Class 12 Nepali Book

kf7 * dft[Tj efuL/yL >]i7 s]xL dlxgfcl3sf] s/' f xf], Pp6f zlgaf/ ;bf emF} d emo\\ fndf a;]/ pxfsF f] af6f] xb] {} lyPF . d]/f] bzjifLo{ 7n' f] 5f]/f ev{/ g'xfP/ sf]7fdf k:of] . p;n] nu' f kmb] {} ;f]Wof], ……cfdf Û s] x]l//fVg'x'G5 tkfO{F ;w}F <ÚÚ 5f]/fsf] kZ| g ;'g/] dgdf nfUof], ;fgfltgf s'/fdf lsg em'6 af]Ng' < x'g t sltko s'/fdf 5f/] f;Fu em'6 afn] s] L 5' t/ o;f] ubf{ dnfO{ slQ ;Gtf]if nfUb}gYof] . ofe] Gbf a9\\tf c;Gtf]if Tolt j]nf nfUYof] hlt jn] f 5f]/fn] d]/f] s/' fdfly ljZjf; ub{}gYof] / pN6f] zªs\\ f uYof]{ . Toltv]/ d/] f] cg'xf/ hª\\undf emfl/Psf] ?vsf] 7'6f] h:t} xG' Yof] . kZrfQfk / UNfflgn] d/] f b'j} g]q /;fpg yfNy] . clxn] ;f]w]sf] kZ| gsf] hafkm x'g t h] elGbP klg x'GYof] t/ gePsf] s'/f eGg dg nfu]g . ……sx] L x}g 5f/] f Û ;'af]w cªs\\ nnfO{ÚÚ ……lsg lbglbg} cfpgx' G' 5 xfdLsxfF <ÚÚ g?rfP emF} u/L p;n] k|Zg u¥of] . ……lsg ltdLnfO{ dg kb}{g / < pxfnF ] ltdLxfdL ;an} fO{ dfof ug{x' G' 5 .ÚÚ p;sf] d'v / kZ| gdf emNs]sf] c?lrdf ljZjf; lbnfpgk' 5{ eGg] ljrf/n] d kj\" f{ux| kLl8t lyPF . ……cfdf Û ;'af]w cª\\sn dg kb{g} dnfOÚ{ Ú 5f/] fsf] s'/f ;g' /] d em:sF] . p;sf] egfOdf g/} fZo lalDat xG' Yof] . ……lsg 5f/] f To:tf] egs] f] < pxfF /fdf| ] cª\\sn x'gx' G5 . To;f] geg x} 5f]/f ÛÚÚ ;DemfpbF } egF] . ……tkfOF{ gxb'F f xfdLnfO{ s:tf] xkfg{'xG' 5, ufnL ug{x' 'G5, aa' fn] h:tf] dfof ug{x' 'Gg . cfdf Û cabl] v ;'af]w cª\\snnfO{ xfdLsxfF gcfpg\" eGg';\\ g .ÚÚ lknlknfpFbf] / pkI] ffsf] efjn] gk] fnL, sIff !@ 95

5f/] fn] cfˆgf] afn;n' e jf:tljstf kfV] of] . of] ;TotfnfO{ dn} ] a'em]/ klg ae' m krfpbF } cfO/x]sL lyPF . ……x'G5 5f]/f eG5' t/ clxn] xfO] g cln kl5 eGg] 5' n ÛÚÚ 5f]/fsf] cg'xf/ v;' Ln] pHofnf] ePsf] :ki6 b]lvGYof] . 5f]/fsf] egfOn] d/] f] dg eg] leqleq} r:sg yfNof] . d]/f] dl:tisdf ctLtsf s'/f vN] g yfn] . ;'af]w d]/f] nf]Ugs] f] ldNg] ;fyL . Pp6f bM' vbfoL xjfO{hxfh b3' {6gfn] d/] f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 6'x/' f agfof] . snsnfpFbf] pd/] d} d]/f] l;Gb/\" k'l5of] . d]/f r'/f kmf]l/P . ;'afw] dsxfF a/fa/ cfpgx' 'GYof] . cfZjf;g lbg'xG' Yof] . dfof b;f{pg'x'GYof] t/ klg dn} ] cToGt z\"Gotf / l/Sttf cg'ej uy{]F . nfU] gs] f] cefj dx;;' uyF{] . Tof] l;ªu\\ } 3/ dnfO{ ;'?ª h:t} nfUYof] . lhGbuLdf w]/} s'/f x/fP h:t} lyP . o;/L d}n] cfkm\" / 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ ;fx|} c;/' lIft cj:yfdf kfPF . dn} ] ;'/Iff rfxGyF] . 6S] g] xfuF fsf] vfh] Ldf lyPF d . dfofsf] lgd{n cfsfz rfxGyF] d . nfUYof,] ;;+ f/df Pp6f sfx] L t dfof ug]{ k?' if rflxG5, hg' dfof zf/Ll/seGbf dfgl;s ¿kdf Hofbf xf];\\ . o;}sf] rfxgfn] Rofk/] cgfof; d ;a' fw] nfO{ a9L dfof / ;Ddfg ug{ yfny] ]F . pxfF g} x'g'xG' Yof] d/] f] b'Mv / ;'vdf ;fy lbgx' 'g] / dsxfF a/fa/ ;xfge' l\" t bv] fpg cfpg'x'g] . Ps lbg ;wF} d]/f] Joyf / kL8fn] de' mfP{ sf] cg'xf/ b]Vbf ;a' f]wn] ;DemfpbF } eGge' PYof,] …ddtf Û ltdL lsg lk/ lnG5\\of}F < x'g] s'/f eOxfNof] . dg alnof] agfpg'k5{ .ÚÚ …ltdLÚ ;Daf]wgn] dnfO{ emg\\ glhs k¥' ofPsf] cg'ej d}n] u/]F . To;}n] t xfdL lgs} glhs cfO;ss] f lyofF} Pscfk;df . dnfO{ pxfFn] leqb} l] v rfxg'xG' 5 eGg] klg dn} ] cge' j u/s] L lyPF . ælhGbuLdf lk/afxs] ;'v sxfF bV] g kfpF5' / Û ;xf/f, ;/' Iff / dfof u'dfO;s]sL Pp6L :jf:gLdfG5s] f] cg'xf/ s;/L pHoflng ;S5 / < 5f/] f5f]/L ;fg} 5g\\ . cfkm}F ;f]Rg';,\\ oqf] nfdf] lhGbuL lnP/ d s;/L afr\"F < of] ;f]Rbf dnfO{ k6o\\ f/ nfU5ÚÚ ;:' s]/f xfNb} dn} ] egF] . æddtf Û To;f] eP ltdL s] rfxG5\\ofF} t < s] ljrf/ 5 ltdf| ] <ÚÚ ……d/] f] rfxg' grfxgd' f km/s} s] k5{ / < rfx/] klg t ;a} sxfF k'U5 / < grfx]/ klg s] xG' 5 / < xg' t dfG5s] } dg t xf] rfxgfn] a]l/xfN5 . Pp6f kljq dfof, kljq ;xf/f / ;/' Iffsf] 96 g]kfnL, sIff !@

sNkgf xG' 5 t/ ;a} sNkgf cflv/ kfgLsf] kmf]sf emF} k6\\6 k'm6]/ lanfp5F g\\ . dn} ] olt eGg s] EofPFy] PSsfl; dn} ] cfkm\"nfO{ ;a' f]wsf] cfj]zk0\" f{ cFufnfdf kfPF . ……ddtf Û ltdf| ] efjgf ae' mF] . of] cuF fnf] lhGbuLe/ km' Tsg] 5g} g t kfgLsf] kmfs] f emF} km' 6g\\ ] 5 .ÚÚ nf]Ug]sf] Gofgf] cuF fnf] gkfPsf] Ps jifk{ l5 ;a' fw] sf] Gofgf] cuF fnf] kfpFbf dnfO{ /dfOnf] t nfUof] t/ d csdlsPF . s] u¿F s] u¿F h:tf] eof] . cghfgd} enen lg:s]sf] cfF;'nfO{ ;a' fw] n] cfˆgf xftn] k'l5/xge' of] . w/] } a/] ;Dd pxfFsf] xft kG5fOgF . ljZjf; / dfofn] 3/] k] l5 pxfFnfO{ bj] tf dfGg yfn]F, pxfFsf] dfofnfO{ cg'kd pkxf/ ;DemF] . k;| Ggtfkj\" s{ xfdLn] Pscsf{sf] k]d| l:jsf¥of}F . Tof] lbg d]/f nflu 9sdSs eP/ Gofgf] 3fd nfUof] . gfª\\lu;ss] f ldofnsf xfFufdf emsdSs kmn\" km' Ng nfu] . d]/f] rf/}tkm{ sgsrDkfsf] ld7f] af:gf kml} ng yfNof] . xfdL w/] a} ]/ sf7] fdf a:of}F . pxfF kmlsg{ e' Pkl5 dgleq cgs] lsl;dsf ljrf/ v]Ng yfn] . s] d}n] s'af6fdf 6]ss] L t 5g} F < d}n] /fd|f] u/]F t < s] lg0f{o l56f] t ePg < d/] f 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] eljio s] xf]nf < lx;fa} ug]{ xf] eg] dfG5sf] ;fr] fOn] t ax| \\df08} 9fS5 . ;fR] bd} f Tof] x'gk} 5{ eGg] t lyPg . pxfFn] To;f] ugf{;fy dn} ] pxfFnfO{ em66\\ l:jsfg{ lsg kYof]{ / < s] d cfˆgf] nflu cfkmn}F ] vfN8f] vlg/xs] L t 5g} F < cflv/ ;fdflhs k|lti7f klg jo} lSts dof{bf / dxŒjsf nflu geOgxg' ] kIf xf] . To;}n] of] ;dfh / k/Dk/fsf] ;dyg{ sf] ;Defljt k|ltsf/n] dnfO{ emg\\ 8/ nfUg yfNof] . cflv/ xfdf| ] wflds{ , ;fdflhs k/Dk/fn] oxL bV] g rfxG5 ls ljwjf :jf:gL dfG5] ;wF} ljwjfs} ¿kdf /xf;] \\ . o;/L dgel/ slxn] v';Lsf 8f]a bl] vG5g\\ eg] slxn] zª\\sf, pkzª\\sf / nfhsf 5fof cufl8k5fl8 tl] 5g{ yfn] . ;f]r],F efl] n ;dfhn] eGg] 5, of] cfOdfO{ nf]Ugs] f] ;t\\df 5}g . nf]UgnfO{ gs{df kf/L . o;/L ;fR] bf;fR] b} ddf ljbf| x] p7o\\ f], lsg o;/L 8/ dfGg' < nf]Ug] x'Fbf xfdf| ] lhGbuL slt dgdf]xs lyof] . nfU] g] d/] f nflu ;j:{ j x'g'xGYof] . pxfFkl5 cfˆgf] / 5f/] f5f/] Lsf nflu ;xf/f / dfof vfh] ]F t s] la/fPF dn} ] < k/Dk/f / aGwgnfO{ tf]8]/ s] ck/fw u/]F dn} ] < ;dosf] dfu klg oxL xf] . bO' { lbgsf] lhGbuLnfO{ lsg d?el\" d agfpg] < gL/; lhGbuLnfO{ /;fpg dfofsf] ;ªn\\ f] gbL rflxG5 . 5xf/Lbf/ cf]t rflxG5 . lhGbuL xf;F f] /f]bg, b'Mv kL8f, syf Joyfn] el/Psf] ;fdl\" xs en] xf] . cfkt\\ ;'v / b'Mv ;a}nfO{ k5{ . ;an} ] ;a} s/' f efU] g' g} k5{ . lk/n] tk tk rl' xP/ a:ge' Gbf v;' L v';L eP/ afFRgk' 5{ . o;/L ;fR] bf dn} ] l7s lg0fo{ u/] h:tf] nfUof] . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 97

To;kl5 ;'afw] dsxfF lbglbg} cfpg yfNg'eof] . cUnf,] uf]/f,] :df6{, Vofn766\\ f ug{'kg{] ;a' f]wsf] :jefj lyof] . d/] f] nf]Ugd] f klg To:t} JolStTj lyof] t/ w]/} r'/f]6 vfg] Pp6f afgL ;'af]wsf] dg kbg{} Yof] tfklg eGg] ;fx; eg] ulbg{ y]F . To;} t d]/f] :jefj uDeL/ +lyof], To;df klg cfˆgf r/' f km6' k] l5 t d d\"s g} h:t} ag]F . Ps lbg pxfsF f] ;f; lgs} uxg\\ fof] / cgfof; cg'go :j/df eg,]F ……r/' f]6sf] uGw dnfO{ k6Ss} dg kb}{g . tkfOF+{ a9L g} r/' f6] lkpgx' 'G5 . :jf:Yosf nflu klg /fdf| ] xg} . 5f8] \\g ;lsGg / <ÚÚ ……lsg ddtf < lsg g;Sg' < dg alnof] x'gk' 5{ . u5{' eGg] k0| f ug{k' 5{ . cfkm\"nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'k5{ . d efl] n g} t eGg ;lSbgF . s]xL lbgd} 5f]8]/ b]vfOlbG5' . ÚÚ geGb} To:t} eof] . dnfO{ c;fWo} v';L nfUof] . d}n] ;f]r]F, r'/f]6sf] s'cfbt pxfnF ] d]/f nflu 5f8] \\g'eof] . pxfFnfO{ klg d/] f] dg gkg{] afgL /x5] . Ps lbg pxfnF ] eGg'eof], ……ddtf Û ca ltdLnfO{ ;]tf] / kx]Fnf] ;f8L Tolt ;'xfpFb}g . u'nfkmL /ªsf] ;f8L ltdLnfO{ slQ cfsifs{ x'bF f] xf] xlu <ÚÚ To; lbgbl] v /ftf] /ªsf] geP klg c¿ /ª snh] L, a}hgL, KofhL /ªsf] ;f8L nufpg yfnF] . o;/L xfdL Pscsf{sf] OR5fcg¿' k aUof}F . slxn]sfxLF nfUYof], ;'afw] lbgx'F gcfP/ bO' t{ Lg lbg la/fP/ cfpge' P /fdf| ] xG' Yof] t/ o:tf] ;f]Rbf ;f]Rb} klg pxfF gcfpg'xfn] f eGg] 8/ / zªs\\ fn] ;tfpFYof] . Ps lbg ;'af]wnfO{ va' dg kg]{ cfn'sf] crf/ / sfh,' ls;ld; ld;fPsf] ;h' Lsf] xnj' f agfP/ lbPF . x'g t ;w}F sx] L g s]xL gv'jfO{sg k7fpGgyF] . ;'afw] n] lgs} ld7f] dfgL vfg'eof] . o;/L d]/f] xftn] agfPsf] vfgs] /' f ld7f];Fu vfg'xFb' f dnfO{ emg\\ v;' L nfUof] . ……xnj' f ;fx|} ld7f] agfO5\\ofF}, k'ug] . afFsL 5 eg] clnslt ylkbp] m g ddtf ÛÚÚ ;'afw] n] l/sfkL a9fpbF } eGg'eof] . yf]/} xnj' f ljBfnoaf6 kms{]kl5 vfhfsf ¿kdf 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ /flvlbPsL lyPF . hLjgdf 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ g5'6o\\ fO{sg d}n] slxNo} s]xL vfPsL lyOgF . d csdsfPF . xn'jf yf]/} lyof] ;h' L lyPg . …5f/] f5f/] Lsf nflu dfq 5 . c¿ vfg] s/' f agfOlbpmF , s] vfg'x'G5 <ÚÚ …aRrfx¿nfO{ c¿ lbP x'G5 lg . oxL bp] m g dnfO{ .ÚÚ ems]{/ eGge' of] . ;'af]wsf] s/' f dnfO{ ;fx|} lttf] eof] . pxfaF f6 o:tf] s'/f ;G' g'knf{ eGg] lsl~rt\\ zª\\sf lyPg . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu klxn] efu 5'6\\ofP/ dfq d]/f] kltn] vfg] s'/f vfg'ePsf] emNof:F ; 98 gk] fnL, sIff !@

;Demg k'uF] . oxf;F Dd ls d/] f] kltn] 5f/] f5f]/Lsf nflu a? vfg'x'GgYof] . o;/L dnfO{ ld7fr] f]vf] agfpFbf aRrfx¿n] vfg kfPgg\\ eg] lbgel/ 3fd gnfu] h:t} x'GYof] . afWotfjz PSn} ld7f] vfgk' bf{ 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ ;Dem/] lgNg ufx|f] x'GYof] t/ ;a' f]wsf] s/' f sf6g\\ ;lsg,F dg bv' fpg rflxgF . 5f]/f5f/] L ljBfnoaf6 cfOk'Ug] j]nf eO;s]sf] lyof] . 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ c¿ vfg] s/' f agfpg efG;flt/ nfu,]F ;'afw] n] xnj' f vfbF } x'g'xG' Yof] . ……ddtf Û oxfF cfpm g .ÚÚ d pxfsF f] glhs} uPF . ……Pp6f s'/f ;fw] \"F <ÚÚ ;a' fw] n] kZ| g ug'e{ of] . ……s] s/' f xf] / To:tf] <ÚÚ …h]xf;] \\ g9f6F ]/ eG5\\of} <ÚÚ ……eGg;' \\ g t Û lsg 9fF6g\\ ] <ÚÚ ……ltdLnfO{ ;aeGbf a9L s;sf] dfof nfU5 <ÚÚ ;'af]wsf] ck|Toflzt k|Zgn] d s]xL afN] g ;lsgF, s] egF\" s] eg\"F ePF . emj\\ f6\\6 zAb 5'6\\of], ……;;+ f/df ;aeGbf a9L dfof t dfG5n] ] cfkmnF} fO{ u5{ xfO] g / < ÚÚ ……Tof] t ;a}n] ae' ms] f] / hfg]sf] s/' f xf] . To;kl5 cem s;sf] < …tkfOs{F f], 5f/] f5f]/Lsf] ====ÚÚ :jfefljs ¿kdf dn} ] hafkm lbPF . ……d t rfxG5,' ltdL ltdf| 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ eGbf klg dnfO{ a9\\tf dfof u/ .ÚÚ ;a' fw] sf] s/' f ;g' /] Ps l5g t lrQ bV' of] . ……5f]/f5f/] Lsf] dfof, nfU] g]sf] dfof, c¿sf] dfof 5'66\\ f56' \\6} xg' \\ . dfofsf] cfˆg} ljzi] ftf 5 . tkfOF{nfO{ dfof dfq xg} b]jtfsf ¿kdf l:jsf/]sL 5' t/ 5f]/f5f/] Lsf] dfof klg c;f4] nfU5 .ÚÚ kmª' u\\ p8s] f] dv' agfpge' of] ;a' fw] n] . ;a' f]wsf] s'/f dg gk/] klg JoSt ug{ ;Sg] lxDdt ddf lyPg . Psl} 5gkl5 5f]/f5f]/L ……cfdf Û cfdf ÛÚÚ eGb} cfOku' ] . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 99

