Class 3 - Term 2 - PRIME YEARS

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Note from the author \"The zest for learning is inherent in every individual. The Teacher's job is just to bring it out\". This is a quote from Maria Montessori. The text books are only a medium in the process of learning. This book is not intended to be a Bible for the Teacher. It is meant to be a friend and companion of the Student. These books have been designed to give quality education. They are inclusive of English, English Grammar, Mathematics, EVS (Social Studies, Sciences), G.K. and Computers. Prime Years is a set of three term books for Classes 1 to 5. The burden on children's shoulders is reduced as they need not carry books for all subjects. To carry a single book for a term is enough. The essential features of Prime Years series are : v They are graded according to learning levels. v The language is simple and helps in self learning. v Many learning activities are provided. v They strive to fulfill cognitive, effective and psychomotor domains of educational objectives. v The content and style relate learning matter to the real world. The presentation is intended to develop thinking skills and enable the students apply the knowledge in solving problems in practical life situations and not to make the students mere bookworms. Many activities have been given in the Text Book for quicker learning : Question Box tests the knowledge and understanding of the concepts. Think a Little, Write a Little and Reason Out calls for higher order thinking skills. I can do are tasks to apply the concepts in a different situation or extend his/her learning or learn more from experience. The tasks also calls for self expression, imagination and language skills. Guessing Jar provides questions to develop reasoning, logic and critical thinking. Clue Finder calls for higher cognitive skills like application analysis, synthesis and evaluation. In mathematics, the guided problems are for working out with teacher's guidance while Independent practice problems are for students to work out all by themselves. Question Box usually contains problems based on all the concepts learned in the chapter. It is more of a test or assignment. Problems given in the boxes test higher order thinking skills - both critical and lateral thinking. They are mostly challenging questions or fun activities. The hands - on activities help to learn abstract concepts through concrete medium. The learning activities are planned as per the concept of Multiple Intelligence and learning styles. - Rajalaxmi K. Iyer Author.

Aims and objectives The aim of Primary Education is to develop in the child everything that is required for a fruitful living. Primary Education sows the seed of character building which grows in to a full fledged tree in later years. The attitude and values a child develops in his formative years remains with him till the end. Primary education therefore has the following broader objectives : To let the child live his childhood fully so that he realizes his own interest and potential. To develop in the child basic learning skills which help him in his future years. To make the child realize that he is part of nature and he has some social responsibilities. A Primary curriculum should therefore fulfill the following objectives : Acquisition of knowledge about his environment and the world in which he lives. Understanding the concepts and applying them in diverse situations. Develop critical thinking and reasoning skills rather than blindly believe what he reads. Develop independent work habits. Develop imagination through artistic skills. Encourage inquisitiveness and investigation and question scientific facts. Develop computational skills. Develop confidence to face the challenges in the curricular subjects as well as outside the class room. Develop moral and spiritual values. What is expected of a primary student ? The child communicates clearly and confidently. Uses vocabulary and correct language structures while speaking and writing. Comprehends the textual contents and solves problems independently. Collects, interprets and uses information from various sources. Develops and uses appropriate technological skills. Listens, speaks and reads well. Writes fluently and uses correct vocabulary and grammar in writing. Expresses himself well and uses creativity and imagination. Develops skill of observation, experimentation and recording data. Explores and investigates scientific facts. Develops awareness about his social and civic responsibilities. Develops pride in his cultural heritage. - Rajalaxmi K. Iyer Author

1. A Journey ...................................7 2. Viru, the Elephant ..................... 11 3. Tech Saviour ............................16 4. Nostalgia .................................21 1. Soil, Rocks and Minerals..........78 2. Natural Resources ...................82 3. Birds ........................................88 4. Animal World and adaptation................................95 1. Singular - Plural........................26 2. Kinds of Sentences ..................31 3. Noun used as Adjective ............36 4. Use of 'if' and 'whether' .............39 1. Division....................................42 2. Fraction ...................................55 3. Geometry .................................64 1. Villages of India .....................104 2. Different Occupations............. 110 3. States in India and Union Territories ..................... 117 4. Important cities and Metros New Delhi ..............................124 5. Mumbai..................................127 6. Kolkata ..................................130 7. Chennai .................................132 8. Bengaluru ..............................134 9. Hyderabad .............................137 1. Internet ...................................142 2. Learning to Browse ................144

