiratory problems, leading to diseases of the lungs. Gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are acidic. When it rains, they mix with rain water and cause acid rains. Acid rains are harmful to the skin and cause skin diseases. They also reduce fertility of the soil. The acid vapours affect monuments built of marble and limestone too. Taj Mahal in Agra is one such affected monument, because of the acid vapours coming out of the Mathura oil refinery. Chloroflouro carbons (CFC) emitted from refrigerators produce holes in the ozone layer. The job of ozone layer in the atmosphere is to absorb harmful ultra-violet rays of the Sun. In the absence of ozone layer, these rays reach the Earth and cause health hazards. 167

Prevention Industries should have converters to convert all gases into harmless compounds, letting out only water vapours. 3. Garbage disposal: We see heaps of garbage dumped on the roadside. The garbage decays and gives out foul smelling gases that cause diseases. The accumulation of non-biodegradable waste like plastic reduces the fertility of the soil too. Burning of these wastes in the open gives out organic gases that are harmful to humans. 4. Exhausts from automobiles: Automobiles give out a lot of smoke, carbon dioxide and other gases, leading to air pollution. Prevention of air pollution 1. Disposal of garbage properly and quickly by civic bodies can help prevent the release of harmful gases in the atmosphere. 2. Garbage should be taken to landfills outside the city limits and burnt there. 3. The garbage should be segregated into biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste. The bio-degradable wastes (plant and animal Ganga, the sacred river for the Hindus, is the most polluted river now. Throwing flowers, leaves, and spoiled food materials for years has made Ganga water unfit for consumption. When Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India, Ganga Action Plan was initiated to purify Ganga. However, the condition of Ganga has only gone from bad to worse. 168

waste) can be used to make compost (manure). The non- biodegradable waste can be recycled (metals, plastic, rubber, etc.). 4. Domestic waste too must be segregated into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable. 5. We can also start making compost from bio-degradable waste at our homes itself. Those living in apartments can do it collectively. 6. Number of automobiles on the road must be reduced. Use of public transport, bicycles, or car pools should be encouraged instead of each one driving a car. Prevention of water pollution 1. People should think twice before throwing something in rivers or lakes. 2. Factories should have effluent treatment plants to remove harmful wastes before dumping it in water bodies. 3. Each city should have drainage water treatment plants to recycle waste water. Recycled water can be used for irrigation purposes. 4. In hotels, hospitals, and residential schools and colleges, waste water treatment plants can be set up to recycle waste water and use it for maintaining gardens. 5. Immersion of huge idols in public water bodies should be legally stopped. Only small clay idols should be allowed for immersion. Sea water pollution: Nuclear power plants are set up near coasts. The spent water is pumped into the sea. It contains radioactive particles which cause radiation hazards. Aquatic animals are killed in large numbers due to this radiation. Large scale industries are also located near the coasts. The effluent from these industries contaminates sea water. Presence of mercury 169

has been detected in sea water, which is harmful to marine life as well as human life. Mercury vapours enter the atmosphere, and from there, they enter our body. Controlling such water pollution is not an easy task. Large scale industries and nuclear power plants are essential for any developing country. However, we need to work on how best to reduce this kind of water pollution. Soil pollution Soil contains nutrients for plants. However, these nutrients alone are not enough for proper growth of plants. In olden days, only organic manure was used to supplement the nutrients of the soil. Organic manure contains decayed animal and plant matter. The introduction of chemical nutrients in the form of fertilizers has increased the production of food crops. It is with the use of fertilizers that we achieved ‘Green Revolution’ in wheat production. However, excess use of fertilizers is harmful for the soil, and hence, for us. Pesticides are sprayed right from the time of sowing, till harvesting, and even during storing. These pesticides pollute the soil. Cereals, fruits, vegetables and other food stuff are all contaminated by pesticides. Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides reduces the fertility of the soil. During rains, the top soil is washed into the water bodies along with the pesticides and fertilizers. This causes over growth of weeds in water bodies. Such a phenomenon is called bio-magnification. As a result, entry of air into the water is prevented, thus affecting aquatic life. Slogan: Reduce, reuse and recycle are the three Rs one should focus on for reducing pollution. 170