……vfg] s'/f lbg';\\ cfdf Û ef]s nfUof] .ÚÚ bj' } 5f]/f5f/] L dnfO{ ;dfTb} lrRofpg yfn] . dg ef/L eof] . ;Dem]F, 5f/] f5f/] Ln] xn'jf vfg kfPgg\\ . ……aRrfn] l8:6a{ u/s] f] dg kb}{g dnfO{ . k};f lbP/ aflx/ vfg hfpm eg .ÚÚ ;a' f]wn] lemhf] dfgs] f] :j/df eGge' of] . efG;fdf uP/ c¿ vfg]s'/f agfOlbg] OR5f lyof] . d s]xL af]Ng ;lsgF . d6' ' 9o\\ fª9\\ofª aHg yfNof] . czfGtsf] kj| fx aUg yfNof] . cToGt sl7gfO;uF aRrfnfO{ k;{af6 k;} f lems]/ …… aflx/ vfg hfpmÚÚ egF] . nfUof], 5f/] f5f]/L dg gk/fO{ gk/fO{ aflx/ vfg uO/x]5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] cgx' f/df lvGgtf lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ klg 3/s} ld7f] vfgs] /' f vfg] OR5f lyof] xf]nf, k;} f lbPsfdf pgLx¿ v';L lyPgg\\ . 5f]/fn] ;Demo\\ f] xfn] f, cfdfn] vfg]s'/f agfOlbge' Pg . ;fr] ],F s] 5f]/f5f/] Lsf] dg bv' fpg' /fdf| ] xf] t < ;'af]wsf] s/' f klg sf6\\g ;lSbgyF] . of] sf/0f ls pxfF k/fO eOlbgx' f]nf, db]lv 6f9f hfgx' f]nf . ;'afw] df pbfQ efjgf vf]hs] L lyPF, kfjg kIf vfh] ]sL lyPF . ;DemF,] 5f/] f5f]/L cfpFbf d]/f] nfU] g]n] bfofF / afofF /fv]/ sltkN6 DjfOF vfgx' G' Yof], sltkN6 …d/] f 5f]/f5f]/LÚ eGb} d;' fg{x' G' Yof] . v}, cfh ;'af]wn] d]/f 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ DjfOF vfg'ePsf] < v} dfof uge{' Psf] < o:tf] dn} ] rfxGy] ls d]/f 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ d/] f] nfU] gn] ] em}F dfof u/f];\\ t/ oL d]/f ;f]rfO cfsfzdf afbn x/fP h:t} x/fpbF } uP . o;/L hLjgsf w/] } df]8df ;'afw] ;Fu axfgf ugk{' ¥of,] xfF:g dg gnfUbf klg xfF:gk' ¥of] . rf]6nfO{ klg vlklbgk' ¥of] . 56' \\6Lsf] lbg d 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu /dfpFb} a;]sL lyPF . yfxf lyof] pxfF l56\\6} cfpg'xG5 eGg] . pxfF Psl} 5gkl5 cfOkU' g'eof] . pxfnF ] d]/f] k;{ vf]Ng'eof] . 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ k;} f lbbF } eGge' of], ……ltdLx¿ ;a} aflx/ v]Ng hfpmÚÚ slt xtf/f;] Fu d/] f bj' } 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ nv]6g\\ 'eof] . o;/L pxfnF ] ;a} s/' fdf clwsf/ hdfO;Sg'ePsf] lyof] . 5f/] f5f/] L klxn] t dfgg] g\\ . ;'afw] n] cfvF f tge'{ Pkl5 b'j} 5f]/f5f/] L n'?n?' aflx/ uP t/ 5f/] fsf] cg'xf/df l/; pld/| x]sf] lyof] hf] dn} ] gae' m]sf] xfO] g . Ps lsl;dsf] 8/ t'?Gt} dleq hlGdxfNof] ls 5f/] f] d;uF l/;fpnf cyjf ;a} s'/f yfxf kfP dnfO{ 3[0ff unf{ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 6f9f /fVg ;lSbgy]F . Ps} l5g gb]Vbf klg dg vNnf] eO/xGYof] . Tof] lbg skfn bl' v/x]Yof] . lhp ef/L eO/xY] of] . dg r6s\\r6s\\ eO/xY] of] . dnfO{ af]Ng dg nfu]sf] lyPg . ……9fs] f nufObp] m ddtf Û ;'af]wsf] cfb]z lyof] . 100 gk] fnL, sIff !@

…5f/] f5f]/L cfOkU' 5g\\ . cfh ;Grf] klg 5g} .ÚÚ dn} ] egF] . w/] } axfgf gu/ . cfhsfn ltdL lghL{j h:t} nfU5 .ÚÚ dv' lauf/]/ eGg'eof] ;a' f]wn] . ……slt ;hLj eO/fVg] t < lhpsf] klg Vofn ugk'{ 5,{ ;dosf] klg Wofg lbg'k5{ .ÚÚ ……c¿ s/' f yfxf 5}g . v?' Ss 9f]sf nufP/ oxfF cfpm .ÚÚ pxfsF f] s8f lgbz{] g dfGg} k¥of] . d}n] sf]7fsf] 9fs] f nufPF . Psl} 5gkl5 5f]/f5f]/L ……cfdf Û cfdf Û eGb} cfOku' ] . 9f]sf vf]Ngk' ¥of] . ;a' f]w l/;n] d'd'{l/g'eof], ……afl] 8{ªdf /flvbp] m eGbf dflGbgf}F . dnfO{ t jfSs nflu;Sof] .ÚÚ eGb} aflx/ lg:sg'eof] . slt dg bV' g] s'/f uge'{ Psf] ;'af]wn], dgdg} ;f]rF] . Tof] lbg ;a' fw] kms]/{ cfpg'ePg . gld7f];uF cg]s ts{ljtsd{ f /ft sf6]F . ef]lnkN6 bz ahl] t/ ;'af]w cfOk'Ug'eof] pxL /fl] anf] / 7fFl6nf] kf/fdf . dg km]l/ k|kml' Nnt eof] . ……cfh l;g]dfsf] sfo{jm| d /fv]sf] 5' . tof/ xf]pm . aRrfx¿nfO{ 3/}df 5f8] .ÚÚ ……xf]Og, xfdL 3/ a:bg} fF} . xfdL klg l;gd] f xg] { hfg] .ÚÚ 7'nf] 5f]/f] lrRofof] . ……xF'bg} . ltdLx¿ 3/d} f a:gk' 5{ ÚÚ ;'af]wsf] rsf]{ :j/ lyof] . w/] } lbg ePsf] lyof] 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ st} 3d' fpg gnus] f] . dg nfu]sf] lyof] 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ klg n}hfpmF . d/] f] nf]Ug] ePsf] eP 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ cfkmFn} ] l;uF f/k6f/ ul/lbgx' 'GYof] . slt /dfpbF } xft ;dft]/ nh} fg'xG' Yof] . slxNo} 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ xKsfPsf] yfxf lyPg . d}n] xKsfpFbf, lk6b\\ f dnfO{ g} ufnL ug{x' G' Yof] . ;'af]wsf] rsf]{ :j/n] d/] f] nfU] gs] f] 5f]/f5f/] Lkl| tsf] dfof ;Dem]F . s]xL eGg] cfF6 ePg . aNntNn 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ la:s'6, rsn]6 / vn] f}gf NofOlbG5' eg/] ;DemfPF . k;} f lbPF . 5f]/f5f/] L /fO] /x] . tof/ eP/ l;gd] f x]g{ uofF} t/ s'g} /dfOnf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsgF . s] x]/]F yfxf ePg . l;gd] f s;/L ;?' eof] / s;/L ;dfKt eof] d/] f] lbdfun] s]xL a'emg] . bj' } 5f/] f5f/] L /f]Psf] bZ[ o emnemnL cfvF fsf] gfgLleq gflr/x\\of] . slxn] hfpF h:tf] eof] . 5f]/f5f/] Lk|lt c;f4] dfof / ddtf hfu/] cfof] . ;a' f]wsf] lh:SofO / lrdf]6o\\ fOFn] ddf s]xL ld7f] c;/ u/g] . Pp6f sfF8fn] 3f]r] h:t} cg'ej u/]F . slxns] fxL xf;F ] xF'nf, af]n] xFn' f t/ ;a} axfg} lyof] . kms]{/ cfpFbf ahf/df 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ la:s6' , rsn6] , v]nf}gf lslglbPF . …slt 5f/] f5f]/L Vofn ug{k' 5{ ltdLnfO{ xF <ÚÚ ;a' f]wn] lv;L ub}{ eGg'eof] . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 101

……ToxL 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nflu afFr]sL 5' t s] ug]{ < dn} ] dfof gu/] s;n] u5{ <ÚÚ ……P ltdL d/] f nflu afrF ]sL xfO] gf}F <ÚÚ ;'af]wsf] k|Zgn] dnfO{ kml] / 9ª' \\ufn] lxsf{of] . ……xf]Og, tkfOsF{ f nflu klg t afFrs] L 5' lg Û t/ 5f/] f5f/] Lsf nflu klg xf] .ÚÚ d/] f] s/' f ;'g]/ ;'afw] sf] dv' cWF of/f] eof] . nfUof], s:tf] ;ªs\\ L0f{ ljrf/ ;'af]wsf,] lsg ;'a]fwn] cfˆgf] dfof / ljrf/nfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{ ;Sg'x'Gg < 3/ kmsbF{ f 5f/] f5f/] L ?bF } a;]sf lyP, dg r/rtL{ lrl/of] . ;a' fw] n] d/] f] ladf/Ldfly klg jf:tf ug'{x'GgYof] . ;w}F dnfO{ sf]kg,{ n'5g\\ / rf6\\g rfxgx' 'GYof] . olt j]nf dnfO{ eoªs\\ / åGån] RofKYof] . o:tf] j]nf a9\\tf dfof dfgl;s xf;] \\ eGg] rfxGy] . rfx] h:tf] sxfF xg' ' < Ps lbg d/] L ;fgL 5f]/L aflx/ v]Ng lg:ss] L gf} aHbf klg 3/ kmls{gF . Tolt jn] f ;'af]w 3/dF} x'g'xG' Yof] . d}n] ?bF } 5f]/LnfO{ vf]Hg ;a' fw] ;Fu cg/' f]w u/]F . 5f]/fnfO{ lnP/ d em6\\6} lgl:sxfn]F . c¿ lrg]sf bfO, efOx¿nfO{ klg ;'gfPF . slt 7fpdF f vf]Hbf klg 5f/] LnfO{ kfpg ;lsgF . kl;gfn] a];/L lehF ]/ 3/ kms{F] . xftv6' 6\\ f nNofsnn' s' eO;ss] f lyP . d6' s' f] w8\\sg hf]8;uF alh/x]Yof] . 3/ kmsb{F f ;a' fw] knªdf kN6]/ lstfa kl9/fVg'ePsf] lyof] . dg ;fx}| ljlIfKt eof] . ……lsg kl;g} kl;gf eP/ vf]Hg uPsL < k'ln;n] kfPkl5 /l] 8ofa] f6 va/ lbOxfN5 lg ÛÚÚ ;a' f]wsf] aj] f:tfsf] / nfkafx{ Lsf] s/' f ;'g]/ dnfO{ crfgfdf /fv/] vs' '/Ln] 6'j|mfP h:t} nfUof] . cToGt ;ª\\s6do jftfj/0f bv] F] . sfF8}sfF8fsf] emfªdf kmflnlbP h:tf] nfUof] z/L/el/ gLnsf8F f pd]| h:t} nfUof] . ca kZ| g ug'{, hafkm lbg' cgy{ ;Dem]F . af3nfO{ ufO{ ;Dem/] sxfF xG' 5 / < ;Dem]F cfh;Dd dn} ] ufO{nfO{ xf]Og af3nfO{ dfof ul//x5] ' . ljZjf; / cfzf ul//x5] ' . hLjgnfO{ ;Dk0\" f{ ¿kdf pxfnF fO{ ;dk{0f u/]sL lyPF . ;a} nt/kt/ eP . d/] f ;Dk0\" f{ efjgf pbf; pbf; kf]v/Ldf ˆoflF sP . d ?Fb} lyP t/ Tof] cfF;' dn} ] ;a' fw] nfO{ b]vfOgF . ;a' fw] nfO{ sx] L elggF . Ps} l5gkl5 Ps hgf efO bub' {} cfof] dsxfF . ……lbbL Û rGb|df c:ktfndf l5g\\ . df]6/;fOsnn] wSsf lbP5 .ÚÚ rGb|df d/] L ;fgL 5f/] L . efOsf] s/' fn] d ax] f]; eP5'F . slt jn] f xf];df cfPF yfxf ePg . p7b\\ f ;a' f]wsf] sfvdf lyPF . efOn] d]/f] skfndf kfgL /fVb} lyof] . 102 g]kfnL, sIff !@

……lbbL Û rGbd| f alxgLnfO{ vf; rf]6 nfu]sf] 5g} . xf];d} l5g\\ . gcflQg;' \\ . c:ktfndf lx8F \\g';\\ .ÚÚ Tof] efO;Fu 6\\ofS;Ldf a;]/ c:ktfndf cfpg yfnF] . cfpg] j]nfdf ;'af]wn] eGg'eof,] …… dnfO{ ;fx}| k6] b'v]sf] 5 . rGb|dfnfO{ w]/} rf]6 nfu]sf] /xg] 5 . ;uF } Nofpm .ÚÚ jf:tjdf ;a' fw] d;uF } hfg'kYof{] . c:ktfndf la5o\\ fg} fdf 5f/] LnfO{ b]Vbf eSsfgf] km'6/] cfof] . 5f/] LnfO{ Rofk/] ?g yfn]F . bflxg] xft efFlRrP/ Knf:6/ nufO;s]sf] lyof] . c¿ vf; rf]6 gePsfn] 5f]/LnfO{ ToxL lbg 3/df NofPF . ;a' f]w knªd} ;l' t/fVge' Psf] lyof] . l/; pDnbF f pDnFbf d'vel/ cfO;ss] f] lyof] . o:tf] nfUof,] w/tLleqaf6 Hjfnfd'vL km'6]/ nfef lg:sFb}5 . Pp6f dt[ ljZjf;, cf:yf / l/;sf] Hjfnf ˆofFs]F ;a' fw] dfly . pxfsF f] d'v} xg] { dg nfu]g hg' dv' nfO{ slt nf]eL eP/ x]g{] uy{F] . of] d/] f] klxnf] l/; lyof] pxfFdfly . 3[0f3} [0ffsf] kvfn{ plelbof] cufl8 . ;b\\efjgfsf] k'n elTslbof] . ;fr]F ,] d/] L 5f/] L x/fpbF f klg ;'af]wnfO{ lrQ b'vg] , cem of]eGbf a9\\tf PlS;8]G6 eof] eGg] ;'Gbf klg pxfnF ] k6] bv' s] f] axfgf ug{'eof] . c:ktfn;Dd hfge' Pg . cfˆgf] /utdfly >4f, dfof / s?0ffsf] abnf 30[ ff /fVg] ;a' f]w;uF dn} ] lsg ;DaGw /fVg] < ;DaGw /fVg' klg ca ck/fw ;Demg yfnF] lsgeg] d/] f 5f/] f5f]/L d/] f nflu rGb| / ;\"o{ x'g\\ . ;'af]wnfO{ h;/L d}n] dfof u/]F, hg' ljZjf; / cf:yf /fv]F t/ slxn] klg d/] f 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ dfofn] afn] fpg'ePsf] ;'lggF . 5f]/f5f]/Ldfly pxfsF f] O{iof{ lyof,] hng lyof] . sqf] be' f{Uo lyof] d/] f nflu, d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu ;a' fw] ;uF ;DaGw /fVg' d]/f] cfˆg} :jfy{ geO{ 5f/] f5f]/Lsf] :jfy{ klg uflF ;Psf] lyof] . j|mfw] dleq a9b\\ } uof] . ;'afw] sf] pkl:ylt ca d]/f] nflu c;Gtf]ifsf] ¿k aGof] . 5f/] Lsf] b'36{ gfkl5 d/] f] df}gtf JofKt xFb' } lyof] . d]/f pNnf; / pdª\\u x/fpbF } lyof] . ca s'g} klg s'/f dgdf g/fv]/ JoSt ug{] af6f] vfH] b} lyPF . Ps lbg ;a' fw] n] d/f] xft ;dfTb} eGg'eof,] ……ddtf Û dnfO{ yfxf 5 ltdL lgs} kl/jt{g eO/x]5o\\ fF} . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] <ÚÚ d/] f] cGt/cfTdfsf] c;Gtfi] fsf] sfl] rPsf] kfs] f] kf]Vg] l7s 7fpF lyof] of] . d/] f] j]bgfn] kfss] f] 3fp km'l6;s]sf] lyof] . ;To / Gofosf nflu sl7g hLjg ;?' eP klg s]xL 5}g . ;'af]w d/] f] hLjg?vdf hf]l8Psf] dl;gf] xfuF f xf] eg] 5f/] f5f/] L d/] f] hLjg?vsf h/f, xfuF flaFuf, kmn ;a} x'g\\ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ nTofP/ ;'af]wnfO{ ;sf¿F of] gk] fnL, sIff !@ 103

d]/f] hLjgsf] eoªs\\ / en' / ck/fw xg' ] 5 . Tof] e'n / ck/fwnfO{ s;n} ] Ifdf ug{] 5g} . ;a' f]wnfO{ nTofP/ 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ RofFkF\" of] d]/f] Tofu / wd{ xg' ] 5 . :jfy{ xg' ] 5g} . ……lsg hafkm glbPsL xF <ÚÚ ;'afw] sf] kZ| gn] em:sF] / eGg] cfF6 u/]F . ……cfh d tkfOF{;Fu clGtd km;} nf ub{} 5' hg' km};nfn] tkfOFn{ fO{ rf]6 knf{ / dnfO{ klg kg{ ;S5 . dn} ] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f/] Lsf nflu of] s/' f ub}{ 5' hg' s'/f u5'{ eGg] ;kgfdf klg ;fr] s] L lyOgF g t tkfO+{Fn] g} ;fR] ge' Psf] lyof] . ca dgdf uD' :ofP/ /fVg' plrt 5g} . hg' ljZjf; / cf:yf lnP/ tkfOsF{ f] ;xf/f vf]hF] Tof] ;a} du[ ti[ 0ff /x]5 . clxn] yfxf kfPF d sj' fdf ;l8/x5] ' . uNnLdf ˆoflF sO/x]5' . d/] f sdhf]/Lsf kvfn{ n] d/] f zAbnfO{ lylrlbPsf lyP . cfh tL ;a} kvf{nnfO{ etfe'ªu\\ kfl/lbPF . axfgfsf] lhGbuL lnP/ afFRg rfxGgF . tkfOFs{ f] lrQ gbv' fpg w/] } oTg u/]F t/ tkfOn{F ] d/] f] lrQ bv' fpg 5f8] g\\ e' Pg . d/] f 5f/] f5f/] Lkl| t tkfOs{F f] Jojxf/ slt ?vf] lyof,] slt pk]Iffk\"0f{ lyof] h;nfO{ ;xg dnfO{ ;fx}| uf/f] eof] . tkfOkF{ l| tsf] d]/f] ljZjf; ktem/sf] kxF]nf] kQf emF} d]/f] hLjgaf6 eml/;ss] f] 5 . xg' t Pp6f ;fgbf/ / kd]| k0\" f{ hLjg tkfOF;{ Fu latfpg lgs} sf]l;; u/]F t/ ;a} tf;sf] dxn emF} 9lnlbof] . of] g ;Demg';\\ ls ;Dk0\" f{ ¿kdf d}n] tkfOn{F fO{ g} bf]if lbbF 5} ' . tkfO{nF fO{ o:tf] jftfj/0f tof/ kfl/lbg] xfd|f] ;dfhsf v/fa /Lltl/jfh klg bf]ifL 5g\\ . xg' t ltgLx¿nfO{ xfdL abNg ;SYofF} xfdLn] /fdf| ] sf]l;; u/s] f] eP t/ tkfOn{F ] dnfO{ ;3fpg'ePg . tkfOs{F f] x:tIfk] / clwsf/leq afFRg rfxGgF . bO' 6f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg cfwf/ dfg]/ afRF g] 5' . d]/f 5f/] f5f/] Lsf] dfof g} 7'nf] xf] / ;Dk\"0f{ 5 . dnfO{ s;s} f] ;xf/f ca h?/t 5}g . dnfO{ 5fl] 8lbg';\\ . dnfO{ dl' St lbg';\\ .ÚÚ efjfj]zdf clj/n cfF;' v;fNb} dn} ] ;a} s/' f kfv] ]F . …To;f] eP xfdf| ] gf6sLo hLjg ltdLn] vtd ub{} 5f}, xfO] g ÛÚÚ l/;n] cfFvf /ftf] kfb}{ ;a' fw] n] eGg'eof] . ……cflv/ hLjg g} gf6s xf] . ;+;f/ g} /ªu\\ d~r xf] .ÚÚ ……d ltdf| ] hLjg a/afb ul/lbG5' . abgfd ul/lbG5' .ÚÚ cfjm| fz] k\"0f{ wDsLsf] :j/ lyof] . ……dnfO{ s'g} kjfx{ 5}g . ;a} s/' f ;xg] 5' .ÚÚ zfGtefjn] hafkm lbPF . ;'afw] PSsfl; h?' Ss p7g\\ e' of] . dnfO{ u9]/ cfVF ff tg{e' of] tL/ h:t} agfP/ . ;O' F;'OFtL hfg'eof] . s]xL af]Nge' Pg . /ftL eO;s]sf] lyof] . d6' s' f] :kGbg zfGt eof] . ljhof]Nnf;sf] jftfj/0f rf/t} km{ kml} nof] . 5f/] f5f]/L knªdf ;'lt;ss] f lyP . o:tf] cge' j u/]F ls Pp6f sfnf] kf]lng] c;Todfly ;Tosf] lr;f] kfgL vGofP h:tf] nfUof] . w/] } ;dobl] v kfs]sf] lknf] 3fp k'm6]/ ;Grf] eP h:t} 7fg]F . 3fF6Ldf a;f{}F em' lG8Psf] 9'ªu\\ f v;/] xn'ªu\\ f] ePsf] ;DemF] . ;a' fw] ca slxNo} klg d]/f] 3/df gcfOb]cf;] \\ . 104 gk] fnL, sIff !@