Contents 1. A Journey .................................... 7 2. Viru the Elephant ....................... 11 3. Tech Saviour.............................. 16 4. Nostalgia ................................... 21 Class 3 Term 2

A Journey It chugs along, with a hoot and toot, Taking men and women of all kinds and repute; It shows no discrimination, except for petty thieves, As it picks up speed, I look in disbelief. Scenes go whizzing past, of corn fields and cattle, Of beautiful rivers and oceans, as the windows rattle; Blink and I miss, while swaying left and right, It is lulling me to sleep, like a baby in a cradle. 7

It must have been just minutes, or hours might have passed, When I was woken up, and ‘ticket’ I was asked; I gaze again outside, slightly bleary eyed, A bustling scene I saw, of people and porter cries. 1. Repute - Reputation; known for 2. Lulling - Calming one down 3. Cradle - A bed built for a baby 4. Bleary - Hazy 5. Bustling - Busy 8

1. What is the poet talking about in the poem? 2. What all does the poet see in the journey? 3. How does the poet fall asleep? 4. How is the poet woken up? 5. Where do you think the poet is when he wakes up? Write 2 rhyming words for each of the following. Make a sentence using each of the rhyming words. 1. Miss - _______________ ________________ 2. Sleep - _______________ ________________ 3. Rivers - _______________ ________________ 4. Past - _______________ ________________ 5. Speed - _______________ ________________ • Imagine that you are a train. Think how you would explain yourself to others. You could talk about your appearance, about the way you move, about the sounds you make, about the people you talk to etc. • Discuss it in pairs and speak as a train in the class. • You could accompany your words with actions too to make it more interesting. 9

• If you have been on a train journey, write a short paragraph on it in your own words. If you haven’t, imagine how it would be and write it in your own words. • You could take clues from movies and stories. 1. ‘It shows no discrimination, except for petty thieves’. What does the poet mean by that statement? Discuss in the class and write it in your own words. 2. Try to think of a story with the following characters and events: Train, ticket checker, theft, hills, run, You have to think of just a story idea. 10

Viru, the Elephant Once upon a time, there lived an elephant named Viru in the jungle. He was a hardworking elephant and honest too. He always gave his hundred percent at whatever job he did. However, he didn’t have many friends. In fact, hardly anybody liked him. He always criticized other animals for one thing or the other. He was lonely and grumpy. Each day, he prayed to God to give him some friends; someone to talk to. One fine day, his prayer was answered. The lord of animals descended on earth and asked Viru to name his wish. “Oh lord, I am so lonely. I have no friends at all. Please give me some friends. Otherwise, I will die of loneliness”, said Viru, his trunk folded in respect. 11

“Okay Viru, I can grant you the wish. What about Strippy, the tiger?” “No, my lord, I am sorry I cannot make him my friend. He kills other animals”, said Viru. “But he can run really fast, and he can save you in times of trouble with his ferocious attack”, said the lord. “I am sorry my lord, please give me another option”, said Viru. “Okay, what about Minky, the Monkey then?” asked the Lord. “No my Lord, I cannot have him as a friend either. He causes harm to trees, and he is very wicked too”, explained Viru, refusing to have Minky the Monkey as his friend. “But he can climb trees really fast and warn you about hunters in the distance. He can pluck really delicious fruits from trees too”, argued the Lord. “I am sorry my Lord, please give me another option”, said Viru, apologetically. “Okay, how about Hissy, the snake then?” said the Lord. “I am afraid my Lord, but I cannot trust him either as a friend. He is stealthy, and he might bite me while I am asleep”, said Viru. He was beginning to feel really weird about turning down all Lord’s suggestions thus far. 12