1. Components of air - Air contains gases like Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and Others (1%) 2. Global warming - The rise of atmospheric temperature all over the world 3. Exhaust - Outlet for waste gases 4. Bio-degradable - Substances which decompose and become part of the soil as nutrients. Eg. substances made of plants and animal products 5. Manure - Plant and animal remains which contain nutrients for plants 6. Pesticides - Chemicals that kill pests that destroy crops 7. Landfills - Waste lands situated away from populated areas to dump garbage 8. Mercury - A metal found in liquid form. Mercury contamination of water and food leads to brain related diseases in human beings. 1. What is pollution? 2. What are the different causes of air pollution? 3. What is global warming? 4. What are the sources of carbon dioxide in air? 5. What is acid rain? 6. What is the health hazard involved in setting up nuclear power plants? 7. What is the difference between manure and fertilizer? 8. What are the three R’s for reducing pollution? 1. List the different sources of air pollution 2. List the different sources of water pollution. 171

Discuss in groups and find an explanation for the following 1. Carbon dioxide is not a harmful gas. Then, why does excess of carbon dioxide in air leads to pollution? 2. Why it is essential that River Ganga be purified? 3. Cite three examples for man’s thoughtless actions leading to air and water pollution. 1. Divide yourself into groups. Each group takes up one aspect of pollution. Prepare a presentation on it and burn it on a CD. Give the presentation in the class. Invite other teachers to watch the presentation. 2. Prepare a speech on ‘the three R’s for reducing pollution’. The speech can be given 2-3 minutes in length. 1. Look around your school or house. List the different sources of pollution around you. Suggest ways to prevent them. 2. On your way to school or during an outing, you see garbage bins overflowing on main roads, and garbage littered around a large area, giving out a foul smell. Write a letter to the head of the local government (Panchayat President, Municipal Commissioner or Chairman of Municipal Corporation) requesting him that garbage is removed everyday from the bins. 172

Stone age to Machine age 173 From a hunter to an industrialist The scientists believe human beings evolved about 2 million years ago. However, it took nearly 1.9 million years for humans to evolve to the present day man. Look at the sketch given below: The ‘homosapien’, which means the thinking man, evolved around 40000 years ago.

The early man lived on fruits, roots, and leaves of plants, as well as flesh of wild animals. In order to escape from heat and cold and also from larger animals, he stayed in caves carved out of rocks or on tree tops. At first, he did not wear any clothes at all. Later, he found out that wrapping the body in animal skin protected him from extreme heat and cold. That is how he started wearing clothes. Where is man now? When we compare early man with the man of the 21 century, we are st awestruck at the achievements of man. What made him achieve so much? While the animals still live like how they lived when they appeared on earth, how could man alone achieve such miraculous feats? The answer is - man has intelligence. 174 He can think. The human brain is a miracle. It can make anything possible. Let us see the stages through which man evolved into the present being.

Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Age (50000-10000 BC) Early man lived by hunting animals. For hunting animals, he needed weapons. The only weapons be could find at that time were the stones around him. He used stones of different sizes and shapes for killing animals, tearing their skin, cutting them into pieces etc. He lived in caves. During this period, he learned to make clothing from animal skin and leaves of trees. He also discovered fire and learned that it could be used to keep himself warm, drive away animals, and roast animal flesh. Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic Age (10000-8000 BC) Man began to tame animals like dog, sheep and goats during this period. Man learned to lead a family life and rear babies. He learned to make tools like knife, blade etc. with small, sharp stones called flint. Caves in Bagor (Rajasthan) and Adamgarh (MP) are evidence of this period. Neolithic Age (8000-5000 BC) During this period, man made tools and implements with stones. He made axes, chisels, knives, plough, bow and arrows etc. By this time, he had invented the wheel. When he settled down for farming and agriculture, he needed all these implements. He domesticated donkeys, horses, bulls, and cows. He also learnt to make thatched huts to live. The invention of wheel during this period was a milestone in the development of man. Early man was a good artist. The drawings and paintings in the caves stand testimony to this fact. He used flowers, leaves, seeds, tree barks, 175