bO' 6f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ Rofk]/ ;t' F] . dgdf pNnf;k\"0f{ pT;fx km}lnbF } lyof] . lgbf| d} 5f/] f] a/a/fPsf] ;'gF], ……cfdf Û cfdf Û Û ;a' fw] cª\\sn dg kb}{g .ÚÚ ……5f/] f Û ca slxNo} cfpg] 5}g . ;'af]w cªs\\ n .ÚÚ ;'lt/xs] f] 5f/] fsf] ufnf d;' fb{} eg]F clg ;T' g vfh] F] . zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\\ M zAb cy{ ;j:{ j hned| ckT| oflzt ;ªs\\ l' rt Unflg cf8Da/ g/} fZo k5t' f] ;ªs\\ L0f{ gl} ts du[ ti[ 0ff ;f/f ;DklQ cfsl:ds lg/fzf @= lbOPsf cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]Hg'xf;] \\ M -s_ wfs / t8se8sn] k\"0f{ -v_ ultxLg -u_ lhtsf] cfgGb -3_ /ftf] / lgnf] ldl;Psf] jf eG6f /ªsf] -ª_ kUn]sf] r66\\ fg, hldgleqsf] clUg lj|mofzLn eO{ /fsF f];lxt wj' f,F tftf] v/fgL, kUns] f wft' cflb cfs] Ng] :yn #= kf7df ko| S' t kfrF cf6] f cgs' /0ffTds zAb l6Kgx' f;] \\ / ltgnfO{ jfSodf ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= lbOPsf 6S' sfsf] k|of]u u/L Ps cg'R5b] nV] g'xf;] \\ M sDd/ s:g,' dg kms' fpg,' gfs /fVg', 8f8F f] sf6g\\ ', gfs sf6\\g', b]z k:g', s/' f sf6g\\ ' gk] fnL, sIff !@ 105

afw] / cleJolSt != …dftT[ jÚ syf k9L o;sf cflb, dWo / cGTosf d'Vo d'Vo 36gf eGg'xf;] \\ . @= syf k9L lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ddtf em\\ofndf a;]/ s;sf] k|tLIff ub{} lyOg\\ < -v_ ddtf / ;'af]w glhlsgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] < -u_ ddtfsf] sg' afgL ;a' f]wnfO{ dg k/s] f] lyPg < -3_ ;'afw] sf] s'g afgL ddtfnfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg < #= …dftT[ jÚ syf k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / lbOPsf 36gfnfO{ jm| d ldnfO{ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ;a' fw] / ddtfn] Pscsfn{ fO{ dg k/fpg yfNg' -v_ xjfOh{ xfh b3' {6gfaf6 klt ud' fPsL ddtfn] cfˆgf b'O{ 5f/] f5f/] Lsf ;fy Psn hLjg latfpg' -u_ kltsf] ;fyL ;a' f]wn] ddtfnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg' -3_ Pp6f zlgaf/ ;bf emF} ddtfn] emo\\ fndf a;]/ ;'afw] sf] kt| LIff ug{' -ª_ ;'afw] n] 5f/] f5f/] Lkl| t ug]{ Jojxf/sf sf/0f ddtf cfxt aGg' -r_ 5f]/fn] ;'afw] lbglbg} cfPsf] g?rfPkl5 ddtfn] ;a' f]wn] ;an} fO{ dfof ug]{ u/s] f] atfpg' -5_ ;'?sf lbgdf ddtf / ;a' f]w ba' } Pscsf{sf] OR5fcg¿' k rNg' -h_ ddtfnfO{ dft[Tjafw] n] ;tfpg' -em_ ;a' fw] ;Fu /xFbf ;'Gb/ / ;'vL kl/jf/ gxg' ] ;fr] /] ;'afw] nfO{ kl/Tofu ug{' -`_ ddtfnfO{ cfˆgL agfP/ ;'af]wn] 5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ ufnL ug]{ / xKsfpg] ug{' $= lbOPsf] syfz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M ;a' f]w dsxfF a/fa/ cfpgx' G' Yof] . cfZjf;g lbg'xG' Yof] . dfof b;f{pgx' G' Yof] t/ klg d}n] cToGt z\"Gotf / l/Sttf cge' j uy]F{ . nf]Ugs] f] cefj dx;;' uy]{F . Tof] l;ªu\\ } 3/ dnfO{ ;?' ª h:t} nfUYof] . lhGbuLdf w/] } s/' f x/fP h:t} lyP . o;/L dn} ] cfkm\" / 5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ ;fx}| c;/' lIft cj:yfdf kfPF . dn} ] ;/' Iff rfxGyF] . 6S] g] xfuF fsf] vf]hLdf lyPF d . dfofsf] lgd{n cfsfz rfxGy]F d . nfUYof], ;;+ f/df Pp6f sfx] L t dfof ug]{ 106 g]kfnL, sIff !@

k?' if rflxG5, hg' dfof zf/Ll/seGbf dfgl;s ¿kdf Hofbf xf];\\ . o;}sf] rfxgfn] Rofk]/ cgfof; d ;a' fw] nfO{ a9L dfof / ;Ddfg ug{ yfn]yF] . pxfF g} x'g'xG' Yof] d]/f] bM' v / ;'vdf ;fy lbgx' g' ] / dsxfF a/fa/ ;xfg'el\" t bv] fpg cfpgx' 'g] . k|Zgx¿ -s_ ddtf lsg hLjg;fyLsf] vf]hLdf lyOg\\ < -v_ ddtfn] s:tf] k]d| rfxs] L lyOg\\ < %= lbOPsf] syfz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M ;a' fw] PSsfl; h'?Ss p7\\ge' of] . dnfO{ u9]/ cfFVff tg{'eof] tL/ h:t} agfP/ . ;'OF;O' tF L hfge' of] . s]xL afN] ge' Pg . /ftL eO;ss] f] lyof] . d'6'sf] :kGbg zfGt eof] . ljhofN] nf;sf] jftfj/0f rf/t} km{ km}lnof] . 5f/] f5f/] L knªdf ;'lt;s]sf lyP . o:tf] cg'ej u/]F ls Pp6f sfnf] kfl] ng] c;Todfly ;Tosf] lr;f] kfgL vGofP h:tf] nfUof] . w]/} ;dob]lv kfss] f] lknf] 3fp km' 6/] ;Grf] eP h:t} 7fg]F . 3fF6Ldf a;f}{F em' lG8Psf] 9ª' u\\ f v;]/ xn'ª\\uf] ePsf] ;DemF] . ;'afw] ca slxNo} klg d/] f] 3/df gcfObc] f;] \\ . k|Zgx¿ -s_ ddtfsf] dg lsg xnª' \\uf] eof] < -v_ ddtf / ;'af]wsf lar dgd'6fp xg' s' f] sf/0f s] xf] < ^= JofVof ug{'xf];\\ M -s_ gL/; lhGbuLnfO{ /;fpg dfofsf] ;ª\\nf] gbL rflxG5 . 5xf/Lbf/ cft] rflxG5 . lhGbuL xfF;f] /fb] g, b'Mv kL8f, syf Joyfn] el/Psf] ;fd\"lxs en] xf] . cfkt,\\ ;'v / b'Mv ;an} fO{ k5{ . -v_ d/] f 5f/] f5f/] L d/] f nflu rGb| / ;o\" { x'g\\ . &= ddtfn] ;'afw] nfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ 5f]/f5f/] L;Fu g} ;Dk0\" f{ hLjg latfpg] egL u/s] f] lg0f{o tkfOn{F fO{ s:tf] nfUof], syfsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug'x{ f];\\ . *= ;dLIffTds pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ …hggL :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\\ x'lG5gÚ\\ o; egfOnfO{ …dftT[ jÚ syfsf cfwf/df kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ ddtfdf dfgl;s åGå cfpg'sf sf/0f s] s] xg' \\ < g]kfnL, sIff !@ 107

(= syf n]vgsf] vf; p2]Zo x'G5 . p2Z] o syfsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ tŒj xf] . syfdfkmt{ hLjg huts\\ f sg' } g s'g} oyfy{nfO{ bv] fOPsf] x'G5, sg' } g sg' } ;Gbz] xG' 5 . tnsf] syf+z k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / To;df s:tf] oyfys{ f] lrq0f ug{] p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5, nV] gx' f];\\ M klxnf] lbgsf] sfoj{ |md lyof], ANofs cfp6 . 8]/faf6 kfFr ah] aflx/ lg:sF] . sfof{noaf6 efs] f] ePsf] k6] === 6Gg vfhf v'jfPkl5 d:t hf;] n] ANofs cfp6 ug]{ sfoj{ |mddf km6fkm6 uPF . d/] f] Ifq] sf7df8fsF} f] dxŒjk\"0f{ ;x/sf] sG] ›df k/s] f] lyof] . an] 'sfsf] ;ft aHg yfNof] . ;x/sf aQL lgefpg] lj/fw] sfo{j|mddf kf6L{n] lg0fo{ u/]adf]lhd kf| /De eof] . …aQL lgefÚ eGb} l;6L ahfpg yfNof}F . ;an} ] 3/, xf6] ndf aQL lgefpg yfn] . g6]/]sfnfO{ ‰ofndf 9'ª\\uf a;fp{ g yfNof}F . dn} ] w]/s} f 3/sf ‰ofn km6' fPF . xb] fx{ ]b{} ;x/ cGwsf/do eof] . x8tfn cjlwe/ s;}n] aQL afNg ;s]gg\\ . sfoj{ |md ;kmn eof] . /ftL 3/df cfOk'uF] . 3/sf] ;f/f ‰ofn km'6]/ htftt} 5l/Psf] lyof] . d]/f] 3/sf] l;;f km6' ]sf sf/0f dnfO{ l/;sf] /Gsf] rNof] . kfrF cf6] f ‰ofnsf l;;f km]g{ bz xhf/ ?lkofnF ] gkU' g] eof] . bz xhf/ ?lkofF hDdf ug'{ egs] f] dlxgfsf] kfrF xhf/ ?lkofF tna vfg]nfO{ Ps jif{ arfpg nfU5 . dn} ] 6fpsfdf xft /fvF] . lji0f' /fO{ !)= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M cfo'jb]{ kj\" L{o kf| rLg lrlsT;f k4lt xf] . …cfo'jb{] Ú zAbsf] cy{ …cfo'sf] 1fgÚ eGg] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ cfol' j1{ fg klg elgG5 . cfo'sf] 1fg eGgfn] hLjgdf k\"0f{ cfo' lhpg] ljifo / snfsf] 1fg xf] . k\"0f{ cfo' lhpg :jf:Yo klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . :j:y JolSt g} k\"0ff{os' f] hLjg lhp5F eGg] cfo'j]{bsf] dfGotf xf] . o;}n] cfo'j{b] df hLjg :j:y /fVg] pkfosf af/]df lj:tt[ ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . hLjg :j:y /fVg' eg]sf] ;s/e/ z/L/df /fu] sf] kj| ]z xg' glbg' xf] / sbflrt\\ /f]usf] k|jz] eOxfn] klg pkrf/sf dfWodaf6 z/L/af6 To;sf] lgisf;g ug'{ xf] . cfoj' ]b{ df /f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu sfolrlsT;f, zNo tGq, zfnfSo tGq, et\" ljBf, sfd} f/e[To, cub tGq, /;fog tGq / afhLs/0f tGq u/L cf7 cªu\\ /x]sf 5g\\ . oLdWo] sfolrlsT;fdf zf/Ll/s /f]u, zNo tGqdf lr/kmf/ ug'{kg]{ /f]u, zfnfSo tGqdf gfs, sfg, 3f6F L jf cGo sg' } sf/0f ePsf] 6fpsfsf] /f]u, e\"tljBfdf et\" , ux| jf dfgl;s sdhf/] Lsf sf/0f nfu]sf] dfgl;s /f]usf] pkrf/sf] k4lt k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} sfd} f/eT[ odf ue{jtL :qLnfO{ nfUg] /f]u / afn/fu] , cub tGqdf z/L/df ljiffn' kbfy{sf] k|jz] sf sf/0f pTkGg ePsf] /fu] , /;fog tGqdf j[4fj:yfdf xg' ] /f]u, afhLs/0f tGqdf z/L/df 108 gk] fnL, sIff !@

wft'sf] sdLsf sf/0f x'g] /fu] sf] pkrf/sf] k4lt ;dflji6 5 . cfoj' ]b{ sf cg;' f/ d'Vo ¿kdf z/L/df jft, lkQ / skm oL lqbf]ifsf] c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f /f]usf] k|j]z xG' 5 . oL tLg bf]ifaf6 aRg] dV' o pkfo egs] f] plrt cfxf/ / pkoS' t hLjgzn} L g} xf] . pkoS' t cfxf/ / hLjgz}nLaf6 z/L/df /f]u;uF n8g\\ ] cf]h jf hLjgL zlSt ;zSt ¿kdf lj|mofzLn aG5 . hLjgL zlStsf] ;zSttf x'bF f z/L/df /f]un] k|jz] g} ug{ kfpbF g} , sbflrt\\ kj| z] ul/xfn] klg Tof] k|efjxLg x'G5 . ke| fjxLg To; /fu] nfO{ klg :yfgLo h8La6' L / vlghsf] pkof]u u/L z/L/af6 ;xh} lgisf;g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n} ] plrt cfxf/, pko'St hLjgz}nL / pknAw :yfgLo h8La'6Lsf] ;j] gaf6 :j:y /x/] k0\" ffo{ 'sf] hLjg lhpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] dful{ gb]z{ g ug]{ lrlsT;f k4lt g} cfo'j{]b xf] . k|Zgx¿ -s_ cfoj' b{] sf cf7 cªu\\ s] s] xg' \\ < -v_ sfolrlsT;f / zNo tGqdf sg' s'g /fu] sf] pkrf/ k4lt k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 < -u_ z/L/df /f]usf] kj| z] xg' s' f] sf/0f s] xf] < -3_ cfoj' {b] n] hLjgdf k\"0ff{o' lhpg s] ugk{' g{] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 < !!= cfkm\" ;xefuL ePsf] sg' } z}lIfs e|d0fsf ;a} ljifoj:t' ;d]6L Pp6f k|ltjb] g n]Vgx' f;] \\ . ;'gfO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 * ;'Gg'xf];\\ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ nv] sn] ;feF msf] ;do s;/L latfPsL 5g\\ < -c_ uLt ;G' b} lrof vfP/ -cf_ uf/] vfkq k9/] / sx] L em\\ofp/] ;'g/] -O_ ;fyL;Fu ukm ub}{ lx8F /] -cf_ tfQftf] h]/L:jf/L vfP/ -v_ n]vs ;feF mkv sg' ;x/sf] s'g 7fpdF f lyOg\\ < -cf_ sf7df8fsF} f] l8NnLahf/ -cf_ nlntk'/sf] ;ftbf]af6f] -O_ eStk'/sf] ;\"ol{ jgfos -O_{ sf7df8fsF} f] gofF ;8s gk] fnL, sIff !@ 109

-u_ n]vs 3/ kms{Fbf s:tf] kfgL k/]sf] lyof] < -cf_ l;dl;d] kfgL -cf_ d';nwf/] kfgL -O_ ;f;] kfgL] -O_{ cl;gf kfgL @= ;'gfO kf7 * df nv] ssf] s:tf] hLjgbl[ i6 k:| tt' ePsf] 5, cfˆgf] k|ltljm| of JoSt ug{'xf;] \\ . efifftìj != lbOPsf cg'R5]baf6 ;d:t zAb l6Kg'xf];\\ / ltgsf] ljux| ug'x{ f;] \\ M -s_ ;'afw] d/] f] hLjg?vdf hf]l8Psf] dl;gf] xfFuf xf] eg] 5f/] f5f/] L d]/f] hLjg?vsf h/f, xfFuflaFuf, kmn ;a} xg' \\ . 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ nTofP/ ;a' fw] nfO{ ;sf¿F of] d]/f] hLjgsf] eoª\\s/ en' / ck/fw x'g] 5 . Tof] en' / ck/fwnfO{ s;n} ] Ifdf ug]{ 5}g . ;a' f]wnfO{ nTofP/ 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ RofFkF\" of] d]/f] Tofu / wd{ xg' ] 5 . :jfy{ x'g] 5g} . -v_ o;kflnsf] ltxf/df >o] ;L bfhe' fOnfO{ 6Lsf nufpg cfˆgf] 3/ emfkf uOg\\ . pgsf rf/ hgf bfh'efO / tLg hgf lbbLalxgL 5g\\ . efO6Lsf pgnfO{ dg kg{] rf8 xf] . o;df ododg' f, sfss's'/, ufO{uf]?, wgwfGosL bj] L nIdL / bfh'efO ;a}sf] kh\" f ul/g] ePsfn] of] rf8 pgnfO{ c;fWo} dg k5{ . >]o;Lsf lbbLalxgL klg efOltxf/sf] laxfg} p7]/ g'xfOwj' fO u/k] l5 bfhe' fOnfO{ p7fP/ tof/ x'g cfux| u/] . efOkh\" fsf] ;fOt kf| /De eof] . bxLcIftf, hfF}ltn, k~rfd[t / km\"ndfnfn] od/fhsf] k\"hf u/] . ;a} lbbLalxgLn] bfhe' fOnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] h:tf] uf/} a, nDaf]b/sf] h:tf] ;Ddfg, kLtfDa/sf] h:tf] ;'Gb/tf clg jfok' 'qsf] h:tf] bL3fo{ 'sf] sfdgf ub{} ;Kt/ª\\uL 6Lsf nufOlbP . kfga6' \\6] ;f8Ldf ;lhPsf lbbLalxgLn] cfˆgf bfhe' fOnfO{ hLjgsf x/k/LIffdf ;kmn ag/] ku| ltlzv/ r'Dg ;kmn eP eGb} ze' sfdgf JoSt u/] . ;':Jff:Yo / bL3fo{ 'sf] sfdgf JoSt ub}{ pgLx¿n] bfhe' fOnfO{ ;okqL / dvdnLsf dfnfn] ;hfP . @ lbOPsf cg'R5]baf6 lå?St zAb l6Kg'xf];\\ / ltgsf] lgdf0{ f kl| jm| of bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ efG;fdf uP/ c¿ vfgs] /' f agfOlbg] OR5f lyof] . d sx] L afN] g ;lsgF . d6' ' 9\\ofª9\\ofª aHg yfNof] . czfGtsf] kj| fx aUg yfNof] . cToGt sl7gfO;uF aRrfnfO{ k;{af6 k;} f lems/] ……aflx/ vfg hfpmÚÚ egF] . nfUof,] 5f]/f5f]/L dg 110 gk] fnL, sIff !@

gk/fO{ gk/fO{ aflx/ vfg uO/x]5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] cg'xf/df lvGgtf lyof] . ==== Tof] lbg skfn b'lv/xs] f] lyof] . lhp ef/L eO/x]Yof] . dg r6s r6s eO/x]Yof] . dnfO{ afN] g dg nfus] f] lyPg . -v_ g]kfn kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfn] el/k0\" f{ b]z xf] . g]kfn / gk] fnLsf] ;d[l4sf nflu oxfF kl;gf aufP/ nxnx afnL em'nfpg ;Sg'k5{ . ko6{ gsf] ljsf; u//] g]kfnLsf xftdf ljbz] L db' |f 5g5g aHg] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg'k5{ . :jb]zL 8f8fsFf8fdf kfOg] cgdfn] h8La6' L a]rlavg u//] cy{tGq ;an kfg{ ;s] g a/] fh] uf/L a95\\ g t ul/aL g} afFsL /xG5 . o;sf nflu ;an} ] cfcfˆgf] st{Jo lgjf{x ub}{ cfk;cfk;sf] e}memu8f TofuL jn] fj]nfdf cfOkg]{ cfkt\\ljkt\\;Fu ldn/] ;fdgf ug'{ h?/L 5 . #= lbOPsf lå?St zAbsf] lgdf{0f k|lj|mof bv] fpg'xf;] \\ M cfcfˆgf,] d/d;nf, em}emu8f, v/vhfgf, tfQftf], u/uxgf, lstfal;tfa, P]Frf]krF} f] $= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] z4' u/L kg' n]v{ g ug'{xf];\\ M gk] fn k|fsl[ ts ;f}Gbo{sf b[i6Ln] cGoGt dgf]x/ 5 . o;}n] gk] fn ;;+ f/d} ko{6gsf nflu cfs;{s uGtJosf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 g]kfn k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo,{ Pt] Lxfl;s, uf/} a, ;fi+ s[lts / k/' ftflTjs ;Dkbfn] ;DkGg bz] ePsfn] ko6{ gsf nflu pTs:[ 6 uGtJosf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] xf] . g]kfn cToR\" r lxdfn, dgf]/d tfn / ;G' b/ ;/fj] /sf] ckj' { ;ªu\\ d:ynsf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . ljjLw 7fpFaf6 bl] vg] ;'of{]bosf dgf]/d bZ[ on] klg gk] fn ;a}sf] cfsifs{ sG] b| ags] f] 5 . l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf sfo{ != lbOPsf a'bF fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] syf n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ Ps hgf l;sf/L l;sf/ vN] g hª\\undf hfg' -v_ 3gf hªu\\ ndf k'uk] l5 p;nfO{ Hofb} ltvf{ nfUg' -u_ kfgLsf] ;f| ]t st} gb]v]kl5 pm Pp6f 7'nf] ?vsf] glhs} a:g' -3_ ?vaf6 rl' x/xs] f kfgLsf yfk] f bv] /] ks| [ltn] g} kfgL lbPsf] x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;fr] ]/ v';L x'g' -ª_ p;n] ?vsf] kft l6k/] To;af6 b'gf] agfP/ kfgL vl;/x]sf] 7fpFdf yfKg' gk] fnL, sIff !@ 111