“But he eats rats and other rodents who might trouble you by biting you or entering your trunk”, the Lord said. “I am sorry my lord, I am really, really sorry. I just cannot trust him enough to make him my friend”, Viru said. The lord continued to give options to Viru, and Viru kept turning them down for one reason or the other. After about an hour, the Lord grew tired of giving options to Viru. Agitated with his behavior, the lord said in anger, “You know Viru, you deserve to be alone. I have suggested so many animals to you for friendship, and you have found flaws in all of them. Nobody is perfect Viru. Just like a coin has two sides, everyone has a good side and a bad side. However, the important thing is to look at the good side of people more often. Until and unless you learn to do that, you will never have any friends. I am going now. Call me again when you have learnt your lesson and I shall help you.” With that, the Lord of animals disappeared, leaving Viru lonely and grumpy again. 13

1. Grumpy - One who gets irritated easily 2. Ferocious - Violent 3. Stealthy - One who can sneak in quietly 4. Flaws - Faults 5. Wicked - Evil 6. Descended - Came down 1. Why was Viru grumpy? 2. Why do you think Viru did not have any friends? 3. Do you think Viru was a good elephant? Why or why not? 4. What did Viru pray for everyday? Were his prayers answered? 5. What happened when Lord of animals descended on earth? Write a word that is opposite in meaning to the given words. You could take the help of a dictionary. Write a sentence using each of the opposites. 1. Honest - _____________ 2. Criticize - _____________ 3. Lonely - _____________ 4. Ferocious - _____________ 5. Wicked - _____________ 14

Write a short story on ‘a coin has two sides’. You can discuss in pairs to find a story idea. You can even take the help of the internet. However, you have to write the story in your own words. 1. Identify all the adjectives used in the story. Write them in your notebook. 2. Viru prays to God to give him friends. What do you pray to God for? Why? Speak in the class. 3. The story has a moral. There are many such short stories with moral lessons in the Jataka Tales and Panchatantra. Read one such story. You cound find it either in the library, or on the internet. Understand the story and re-tell in your own words in the class. 15

Tech Saviour “Excuse me sir, can you help me?” a guy said to Tom as he was coming out of the mall. The guy was in a shabby state. His hair was messy and his clothes were soiled. He looked puzzled and afraid. “Yes mister, how can I help you?” said Tom, politely. “I have come to meet my granddaughter. She studies in a school here, and she lives with my cousin’s daughter”, said the shabby guy. “Do you know the name of the school? What’s your name?” asked Tom. “Hi, I am Jonathan. I have come from a village 100 miles from here. I have never visited this city before. I don’t know how to find my way around, and nobody is helping me either”, said the shabby guy, his voice stammering a little. “Don’t worry Jonathan, I will help you meet your granddaughter. Do you know the name of her school?” 16

“Yes, I do. Here it is”, said Jonathan as he took out a slip of paper from his pocket. Tom took the slip of paper from his hand and read aloud, “The Springdales School”. He pondered over it a little bit. He wasn’t very sure where the school was. “Jonathan, I don’t know where this school is. However, I can still help you”. “How can you help me if you don’t know where the school is?” Jonathan said, puzzled. “I can. Let’s go to that shop right there. There, I can help you find where this school is located and then, you can go meet your granddaughter.” Tom said. With that, the two men made their way inside a shop that was located at the corner of the street. Once inside the shop, Tom paid the guy standing at the reception Rs.200/-. The guy then directed them to a cubicle which was not occupied. The cubicle had a computer. Tom had brought Jonathan to a cybercafé. “Oh, what’s this?” said Jonathan. He had lived in a village all his life and had never seen a computer before. “This is a computer, John. This will help us find the school”, said Tom. He continued, “It is one of the greatest inventions by humans, just like electricity and telephone. It can do thousands of tasks in a second. It is really fast and convenient.” “That’s really great. But how will it help us find the school?” Jonathan said, still puzzled. “This computer is connected to internet. The internet is a network where all the information of the world is stored. You can find almost anything on the internet, almost”, explained Tom. “Ok, so the computer loads all this information on the internet by itself, is that correct?” asked Jonathan. 17