and mineral stones for making colours. Many such paintings can be seen in Bhimvetka (Madhya Pradesh). Chalcolithic Age This period saw the use of metals. How man discovered metal is not clear to experts. However, the discovery of metal led to many changes in man’s life. Soon after the discovery of metal, an alloy called bronze was made. It was used to make tools, weapons, and utensils. It was also used to make artifacts. The beginning of civilization As man settled down at one place, his lifestyle changed too. The river banks where he had his settlements grew into cities.Civilization means the lifestyle, food habits, creative arts, recreations, architecture, sculpture, and the like which are handed down from generation to generation. Ancient civilizations developed on the river banks because man as a farmer needed water for agriculture and hence started living near the rivers. 176

Some of the most famous ancient civilizations are the Indus Valley civilization, the Egyptian civilization, the Mesopotamian civilization, and the Babylonian civilization. They are known as Bronze Age civilizations. Indus valley civilization This civilization is estimated to exist between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. The excavations of Mohanjodaro (Pakistan), Harappa (Punjab), and Lothal (Gujarat) reveal the layout of its cities, art and craft, writing on clay tablets, and the mode of worship of people living in these civilizations. People of the Indus Valley civilization primarily worshipped nature as mother Goddess, and Eshwara as father of all living things (Pasupathi). Egyptian civilization (3100 BC – 1085 BC) The pyramids of Egypt show the architectural skill of ancient man. The people of this civilization used to write on papyrus. They followed a uniform script called hieroglyphics. They worshipped the Sun and called him ‘ra’. The king was called Pharaoh, and was worshipped like God. This civilization had a sophisticated irrigation system too. People of this civilization also designed fishing boats that could sail in deep seas. They traded with other countries and believed there was life after death. That’s why they preserved dead bodies of important people as mummies. 177

The letters BC stand for ‘Before Christ’. Events in history are often denoted by Before Christ and the year of Christ (Anno Domini or A.D.) Chinese civilization Contributions of the Chinese civilization to man’s development have been significant. Silk making, paper making, making gun powder, and making ceramic pottery and handicrafts with bronze were the main occupations of people of the Chinese civilization. They traded with almost all the countries in Asia. Their script was called pictographs. This civilization is believed to have existed around 1500 BC. Mesopotamian civilization (5000 BC) The Mesopotamian civilization is known for its well planned cities. Jewellery, bronze artifacts, and utensils have been excavated from the site at Ur. The people of this civilization wrote on clay tablets in cunieform script. The Iron Age civilization The discovery of iron was a major step in the progress of mankind. This period began around 1200 BC. Iron Age saw the rise of kingdoms and rulers. Bronze was replaced by iron in tools, implements, and weapons. As kingdoms arose, there were wars between them, which led to rise in demand for weapons. Iran, Greece and Rome were the leading powers in this period. Iran was called Persia during this period (Parihar in Indian language). Darius was the most powerful king of this time. He extended his empire 178

upto Indus in the east and Black sea in the west. The Iranians followed a religion called Zoroastrianism. Greece , In 331 BC, Alexander from Macedonia defeated Darius. Greeks were similar to Aryans in India in many ways. They had independent kingdoms called city states, and each had a democratic form of government. People had more power than those in other parts of the world, although there was a king. Like Aryans of India, the Greeks too had many gods and goddesses. The Greeks, like the Aryans, loved art, music and other forms of entertainment. The Olympic Games were started in Athens, a city in Greece. The Olympics were held in honour of their God Zeus (Zeus is like Indra in the Aryan mythology). The earliest Olympics were held in 776 BC. Olympic Games 179