-r_ yfk] fyfk] f ub}{ rl' xPsf] kfgLn] b'gf] el/Pkl5 kfgL lkpg eg]/ cl3 ;g'{ -5_ b'gf] prfn]/ kfgL lkpg yfNbf Pp6f r/f] cfP/ xftaf6 bg' f] v;flnlbg' -h_ kml] / klg p;n] yfKg' / kfgL el/g nfUbf r/fn] To;} u/L emfl/lbg' -em_ t;] |f] k6s klg emlD6g] k|of; ubf{ l;sf/Lsf] nf/} fsf] kx| f/af6 r/fsf] dT[ o' x'g' -`_ r/f dl/;sk] l5 o; kG5Ln] Hofg afhL nufP/ emlD6g cfpg'sf] sf/0f vf]Hg yfNg' -6_ ?vaf6 kfgL s;/L v:of] eGg] ae' m\\g pm ?vdf r9\\g' -7_ ?vsf] 6f]8\\sfdf Pp6f ;k{ b]v]/ v;]sf yf]kf kfgL geO{ ;k{sf] ljif ePsf] lgZro ug'{ -8_ Pp6f ;fdfGo r/fn] c¿sf] Hofg arfpg w/] } ko| f; u/s] f] yfxf kfpg' -9_ k/fk] sf/L r/f] df/s] fdf p;nfO{ lgs} k5t' f] eO{ /ftel/ lgb|f gnfUg' -0f_ dflg; eP/ cfkm\"n] lhGbuLel/ u/s] f xToflx;+ f ;Dem]/ ljlIfKt aGg ' -t_ ef]lnkN6 laxfg} cl3Nnf] lbg 36gf 36]sf] 7fpdF f uP/ r/fnfO{ ;lDembF } l;sf/Ln] cabl] v s'g} klg kf| 0fLsf] xToflx;F f gug]{ k|lt1f ug'{ @= dflg;sf hLjgdf ljleGg ;d:of xG' 5g\\ . ;d:of cfOkbf{ dfG5n] ] lg/fzfsf] cg'ej u5{ . lg/fzfsf] dfqf al9/xbF f pm ljlIfKt eO{ ;dfhaf6 knfog;d]t xg' ;S5 . o;}n] dflg;df ;d:of gcfpg\\ eg/] rt] gf hfu/0fsf nflu tkfOF{ s] ug{ ;Sgx' 'G5 < tkfO{Fn] ug{] sfo{nfO{ tLgrf/ a'Fbfdf l6Kg'xf;] \\ / sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\\ . ;an} ] tof/ kf/s] f aF'bf hDdf kf/]/ …dfgl;s ;d:of / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfoÚ zLifs{ sf] nv] agfO{ s'g} :yfgLo klqsfdf 5fKg lbgx' f;] \\ jf ljBfnosf] ;\"rgf kf6Ldf 6f:F gx' f];\\ . 112 g]kfnL, sIff !@

kf7 ( uf]v{] avtaxfb'/ yfkf k]zn sDKo'6/ kl| jlw1 xf] . p;nfO{ s]xL u/]/ bv] fpFm eGg] nfUof] . To;sf lglDt ;fg} s/' faf6 ;'? ug{ vfh] s] fn] p;sf] /f]hfOdf PlG6efO/; k¥of] . efO/; egs] f] ;fgf] kf| u] |fd xf] t/ o;n] sDKo6' / k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;ae} Gbf a9L bM' v lbG5 . kz] nn] ufv] ]{ gfds PlG6efO/; agfof] . Ps lbg ;tkfn cfP/ eGof,] æk]zn efO Û d/] f] sDKo6' /n] ;fx}| bM' v lbof] . nf} g, uP/ agfOlbg'k¥of] .Æ k]znn] l;8L, k]g 8«fOe, :jm| ' 8f« Oe/, wn' f] k5' \\g] a|;, k'5kf5 kfgn{ fO{ sk8f /fv]/ emf]nf af]Sof] . ;tkfnn] df6] /;fOsn :6f6{ u¥of] . kz] n k5fl8 a:of] . u'6'66' '===, cfwf 306f bf8} ]kl5 df6] /;fOsn Pp6f 3/sf cufl8 yfldof] . To;af6 em/]kl5 ;tkfnn] k]znnfO{ …cfpg;' Ú\\ eGg] ;ª\\st] u//] cfkm\" cufl8 nfUof] . tL sDKo6' / ePsf] sf]7fdf k'u] . sDKo'6/sf cufl8 3D' g] s;' L{ lyof] . k]znnfO{ To;}df a:g] ;ª\\s]t u//] ;tkfnn] sDKo'6/ bv] fof] . cfkm\" csf{] s';L{ NofP/ 5j] d} f a:of] . k]znn] sDKo'6/ rnfP/ r]shfFr u¥of] . efO/;n] u|:t ePsf] /x5] . kz] nn] cfkmnF} ] agfPsf] PlG6efO/; uf]v]s{ f] l;8L lgsfn]/ OG:6n u¥of] . OG:6n x'g kfFr ldg]6 nfUof] . To;kl5 :Sofg ;?' u¥of] . Pp6f 8fOnu aS; v'Nof] . 6fpsfdf l;ª ePsf], cfªdf ?vsf afj] |mf nufPsf], bfxf| s6s6fO/x]sf], dxfljs/fn cgx' f/sf] dfG5] cfof] . p;n] sfFwdf Pp6f emf]nf klg af]s]sf] lyof] . Tof] b]v/] ;tkfnn] k]znlt/ x¥] of,] kml] / sDKo'6/lt/ . cfkmn\" ] slxn] gb]v]sf] cgf7] f} bx] / ljlrq efjeªu\\ L ePsf] ljnIf0f dfG5] sDKo6' /df jm| L8fdUg ePsf] b]v]kl5 t ;tkfn lvTsf 5f]8/] xf:F g kf] nfUof] . xf;F f] /f]lsg]lalQs} p;n] æ;fg] dÆ eg/] 8fsf] nufof] . plQv/] } Pp6L dlxnf lgl:sg\\ . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 113

æa; g, sDKo'6/ agfPsf] x/] t .Æ ;tkfnn] eGof] . k5fl8 knª lyof,] ;fg] d To;d} f al;g\\ . lrlsT;sn] clt ;ts{ eP/ sf]/f]gf ;ª\\jm| ldt /fu] Lsf] k/LIf0f u/] em}F PlG6efO/; ufv] {] klg a8f] xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy cfˆgf] sfd ub}{ lyof] . p;n] sfwF sf] emfn] f lgsfn/] e'OF{df /fVof] . cfk\"m klg a:of] / emfn] faf6 Pp6f klqsf lgsfNof] . csf]{lt/af6 sDKo6' / tfGof] / To;af6 xf8{l8:s lgsfNof] . xf8{l8:ssf ;a} kmfOn klqsfdf vGofof] . kml] / emfn] f vf]n/] /S;Lsf] l;;L lgsfNof] / 7f8f] 3f6F L nufof] . b'O{ 36' \\sf 3'6\\sfPkl5 æcf]cf=] ==,Æ s/fP/ PSsfl; sfDg yfNof] . sDKo'6/df kmf/] Og jg x'km/ hfl] 8Psf] /x5] . PlG6efO/; ufv] {]sf] :j/n] ;f]gd t tl;g{ \\ . kz] n xf:F b} k5fl8 kmSof{] . kz] nnfO{ b]vk] l5 ;fg] ddfly csf]{ cfZro{ ylkP5 . 5Ss kb{} elgg\\, æTof] sDKo6' /leq l;ª ePsf] od/fhsf] bt\" klg=== ÛÆ æxf], d g} xF' .Æ kz] nn] gfs rK] of| of] . cIftf x/] ] emF} klqsfsf kmfOn xb] {} xf8l{ 8:sdf /fVb} ug{ yfNof] PlG6efO/; uf]v{] . cfwfhlt k'¥ofPkl5 /fIf; h:tf] l3g nfUbf] b]lvg] efO/; e]6\\of] . emfn] faf6 v/fgL lgsfNof] . dGq k'ms/] /]vf xfNof] . To; efO/;nfO{ p7fP/ v/fgLsf] 3/] fleq yr] f¥of] . kml] / :Sofg ug{ yfNof] . :Soflgª ug{ yfn]kl5 sx] L efO/; efu/] sg' f s'gfdf k:bf /x5] g\\ . sl/a Ps nfv kmfOn :Sofg u/k] l5 kfrF y/Lsf efO/; e]6o\\ f] . tL efO/;n] nueu rf/ ;o kmfOndf ;ªj|md0f u/]sf lyP . yk' }| kmfOn ddt{ eP, ddt{ xg' g;s]sfnfO{ PlG6efO/; ufv] ]n{ ] l8ln6 ug{ ;e' mfj lbof] . k]znn] …cfs] ]Ú n]v]sf 7fpdF f dfp;sf] r'Rrf] nu/] lyRof] . efO/;n] lauf/]sf / ddt{ x'g g;s]sf kmfOn hlt :jfQ} p8fof] . To;kl5 ;'?d} ;dft]sf] efO/;nfO{ v/fgLsf] /v] faf6 aflx/ tfGof] / ;f]Wof,] ætF sf] xf;] \\ . s] ug{ cfPsf] xF <Æ æd a|fG] 6s gfds efO/; x'F . 8'lAns6] kmfN] 8/ agfP/ ltgnfO{ cufl8 /flvlbg] / ;SsnL kmfN] 8/nfO{ n'sfOlbg] sfd xf] d]/f] . cTolws dfqfdf 8l' Ans]6 kmfOn agfP/ cfe] /nf8] u5{' / sDKo'6/nfO{ sfd} ug{ g;Sg] u/L ynf kfl/lbG5' .Æ xfxfxf===, a|f]G6s xf:F of] . ætnF fO{ af| ]G6s ÛÆ PlG6efO/; ufv] n{] ] Ps nft ahfP/ n8fPkl5 To;sf] 5ftLdf a;]/ 3f6F L lyrL lyrL df¥of] . 114 gk] fnL, sIff !@

csf]{ efO/;nfO{ ;dft/] v/fgLsf] 3]/faf6 aflx/ lgsfNof] / ;f]Wof,] ætF lsg cfPsf] <Æ bf];f| ] gDa/ efO/; sx] L af]ng] , p;n] /ftf,] kx]Fnf], sfnf,] v}/f] /ªn] kfl] tP h:tf bftF bv] fpFb} emg\\ lh:Sofof] PlG6efO/; ufv] n{] fO{ . æ5o\\ f Û s:tf] l3gnfUbf], o;n] t 6f]s/] } klg lauf5{ xfn] f kmfOnx¿ ÛÆ cfFvf tb}{ s8s\\ /] ;f]Wof] PlG6efO/; ufv] ]n{ ,] æafn] \\ g, t/] f] sfd s] xf] <Æ æx\\ofª,Æ PlG6efO/; ufv] ]n{ fO{ sf6n\\ f h:tf] bftF b]vfP/ emfFjm| ] skfn xNnfpbF } efO/;n] eGof], æd]/f] gfd dd] f]/L efO/; xf] . dd] f]/Ld} 9s' /] a:5' d . To;sf] ;Dksd{ f cfpg] PS;6G] ;g kmfOnsf] /ut r:' g] / ltgnfO{ lxF8\\g} g;Sg] agfOlbg] sfd xf] d]/f] ÛÆ PlG6efO/; uf]v]{ h?' Ss p7o\\ f] . ænf, r;' ca /ut ÛÆ To;sf] d'vdf v6' 6\\ f] /fv]/ lyRg vfH] b} lyof] v6' \\6} rkfOlbof] efO/;n] . bv' fOn] OGt' g lrGt' eof] PlG6efO/; ufv] ]{ . bfxf| ls6]/ s'lxgfn] efO/;sf] 6fps} 6fpsfdf lxsfP{ / df¥of] . To;kl5 cfˆgf] /StfDd] v6' 6\\ f] ;dfP/ cfTyf === cfTyf ug{ yfNof] . Tof] b]v]/ k]znn] æd s'g} ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' <Æ 6fOk xfGof] . æwGojfb, tkfO{F lrGtf gug;'{ \\ .Æ ;fGTjgf :j¿k PlG6efO/; ufv] n{] ] xf:F g] sf]l;; u¥of] . pm b'vfOn] /GylgPs} lyof] . cfˆgf] kL8fnfO{ la;{/] p;n] t;] f| ] efO/; lgsfNof] . t];f| ] efO/; 8/fPsf] xg' 'k5{, p;nfO{ sx] L ;fW] g} k/]g . km6fkm6 eGg yfNof], æd]/f] gfd cGo efO/; xf] . 6]Dkf]//L kmf]N8/df uP/ a:5' . ToxfF ePsf kmfOnn] v'ln/x]sf] kf| u] f| d rNgdf dbt k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . d klg ToxL kmf]N8/df a;]/ kmfOnnfO{ ¥ofd, ;L=kL=o=' , xf8l{ 8:sdf bf}8fO/xG5' . o;n] ubf{ rln/xs] f] kmfOn crfgs aGb eOlbg], kh] tndfly xg' ] / sDKo'6/ cgfjZos ¿kdf Jo:t eO/fVg] x'G5 .Æ æeGgfn] tF s'sdL{ xf;] \\ Û nf,Æ PlG6efO/; ufv] {n] ] emf]nfaf6 Pp6f s/] fpsf] bfgf hqf] ufn] L lgsfn]/ efO/;sf] xftdf /fVb} eGof,] ævfOb] .Æ cGo efO/;n] d'vdf xfns] f] dfq s] lyof] ufn] L lj:kmf]6 eP/ To;sf] gfdf]lg;fg d6] fOlbof] . rf}yfn] fO{ lgsfn]/ ;f]Wbf p;n] cfˆgf] gfd ærf]/Æ eGof] . p;sf] hGdbftfn] sDKo6' /sf kf;j8{, Od]n P8;]« , jm| ]l86 sf8{ gDa/, vftf gDa/ h:tf ufK] o 8s'd]G6 d]/f] 7]ufgfdf k7fOlbg' egs] f] /x5] , b?' kofu] ugn{ fO{ . 3fOt] PlG6efO/; ufv] n]{ ] Pp6f v'66\\ f] 6S] g} ;s]sf] lyPg, vf]RofpbF } uP/ huN6o\\ fpg vfH] bf rf]/ efO/;n] ;2] v'66\\ fdf bftF uf8o\\ f] . ctflnP/ n8o\\ f] PlG6efO/; ufv] ]{ . n8b\\ f v/fgLsf] 3]/f elTsof] . kfrF f}F efO/; v/fgLsf] /v] fleq lyof,] hª\\luP/ lg:Sof] . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 115

To;n] PlG6efO/; ufv] {]sf] k6] df a;]/ sfps'tL nufpbF } eGof,] æd sf] x'F / lsg cfPsf] x'F ;fw] \\ g Û s8s\\ /] ;f]w\\ <Æ PlG6efO/; ufv] {] v6' \\6fsf] kL8f / sfpst' Lsf] xfF;fn] ] 56kl6bF } 3fK] 6f] k¥of] . æbl] v;,\\ d=== d g} xF' a'6 ;]S6/ efO/; Û sDKo6' / cg xg' l] alQs} ¥ofddf uP/ a:5' . ljG8f]h /g ug{ yfn]kl5 s'g} kmfOnnfO{ pN6f] kf/]/ sDKo'6/nfO{ cufl8 a9\\g'sf] ;f6f] k5fl8 kmsf{Olbg] -l/ :6f6{_ u5'{ .Æ rf}yf] efO/;n] v'6\\6faf6 /ut r:' g 5f]8s] f] lyPg . æu'xf/ ux' f/ .Æ PlG6efO/; uf]v]{ lrRofof] . æd s] ;xofu] u¿F <Æ k]znn] xtf/ xtf/ 6fOk xfGof] . æs[kof t?' Gt ck8]6 ug{';\\ ÛÆ PlG6efO/; uf]v]{ ctflnPsf] lyof] . efO/;n] /ut r':g 5f]8s] f] lyPg . PlG6efO/; ufv] {] ;s' ]sf] bfp/f h:tf] ;]tf] x'Fb} uof] . ;tkfnn] klg xl] //x]sf] lyof] . xtf/ xtf/ ¥ofs vfn] /] l;l8PdP l8efO; lgsfn]/ k]znnfO{ lbof] . k]znn] To;nfO{ o=' P;\\=aL= kf]6{df 3';f¥of] . OG6/g6] sgS] ;g u¥of] / PlG6efO/; ufv] {]nfO{ ck8]6df nufOlbof] . æ;f]gd Û xfd|f] OlGhlgo/;fanfO{ s]xL vj' fpm t .Æ ;tkfnsf] :j/ ;'Ggf;fy dlxnf p7]/ csf{] sf]7fdf uO{ . bO' { lunf; n:;L NofP/ sDKo6' / 6a] n' df /fvL . ;tkfnn] Pp6f lunf; kz] nnfO{ p7fpg ;ªs\\ t] u¥of] / csf]{ cfk\"mn] p7fof] . km]l/ lrof la:s'6sf] kfnf] cfP5 . tL lrofsf] lunf; / Kn]6sf] la:s6' vfnL ug{ yfn] . ck8]6 xFb' } ubf{ PlG6efO/; ufv] s{] f] lhpdf /ut el/g yfNof] . Tof] b]v/] tL rf/ / kfrF gDa/sf efO/; 6fk s;] . ck86] k\"/f ePkl5 8ª\\uª| \\u n8]sf] PlG6efO/; ufv] ]{ h'?Ss p7\\of] . cfª a6f¥of] . kfv/' f km' nfP/ b]vfpFb} eGof,] æaa' f Û kml] / :Sofg ug'{ t, d tL efO/;nfO{ lgdf]7gfdf7] agfpF5' .Æ kz] nn] :Sofg rnfof] . 116 g]kfnL, sIff !@

o; k6s :Sofg klg l56} u¥of] / tL bO' 6f efO/;sf] ufnfdf r6s\\ gsf r6s\\ g lbP/ n8fof] . v6' \\6fn] lsr]/} df¥of] . To;kl5 cfˆgf] emf]nf sfFwdf em' G8o\\ fof] clg …u'8 nsÚ eGg] ;ªs\\ t] df a9' L cf}Fnf] bv] fpFb} lxF8\\of] PlG6efO/; uf]v]{ . k]znn] sDKo'6/ l/:6f6{ u¥of] / rs] hfFr u¥of] . sDKo6' / v/// sfd ug{ yfnk] l5 ;tkfnsf lhDdf nufof] . zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M zAb cy{ kl| jlw1 cfZjf;g efO/; dgsf efj JoSt ug]{ zf/Ll/s ri] 6f jf db' |f gfdfl] g;fg sDKo'6/sf] sfoI{ fdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{] jf cj?4 ug{] kf| ]u|fd, /f]u ;fg{] hLjf0f' ;ªj\\ |md0f d'vleq nfdf5f6] f eP/ pld|Psf / gldn]sf bfFt cTolws cToGt 8/nfUbf] ;fGTjgf /f]u nfu]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL hfFr ug]{ sfd dxfljs/fn /dfOnf] bfxf| ;fdfGoeGbf leGg vfnsf,] crDdsf] efjeª\\uL gfd / To;nfO{ hgfpg] nIf0f jf lrx\\g k/LIf0f lj1fg, snf, lzNk, ko| fu] cflb;DaGwL 1fg ePsf] JolSt ljnIf0f Ps j:t'af6 csf{] j:td' f lkmF lhg' e\"uel{ jb\\ Psbd} w/] } @= lbOPsf cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vfH] gx' f;] \\ M -s_ dg axnfpg jf ;do sf6\\gsf lglDt sg' } klg dgf]/~hs sfd s/' f jf vn] df tNnLg ePsf] -v_ sg' } sfd ubf{ cg'ej tyf ko| fu] sf cfwf/df cuF flng] vf; ljlw jf k|ljm| of gk] fnL, sIff !@ 117