“No Jonathan, information on the internet is loaded by us. The computer just fetches this information for us when we ask it to.” “Okay, got it. So somebody from this school must have loaded information about the school on the internet. Now, we will ask the computer to find it for us”, said Jonathan, beginning to understand how a computer works. “Yes Jonathan, exactly”, said Tom. Tom opened a search engine on the internet and typed the name of the school. In a split second, the search engine showed the exact location of the school in the city, along with directions on how to reach it. “See Jonathan, this school is located about 10 km from here. You can easily reach it by bus. Here is the telephone number of the school, in case you cannot find it”, Tom said, as he showed Jonathan the information on the screen. Jonathan quickly noted down all the information on a piece of paper. He was happy to have finally found a way to reach his granddaughter. “Thank you so much, sir. Thank you so much for helping me out”, said Jonathan with a huge smile on his face. He thanked profusely once again and went on his way to meet his granddaughter. 18

1. Saviour - Rescuer 2. Shabby - Unclean 3. Profusely - Abundantly 1. What happened with Tom as he came out of the mall? 2. What help did Jonathan wanted from Tom? 3. Did Tom agree to help him? If so how? 4. How did Tom explain a computer to Jonathan? 1. Give 5 appropriate adjectives for a computer. Make a sentence using each of the adjectives. 2. Rearrange the following letters to make meaningful words. a. R T E O M P U C : ____________________________ b. T E R E S : ____________________________ c. I A V L E G L : ____________________________ d. L H C S O O : ____________________________ e. B Y B H S A : ____________________________ 19

• The story was probably written when computers were not very popular. Today, even people in villages know about computers and the internet. However, they don’t know much about Facebook and Twitter. Imagine that a villager asks you about Facebook and Twitter. • How would you explain it to him? Write in as few lines as possible. 1. The story is about how a computer can be really helpful. Write a similar story which shows the convenience and helpfulness of a computer. It could be about anything that a computer can do for us. You can discuss in pairs before writing the story. 2. Identify all the adjectives used in the story. Write them in your notebook. 3. Browse the internet and find the story of the computer- how it was invented, by whom etc. Learn the information and tell the story of a computer in your own words in the class. 20

Nostalgia Back in my days, Kids were a lot more fun; They enjoyed the rain, they braved the sun, They didn’t just sit on their bum. I remember how I used to play, In open parks and streets; Getting soiled and dirty with chums, Oh! It was such a treat. 21

\"Lo and behold\" the Twitters and Facebooks of today, Kids are just glued to screens, Too lazy to go out and play. Oh! it was definitely more fun, Back in my day; I miss those times terribly, Of fresh air and clay. 22

1. According to the poet, why were the old times more fun? 2. According to the poem, what does the poet miss? 3. Does the poet like the Facebook and Twitter culture of today? Why or why not? Write 2-3 rhyming words for the following. Make a sentence using each of the rhyming words. 1. Rain - _______________________________________________ 2. Clay - _______________________________________________ 3. Sit - _______________________________________________ 4. Just - _______________________________________________ 5. Back - _______________________________________________ 1. Braved - Faced without fear 2. Chums - Friends 23

1. In the poem, the poet is unhappy with the Facebook culture of today. Do you think he is right in being unhappy? Discuss it in the class and write a short paragraph. 2. Write a speech on ‘Importance of sports and recreation’. Speak in front of the class. • Invent some outdoor games on your own. • You can do it in pairs. Come up with interesting games which could encourage kids to go out and play. • Describe the rules of the game in an easy to understand manner. 24

Contents 1. Singular - Plural ......................... 26 2. Kinds of Sentences................... 31 3. Noun used as Adjective............. 36 4. Use of 'if' and 'whether' ............. 39 Class 3 Term 2

(since 'talks' takes a 'he', it is singular) (since 'talk' takes a 'they', it is a plural verb) 26

27 1. Pronouns each, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody take a singular verb. Example: Every one of you sings well 2. When two singular subjects are connected with or, nor, either/ or, neither/nor, they take a singular verb. Example: Neither Rahul nor Niti is picking up the phone. 3. When ‘I’ is one of the subjects, connected with a second subject with either/or, neither/nor, you put ‘I’ second and follow it with ‘am’. Example: Either Sanchit or I am going to the concert. 4. When a singular subject is connected with a plural subject with or, nor, either/or, neither/nor, the plural subject comes second, and a plural verb is used. Example: The cup or the plates go in that cupboard.