Greeks were advanced in the field of science and philosophy. Euclid, the father of geometry, and Archimedes, who proposed the concept of specific gravity, are two Greek scientists worth mentioning. Romans were much advanced in every field, even in 600 BC. It was the first country to establish a republic. Rome’s history does not tell us about a king. Even Julius Caesar was not a king, only a people’s representative. Rome had established convictions about family life. Women enjoyed freedom and respect in the Roman Empire. About 2000 years ago, Rome was the most modern country in the world. It excelled in every field, be it warfare, art, architecture, science, and technology. The colosseum was a public entertainment centre. It is one of the ancient wonders of the world. The remains of all the old public buildings of the area can be seen even today. The months of the English calendar are derived from Roman names. In 476 AD, Romans were defeated by the Germans, and with that, the Roman Empire came to an end. The Dark Age After the great civilizations perished, Europe was plunged into a Dark Age. Not much is known about any achievements in Europe during this age. India at this time had its golden period. She had excelled in science, philosophy, art, literature and health. Many efficient rulers emerged and contributed their might for the progress of mankind. There were great mathematicians like Aryabhatta, astronomers like Varaha Mihira, experts of medicine and surgery, great writers like Kalidasa, and great architects born during this time in India. Two 180

great universities flourished in India during this period – the Nalanda University and the Takshasila University. The west had not even heard about the concept of a university till that time. Renaissance: After the Dark Age came the age of awakening. There was a revival of art, architecture, literature, scientific work, and even trade and agriculture in Europe during this period. This period saw many poets, painters, and dramatists. Modern weapons for warfare, and scientific tools were invented during this time. This age is called the age of renaissance. It is during this period that the west grew powerful enough to subdue the Asian and African countries. Hand looms 181

Industrial Revolution: The industrial revolution started in Europe in the beginning of the 18 century. It was the beginning of the Machine Age. Many machines th were invented during the industrial revolution. This led to increase in production. Manual labour was replaced by machines during this period. Britain became a leading power as a result of this revolution. The spinning jenny, power looms, steam engines, automobiles, motor operated ships, and machines used in factories for crushing, cutting, moulding etc. became common in households also. Sewing machine was another important invention during this period. From thereon, there was no looking back. We now make airplanes, rockets, spacecrafts and a lot of technologically advanced stuff. Man has achieved a great many things in transport as well as communication. From telephone to skype, from bullock cart to aeroplane, and from letters to e-mail, we have come a long way. However, it is in our nature to keep striving for more. Thus, we can expect many more miracles in the future. What was called the machine age after the industrial revolution is now called the computer age. Steam engine 182

1. Homosapien - Scientific name of human beings. It means ‘The Thinking Man’. 2. Paleolithic age - Old stone age. ‘Lith’ means stone. 3. Flint - A type of glasslike rock which can be cut into thin sheets 4. Chalcolithic age - Age of copper and stone. ‘Chalco’ means copper. 5. Hieroglyphics - Holy scripts. Egyptians called their script as God’s gift. 6. Colosseum - A spacious auditorium in Rome where public meetings and entertainment programmes were held. The remains of this building can still be seen. It is one of the wonders of the world. 7. Revolution - A sudden change leading to a different social or political set up. 8. Renaissance - awakening or rebirth 1. Sketch the stages of evolution of man from apes to the present day. Give in points. 2. What is the difference between Paleolithic age and Neolithic age? 3. Which places have been excavated to study the Indus valley civilization? 4. What were the common features of Vedic civilization and the Greek civilization? 5. Which are the main centres of Iron Age civilization? 6. What is renaissance? How did it help the West? 7. What were the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution? 183

1. Give the time frame for the various stages of development of man. Evolution of man Paleopithic age Neolithic age Bronze age Iron age Renaisscence Industrial revolution 2 million years 184 2. What do you like the most about man’s achievement till the 19 th century? Justify. Write briefly in a paragraph. 3. Do you think man can achieve more than what he has already achieved? What will be life in future like? Imagine and write an essay in about 100-150 words. 4. Read the lesson well. Sequence the development of man in about 10-15 lines. 5. Browse the websites. Get information on the work done by man in art, music, and architecture. Collect pictures and make an album out of it, 6. Organise a debate on ‘Life in Early Days was better than Life Now’. Divide the class into two teams and conduct a debate.