-u_ sDKo'6/df s[lqd kmf]N8/ agfpg] / ;SsnL kmfN] 8/nfO{ n'sfOlbg] efO/; -3_ sDKo6' / vN' g]lalQs} ¥ofddf uP/ a:g] / ljG8fh] vN' g yfnk] l5 k5fl8 kmsf{Olbg] efO/; -ª_ d]df]/Ldf /xs] f PS;6G] ;g kmfOnnfO{ laufg{] efO/; #= lbOPsf 6S' sfsf] cy{ klxNofpg'xf];\\ / jfSodf ko| fu] ug'x{ f];\\ M OGt' g lrGt' x'g,' bfFt uf8g\\ ', 6fk s:g', 8ª/\\ ªu\\ n8\\g', 6fpsf] vfg', ;'OFsR' rf 7f]Sg,' af6f] xg] {', sfwF xfNg', tftf] nfUg' $= lbOPsf pvfgsf] k|ofu] u/L Ps cgR' 5]b n]Vgx' f];\\ M cf]/fnf] nfus] f] d[unfO{ afR5fn] klg v]b5\\ , cfsfzsf] kmn cfvF f t/L d/\\, cfn' vfP/ k8] fsf] wfs, csa/L ;g' nfO{ s;L nufpg' kb}g{ afw] / cleJolSt != …ufv] Ú]{ syf k9L o;sf] klxnf] / clGtd cg'R5b] sf 36gf eGgx' f];\\ . @= …uf]v{]Ú syf k9L lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ kz] n s;/L hLjg lgjf{x u5{ < -v_ ;tkfnn] kz] nnfO{ lsg cfˆgf] 3/df cfpg cg'/f]w u/s] f] xf] < -u_ k]znn] ;tkfnsf] sDKo6' /nfO{ s;/L dd{t u¥of] < -3_ sDKo'6/sf] 8fOnu aS;df bv] f k/s] f] ufv] ]{ PlG6efO/; s:tf] klx/gdf lyof] < -ª_ af| G] 6s efO/;n] sDKo6' /nfO{ s;/L lauf5{ < #= sDKo6' /nfO{ ;/' lIft /fVg jf efO/;d'St agfpg To;df PlG6efO/; OG:6n ugk{' /] emF} dflg;nfO{ efO/;sf] ;ª\\jm| d0f x'g glbg / ;ªj\\ m| ldt eO;ss] f] cj:yfdf To;af6 dS' t agfpg s] ug'{knf{, 5nkmn u/L pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ . $= …uf]v{Ú] syf k9L lbOPsf 36gfnfO{ j|md ldnfO{ nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ k]zn sDKo6' / dd{t ug{ ;tkfnsf] 3/ hfg' -v_ sDKo'6/ kl| jlw1 kz] nnfO{ s]xL gofF sfd u¿F eGg] ljrf/ dgdf cfpg' -u_ :Sofg u/]/ ;a} efO/;nfO{ x6fO;sk] l5 …u8' nsÚ eGg] ;ªs\\ ]tdf a'9Lcfn}F f bv] fpFb} PlG6efO/; labf xg' ' 118 g]kfnL, sIff !@

-3_ k]znn] uf]v]{ gfds PlG6efO/; agfpg' -ª_ ;tkfnn] k]znnfO{ sDKo6' / agfOlbg cg'/fw] ug{' -r_ ;fdfGo rs] hfFrkl5 kz] nn] sDKo'6/ efO/;n] u:| t ePsf] atfpg' -5_ a'6 ;]S6/ gfdsf] efO/;af6 k/flht xg' vf]Hbf PlG6efO/;n] kl| jlw1nfO{ ck86] ug{ cg/' fw] ug'{ -h_ PlG6efO/; ufv] {]n] sDKo'6/ :Sofg ubf{ kfFr y/Lsf efO/; e]6\\g' / efO/; ;ª\\j|mldt sx] L kmfOnnfO{ dd{t ug{' -em_ efO/; ;ªj\\ |md0faf6 ddt{ x'g g;s]sf kmfOn / kmf]N8/nfO{ PlG6efO/; ufv] n{] ] k|ljlw1nfO{ l8ln6 ug{ ;'emfj lbg' -`_ k]znn] cfkm}Fn] agfPsf] PlG6efO/; uf]v]{sf] l;8L lgsfn]/ sDKo'6/df OG:6n ug'{ -6_ dd{tkl5 sDKo'6/n] ;xL lsl;dn] sfd ug{ yfNg' -7_ ck8]6 k/\" f ePkl5 k|ljlw1nfO{ sDKo6' / :Sofg ug{ cg/' fw] ug{' -8_ kfFr ldg]6df OG:6n ePsf] PlG6efO/; ufv] n{] ] cfˆgf] sfd ug{ yfNg' %= lbOPsf] syfz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M cIftf x/] ] emF} klqsfsf kmfOn xb] }{ xf8l{ 8:sdf /fVb} ug{ yfNof] PlG6efO/; uf]v{] . cfwfhlt k'¥ofPkl5 /fIf; h:tf] l3g nfUbf] bl] vg] efO/; e6] o\\ f] . emf]nfaf6 v/fgL lgsfNof] . dGq km' s]/ /v] f xfNof] . To; efO/;nfO{ p7fP/ v/fgLsf] 3]/fleq y]rf¥of] . km]l/ :Sofg ug{ yfNof] . :Soflgª ug{ yfnk] l5 s]xL efO/; efu]/ s'gf sg' fdf k:bf /x]5g\\ . sl/a Ps nfv kmfOn :Sofg u/k] l5 kfFr y/Lsf efO/; e]6\\of] . tL efO/;n] nueu rf/ ;o kmfOndf ;ªj|md0f u/]sf lyP . y'k|} kmfOn ddt{ eP, dd{t xg' g;s]sfnfO{ PlG6efO/; ufv] {n] ] l8ln6 ug{ ;'emfj lbof] . k]znn] …cf]sÚ] nv] s] f 7fpdF f dfp;sf] rR' rf] nu]/ lyRof] . efO/;n] lauf/]sf / ddt{ xg' g;s]sf kmfOn hlt :jfQ} p8fof] . kZ| gx¿ -s_ …efO/;nfO{ p7fP/ v/fgLsf] 3/] fleq yr] f¥ofÚ] eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] < -v_ uf]v{n] ] sDKo'6/nfO{ efO/;d'St agfpgsf nflu u/]sf lj|mofsnfk s] s] x'g\\ < gk] fnL, sIff !@ 119

^= lbOPsf] syf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M PlG6efO/; uf]v]{ h?' Ss p7\\of] . ænf, r;' ca /ut ÛÆ To;sf] d'vdf v6' 6\\ f] /fv/] lyRg vfH] b} lyof] v'66\\ } rkfOlbof] efO/;n] . bv' fOn] OGt' g lrGt' eof] PlG6efO/; ufv] {] . bfxf| ls6]/ s'lxgfn] efO/;sf] 6fps} 6fpsfdf lxsfP{ / df¥of] . To;kl5 cfˆgf] /StfDd] v6' \\6f] ;dfP/ cfTyf === cfTyf ug{ yfNof] . Tof] bv] /] kz] nn] æd s'g} ;xofu] ug{ ;S5' <Æ 6fOk xfGof] . æwGojfb, tkfO{F lrGtf gug{';\\ .Æ ;fGTjgf :j¿k PlG6efO/; uf]v{n] ] xf:F g] sf]l;; u¥of] . pm bv' fOn] /GylgPs} lyof] . cfˆgf] kL8fnfO{ la;/{] p;n] t];f| ] efO/; lgsfNof] . t;] f| ] efO/; 8/fPsf] x'gk' 5{, p;nfO{ sx] L ;fW] g} k/]g . km6fkm6 eGg yfNof], æd/] f] gfd cGo efO/; xf] . 6D] kf]//L kmfN] 8/df uP/ a:5' . ToxfF ePsf kmfOnn] vl' n/x]sf] kf| u] f| d rNgdf dbt k¥' ofO/xs] f xG' 5g\\ . d klg ToxL kmfN] 8/df a;/] kmfOnnfO{ ¥ofd, ;L=kL=o=' , xf8l{ 8:sdf bf}8fO/xG5' . o;n] ubf{ rln/xs] f] kmfOn crfgs aGb eOlbg,] kh] tndfly xg' ] / sDKo6' / cgfjZos ¿kdf Jo:t eO/fVg] xG' 5 .Æ k|Zgx¿ -s_ PlG6efO/; uf]v]{ / efO/;n] Pscsf{dfly ljho k|fKt ug{ s] s] u/s] f 5g\\ < -v_ cGo efO/; gfdsf] t;] |f] efO/;n] ug]{ ultljlw / sDKo'6/nfO{ k¥' ofpg] c;/ s] s] x'g\\ < &= syfsf/n] sDKo6' / :Sofg;DaGwL ljifoj:ts' f] k|:tl' tsf nflu cjnDag u/]sf] syfz}nL tkfO{nF fO{ s:tf] nfUof], syfTds ;Gbes{ f cfwf/df ljZni] f0f ug'{xf;] \\ . *= syfdf k]zn / ;tkfndWo] s;sf] dV' o el\" dsf /xs] f] 5, ts;{ lxt cfˆgf] kl| tlj|mof JoSt ug'{xf];\\ . (= ;dLIffTds pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ …dflg; l;h{gzLn k|f0fL xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ syfsf cfwf/df k'li6 ug'{xf];\\ M -v_ sDKo6' /nfO{ efO/;dS' t agfpgsf nflu k|ljlw1 k]zn / PlG6efO/; uf]vn{] ] u/]sf sfd s] s] xg' \\ < !)= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M hLjgsf] Pp6f t/ dxŒjk\"0f{ cz+ nfO{ ;d6] \\g] ljlzi6 36gfsf] l;nl;n]jf/ k:| t'lt syf xf] . log} 36gfsf] sfo{sf/0f zª[ \\vnfnfO{ syfgs elgG5 . syfsf] cfsf/ / :j¿k 120 gk] fnL, sIff !@

tof/ kfg]{ sfod{ f syfgsn] dxŒjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf lgjfx{ ug]{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ syfsf] dV' o tŒjsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . syfdf 36gf cl3 a9fpg] jf sfo{Jofkf/ ;DkGg ug{ kfqsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . kfq dfgjLo / dfgj]t/ u/L b'j} lsl;dsf xG' 5g\\ . syf eGg] kfqnfO{ ;dfVoftf elgG5 . ;dfVoftf syfleqs} kfq klg xg' ;S5 / syfaflx/sf] klg xg' ;S5 . syfsf] kfq cfkmFn} ] syfsf] ;dfVofg u/]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ ky| d k'?if b[li6laGb' ePsf] syf / cGo kfqsf dfWodaf6 syfsf] ;dfVofg ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ tt[ Lo k?' if b[li6laGbs' f] k|of]u ePsf] syf elgG5 . ky| d k?' if bl[ i6laGb' ePsf syfdf …dÚ, / …xfdLÚ h:tf k|yd k'?ifnfO{ a'emfpg] kbsf] ko| f]u ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] tt[ Lo k'?if bl[ i6laGb' ePsf syfdf …TofÚ] pm, ltgLx¿ cflb t];f| ] k?' if a'emfpg] kbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . 36gfsf] ;do, :yfg / To;af6 pTkGg xg' ] jftfj/0fnfO{ kl/j]z elgG5 . syfn] eGg vfh] s] f] dn\" s/' f ;f/j:t' xf] . o;n} fO{ ;Gb]z klg elgG5 . oL ;an} fO{ k|:t't ug{] dfWod rflxF efiff xf] . syfdf uB efiffsf] k|of]u xG' 5 . syfnfO{ ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg kfqsf lardf ;j+ fb klg x'g ;S5 . syfsf] efiffnfO{ j0f{gfTds, kqfTds, ;+:d/0ffTds, gf6sLo cflb zn} Ldf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}n] syfgs, kfq, kl/jz] , bl[ i6laGb,' efiffz}nL / ;f/j:t' oL ;a} syfsf tŒj xg' \\ . k|Zgx¿ -s_ syf egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ syfdf slt lsl;dsf kfq x'G5g\\ . -u_ ky| d k?' if b[li6laGb' ePsf syfdf s:tf kbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] xG' 5 < -3_ syfsf tŒj s] s] xg' \\ < !!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L rf/cf6] f ab'F f l6Kgx' f];\\ / Ps t[tLofz+ df ;f/ nV] gx' f;] \\ M hLjgdf c;kmn xg' sf]xL klg rfxGgg\\ t/ ;kmn xg' df c;kmntfnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . vf]nf t/ eGg ;lhnf] 5 t/ vf]nf t//] b]vfpg] sfd >d / zlSt;fWo 5 . c;kmn x'Gg eGg ;lhnf] 5 t/ ;kmn x'g klg lg/Gt/sf] ;fwgf / ;'ema'em rflxG5 . o;n} ] ;kmn x'g rfxg] hf];s' n} ] c;kmntf;Fu 8/fpg' rflxF xF'bg} . s] ubf{ sfd aG5 s] ubf{ lau|G5 eGg] ;'ema'emsf] ljsf; klg c;kmntfkl5 g} x'G5 . c7f/ k6s ljZjs} ;jf]{Tsi[ 6 nv] s ags] f ;7] ufl] 8gn] ;jf{T] s[i6 lstfa lgsfNg' cl3 bz jif{ k:' ts k|sfzg u[xdf Ps sdr{ f/Lsf ¿kdf sfd u/s] f lyP . o;kl5 pgnfO{ lstfa lgsfNg] wg' r9o\\ f] . x/]s dlxgf Pp6f lstfa lgsfn] . Pp6f sfd ul//xs] f] gk] fnL, sIff !@ 121

dfG5n] ] csf]{ sfddf xft xfNbf c;kmn xg' ] ;Defjgf ka| n xG' 5 . o;}n] xf]nf, pgn] k|sfzg u/]sf !@) lstfadWo] w/] n} ] pTs[i6 xg' ' t k/} hfcf];\\ /fd|f] ahf/;d]t kfpg ;sg] g\\ . Jofkf/ gePsf sf/0f pgLl;t s/ ltg]{ k};f;d]t ePg . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg pgn] lxDdt eg] xf/]gg\\ . kT| os] c;kmntfn] pgnfO{ kf7sdfem s:tf] lstfa nfg] eGg] af/] l;sfpg w]/} dbt u¥of] . To;kl5 lgsfns] f x/]s k:' ts ;jf]{Ts[i6 xF'b} uP . ;jf]T{ si[ 6 nv] ssf] :yfg lbPsf pgsf !* cf6] } k:' tssf] clxn] #% eGbf a9L efiffdf cgj' fb eO;ss] f 5g\\ . o:t} dxfg\\ j}1flgs yf]d; PNef Pl8;g klg ljBt' Lo lrdsf] cfljisf/sf jm| ddf xhf/fF} k6s c;kmn ePsf lyP . ……xhf/fF} k6s c;kmn x'Fbf klg tkfO{Fn] lsg xf/ dfGge' Pg <ÚÚ eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgL eGg] uy{,] ……d c;kmn ePsf] lyOgF, sj] n xhf/f}F unt af6f rg' ]sf] lyPF .ÚÚ o;y{ x/]s c;kmntf g} ;kmntfsf] k]|/s klg xf] . ;'gfO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 ( ;'Ggx' f;] \\ / l7s pQ/ klxNofpgx' f;] \\ M -s_ dflg;x¿ sxfF hDdf ePsf lyP < -c_ ;x/df -cf_ ufpFdf -O_ ljBfnodf -O{_ dlGb/df -v_ oGq dfgjn] s] eGof] < -c_ Psl5g ;efdf af]Ng kfpmF xh'/ -cf_ Psl5g cf/fd ug{ kfpmF xh'/ -O_ nu' f nufpgsf nflu bO' r{ f/ ?lkofF kfpmF xh'/ -O_{ vfgsf nflu bO' {rf/ ?lkofF kfpmF xh/' -u_ j[4j4[ f lsg oGq dfgjsf] r/0f :kz{ ul//x]sf lyP < -c_ w]/} ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] 7fg]/ -cf_ cs{} nf]saf6 cfPsf] JolSt 7fg/] -O_ eujfg\\sf] cfw'lgs cjtf/ 7fg]/ -O{_ cfˆgf] efjgf a'emg\\ ;Sg] JolSt 7fg/] @= ;g' fO kf7 ( ;'Gg'xf;] \\ / oGqdfgjsf] rfl/lqs ljz]iftfsf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\\ . 122 gk] fnL, sIff !@

efifftìj != lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df ko| 'St kT| o]s sf/ssf Ps Pscf]6f pbfx/0f l6Kg'xf;] \\ / tL sf/snfO{ ;ªs\\ t] ug{] ljelSt klg l6Kg'xf;] \\ M x/]s dflg; hLjgdf ;v' / oz k|fKt xf;] \\ eg/] ljleGg sd{ u5{ . ;Gtdfg gfdsf Ps wgL JolSt klg cfkmn\" fO{ ;v' / oz kf| Kt xf;] \\ eg/] ljleGg sd{ uy{] . bfg ug'{ rflxF pgsf] dV' o sd{ lyof] . afFsL ;do pgL cWoogdf latfpFy] . cfkm\"l;t ePsf] cyfx wg;DklQ ul/au?' jf / c;StnfO{ lbP/ pgn] ;fdfGo hLjg latfpg yfn]sf lyP . cfkm;\" uF ePsf] wg;DklQ bfg u/]/ ;fdfGo hLjg latfpg yfn]sf pgnfO{ ;dfhsf ;a}n] ;Ddfg uy]{ . o;/L ;a}af6 ;Ddfg kfpFbf pgL lgs} k;| Gg lyP / o;af6 pgnfO{ o:tf sd{ ug{ yk xf};nf ldns] f] lyof] . pgsf] lbgrof{ pbfx/0fLo / cg';/0fLo lyof] . pgL laxfg} p7y\\ ] / lgTosd{ uy]{ . pgL kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:onfO{ klg p7fpFy] . ……laxfg ;a]/} p7\\g' :jf:Yosf nflu w]/} /fdf| ] xf] eGb} pgL kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ rfF8} p7g\\ 'sf] kmfObf atfpyF ] . laxfgsf] lgTosd{ ul/;s]kl5 pgL b/fhaf6 lstfa lgsfNy] / kl9/xGy] . k9\\bf 3t nfus] f ljifonfO{ pgL sfkLdf l6Kg] uy{] . pgL vfgf kf| oM cfkm}F ksfpyF ] / ksfPsf] vfgfaf6 sx] L cz+ 56' \\ofP/ ul/anfO{ lbGy] / sx] L rflxF cfˆg} xftn] r/fr'?ª\\uLnfO{ v'jfpyF ] clg dfq} cfkm\" vfGy] . pgL slxn]sfxLF ?vaf6 kmnkm\"n l6Ky] / To;af6} cfˆgf] 5fs 6fy]{ . lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf cfkm\" n] cWoog u//] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg c¿nfO{ k|bfg uy{] . @= tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf jfSodf sf/ssf ;/n / ltos{ \\ ¿k pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf uf9f cIf/df lbOPsf 5g\\ . dn\" kf7af6 sf/ssf ;/n / ltos{ \\ ¿ksf cGo kfFr kfrF cf]6f pbfx/0f l6Kg'xf;] \\ M sf/ssf ;/n ¿k sf/ssf lto{s\\ ¿k ;tkfn k]znsf] 3/ uof] . ;tkfnn] kz] nnfO{ afn] fof] . kz] nn] sDKo6' / rnfof] . ;fg] dn] kz] nnfO{ lrof lbOg\\ . ufv] {] xfF;fn] ] 56\\kl6bF } 3fK] 6f] k¥of] . ;tkfnn] kz] nnfO{ Pp6f lunf; lbof] . pm clxn] dfg} 5 . p;n] ca s] ug]{ eGg] af/]df ;fR] g pm s]xL a/] df p7\\g] 5 . ;s]sf] 5}g . xfdL ;a} Tof] b[Zo x]l//x]sf xg' ] 5fF} . To;n] cfkm\\ gf] cj:yfsf af/d] f atfof] . Tof] cfˆgf] cl3 w]/} dfG5] pkl:yt k]zn To; 3/sf] leQfdf em' G8\\ofOPsf ePsf] b]v]/ 5Ss kg]{ 5 . tl:a/nfO{ Wofgk\"j{s lgofNb} lyof] . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 123

$= kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] k9L stf,{ sd{ / ;Dkb| fg sf/s hgfpg] kb l6Kgx' f;] \\ . %= pko'St ljelStsf] ko| f]u u/L vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf;] \\ M xsd{ fg laxfg kfrF ah] p7o\\ f] . pm==== alxgL=======klg p7fof] . pm===cfkmg\\ } xft======lrof ksfP/ alxgL====lbof] . alxgL==== klg bfO==== ksfPsf] lrof ld7f] dfg/] vfO{ . xsd{ fgn] emfn] f=====lstfa lemSof] . pm cfkm\" ===ux[ sfo{ ug{ yfNof] . pm====alxgL====klg ux[ sfo{ ug{ eGof] . pm=== alxgL===gcfPsf] s/' f l;sfOlbof] . alxgL ==== klg bfO====l;sfOlbPkl5 cfkm\" ===;a} ux[ sfo{ k/\" f u/L . o;kl5 efOalxgL bj' } hgf efG;f=====uP . pgLx¿=== cfdf===== sfddf ;3fP . pgLx¿====;3fPkl5 cfdf klg w/] } v;' L xg' e' of] . cfdfn] bj' } hgf==== yfn=== vfgf kl:slbge' of] . ;s' n' ====a;L bj' } hgf ====ld7f] dfg/] vfgf vfP . bj' } hgf===emfn] fdf lstfa / sfkL /fv] . cfdf===cgd' lt lnP/ pgLx¿ 3/ ==== ljBfno k:| yfg u/] . ^= n,] nfO{, af6, åf/f, b]lv / df ljelStsf] ko| fu] u/L cfˆgf cfufdL ofh] gfsf af/]df j0fg{ ugx'{ f;] \\ . &= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] z4' u/L kg' nv]{ g ug'x{ f];\\ M ;dfh lasf;sf j|mddf dflg;n] ku| lt t u¥of] t/ pm zfGt eP/ j:g ;s]sf] rflxF 5}g . ;dfhdf ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ;f6f] AolStjflb ;fr] xfjL e}/x]sf] 5 . slj n]vgfyn] eg] h:t} …d vfp,F d} nfpF, ;v' ;on jf dfh] d u?, d jfrF,' d} gfrF ,' c¿ ;j d¿g\\ b'an{ x¿ eGg] ljrf/n] ;dfh u|:t 5 . of] dfgjn] lng] OR5f xfO] g\\ . o:tf] gsf/fTds ;fr] nfO{ k/LTofu u//] ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf ;fy cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ug{] xf] eg] dflg;sf] ku| tL xg' s' f] ;fy} p;n] hLagdf ;v' zflGt klg kf| Kt u5{ . l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf sfo{ ! lbOPsf sg' } bz kfl/eflifs zAbsf] k|of]u u/L Pp6f cfVofgfTds /rgf tof/ kfg{x' f];\\ M >JobZ[ o, k;| f/0f, b/\" ;~rf/, kr| f/k;| f/, If]Kof:q, hLjfjz]if, pmhf{, cfsfzuªu\\ f, of}lus, ljls/0f, ;j+ xg, /s]6, cf0fljs, hLjfjzi] f, ;dLs/0f, jfikLejg, ld>0f, tfkdfg, /s]6, /f]af6] , zNoljm| of, PS; /], hLjf0f,' cDn, dxfdf/L, /Strfk, dwd' ]x @= dfgj]t/ kfqsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] Pp6f syf k':tsfnoaf6 vfh] L u/L k9\\g'xf];\\ / pSt syfsf cfwf/df To; kfqn] u/]sf sfo{sf] ;\"rL agfpg'xf;] \\ . 124 g]kfnL, sIff !@

kf7 !) g]kfnL klxrfg -;ªu\\ Ltf, ;lnd, 3gZofd, a]vfdfg / l;Ddf ;xkf7L xg' \\ . pgLx¿ !@ sIffdf k95\\ g\\ . km';b{ sf] ;dodf sg' } g sg' } ljifodf ax;, 5nkmn ug]{ pgLx¿sf] afgL 5 . o:tf 5nkmndf kfnk} fnf] s'g} Ps hgfn] ljifosf] p7fg ug{] / To;nfO{ lgisiff{G] d'v agfpg] sfdsf] cuj' fO u5g{ \\ . c¿n] To; ljifodf cfcfˆgf ljrf/ / ts{ k|:t't u5{g\\ . pgLx¿ cfh sIff ;'? xg' e' Gbf cfwf 306fcl3 g} ljBfnodf cfOk'us] f 5g\\ . To;}n] ljBfnocufl8sf] v'nf rp/df ba' f]dfly a;]/ pgLx¿ s'/fsfgL ub}{ 5g\\ . cfhsf] s/' fsfgLdf ljifosf] p7fg ug{] sfdsf] lhDdf 3gZofdn] lnG5 ._ 3gZofd M dnfO{ xfdf| ] ;dfhsf] cj:yf b]Vbf crDd nfU5 . Pp6f ;fgf] ;dfhdf klg cgs] hflt, cgs] efiff, cg]s ;:+ s[lt 5g\\ . o:tf] ePkl5 cgs] dtdtfGt/ x'g] /x]5 . o;n] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] ljsf;df s:tf] c;/ u5{ xf]nf < dnfO{ of] k|Zgn] ;wF} ;tfO/xG5 . a]vfdfg M ltdf| ] kZ| g l7s} 5, 3gZofd . lgZro g} xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljljwtf 5 . ljljwtf ePkl5 dtdtfGt/ klg xf]nf . To;n] s]xL km/s kb{]g . xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf ljljwtf g} xfd|f klxrfg x'g\\ . oL xfd|f ;DklQ klg xg' \\ . bz] sf o:tf cdN\" o lglwnfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf ae' m\\g' x'bF }g . 3gZofd M hflt, efiff, ;+:s[ltdf ljljwtf ePkl5 klxrfg s;/L vN' 5 < klxrfg egs] f] vf; lrgf/L xf] . olb ;dfh cfkmF}df ljljwtf 5 eg] To;sf] klxrfg t 5/k:6 ePg / < 5/k:6 eP/ 5l/Psf s'/fsf] klxrfg s;/L v'N5 < of] klg Tof] klg eGg] ePkl5 s'g rflxFnfO{ klxrfg dfGg] < g]kfnL, sIff !@ 125

a]vfdfg M ltdf| ] egfOd} ltdf| ] kZ| gsf] pQ/ klg ns' s] f] 5, 3gZofd . ltdLn] l7s eGof}, klxrfg egs] f] lrgf/L xf] . s'g} dflg; sljtf dfq} nV] 5 eg] p;sf] klxrfg slj xf] . olb p;n] sljtfsf ;fy} syf, pkGof;, lgaGw klg n]V5 eg] p;sf] klxrfg slj, syfsf/, pkGof;sf/ / lgaGwsf/ klg xf] . ca p;n] lrq klg agfp5F eg] p;sf] klxrfgdf lrqsf/ klg ylkG5 . ;dfhsf] klxrfg klg t To:t} xf] . s'g} ;dfhdf Pp6f hflt 5 eg] To; ;dfhsf] klxrfg PshftLo ;dfh xf] . ca g]kfnL ;dfh ax'hftLo 5 . To;n} ] xfdf| ] ;dfhsf] klxrfg axh' ftLo xf] . ;ª\\uLtf M l7s xf,] a]vfdfg . gk] fn kf| sl[ ts ¿kn] hlt ;G' b/ 5 Tolt g} ;of}F hflt, ;ofF} efiff / cg]s ;+:sl[ tn] ;';lHht klg 5 . o:tf] ljljwtf ;;+ f/df la/n} kfOG5 . To;n} ] gk] fnL ;dfh ;+;f/df c¿eGbf leGg 5, ljlzi6 5 . cflv/ klxrfg eg]sf] c¿eGbf ljlzi6 xg' ' g} t xf] lg . 3gZofd M ljljwtf g} gk] fnsf] klxrfg xf] eGg] s/' fdf d :ki6 ePF . ca csf{] s/' f rflxF dn} ] cem} ae' ms] f] 5g} . ljljwtf ;d:of geP/ ;DklQ xf] eGg] s/' f rflxF s;/L lg < l;Ddf M o;sf] hjfkm d lbG5' x} . g]kfndf yk' }| hflt 5g\\ . x/]s hfltsf cfˆg} ks| f/sf k/Dk/f, ;:+ s[lt, 1fg, cge' j 5g\\ . To:t} g]kfndf cg]s efiff 5g\\ . efiff eg]sf] dfgj kv' f{sf] cfljisf/ xf] . hfltdf h:t} x/s] efiffdf klg dflg;sf 1fg, cge' j, ;+:s[lt ;'/lIft x'G5g\\ . xfdL dfgj ;Eotfsf s'/f u5f}F{ lg . jf:tjdf ;Eotf egs] f] hflt, efiff / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;dli6 xf] . To;}n] hflt, efiff, ;:+ sl[ tdf ljljwtf xg' ' eg]sf] ;Eotfdf klg ljljwtf xg' ' xf] . o;}n] hflt, efiff, ;:+ sl[ tdf ljljwtf ePsf] xfdf| ] ;dfh ljljw ;Eotfsf] ;ª\\ud klg xf] . To;n} ] ljljwtf cfkmdF} f ;DklQ ePg / < ;lnd M l;Ddfn] eg] h:t} xfdL;uF ePsf] ljljwtf xfdf| ] ;DklQ xf] . csf]{ dxŒjk\"0f{ / xfdLn] uf/} j ug]{ s'/f klg 5 . ljljwtf / cg]stfsf lardf klg cfk;L ;lxi0f'tf / Pstf 5 . of] gk] fnL ;dfhsf] ljlzi6 klxrfg xf] . of] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] ;fG} bo{ xf] . 3gZofd M ;lndn] km]l/ oxfF stfaf6 ;fG} bos{ f] s'/f NofP/ hf8] ] . gk] fnsf] ;fG} bo{ eg]sf ;G' b/ lxdfn xg' ,\\ 8fkF m], d'gfn x'g,\\ xl/ofnL hªu\\ n x'g\\ . log} s/' f xg] {sf nflu t ko{6s g]kfn cfpF5g\\ . 126 gk] fnL, sIff !@

;ªu\\ Ltf M o;df d eG5' x} . ;f}Gbo{;DaGwL 3gZofdsf] ae' mfO clns ck'/f] eof] . lxdfn, xl/ofnL hª\\un, 8fkF m] dg' fn k|fs[lts ;fG} bo{sf ;fwg x'g\\ . ;fG} bo{ eg]sf] ;'Gb/ jf /fd|f] xg' s' f] efj xf] . hg' ;'s} j:t'af6 k|fKt xg' ] ;'Gb/ s'/f g} To; j:t'sf] ;fG} bo{ xf] . To;}n] k|fsl[ ts s'/f dfq} ;G' b/ x'g] xf]Og, ;f:+ s[lts s'/f klg t ;G' b/ xG' 5g\\ . To;n} ] ko6{ s vfln lxdfn / r/f dfq xg] { cfpg] xfO] gg\\ . ;lnd M ;ª\\uLtfn] eg]s} s'/fnfO{ d}n] km]l/ hf]8\\g rfxF] . ;;+ f/df hflt, efiff, wd{, ;:+ s[ltsf gfddf 7n' f 7n' f o'4 ePsf 5g\\ . wghgsf] 7'nf] Iflt ePsf] 5, sltko dfgj ;Eotfs} nf]k ePsf] 5 . xfdLsxfF eg] oqf] ljljwtf eP/ klg cfk;df ldn]/ a:g,] Psn] csfs{ f] efiff, ;+:sl[ tk|lt ;DDffg ug{] ;fx}| /fdf| ] afgL 5 . of] Hofb} ;G' b/ s/' f xf] lg, xf]Og / < 3gZofd M cfh w]/} dxŒjk0\" f{ ljifodf s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf] 5 . w/] } s'/f :ki6 xg' ] df}sf ldns] f] 5 . Pp6f s'/f rflxF dnfO{ cem} v6\\sL /xs] f] 5 . xfdL;Fu /xs] f ljljwtfn] ko6{ snfO{ cfsif0{ f u5{ eg]/ ;ªu\\ LtfhLn] cl3 eg]sf] s/' fdf cem} ;xdt eOgF . g]kfndf ko{6s cfpg] eg]sf] lxdfn x]g{ / cf/fx] 0f ug{ cfp5F g\\ . ;dfhdf /xs] f ljljwtf;uF ko6{ ssf] s] ;/fs] f/ x'G5 / < ;ªu\\ Ltf M of] s'/f rflxF ltdLn] yfxf kfP/ klg yfxf gkfPsf] h:tf] u/]sf xf} x} 3gZofd . ;fob ltdLn] d/] f] hfFr ub}{ 5f} . x/] 3gZofd, k|fsl[ ts ;f}Gbos{ f] dfq} s/' f ug]{ xf] eg] klg g]kfnsf lxdfn, hªu\\ n / r/f dfq} eg/] k'Ubg} . oxfF c;ªV\\ o kxf8, cGgsf] e08f/ t/fO{, gbL, tfn, pkTosf, l;d;f/, h}ljs ljljwtf cflb yk' } s'/f 5g\\ . g]kfn cfpg] ko6{ s ;a} lxdfn xg] { / cf/f]x0f ug{ cfpg] xf]Ogg\\ lg . ko{6gsf klg ljleGg lsl;d 5g\\ eGg] ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5 . To;dWo] ;f:+ sl[ ts ko6{ g klg t Ps xf] . g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] 7fpdF f ;ofF} hflt, ;of}F efiff, ;of}F ;:+ s[ltsf] cWoog ug{ kfpg' ;f+:sl[ ts ko{6ssf nflu 7'nf] cj;/ xf] lg . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ljljwtf;uF ko{6ssf] ;/fs] f/ x'g] ePg / < l;Ddf M dflg;sf cfcfˆgf ?lr / rfxgf x'G5g\\ . s;}nfO{ lxdfn cf/fx] 0f ug{ dg nfU5 . s;n} fO{ kxf8, t/fO{, pkTosf, bg' , hª\\un, hl} js ljljwtfsf] cWoog / cjnfs] g ug{ dg nfU5 . s;n} fO{ Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt cflbsf] cWoog cjnfs] g ug]{ ?lr / rfxgf xG' 5 . sltnfO{ ljleGg kl/sf/sf vfgs] '/f vfg] ;fv] x'g ;S5 . sltnfO{ k9g\\ , sltnfO{ /fd|f /fdf| nu' f uxgf nufpg ;fv] x'G5 . ko6{ sdf klg t oxL s'/f nfu' xG' 5 lg . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 127

a]vfdfg M jf:tjdf xfdL;Fu ePsf] vfgkfgsf] ;:+ s[ltnfO{ dfq} Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] To;n] ko6{ snfO{ emg} nf]Eofp5F . g]kfndf x/s] hfltsf cfˆg} k|sf/sf vfgkfgsf] k/Dk/f 5 . xfdLn] yf]/} Wofg lbg] xf] eg] k/' } cufl{ gs / k|fsl[ ts vfgkfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5f}F . To;f] ug{ ;s] xfdf| ] :jf:Yo klg /fd|f] xG' 5, To;n] ko{6snfO{ klg nf]Eofp5F . 3gZofd M l7s 5, oL s'/fdf d ;xdt ePF . Pp6f s'/f rflxF xfdLn] ljrf/ k¥' ofpg} k5{ . xfdLsxfF ;:+ s[ltsf gfddf w/] } ljsl[ t klg 5g\\ . w]/} cGwljZjf; 5g\\ . hftLo tyf n}ª\\lus ljeb] 5g\\ . rf8kj{, ;:+ sf/ cflbdf cgfjZos cf8Da/ bv] fpg] h:tf ljsl[ t klg 5g\\ . xfdLn] ;+:s[ltsf gfddf o:tf ljs[ltnfO{ hf]ufO/xg] xf] t < ;lnd M 3gZofdhLsf] o; s'/fdf d/] f] klg ;xdlt 5 . ljljwtfdf Pstf xfdf| ] ;f}Gbo{ xf] eg]/ d}n] cl3 eg]F / xf] klg . ljljwtf /fdf| ] s/' f xf] t/ lje]b rflxF /fdf| ] s/' f xf]Og . l;Ddf M dflg;nfO{ hft, ju,{ j0f{, lnª\\u, Ifq] Lotf cflbsf cfwf/df ul/g] lje]b k6Ss} /fdf| ] xf]Og . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf o:tf lje]b rflxF x6fpgk' 5{ . av] fdfg M xf], sxLF st} cem} klg ;dfhdf k|rlnt 5j' f5t' , e\"t, k]|t, afS] ;L x'G5 eGg] dfGotf / bfOhf] h:tf s/' fx¿ cGwljZjf; / sk' /Dk/f x'g\\ . o:tf dfGotf / k/Dk/fnfO{ x6fpg} k5{ . ;lnd M unt dfGotf, unt k/Dk/fnfO{ xfdLn] x6fpg'k5{ t/ s;/L kf] x6fpg] xfn] f < k/fkj\" { sfnb]lv rlncfPsf] rng x6fpg' x'bF g} eGg] dfGotf g/fd|f];uF h/f] uf8]/ a;]sf] 5 . ;ª\\uLtf M d]/f] ljrf/df ;:+ sl[ t eg]sf] dflg;n] dflg;sf] lxtsf nflu agfOPsf /fdf| rfnrng / Jojxf/ xg' \\ . ljsl[ t / ;+:sl[ t lgtfGt ljk/Lt s/' f xg' \\ . xfdLn] ljsl[ t x6fpgk' 5{ ;+:sl[ t cuF fNg'k5{ . ljsl[ tnfO{ ;+:s[lt dfGg] en' ug{'xFb' g} . of] ;lhnf] rflxF 5}g . av] fdfg M ca xfdL cfhsf] 5nkmnsf] r/' f] s'/fdf cfofF} eGg] nfU5 . ;ª\\uLtfn] eg] h:t} xfdLn] ljsl[ tnfO{ x6fpgk' 5{ / ;:+ s[ltnfO{ hf]ufpg'k5{ . of] sfd ;lhnf] 5}g t/ c;Dej eg] xfO] g . o;sf nflu lzIff d'Vo s/' f xf] . 128 gk] fnL, sIff !@

l;Ddf M av] fdfgsf] s'/fdf d ;xdt 5' . ha lzIffsf] /fd|f] ljsf; x'G5 ta cGwljZjf;, s';+:sf/, s'/Llt h:tf s'/f lgd\"{n xbF' } hfG5g\\ . dflg; rt] gzLn kf| 0fL xf] . lzIffn] dflg;sf] r]tgf:t/nfO{ a9fOlbG5 . rt] gfsf] j[l4;Fu} dflg;n] cfkm\" / ;dfhdf /xs] f cGwljZjf;, s'/Llt, s;' :+ sf/ TofUb} hfG5 . 3gZofd M l;Ddfsf s'/f ;f]/} cfgf ;xL 5g\\ . lzIffsf] ljsf;;Fu,} dflg;sf] r]tgfdf cfPsf] ljsf;;uF } ;dfhdf, sltko ;:+ sl[ tdf /xs] f cgs] cGwljZjf;, s/' Llt, s';+:sf/ x6b\\ } klg cfPsf 5g\\ . ;ª\\uLtf M 3gZofdn] egs] f] s/' f ;xL xf] . s'g} ;dodf ;tLk|yf lyof,] Tof] x6o\\ f] . bf;ky| f lyof,] Tof] x6\\of] . 5'jf5t' ky| f klxn]eGbf clxn] w/] } x6\\b} 5, hgrt] gf hufpFb} cl3 a9d] f xfdL To;nfO{ rfF8} lgdn{\" ug{ ;S5f}F . l;Ddf M hftLo ljeb] , nª} l\\ us ljeb] , j0f,{ ju{ / Ifq] sf gfddf /x]sf lje]bdf klg sdL cfpbF } 5 . ltgnfO{ klg k0\" f{ ¿kdf x6fpgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu lzIffsf] vfrF f] 5 . ;lnd M cfhsf] 5nkmnaf6 d w]/} pT;flxt ePF . o;/L xfdL h:tf oj' f k':tfdf o:tf] ae' mfO /x]kl5 xfdLsxfF /xs] f ljsl[ t, lj;ª\\ult, cGwljZjf;, s'/Llt x6fpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu xfdL h:tf ljBfyL{, o'jf / lzlIft ju{n] kxn ug'{k5{ . ;ªu\\ Ltf M ;lndhLsf] s/' fdf d k\"0f{ ;xdt eP . o; af/]df ;db' fo / sIffdf klg 5nkmn rnfpgk' 5{ . cfhsf] 5nkmn eg] oxLF 6'ªU\\ ofpmF xf]nf . ca xfd|f] gk] fnL ljifosf] sIff ;?' xg' ] jn] f eof], sIfflt/ hfpmF xf]nf . 3gZofd M -38L x]b{_} xf,] sIff ;?' xg' ] jn] f eP5 . ca xfdL sIffdf hfgk' 5{ . To;eGbfcl3 cfhsf] 5nkmnsf] lgisif{nfO{ gf6] sfkLdf l6kf}F ls eGg] nfUof] . cfhsf] 5nkmnsf] lgisifs{ f a'Fbf ;ª\\uLtfhLn] elglbg] ls Û ;ª\\uLtf M x'G5 d eG5' . ljljwtfdf Pstf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] klxrfg xf] . of] xfd|f] ;DklQ / ;f}Gbo{ klg xf] . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ;+:sl[ t, k/Dk/fsf gfddf cgs] ljs[lt, lj;ªu\\ lt klg 5g\\ . ltgnfO{ x6fpgk' 5{ . To;sf nflu lzIff ckl/xfo{ 5 . cGwljZjf;, s/' Llt, s;' :+ sf/ h:tf ljsl[ t x6fpg ljBfyL{, o'jf / ;r]t ju{ cu|;/ xg' 'k5{ . ;lnd M a8f] /fd|f] ;Z+ n]if0f ;ªu\\ LtfhL . av] fdfg M cfhsf] 5nkmn kmnbfoL eof] . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 129