28 5. When two or more subjects are connected with an and, you use a plural verb. Example: A car and a bike are racing down the street. 6. When a subject is separated from a verb with words such as along with, as well as, besides, and not, you ignore such words. You decide the verb based on whether the first subject is singular or plural. Example: Salman Khan, along with his bodyguards, is expected to arrive soon. 7. With sums of money and periods of time, you use a singular verb. Example: 5 years is a long time to spend in jail.

Identify the subject and the verb in the following sentences. a. I will have grilled chicken please, thank you. b. They eat chicken almost everyday. c. Rahul really hates shopping. He finds it really boring. d. Priyanka and Neha really love shopping. They can spend hours shopping. e. Girls love to talk on the phone. f. Vaibhav does nothing but talks on the phone all day. Use the correct form of verb given in the brackets to complete the following sentences. a. Everyone ……….. to sing and dance at a party. (love) b. Nobody ………… being disturbed when sleeping. (like) c. Neither Rishi nor Samira ……….. much. (drink) d. Neha and Nisha ……………. on the dance floor. (be, dance) e. 15 years ………. a long time to be away from one’s homeland. (be) f. A strong boy or two girls …………. to lift this table. (be, need) g. Neither you nor I ……… going to school tomorrow. (be) 29

1. Write a short story on any topic of your choice. Exchange it with your partner and check each other’s work. Pay special attention to subject-verb agreement while writing the story. Mark each other’s work out of 10. Deduct ½ marks for every mistake. 2. Each one has certain habits. Observe your family members closely and write 3 habits of each member of your family. Write them in bullet points. Pay attention to the structure of the sentence and subject-verb agreement. If two or more family members have a same habit, you can write it in a single sentence. For example, if your mom and dad wake up early in the morning, you can write - ‘My mom and dad wake up early in the morning’. • Pick up a story book from your library. • Read it thoroughly and write a short summary of it in about 100-150 words. • Pay attention to sentence structure and subject-verb agreement. 30

Sentences that ask a question are interrogative sentences. Start with the primary verb and that’s what you need to pay attention to. singular verb subject Converting simple sentences into interrogative sentences. Examples: 1. Priya will not come to school today. Will Priya come to school today? 2. Ritesh has not completed his homework. Has Ritesh completed his homework? 31

32 Sentences that make a statement are assertive sentences. Assertive sentences simply state a fact. singular and plural verb subject Assertive sentences without the word ‘not’, or ‘no’ are affirmative sentences. Affirmative sentences are a positive response to a question. Example: I have a dog at home. Rohan won the table tennis tournament.

• Write your daily routine in bullet points. • Use simple sentences while writing this. For example: You wake up at 6:00 am; you go to school at 7:00 a.m. etc. 33 Assertive sentences that have ‘not’ or ‘no’ are negative sentences. Negative sentences are a negative response to a question.

1. Classify the following sentences as interrogative, assertive, affirmative, and negative. Write ‘I’ for interrogative, ‘AS’ for assertive, ‘AF’ for affirmative, and ‘N’ for negative. a. Are you going to school tomorrow? b. Yes, I am going to school tomorrow. c. I play the guitar. d. Neha sings really well. e. No, I have not seen Rohan since morning. f. Rohit does not own a car. 2. Convert the following sentences into interrogative sentences. a. I can play the guitar really well. b. Nisha has not brought her notebook. c. Vaibhav is not going to school today. d. Yes, I know Sachin really well. e. Yes, we all wake up early in the morning. 1. Use ‘do’ or ‘does’ at the start of the following sentences, whichever is appropriate. a. ………… your father know him? b. ……….. your cousins always fight this way? c. ………… your dog bite? d. ……….. you have a problem with me? e. ……….. he know that it is raining outside. f. …………. Rohit and Rohan know that they have lost the game? 34