Inventions that changed the world In the earlier chapter, we learnt how early man evolved into a man who has made great advances in science and technology. In fact, scientific inventions played a significant role in the progress of mankind. Many people contributed to scientific and technological development. In this chapter, we will discuss a few of these inventions. Inventions in the medical field Inventions in the medical field have made it possible to detect and treat diseases on time. Today, there are medicines for diseases which were once considered incurable. Let us see a few of the inventions. Instruments: Clinical thermometer helps to measure body temperature when a patient gets fever. It was invented by Fahrenheit. The stethoscope which is used by doctors to measure heartbeat was invented by Dr. Rene Lannec. Doctors can assess the working of heart, lungs, arteries, veins, and even other organs like intestines with the help of the stethoscope. Microscope: It helps in observing disease causing micro-organisms like bacteria and viruses. Pathology labs use it to analyse blood, urine, and stool samples. It was invented by Robert Hook. The 20 century saw the invention of th many modern equipments to help examine our internal organs. For example- the ultra sound scanner is used CT Scan machine 185

to get an image of our abdomen and the organs within it. Any abnormality in our abdomen can be detected with the help of these images. Similarly, the CT scan and MRI scan give us a clearer picture of various parts of our body. Even the slightest abnormalities can be detected with the help of this equipment. Then, we have X-ray machines which help to detect fractures or other diseases of the bones. An ECG Edward Jenner machine helps to analyse our heartbeat and functioning of related organs through a graphical representation on a computer monitor. Vaccines: Vaccines are drugs used to prevent the occurrence of a disease. In olden days, smallpox was a dreadful disease, which was highly fatal. Edward Jenner found out that by injecting smallpox virus in minute quantities, we can produce antibodies in the individual’s immune system to fight the virus. He found out that these antibodies remain forever in the body and thus prevent the occurrence of the disease. Rabies: This is another fatal disease caused by the bite of a mad dog. It is also called hydrophobia as the affected person develops a fear of water. The most worrisome fact about the disease is that the person who is bitten by the mad dog shows symptoms of the disease only after three months of being bitten. Once the symptoms show up, there is no cure for it. The patient dies within 48 hours of showing symptoms. Moreover, it is a communicable disease. If the patient’s saliva or blood happens to come in contact with any other person, he will also be affected. In olden days, there was no way to stop the disease other x - ray 186

than imprisoning the patient in a room to escape from his bite. Today, there are drugs available to put the patient to sleep till death comes. More importantly, Louis Pasteur found a vaccine for rabies. As soon as a person is bitten by a dog, he should be given a series of injections at regular intervals to prevent the occurrence of rabies. Louis Pasteur is also credited for inventing a method to kill bacteria that spoil milk. In this method, the milk is first boiled, and then chilled immediately. The method is called pasteurization, which comes from Louis Pasteur’s last name. Antiseptics: Joseph Lister first found out that carbolic acid has the ability to kill germs. That was the first antiseptic ever produced. Do you know the names of some antiseptics that are in use today? Antibiotics: The first antibiotic produced was penicillin. The credit for this goes to Alexander Fleming. He found out that a microscopic plant ‘Penicillium Notatum’ grown in nasal secretions of human beings has the property to kill bacteria and viruses that cause fever and other related diseases. Today, there are many other antibiotics available. Surgery: In the area of surgery, many miraculous developments have taken place. Sushruta, an Indian doctor, used to perform surgeries as early as 400 AD. In those days, certain herbs were used to keep an area Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur 187