l;Ddf M dnfO{ t o; ljifodf Pp6f nv] n]vfF} h:tf] nfUof] . ;ª\\uLtf M l7s eGof} l;Ddf . ltd|f] nv] fO w/] } /fd|f] 5 . ltd|f] nv] rf8F } k9g\\ kfOof];\\ . 3gZofd M l7s 5, o; ljifodf l;Ddfn] n]v nV] g'xf]nf, d rflxF Psfªs\\ L agfpF5' . cfh eg] hfpmF . u'?cfdf sIffdf kl;;Sg'eof] . -;a} hgf p7]/ sIffsf]7flt/ nfU5g\\ ._ zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \\ M zAb cy{ lgisiffG{] d'v g/fdf| ] k/Dk/f cufl{ gs ;G' b/ x'g'sf] efj ;fG} bo{ k;| ª\\ucg';f/ ldNg] nª} l\\ us lgisifd{ f kU' g vf]hs] f] ljeb] k\"/} ;vfk kfl/Psf] cf8Da/ kmn lbg,] kmfObfbfhgs s'k/Dk/f cfb/ ;+Zn]if0f lnª\\u;DaGwL lgd\"{n hf]8g\\ ] sfd ;fGble{s b]vfj6L, 7fF6afF6 kmnbfoL hl} js e]befj gofF s'/f kQf nufpg] sfd @= zAbsfz] sf] ;xfotfaf6 lbOPsf zAbsf] sf]zLo jm| d ldnfO{ cy{ nV] gx' f];\\ M cfljisf/, ;b'kof]u, uGtJo, klxrfg, 5/k:6, ljlzi6tf, ;DDffg, df}sf, cf/fx] 0f, ;/f]sf/, cjnf]sg, kl/sf/, ;f]v 130 g]kfnL, sIff !@

#= lbOPsf 6'Ssfsf] cy{ klxNofO{ ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] ug'{xf];\\ M nv sf6\\g,' cfn' vfg,' kl;gf sf9\\g', s'/f vfg', sfg vfg', xfjf vfg', cfvF f lrlDng,' dg rf]g',{ d'v 5f8g\\ ' $= lbOPsf pvfgsf] ko| f]u u/L Ps cg'R5]b nV] g'xf;] \\ M cuN' 6fn] xfgs] f] ss' '/ lahn' L rDsbF f t;G{ 5, c8\\sf] k8\\sf] tn] sf] wk' , OG›sf cufl8 :jus{ f] aofg, Ps xftn] tfnL aHb}g, sfu s/fpFb} u5{ lkgf ;S' b} u5{ %= lbOPsf dfgljsL tyf ;flxlTos Ifq] sf kfl/eflifs zAbnfO{ zAbsf]zLo cgj' |mddf ldnfpg'xf;] \\ / zAbsfz] sf] ;xfotf lnO{ ltgsf] cy{ klg n]Vgx' f];\\ M 5Gb, /;, clwdN\" og, cnª\\sf/, cjdN\" og, cfjf;Lo, cfzs' lj, lgaGw, pkGof;, sljtf, syf afw] tyf cleJolSt != ;+jfb k9L lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ gk] fnL ;dfhsf] cj:yfk|lt 3gZofdsf] ae' mfO s:tf] 5, eGg'xf];\\ . -v_ gk] fnL ;dfhsf] klxrfg s] xf], a]vfdfgsf] egfOsf cfwf/df nV] g'xf;] \\ . -u_ ljljwtf g} ;DklQ xf] s;/L, l;Ddfsf] egfOsf cfwf/df n]Vgx' f];\\ . -3_ ;lndsf] egfOsf cfwf/df gk] fnL ;dfhsf] ;G' b/ kIfsf af/d] f :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . -ª_ s;/L g]kfnL ljljwtfnfO{ ko6{ g;uF hf8] \\g ;lsG5, cfˆgf] ljrf/ nV] gx' f];\\ . -r_ g]kfnL ;dfhdf s] s:tf ljs[lt, lj;ª\\ult 5g\\, kf7sf cfwf/df n]Vg'xf;] \\ . @= æha lzIffsf] /fd|f] ljsf; xG' 5 ta cGwljZjf;, s;' +:sf/, s/' Llt h:tf s'/f lgdn{\" x'bF } hfG5g\\ .Æ o; sygnfO{ :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \\ . #= lbOPsf] ;j+ fbfz+ k9g\\ 'xf];\\ / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \\ M x/] 3gZofd, k|fsl[ ts ;fG} bo{sf] dfq} s'/f ug{] xf] eg] klg g]kfnsf lxdfn, hª\\un / r/f dfq} eg]/ kU' b}g . oxf c;ª\\Vo kxf8, cGgsf] e08f/ t/fO,{ gbL, tfn, pkTosf, l;d;f/, h}ljs ljljwtf cflb y'k} s'/f 5g\\ . gk] fn cfpg] ko6{ s ;a} lxdfn x]g{ / cf/fx] 0f ug{ cfpg] xfO] gg\\ lg . ko6{ gsf klg ljleGg lsl;d 5g\\ eGg] ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5 . To;dWo] ;f+:sl[ ts ko{6g klg t Ps xf] . gk] fn h:tf] ;fgf] 7fpdF f ;ofF} hflt, gk] fnL, sIff !@ 131

;of}F efiff, ;of}F ;:+ s[ltsf] cWoog ug{ kfpg' ;f+:s[lts ko6{ ssf nflu 7n' f] cj;/ xf] lg . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ljljwtf;uF ko6{ ssf] ;/f]sf/ x'g] ePg / < kZ| gx¿ -s_ g]kfnsf] k|fsl[ ts ;f}Gbo{leq s] s] s/' f k5{g\\ < -v_ g]kfndf ;f:+ s[lts ko6{ gsf] s:tf] ;Defjgf 5 < $= lbOPsf] ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf k9\\gx' f;] \\ / o;sf ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf / zn} Lsf af/d] f 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ M ;u/dfyfdf cf/fx] 0fdf sLltd{ fg zj' |maf/, @$ jz} fv, @)&* ;f]n'vD' a' . ;fn] v' 'Da'sf %) jifLo{ sfldl/tf zk] f{n] cfˆg} klxns] f] sLltd{ fg tf8] /] @% cfF} k6s ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0fsf] sLltd{ fg sfod u/]sf 5g\\ . pgLkl5 cfKkf zk] f{ / km'jf{6f;L zk] fs{ f] @! cf}F k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] sLltd{ fg /xs] f] 5 . t]lGhª gf]u]{ zk] f{ / ;/ P8dG8 lxnf/Laf6 ;g\\ !(%# d] @( df ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f ePsf] xf] . To;otf sl/a ;ft xhf/ cf/f]xLn] ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/s] f 5g\\ . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd dlxnf hfkfgsL hG' sf] tfaO] { xg' \\ eg] ky| d gk] fnL dlxnf kf;fª Nxfd' zk] f{ x'g\\ . nfSkf zk] f{n] gf} k6s ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f u//] ;a}eGbf a9L ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ g]kfnL dlxnfsf] /]s8{ agfPsL 5g\\ . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf cgs] sLltd{ fg 5g\\ . clS;hg k|ofu] gu/L, s[lqd v'66\\ f nufP/, ;ae} Gbf sd pd]/df / ;a}eGbf a9L pd/] df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ sLlt{dfg 5g\\ . To:t} kmf6] f]uf| km/, kqsf/, sdr{ f/L, gt] f, lzIfs cflb k];fsf tkma{ f6 ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] sLlt{dfg /fVg] k|oTg ePsf 5g\\ . ;u/dfyf lzv/d} lax] ug,]{ k:' ts ljdfr] g ug{,] ;ae} Gbf a9L ;do lzv/df /xg] h:tf sLlt{dfg klg 5g\\ . Pp6} kl/jf/sf afa5' f/] f / kl/jf/sf w]/} ;b:osf] cf/fx] 0fsf sLlt{dfg klg 5g\\ . kD] af bfh] ]{ z]kf{n] ;a}eGbf l56f] -* 306f !) ldg6] _ ;dodf ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/fx] 0f ug{] sLlt{dfg /fv]sf 5g\\ . ljgf clS;hg @) 306f @$ ldg]6df ;u/dfyf cf/fx] 0f u/L sfhL zk] f{n] sLlt{dfg sfod u/s] f 5g\\ . xªsªsL rfª log x'ª -@% 132 gk] fnL, sIff !@

306f %) ldg]6_ n] ;ae} Gbf sd ;dodf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ dlxnfsf] sLlt{dfg sfod u/s] L 5g\\ . afal' 5/L zk] f{n] @! 306f;Dd ;u/dfyf lzv/df a;/] sLlt{ /fv]sf 5g\\ . hfkfgsf *) jifL{o o'lr/f] ldp/f clg cd]l/sfsf !# jif{ !) dlxgf !) lbgsf hf8] fg /f]dfl/of]sf sLltd{ fg 5Fb} 5g\\ . g]kfnsL ldªlskf z]kf{n] !% jif{df ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/L sLlt{ /fvs] L 5g\\ . kd] bfh] L{ z]kf{ / df]gL d'nk] tLn] ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/df ljjfx u/]/ sLlt{dfg agfPsf 5g\\ . $# jifL{o lks] -k0\" fs{ 'df/_ z]kf{ / pgsf 5f/] f !& jifLo{ ;f]gd z]kfn{ ] Ps} k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u//] cnu vfnsf] sLlt{ /fvs] f 5g\\ . gk] fnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6fn] Lsf ( hgfn] Ps} lbg ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]/ sLltd{ fg /fv]sf 5g\\ . To;/L g} ljleGg k];f, Joj;fo, Ifq] cflbsf JolStn] cnu cnu ks| f/sf sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sf 5g\\ . o:tf sLlt{dfgdWo] sltko kl/jtg{ eO/xG5g\\ . gofF cf/fx] Ln] klxn]sf sLlt{dfg tf]8]/ gofF sLlt{dfg sfod ul/lbG5g\\ . ljZjdf * xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf !$ cf6] f lxdfn 5g\\ . tLdWo] cf7cf]6f g]kfnd} 5g\\ . Toltdfq xfO] g, afsF L 5cf6] f lxdfn klg * xhf/ ld6/eGbf cUnf /x]sf] k|dfl0ft xb'F } 5 elgG5 . tL 5cf6] } lxdfn gk] fndf k5{g\\ . To;n} ] ;;+ f/e/sf ;fxl;s ko{6s / kjt{ f/fx] Lsf nflu gk] fn cfsif{s uGtJosf ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . lxdfnL If]qdf a9\\b} uPsf] kmf]xf]/dn} fnfO{ x6fpg ;s] / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ ;s] ;u/dfyf / cGo lxdfnsf] cf/fx] 0faf6 gk] fnsf] gfd ;;+ f/df rlDsg] 5 . %= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M ;dfrf/ eGgfn] ;fdfGotM xfnva/ jf gofF 36gfsf] ljj/0f eGg] a'lemG5 . o;}n] /l] 8of,] l6eL h:tf >JobZ[ o dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t jf klqsf cflb 5fkf dfWodaf6 k|sflzt 36gfsf tfhf ljj/0f ;dfrf/ x'g\\ . ;dfhdf 36\\g] 36gfsf] ljj/0f ePsfn] ;dfrf/ dflg;sf] kx'Frleqsf] ljifo xf] . ;dfrf/sf ljifocGtut{ /fhgLlt, lzIff, v]nsb' , Jofkf/, jfl0fHo, ;+:s[lt cflb h'g;s' } x'g ;S5g\\ . o;/L h'g;'s} ljifo ;dfrf/ aGg ;Sg] eP klg s'g} klg ljifo cfkm}dF f ;dfrf/ eg] x'Fbg} . hg' s'/fn] kf7s jf >f]tfsf] Wofg cfslift{ u5{ / gofF ;r\" gf ;Dk]|if0f u5{ To:tf] ljifoj:t' ;dfrf/ aG5 . ;dfrf/sf af/d] f eGg] ul/G5, æss' /' n] dfG5]nfO{ 6fS] g' ;dfrf/sf] ljifo aGg ;Sb}g t/ dfG5n] ] s's/' nfO{ 6fS] of] eg] Tof] ;dfrf/ aG5 .ÚÚ ;dfrf/nfO{ /f]rs agfpg] eGb}df oyfyn{ fO{ kl/Tofu ug{ rflxF k0\" f{tM jlht{ 5 . ;dfrf/ ;Dki]| f0fdf ;j+ fbbftf k'/} t6:y /xg' /fd|f] dflgG5 . p;n] cfˆgf] /fo ljrf/ jf lg0f{oeGbf 36gf jf ;\"rgfsf] tYok/s ljj/0f lbP dfq k'U5 . ;dfrf/sf] p2]Zo cfdhgtf;Dd ;Gbz] g]kfnL, sIff !@ 133

k'¥ofpg' xf] . o;}n] ;dfrf/sf] efiff ;s;] Dd ;/n xg' k' 5{ . ;dfrf/df 5f6] f 5f]6f jfSo ko| fu] ug{' /fd|f] dflgG5 . o:tf jfSodf cgfjZos ljzi] f0f jf lj|mofljz]if0f k|of]u ug'{ /fdf| ] dflgFb}g . o;}n] ;dfrf/sf] z}nL ljlzi6 x'G5 . oxL zn} Lut j}lzi6\\os} cfwf/df ;dfrf/nfO{ 36gfk/s, k|ljm| ofk/s / lkmr/ u/L tLg ks| f/df juLs{ /0f ul/G5 . 36gfk|wfg ;dfrf/ kf| oM bZ[ o ljj/0fdf sl] Gbt| xG' 5 . o:tf] ;dfrf/df sf] < s] < sxfF < lsg < s;/L < slxn] < h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ vfH] g] k|of; ul/G5 . kl| jm| ofk/s ;dfrf/df 36gfsf] ;/;/tL j0f{g dfq gu/L tYosf] lj:tt[ JofVof, To;sf] ki[ 7e\"ld / kl/0ffdsf af/d] f klg pNnv] ul/Psf] x'G5 . lkmr/df rflxF sg' } vf; 36gf jf tYonfO{ snfTds agfP/ k|:t't ul/G5 . o;}n] lkmr/ cGo bO' { lsl;dsf ;dfrf/eGbf a9L ;flxlTos x'g] u5{ . ;du|df eGbf ;Totf, ljZj;gLotf, gjLgtf, /fr] stf, ;Gtn' g, eflifs ;/ntf, :ki6tf / ld7f; ;dfrf/sf ljzi] ftf xg' \\ . k|Zgx¿ -s_ s:tf] ljifoj:t' ;dfrf/ aGg ;S5 < -v_ ;dfrf/sf] efiff s:tf] xg' 'k5{ < -u_ lkmr/, 36gfk/s / k|ljm| ofk/s ;dfrf/df s] leGgtf 5 < -3_ ;dfrf/sf ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\\ < ^= cfˆgf] 6f]ndf jftfj/0f ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf k|oTgsf af/]df 5f]6f] ;dfrf/ n]vL sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \\ . &= sIffsf ;a} ;fyL ldn/] …b]z ljsf;df ljBfyL{sf] e\"ldsfÚ ljifodf jSt[Tj kl| tofl] utfsf] cfofh] gf ug{'xf;] \\ . *= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ tnsf zLif{scg;' f/ rf/cf6] f ;dx\" df ljefhg x'gx' f;] \\ / cfˆgf] ;dx\" sf] ljifo zLif{sdfly 5nkmn ug{x' f];\\ / 5nkmnsf] lgisifs{ f a'bF fnfO{ sIffdf ;dx\" ut ¿kdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \\ M -s_ clwsf/ / stJ{ o -v_ hLjgdf cgz' f;g -u_ d]/f] b]z M d]/f] eljio -3_ :j:y vfgf 134 g]kfnL, sIff !@

;g' fO / af]nfO != ;g' fO kf7 !! ;'Gg'xf;] \\ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \\ M -s_ sn] ] gftf 66' fpF5, s]n] gftf hf]85\\ < -c_ l/;n] 66' fpF5, bofn] hf8] \\5 . -cf_ cfl/;n] 6'6fp5F , dfofn] hf]85\\ . -O_ 3[0ffn] 6'6fpF5, kd|] n] hf8] \\5 . -O_{ nf]en] 6'6fpF5, bfgn] hf]85\\ . -v_ xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] s:tf] rng lyof] < -c_ v]tLkftL gug]{ -cf_ nu' f gnufpg] -O_ 3/ gagfpg] -O{_ Pscsfn{ fO{ ;xof]u gug]{ -u_ sfrF f] vfgfsf] s] eO;Sof] < -c_ kf]ns] f] vfgf -cf_ pdfn]sf] vfgf -O_ kSjfGg -O{_ af;L vfgf -3_ /ysf 7fpFdf s] eO;Sof] < -c_ /]n, df6] /, 6\\ofS;L / xjfOhxfh -cf_ /]n, df6] /, xjfO{hxfh / /s6] -O_ /]n, df]6/, sf/ / df]6/;fOsn -O_{ /n] , df]6/, 6o\\ fS;L / /s6] @= sfG5fsf ljrf/;uF tkfOF{ ;xdt jf c;xdt s] x'gx' G5, cfˆgf] ljrf/ eGgx' f;] \\ . efifftìj != pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} u/L jfSo ;+Zni] f0f ug'x{ f];\\ M pbfx/0f ljZn]lift jfSo M r]g lgofg lrlgofF o'jtL xg' \\ . pgL gk] fnL efiff k9g\\ rfxlG5g\\ . pgL g]kfn / g]kfnLsf af/d] f hfGg rfxlG5g\\ . ;Z+ n]lift jfSo –lrlgofF o'jtL rg] lgofg gk] fnL efiff k9]/ gk] fn / gk] fnLsf af/]df hfGg rfxlG5g\\ . -s_ cl:dtf 3/ uOg\\ . cl:dtfn] cfˆgf ;fyL;ªu\\ L e]l6g\\ . cl:dtf ;fyL;uF hª\\un 3D' g uOg\\ . cl:dtfn] vf]nfdf uP/ kf}8L vl] ng\\ . cl:dtfn] Ps xKtf /dfOnf;] uF latfOg\\ . cl:dtf ;x/ kmlsO{ g\\ . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 135