2. Complete the sentences using the correct form of verb given in the bracket. a. Her cousins __________ here every weekend. (come) b. His dad __________ cricket really well. (play) c. Your dog always __________ me up with his annoying barking. (wake) d. The Sun __________ in the west. (set) e. Neha __________ really well. (dance) f. Neha and Shruti, both __________ really well. (dance) Let’s imagine that you are a police officer investigating a case. You have caught a thief and you need to ask him where he has hidden his loot. Write 10 questions that you will ask the thief. Don’t forget to ask him his name, where he lives etc. Try to watch some detective shows to get an idea. 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________________ 9. ________________________________________________________ 10. ________________________________________________________ 35

A cricket player A news editor A coffee mug Motor sport Indian cuisine 36 Adjectives are words that describe nouns. A noun is a person, animal, thing, or place. adjective noun Examples:

1. Identify the nouns which are used as adjectives in the following sentences: a. Sachin Tendulkar is a legendary Indian cricketer. b. I really love Chinese cuisine. It is really delicious. c. Our hockey team has been in shambles of late. They really need to improve. d. India needs to focus on child healthcare if it is to become a better nation. e. Indian scientists have made their mark on the global map. f. We are lucky to have really honest school teachers. 37 You use the ‘adjective noun’ before the primary noun. Use the singular form of the ‘adjective noun’ in most cases, except when the ‘adjective noun’ generally takes the plural form. Example: billiards player, news anchor etc.

2. Give the plural for the following. a. Indian hockey player b. Customs department c. Italian marble d. Hockey stick e. Clothes shop Make sentences using the following nouns as adjectives: a. School b. Billiards c. Car d. Cricket e. Child • Read a short story of your choice. • Mark the nouns in the story which are used as adjectives. • Write them in your notebook, along with the nouns they describe. • Write a short story on the topic ‘When I met superman’. • Note the use of nouns as adjectives in your story. 38

Used when talking of a condition. Used when there are two alternatives. Example: If you consistently keep playing well, you will definitely be selected one day. Here, we are talking of the condition that if he keeps playing well. Example: Whether you are happy doing it or not, you still have to complete the task. Here, there is an alternative we are talking about. The subject can either be happy, or he can’t. You can use ‘if’ and ‘whether’ interchangeably where the meaning of the sentence does not change. Example: I am not sure whether he would come to office today. I am not sure if he would come to office today. 39

1. Complete the sentences using ‘if’ or ‘whether’, whichever is appropriate. a. I am not sure ________ India will win this match or not. b. ________ you are not going to do this, atleast inform your teacher about it. c. _______ you are going to the market, please get me some tomatoes. d. ________ you work hard, success definitely comes to you. e. ________ you like it or not, India is losing this match. 2. Convert the following ‘whether’ sentences into ‘if’ sentences, wherever possible. a. Whether you agree with me or not, you still have to help me out. b. Only time will tell whether India will become a global superpower or not. c. Neha will have to participate in the competition, whether she likes it or not. d. Today, we will all get to know whether he has it in him to win this match for India. • Write 5 ‘if’ sentences, and 5 'whether’ sentences in your notebook. • Exchange your notebook with your bench partner and check each other’s work. • Mark his work out of 10. Browse the web and find out what can ‘if’ be replaced by in a sentence and how. Write 5 sentences using ‘if’, and then rewrite those sentences without using ‘if’. 40

Contents 1. Division............................... 42 2. Fractions............................. 55 3. Geometry ............................ 64 Class 3 Term 2

Division as repeated subtraction Division is basically repeated subtraction Example: Let’s say there are 30 chocolates. If they are to be distributed in such a way that each student gets 5 chocolates, how many students will get chocolates? No. of chocolates = 30 Student 1 gets 5 -5 25 Student 2 gets 5 -5 20 Student 3 gets 5 -5 15 Student 4 gets 5 -5 10 Student 5 gets 5 -5 5 Student 6 get 5 -5 0 6 Students get 5 each. Thus, if 5 chocolates are given to each student, 30 chocolates can be distributed to 6 students. In mathematical language, it is written as 30 5 = 6.  Here, 30 is called the dividend, 5 is the divisor, and the number of times 5 is subtracted, i.e. 6, is the quotient. (Dividend) 30 5 (Divisor) = 6 (Quotient)  Do the following problems by repeated subtraction and write the division statement for them. 42