numb while performing the operation. James Simpson discovered that chloroform is an effective anasthetic for surgeries. Even today, chloroform is used as anasthesia in operations. With advancements in the field of surgery, laser surgeries and robotic surgeries are gaining popularity today. Transplant of organs is also being done. Kidney transplant is a very common procedure done these days. Did you know that the first heart transplant was done by Dr.Christian Bernard of South Africa? Electric and electronic gadgets: The industrial revolution in Europe led to a number of inventions. Steam engine, flying shuttle, power looms, and sewing machine are a few worth mentioning. Galileo invented the telescope during this period, which helped to study celestial bodies in space. Discovery of electricity and electric current by Benjamin Franklin was a milestone in scientific inventions. Alexandrio Volta made the first electric cell which produced electric current from chemical reactions. Thomas Alva Edison invented the electric bulb. He also invented the speaking machine called gramophone, the predecessor of the tape recorder. Galileo Alexandrio Volta Benjamin Franklin Dr. Christian Bernard 188

Samuel Morse invented a quicker way of sending messages, called Telegraph. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Samuel Morse James Watt Graham Bell Henry Ford Marconi invented the technique of wireless communication. J.L.Baird invented the television, which is an essential part of every household today. Charles Babbage created the artificial brain, called the computer. He is known as the father of computers. Invention of Machines: Invention of tyres by Cherles Goodyear was the beginning of the automobile industry. Henry Ford created the first ever car. Today, there are innumerable brands of cars on the road. Dudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine. James Watt was the first to invent the steam engine. George Stevenson applied the principle of steam engine in designing the first steam locomotive. The hydraulic brakes in trucks and buses work on the principle of Pascal’s law of liquid pressure. 189

He had designed the hydraulic press for pressing bales of cotton during the industrial revolution. In the present day, alternate sources of energy is the talk among scientists. Many devices like solar cooker, solar heater and solar electric cells have been devised by tapping solar energy. Solar power operated cars are also being widely propagated. Devices to tap wind power are also being designed. Wind mills are used as an alternate source of energy. To meet the scarcity of water in desert regions, desalination plants are being set up to convert sea water into potable water. Efforts are being made to produce electricity from ocean waves, and also from hot springs. With rising population and rising demand, alternate sources of the energy are the future. James Watt, as a child, observed that steam had enough energy to push up the lid of the kettle in which water was boiling. It was this childhood experience that he later used to invent the steam engine. 190

1. Vaccine - Drugs given to prevent the occurrence of a disease. There are vaccines available for smallpox, tuberculosis, polio and tetanus. 2. Pasteurization - The process of boiling milk and cooling it suddenly is called pasteurization. This is done because bacteria cannot survive in extremely high or extremely low temperatures. 3. Anasthesia - A drug to make a person unconscious during surgery 4. Antibiotic - Drugs made from microscopic plants. They are used to bring down fever and to heal wounds. 5. Hydraulic Brake - According to Pascal’s law, pressure applied at a small surface spreads through water and magnifies many times. This law is used to design hydraulic brakes for buses and trucks. 1. Explain the following terms a. Vaccination b. Pasteurization c. Antibiotics d. Antiseptic e. Alternate sources of energy. 2. What are these instruments used for? a. Clinical thermometer b. C.T.Scan c. Microscope d. E.C.G. 191

Circle the right answers 1. Microscope was invented by a. Robert Hook b. James Hook c. Charles Cook d. Robert Hans 2. Steam engine was designed by a. James Watt b. George Stevenson c. Isaac Newton d. James Simpson 3. An example for anesthesia is a. Penicillin b. antibodies c. chloroform d. Iodine 4. Dr. Christian Bernard is known for a. First kidney transplant b. First heart surgery c. First heart transplant d. First liver transplant 1. Select any five inventors mentioned in the lesson. Find out more information about them. Collect photographs related to their work and inventions. Make a booklet of about 20 pages. 2. Collect photographs of all the scientists mentioned in the lesson. Make a collage of them on a chart to display in the class. Do it as a group activity. Each one can bring one photograph. 192

First war of Independence For nearly 200 years, India was under the British rule. How British came to India and made India their colony is like a fairy tale. The younger generation must know why India became a slave of the British Empire. We, the people of India, are to blame for that. Let us know the story of our foolishness. The coming of the British to India India, a country with nearly 70% of its population living in poverty now, was once a rich and prosperous country. Spices of India were in great demand in the West. Cottage industries flourished in India. Indian handloom clothes, Indian silks, Indian handicrafts, and other goods were sought after by the Europeans.The Europeans did not know the route to India. They traded with the Arabs. The Arabs came to India, bought the goods from Indian traders, and sold them to the Europeans. Constantinople (today’s Istanbul) was the centre of this trade. When the Turks captured Constantinople, the Arab trade with the Europeans stopped. This is when Europeans started exploring sea route to India. In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, succeeded in reaching India. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, circumnavigated Africa and its Cape of Good Hope, crossed the Arabian Sea, and landed at Calicut (today’s Kozhikode) in Kerala. He presented himself before Samourin, the King of Kozhikode, and gave him lavish gifts. The Samourin, pleased with the gifts, gave the Portuguese permission for trade. 193

Soon, Portuguese established trade centres at Goa. Daman and Diu. Many other European traders reached India soon after, including the Dutch, the English, and the French.They established their own trade centres in the country. As a result, rivalry broke out among them. The English East India Company (EEIC) was established in 1665.Sir Thomas Roe obtained permission for trade from Jahangir, the then Mughal ruler of Delhi. They established trade centres at Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. After that, they could easily drive the Portuguese and the Dutch out of India. However, the French were not easy to get rid of. There were many battles between the 194 EEIC and FEIC, including the Carnatic wars and the Mysore wars. Finally, the French were defeated in the third Mysore war. They left India. The English now had the monopoly of trade with India.

Battle of Plassey and the conquest of Bengal (1757) The EEIC started building a fort in Kolkata. Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud- Dowla objected this move. As a result, a war ensued between Bengal and EEIC. The war is known as the Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-Dowla was defeated in the war and captured as a prisoner. His own nephew Mir Jafar conspired with the British to oust Siraj-ud-Dowla. After the war, Robert Clive, who was the Commander of the British army, became the Governor of Bengal. The British constructed Fort William at Kolkata. Battle of Plassey (1757) paved the way for British rule in India. Expansion of British Empire The local kings had no unity among themselves. There was rivalry between ruling kings. Some of them made alliances with the EEIC to fight their rivals. Those who were defeated were either imprisoned or executed and their kingdom was annexed by the British. Those who won became puppets in the hands of the British. In this way, the British extended their empire. Shah Alam, the ruler of Awadh (present Lucknow), was defeated by the British, and as a result, he gave Diwani (the right to collect taxes) to the British. • Historians say that Siraj-ud-Dowla first captured the British trade centre and massacred a large number of them. • Many were tortured in prison. When British defeated him in the Battle of Plassey, they tortured him to death. • Mir Jafar’s name has become synonymous with cheating. Robert Clive 195

Revolt of Indian farmers and traders After the industrial revolution, Britain emerged as the most powerful nation in the world. Industries needed raw materials to produce goods There were revolts by the farmers and the tribals who were forced to grow indigo. However, the revolts were suppressed and the leaders were executed. The indigo revolts at Champaran in Uttar Pradesh went on for years until Mahatma Gandhi took over the movement. Many rulers were upset with the British because of their policy of annexing their kingdoms for silly reasons. Dalhousie, the Governor- General of British India, introduced the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this doctrine, if any ruler died without a son, his kingdom was annexed. The revolt of 1857 The revolt of 1857 was called the first war of Independence by the Indians and ‘Sepoy mutiny’ by the British. People openly revolted against the British in many parts of the country. on a large scale. To fulfill this need of raw materials, the EEIC forced the farmers to grow cash crops like indigo and cotton, which were raw materials for textile industry. Indian farmers had to sell these products at a low price to the British government. As food crops were not grown, this led to famine. Indian cottage industries suffered because British imported clothes and other goods from Britain. Mahatma Gandhi 196