1. The cost of 1 pen is Rs. 6. How many pens can be bought for Rs. 24? 2. If 28 students are made to stand in rows of 4, how many rows are there ? Division with remainder If Rs.24 is distributed equally among 5 workers, how much will each worker get? How much money will remain at the end? 24 -5 Each worker will have 1 rupee after the 1 round st 19 -5 Each worker will have 2 rupees after the 2 round nd 14 -5 Each worker will have 3 rupees after the 3rd round 9 -5 Each worker will have 4 rupees after the 4 round th 4 Thus, 5 is subtracted 4 times. Hence, we can write it as 24 5 = 4. However, Rs 4 still remain, which  cannot be distributed equally among 5 workers. Thus, the remainder is 4. Division facts and multiplication facts Let us consider our previous problems: 30 5 = 6  The corresponding multiplication fact is 30 = 5 x 6 Similarly, 24 4 = 6. Its corresponding multiplication fact is  24 = 4 x 6 Consider the multiplication fact: 5 x 6 = 30 There are 2 division facts for this multiplication fact: (1) 30 5 = 6  (2) 30 6 = 5  Similarly, 4 x 5 = 20 is a multiplication fact. The corresponding division facts for it are: (1) 20 4 = 5  (2) 20 5 = 4  43 Guided

44 = = = a. b Guided 1. Write the division facts for the following groupings. = = Activity 1: Divide students into groups. Each group is given 18 seeds. Students divide the seeds into groups of 3. How many groups of seeds are formed? Write the division fact Divide 18 seeds into groups of 6. How many groups of seeds are formed now? Write the division fact Write the corresponding multiplication fact Activity 2: Make 20 seeds into groups of 6. How many groups are formed? How may seeds are left out? Write the division fact: , remainder is Divide 20 seeds into groups of 3. How many groups are formed and how many seeds are left out? Write the division fact: , remainder is = = x = 20 3 = 20 6

45 1. Divide any number by 1. The quotient is the number itself. 2. Divide the number by itself. The quotient is 1. 3. '0 'divided by any number gives quotient 0. 2. Write division facts with the given numbers. Write the corresponding multiplication fact also. a. 27,9,3 b. 9,36,4 c. 5,35,7 1. Use multiplication table to find the quotient for the following: a. 20 4  b. 32 8  c. 56 7  d. 42 6  2. Frame division statements with the following numbers: a. 128, 8,16 b. 72, 8, 9 c. 108, 9, 12 Independent Long division 4 - 4 2 0 2 I. 4 2  Step 1 – Write 4 within the division sign Step 2 – Write the divisor outside the bracket Step 3 – Use the 2-table to get number 4. 2 times 2 gives 4. Step 4 – Write quotient 2 above the sign and write the 4 produced by multiplying 2 and 2 below the dividend. Subtract it from the dividend. Remainder is 0.

46 II. 20 5  1. Write the dividend and the divisor as shown 2. Recite the table of 5 mentally till you get 20. 4 times 5 gives 20. Thus, 4 is the quotient. 3. Write the quotient above. 4. Write 20 below the dividend and subtract. Remainder is 0. III. 23 3  1. Write the dividend and divisor as shown 2. Tell the table of 3 till you get 23. 23 does not exist in the table of 3. You write the number which is closest to 23 but less than 23 in the table of 3. That number is 21. 3 x 7 = 21 3 x 8 = 24 3. Write 7 above and 21 below the dividend and subtract. 4. Remainder is 2. 20 - 20 4 0 5 23 - 21 7 2 3 Calculate the following using long division method: (1) 48 6  (2) 36 9  (3) 28 5  (4) 64 7  (5) 78 8  (6) 42 7  Guided