Causes of the revolt 1. Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse- Many kingdoms were annexed under this law. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, and Nanasaheb the Peshwa were among the victims of this rule. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor of Delhi, was very weak at this time, and the British were planning to capture Delhi. 2. There were many Indian soldiers in the British army, who were ill-treated. Their salary and service conditions were not at par with British soldiers. Moreover, they were humiliated by their superiors. 3. A new rifle introduced in the army had cartridges smeared with cows’ fat and pigs’ fat. The soldiers had to bite off the greased cover to take out the cartridges. This angered both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. They refused to use these cartridges and were tortured in turn. 4. Indians felt that the British were planning to destroy their religion. The revolt The revolt of 1857 started in Meerut. On March 29, 1857, a group of soldiers under Mangal Pandey attacked British Commanders and killed many of them. He was captured and hanged on April 8, but the soldiers continued the revolt. Rani Lakshmi Bai Bahadur Shah Zafar Nanasaheb Peshwa 197

The revolt spread to other parts of the country. It was led by Rani Lakshmi Bai, Tantia Tope, Nanasaheb, Bahadur Shah Zafar and Begum Hazrath Mahal of Awadh. However, the revolt failed and all the leaders were captured. They either committed suicide or were hanged. Reasons for the failure: 1. It was not a nationwide movement. Only the affected people were involved in the revolt. Others were indifferent to it. 2. Many Indians supported the British. They had started looking upon the British as their saviours. The English education and appointment of educated youth in government offices made the Indians support the British. 3. It was not an organized movement. Isolated revolts in different parts of the country were easy to suppress for the well-organised British army. British had more sophisticated weapons. The British were right in calling it a ‘sepoy mutiny’. Tantia Tope 198

Consequences of the revolt: 1. After the revolt, British India came under the British crown. The East India Company was dissolved. Queen Victoria proclaimed herself as the Queen of India. A representative of the Crown was appointed as Viceroy to rule British India. 2. Indians became subdued. No one dared to raise their voice against the British Crown. They silently accepted the British rule. 3. Educated Indians became admirers of the British Crown. They sought the hospitality of the British officials and were eager to attend parties hosted by British bosses. 4. Many started going to England to write civil services examination and get appointed in government offices to serve the British. In short, educated Indians became the loyal servants of British officers. Formation of the Indian National Congress It is surprising that an Englishman by the name of A.O.Hume took the initiative to form an organization of Indians to fight for their rights. It is no wonder that a poet who accompanied Mahmud Ghazni described Indians as people without self-respect. A.O.Hume was able to wake up at least a few elite Indians. Many educated Indians joined the organization, which was officially announced in 1885 as the Indian National Congress. • The British’s way of suppressing the revolt was barbaric in nature. • However, the genocide committed by Indian soldiers was no less than that done by the British. The Indian soldiers were like wolves let loose. They blindly killed all white skinned people who came in their way, including innocent civilians, women, and children. • Even today, Indians show a similar tendency. We fail to see reason and embark on manslaughter. 199

The method adopted by the Indian National Congress in its initial stages was one of appeasement. They wanted to get their rights by prayer and petition and friendly relations with the British. However, as a few years passed by, there was discontent among its members. Some wanted to protest openly against British policies, and were known as extremists. The others still persisted with their policy of appeasement, and were called moderates. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the leader of the extremists, while Gopalakrishna Gokhale was the leader of the moderates. Tilak, with the support of Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, started a campaign to involve the masses in the movement. The trio was called Lal-Bal- Pal. Tilak started a Marathi newspaper called Kesari too. Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal 200