Calculate the following using long division method: (1) 90 9  (2) 39 4  (3) 65 8  (4) 75 9  (5) 60 8  (6) 45 6  (7) 27 9  47 Division by splitting IV. Consider 46 2  Here, the ten’s digit of the dividend is larger than the divisor. 1. So, first divide 4 using the multiplication table of 2. 2 x 2 = 4 2. Write 2 above, write 4 below the dividend and subtract. 3. Bring down the 6. 4. Using multiplication table of 2, find the number 6. 2 x 3 = 6. 5. Write 3 above and the product below 6, and subtract Quotient = 23 Remainder = 0 Independent 46 - 4 23 06 2 -6 0

V. Now, let’s divide 52 2  1. Observe the 10’s digit. It is bigger than the divisor 2. First, divide 5 using multiplication table. 5 does not exist in the multiplication table of 2. The number just less than 5 in 2’s table is 4. 2 x 2 = 4 3. Write 2 in the quotient’s place and write 4 below 5. Subtract. 4. Bring the digit in the one’s place down as shown by the arrow. 5. Recite 2’s table till you get 12. 2 x 6 = 12 6. Write 6 in the quotient’s place after 2, and the product below 12. Subtract. Reminder = 0 Quotient = 26 48 Divide the following using long division method. a. 48 3  b. 75 6  c. 82 5  a. 34 2  b. 68 5  c. 54 4  Division of 3-digit numerals by single digit VI. 234 2  1. Observe the hundred’s digit. It is equal to the divisor 2. 1 time 2 is 2. Write 1 in the quotient, and the product below 2. Subtract 2. Bring down the ten’s digit as shown by the arrow. 3 doesn’t come in 2’s table. The number just less than 3 in 2’s table is is 2. (2 x 1 = 2) Guided Independent 52 - 4 26 12 2 -12 0 2 3 4 - 2 117 0 3 2 - 2 1 4 - 1 4 0

Write 1 in the quotient and product 2 below 3 and subtract. 3. Bring down the one’s digit as shown by the arrow. Recite the table 2 till you get 14. 2 x 7 = 14. Write 7 in the quotient after 11, and 14 below 14. Subtract. Quotient = 117 Remainder = 0 VII.Another example: 826 3 1. Hundred’s digit 8 is bigger than 3. Divide 8 by 3. Recite 3’s table till you get a number just less than 8. 3 x 2 = 6 3 x 3 = 9. We cannot take 9 as it is greater than 8. Take 6. Write 2 in the quotient, 6 below 8, and subtract. 2. Bring ten’s digit down. Recite 3’s table till you get a number just less than 22. 3 x 7 = 21. Write 7 in the quotient, and 21 below 22. Subtract. 3. Bring down one’s digit. Tell the table of 3. 3 x 5 = 15. Write 5 in the quotient, and 15 below 16. Subtract. 1 is the remainder. Quotient = 275. Remainder = 1 1. 428 3  2. 456 4  3. 108 7  4. 126 apples are packed in 6 boxes. How many apples does each box contain? 49 Guided 8 2 6 -6 2 7 5 22 3 -21 16 -15 1

1. Divide and verify with multiplication fact a. 252 9  b. 216 8  c. 365 5  d. 679 5  e. 408 3  f. 526 4  2. 322 books are packed in 7 boxes. How many books are there in each box? 3. There are 216 students in class III. If there are 6 sections, how many students are there in each section? 4. 108 poles are to be arranged in 9 rows. How many poles are there in each row? 5. Find the dividend if divisor = 12, quotient = 8, remainder = 5. 6. 625 kg rice is to be filled in 5 bags. How much rice can each bag hold? 7. A number, when divided by 6, gives 3 as quotient and 2 as remainder. What is the number? 8. A certain quantity of sand is to be filled in sacks that can hold 28 kgs. If 12 bags are required, what is the quantity of sand, considering that 5 kgs of sand is left out after packing? 9. 672 bananas are packed in 8 boxes. How many bananas are there in each box? 50 Relation between dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder Consider 13 3  13 = 3 x 4 + 1 = 12 + 1 Dividend = divisor x quotient + remainder 13 - 12 4 1 3 If the quotient is 3, remainder is 2, and divisor is 4, find the dividend. Dividend = divisor (4) x quotient (6) + remainder (2) = 4 x 3 + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14