-v_ d':tfª lxdfnL lhNnf xf] . d:' tfª ko{6sLo lhNnf xf] . d:' tfªdf w]/} xfjf rN5 . d':tfª :ofpsf nflu kl| ;4 5 . dnfO{ d':tfª 3'Dg dg nfu]sf] 5 . -u_ ljgf]b s0f{ ;Kt/Lsf afl;Gbf x'g\\ . pgL g]kfnL ;flxTosf kf| Wofks x'g\\ . pgL ;xofu] L / Odfgbf/ 5g\\ . pgL sljtf n]Vg / lrq sf]g{ dg k/fp5F g\\ . @= jfSo ljZn]if0f ugx'{ f;] \\ M pbfx/0f ;+Znl] ift jfSo M 8f]Ndfsf efO nfSkfsf] kl/>dnfO{ ;an} ] ;/fxgf u5g{ \\ . ljZnl] ift jfSox¿ M nfSkf 8fN] dfsf efO xg' \\ . nfSkf kl/>dL 5g\\ . nfSkfnfO{ ;a}n] ;/fxgf u5g{ \\ . -s_ hªu\\ n ;vfk xg' yfn]kl5 d[u, 3f/] n h:tf hgfj/ / sltko r/f nf]k xg' ] clg kfgLsf] d'xfg klg ;S' g] vt/f ePsf] 5 . -# jfSodf_ -v_ k|bi\" f0f a9;] Fu} lxdfndf lxpF 36\\of], ;dodf kfgL kg{ 5f8\\of] clg ;kmf cfsfz b]Vg 5fl8of] . -$ jfSodf_ -u_ ;'b\"/klZrd / sgfn{ L If]qdf k|rlnt bp] 8f sf7df8f}F / ljbz] df ;d]t nf]slko| 5 . -# jfSodf_ -3_ dnfO{ 3dfOnf] lbg, hg' n] L /ft, xl/of] jg, nxnx afnL em'ns] f] v]taf/L, g]kfnL vfgf / ;xofu] L ;fyL dgk5{ . -% jfSodf_ -ª_ ha c;f/ nfU5 ta d/] f] dgn] ufpF3/ ;lDemG5 . -@ jfSodf_ #= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] af6 st,{[ sd{ / efj jfRosf jfSo klxrfg u/L tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ M d ;a/] } p7]F . dn} ] pdz] nfO{ afn] fPF . pd]z cfvF f ldRb} cfof] . xfdL af6f] nfUofF} . bfpGgd] f k'u]/ vfgf vfOof] . efn'jfªdf lrof lkOof] . uf8Ldf uLt ufOof] . 76\\6f ul/of] . an] 'sf 3f/] fxLdf jf; al;of] . /ftL d:t lgbfOof] . ef]lnkN6 :yfgLo ;fyL el] 6P . s'/fsfgL ul/of] . d:t;uF xflF ;of] . /dfOnf] ul/of] . $= st[{jfRosf] ko| f]u u/L cfˆgf] lbgrofs{ f af/d] f Ps cg'R5]b nV] g'xf;] \\ . %= sd{ tyf efj jfRosf] k|ofu] u/L jgef]h uPsf] ljifodf Pp6f cg'R5b] n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 136 gk] fnL, sIff !@

^= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bnfO{ stj{[ fRodf kl/jt{g ugx{' f;] \\ M hLjgdf w/] } b'Mv;'v efl] uof] . w/] } cg'ej ul/of] . slxn] v';Ln] xfFl;of] . slxn] ;fyLefO;Fu gflrof] . b]zljb]z 3l' dof] . b'Mv / cefjnfO{ em]Nb} ljBfnodf kl9of] . cfkm}F vr{ h'6fP/ pRr lzIff xfl;n ul/of] . ;as} f] enf] ;f]lrof] . slxNo} s;}sf] lrQ bv' fOPg . slxNo} s;}sf] clxt lrtfOPg . ;s];Dd c¿sf] enfO x'g] sfd ul/of] . hLjg ;ª\\3if{ xf] eGg] s/' f l;lsof] . ca klg Odfgbf/ eP/} afFlrg] 5 . stJ{ o slxNo} el' nbF }g . cfkm\" cGofo ;lxbF }g . c¿dfly cGofo ul/Fb}g . &= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] nfO{ sd{ jf efj jfRodf kl/jt{g ug{x' f;] \\ M la;g / cgk' df k':tsfno uP . la;gn] syfsf lstfa 5fGof] . cg'kdfn] df};d lj1fg;DaGwL lstfa 5fgL . To;kl5 pgLx¿ k':tsfnoaf6 aflx/ lg:s] . pgLx¿ sn]hsf] ef]hgfnodf k;] . la;gn] bxL lrp/f vfof] . cgk' dfn] lrp/f t/sf/L vfO{ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ sIffsf7] fdf cfP . u'?cfdfn] jfRo k9fpg'eof] . *= z4' u/L nV] gx' f];\\ M -s_ /8] Lof] 6LeL h:tf ;|Jolb:| o dfWPdaf6 k;| fl/t jf kqLsf cflb 5fkfdfWod af6 ksfl{ zt 36gfsf tfhf ljj/0f ;dfrf/ x'g\\ . -v_ hftLP lae]b n}ª\\lus ljeb] j0f{ ju{ / If]qsf gfddf /x]sf ljeb] df kgL sld cfpFb} 5 . ltg nfO{ klg x6fpg'k5{ . ;ªu\\ Ltf hLn] eg]h:t} ozsf nflu lzIffsf] vfr+ f] 5 . l;hg{ f / kl/ofh] gf sfo{ != …lzIffn] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g NofpF5Ú eGg] ljifodf jStJo lbgsf nflu cfjZos a'bF f agfpg'xf];\\ / tL aF'bfdf s] s:tf] yk36 ug{ ;lsG5 egL sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \\ . 5nkmnsf] lgisifa{ f6 cfPsf aF'bfsf cfwf/df jStJo n]vL lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpgx' f];\\ . @= cgnfOg klqsf jf 5fkf klqsfaf6 lzIff tyf ;:+ s[lt ljifodf nl] vPsf ;dfrf/ vf]Hgx' f;] \\ / To;nfO{ xfpefp;lxt jfrg ugx{' f];\\ . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 137

kf7 !! ;xsf/L Pscfk;df ldnLhn' L ;xsfo{ ug]{ ;fyL, aGw'afGwj jf cGo hfs] fx] L JolSt ;xsf/L xf] . ;xsfo{ egs] f] ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts, cflys{ cflb If]qdf ul/g] ;f2] ]Zo ;fd\"lxs lj|mofsnfk xf] . ;xsfos{ f] oxL clekf| onfO{ lnP/ cfwl' gs cyz{ f:qLn] cflys{ ;dl[ 4 / ljsf;sf nflu kf/:kl/s ;xofu] / ;xsfo{ ug{] p2Z] on] :yflkt ;:+ yfnfO{ ;xsf/L egs] f 5g\\ . o;/L ;xsfo{ ug]{ JolSt / ;+:yf bj' }nfO{ ;xsf/Ln] ae' mfP klg oxfF rflxF o;n] d'Vo ¿kdf bf;] f| ] cy{ ;ª\\st] u/s] f] 5 . klxnf] cyn{ fO{ klg o;n] pkI] ff u/s] f] rflxF 5g} . b'j} cys{ f] ;dGjo u//] eGbf ;xsfo{ ug]{ ;fyLx¿n] cfly{s ;dl[ 4 / ljsf;sf nflu ldnLh'nL :yfkgf u/]sf] ;femf ;:+ yf ;xsf/L xf] . cfwl' gs ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k\"jf{4{ -;g\\ !*$$_ df an] fotaf6 cfPsf] dflgG5 . an] fotL ljåfg\\ /f]a6{ cf]jg] -;g=\\ !&&!–!*%*_ n] ;jk{ y| d o;;DaGwL dxŒjk\"0f{ ljrf/ k:| tt' u/] . o;}n] pgnfO{ cfwl' gs ;xsf/Lsf lktf eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . pgn] ;xsf/Ldf JolStuteGbf ;fd\"lxs cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\\ . oxL ;fdl\" xs cfly{s lj|mofsnfk g} an] fotsf] ;'v, ;dl[ 4 / ljsf;sf] sf/s xf] eGg] ul/G5 . ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 a]nfotn] 5f6] f] ;dodf xfl;n u/s] f] cflys{ ;dl[ 4 nfe] nfUbf] 5 . o;/L cfly{s ;dl[ 4sf/s ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff an] fotaf6 cfP klg o;sf] kj\" {¿k rflxF k\"jLo{ ;Eotfsf] j}lbs jfª\\dodf el] 6G5 . Pscfk;df ldn/] ;/' lIft /xg, j:ts' f] ;fd\"lxs pkef]u ug{ / ;zSt eP/ ;xsfo{ ug{ k/]| 0ff lbg] j]bsf] egfO …;xgfjjt', ;x gf} eg' St', ;x jLo{ s/jfjx}Ú g} ;xsf/L lrGtgsf] kj\" { ¿k xf] . ;xsfo{df h6' g\\ hfu?s agfpg] …;xofqf u/fF}Ú …;a}df ;defj /fvfÚF} / …;Dk\"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ g} Pp6f kl/jf/ dfgf}FÚ h:tf pbfQ ljrf/ j]bdf /x]sf 5g\\ . jl} bs ljrf/s} lj:tf/ ug]{ kf}/fl0fs jfªd\\ odf klg dflg;sf] ;'v;d[l4sf nflu ;xsfo{ ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . kf/} fl0fs jfª\\dodf v'l;ofnLsf ljleGg pT;jdf, /f]un] cfjm| fGt ubf{, k|fsl[ ts ks| fk] n] ;tfpbF f h:tf ;a} lsl;dsf 138 gk] fnL, sIff !@

;v' b'Mvdf ;fy lbg] JolStnfO{ ;xsf/L elgPsf] 5 . o:t} af}4 bzg{ sf] …;ª3\\ + z/0f+ uR5fldÚ n] klg ;xsfo{df cu;| / x'g cfx\\jfg u/s] f] 5 . o;/L dflg; PSnf] hLjgdf /xg g;Sg] k|f0fL ePsfn] p;sf lglDt ;d\"xsf] a;fO, ;xofqf / ;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 eGg] kj\" Lo{ jfª\\do lrGtgsf] ;f/ xf] . ;dx\" df /x]/ k/:k/df ;v' b'Mvsf] ;f6km]/ ubf{ g} dflg;nfO{ PSnf] ePsf] cge' j xbF' g} . ;d\"xdf /xFbf a:bf g} pm cfgGbdo jftfj/0fdf cfˆgf sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fO{ ;v' ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;S5 . jtd{ fg dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; klg JolStsf larsf] kf/:kl/s ;xof]u / ;xsfo{af6 g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . dflg;n] PSnn} ] k\"/f ug{ g;Sg] cfjZostf ;xsfo{af6 k\"/f u/]sf w/] } pbfx/0fx¿ el] 6G5g\\ . Pscfk;df ;xofu] / ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePkl5 g} …Pssf nflu ;a} / ;a}sf nflu PsÚ eGg] efjgfsf ;fy ;xsfo{sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df cgf}krfl/s ;ª\\u7g v8f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lxGb' ;:+ sl[ tsf ;d\"x, d08n, u0f, u?' sn' Pjd\\ a4' wds{ f ;ª\\3, gj] f/L ;db' fodf k|rlnt u'7L, dªs\\ f vn, gj] f ba\", uf| dL0f ;dfhdf k|rlnt ef/f]kd,{ wd{esf/L, P]Frf]krF} f], ;/;fk6 ;xsf/Lsf cflb ¿k x'g\\ . o; lsl;dsf ;xsf/Ln] kf/:kl/s ;xof]u / ;xsfos{ f dfWodaf6 kf6Lkf}jf, wd{zfnf, af6f3] f6f], rp/rft} f/f cflbsf] lgdf{0f, jI[ f/fk] 0f h:tf dfgjlxtsf sfo{ u/]/ ;fdflhs ljsf;df pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\\ . ;fdflhs ljsf;df logn] u/s] f] of]ubfgsf] dxŒj ae' m/] g} gk] fnsf sltko ;d'bfon] clxn] klg u7' L, ef/f]kd,{ P}Frf]kr}F f], ;/;fk6, dn] fkft cflb gfdaf6 ;xsfo{ ul//xs] f 5g\\ . xfdf| k'vfs{ f] o; lsl;dsf] ;xsfo{af6 clek|]l/t ;fdl\" xs hLjgz}nL g} gk] fnL ;+:s[ltsf] dV' o cffwf/ xf] . ;xsf/Lsf] pkfb]otf ;dfhsf x/s] If]qdf plQs} eP klg cflys{ ;dl[ 4 / ljsf;df o;sf] dxŒj lgs} ljlzi6 /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfwf/ cflys{ ;dl[ 4 xf] . ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos cfly{s ;dl[ 4df ;xsf/Lsf] el\" dsf ckl/xfo{ 7fg]/ g} ;+;f/sf cljsl;t, ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsl;t ;a} b]zn] ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul//]xsf 5g\\ . w/] } b]zn] ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 cflys{ ;d[l4 xfl;n ul/;ss] f 5g\\ . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] klg ;xsf/LnfO{ cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;f+:sl[ ts ljsf;sf] cfwf/:tDe :jLsf/ ub}{ ;a} b]znfO{ o;sf dfWodaf6 cfˆgf] bz] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] o;sf] cg;' /0f ug{ ;e' mfj lbPsf] 5 . gk] fndf ;xsf/Ldfkm{t cfly{s ;d[l4sf] p2Z] osf nflu ;ªu\\ l7t x'g] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] w]/} ;do ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L :t/df lj=;+= @)!) df tTsfnLg of]hgf tyf ljsf; dGqfnocGtut{ ;xsf/L ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] . of] ljefu vn' ]kl5 lj=;+= @)!# df lrtjgdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] avfg C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf g} gk] fnsf] klxnf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf xf] . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 139

of] ;uF ;uF } cGo !# cf6] f ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf To; ;dodf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;xsf/L :yfkgf ePkl5 ltgsf] ;~rfng, lgbz]{ g / lgoGq0f ug{] sfgg' sf] cfjZostfafw] ePkl5 lj=;+= @)!^ df ;xsf/L;DaGwL P]g klg aGof] . o;kl5 ;xsf/L;DaGwL ljleGg Pg] , lgodfjnL, gLlt / lgb{l] zsf tof/ ePsf 5g\\ . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f, %) -#_ df ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf;dfkm{t pknAw ;fwg ;f| t] sf] clwstd kl/rfngåf/f tLj| cflys{ j[l4 xfl;n ub{} lbuf] cflys{ ljsf; ug{] nIo /x]sf] pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @(^ sf] pkwf/f ! n] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L Joj:yflksf ;;+ bn\\ ] kj\" {jtL{ P]gsf ;sf/fTds kIfnfO{ :jLsf/ / sdL sdhf/] LnfO{ lg/fs/0f u//] ;xsf/L Pg] , @)&$ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] klg ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 cfTdlge{/, lbuf] Pjd\\ ;dfhjfbpGdv' /fli6«o cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf; ug{] d'Vo p2Z] o lnPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;xsf/Lsf ljZjJofkL dN\" odfGotf / l;4fGtnfO{ cg;' /0f u/L ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng ug{k' g{] lgb{z] g Pg] df lbOPsf] 5 . ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 an] fotn] pNn]Vo cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n u/]kl5 ljZjsf cGo b]zn] klg o;sf] cg';/0f u/s] f] bl] vG5 . ljZjsf !$ b]zsf] ;lj|motf / ;xeflutfaf6 ;g\\ !*(% df cGt/f{li6o« ;xsf/L dxf;ª3\\ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; dxf;ª3\\ n] ;xsf/Lsf cfwf/et\" / gl} ts dN\" onfO{ ;d6] /] ;xsf/L :yfkgfsf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . o; dxf;ª\\3n] tof/ kf/s] f] l;4fGtdf ;lGglxt ljrf/dWo] :jl} R5s tyf vn' f ;b:otf, ;b:osf] nfs] tflGqs lgoGq0f, cflys{ ;xeflutf, :jfoQtf, :jtGqtf, ;xsf/Llar kf/:kl/s ;xofu] , ;db' fok|ltsf] ;/fs] f/, lzIff, tflnd / ;\"rgf d'Vo x'g\\ . clxn] ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zdf log} lgb{z] s l;4fGtsf] cg';/0f u/L ;xsf/LnfO{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xsf/L dxf;ª3\\ df cfa4 g]kfnn] klg o;n] k|:tfj u/s] f d\"NodfGotf / lgbz{] s l;4fGtnfO{ l:jsf/]/ cl3 a9g\\ ] s/' f P]gdf g} ;dfjz] u/s] f] 5 . o;n} ] ;xsf/Lsf dN\" odfGotf / dful{ gb]{zs l;4fGtnfO{ ae' m/] cl3 a9\\bf o;af6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ;xsfo{af6 JolStnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] / ;d'bfosf] lbuf] ljsf; ug{] p2]Zon] ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] . …:jtGqtfsf nflu :jfjnDag, ;d'Ggltsf nflu kf/:kl/stf / b'j}sf nflu ;xsfl/tfÚ ;xsf/Lsf] gf/f /x]sf] 5 . ;xsfo{ ubf{ cfd hg;dx\" dfem 5l/P/ /xs] f] kh'F L, k|ltef / kl| jlwsf] PsLst[ pkof]u eO{ o;af6 cfly{s pGglt xg' ] ePsfn] JolSt cfTdlge/{ aGg'sf ;fy} ;dfhsf] pGglt x'G5 . ;xsf/Ldf ;xsfo{nfO{ dxŒj lbOg] ePsfn] o;df Go\"g k'hF L ePsf JolSt klg cfa4 x'g ;S5g\\ . Gog\" kh'F L ePsf JolStnfO{ …Ps ys' L ;'sL ;o ys' L gbLÚ eg] emF} o;df cfa4 eP/ Ps Ps yfk] f hDdf u/L ufuf| ] eg]{ ;'ljwf 140 g]kfnL, sIff !@

5 . ;a} lsl;dsf JolStnfO{ ;d]6g\\ ;Sg] xbF' f cljsl;t, ljsf;fG] dv' / ljsl;t ;a} b]zdf ;xsf/L v'n]sf 5g\\ . cfly{s l:yltn] sdhf]/ JolStnfO{ ;xsf/Ln] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] ePsfn] ;dfg'kflts cfly{s ;dG' gltsf nflu gk] fn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gdv' bz] sf nflu o; lsl;dsf] ;femf ;:+ yf lgs} pkof]uL bl] vG5 . lglZrt ;db' fosf ;b:on] cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ ldn]/ ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf ug{] ePsfn] ;xsf/L :j}lR5s ;femf ;:+ yf xg' \\ . ;xsf/Laf6 kf| Kt xg' ] ;]jf pkofu] ug{ ;Sg] / ;b:otf lng rfxg] ;a} JolSt ;b:o aGg ;Sg] ePsfn] ;xsf/L vn' f ;+:yf klg x'g\\ . logdf ;b:otf lng] / ;b:otf Tofu ug{] :jtGqtf ;a} ;b:onfO{ pknAw xG' 5 . sg' } klg JolSt c¿sf] s/sfkdf ;b:otf lng afWo x'bF }g . ;j] f pkof]u ug{ rfxg] JolStnfO{ ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ s'g} sl[ qd 5s] af/ nufpg ldNb}g . oL ;:+ yfdf cfa4 ;b:olar lnª\\u, ju,{ j0f,{ hfthflt, wd{ / /fhgLlts cfwf/df eb] efj xbF' }g . :j}lR5s tyf v'nf ;b:otfsf] Joj:yf eP klg ;xsf/Ldf ;b:o aGgsf nflu lglZrt dfkb08 tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . ;xsf/Ldf ;b:o aGg rfxg] x/s] JolStn] ;+:yfaf6 hf/L x'g] ;]o/ clgjfo{ ¿kdf vl/b ugk{' 5{ . ;xsf/L P]gsf] bkmf #) adf]lhd !^ jif{ k'us] f] gk] fnL gful/s ;xsf/Lsf] ;b:o aGg ;Sg] k|fjwfg /xs] f] 5 . ;b:o aGg] JolStn] ;xsf/Lsf] sDtLdf Ps lsQf ;o] / vl/b u/]sf] / ;xsf/Lsf] tf]lsPsf] sfo{If]qdf a;fa] f; u/]sf] xg' k' 5{ . plNnlvt of]Uotf ku' ] tfklg Ps JolSt Ps} ;dodf PseGbf a9L ;dfg k|s[ltsf ;xsf/Lsf] ;b:o aGg ldNb}g . ;xsf/Ldf Psb]lv lnP/ y'k|} ;]o/ klg lsGg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'G5 . hlt g} ;o] / lsg] klg ef6] sf] ;ªV\\ of eg] Ps dfq xG' 5 . o;df gofF ;b:o / k/' fgf ;b:osf lardf klg dtbfg / ljrf/ JoSt ug]{ sfddf s]xL eb] efj ul/bF }g . ;:+ yfsf] k'hF Ldfly ;a} ;b:osf] ;dfg :jfldTj x'G5 . ;xsf/Ldf gfkmf ePdf ;b:on] r'Stf u/]sf] ;o] / khF' Lsf cfwf/df ;Lldt art lkmtf{ kfpF5g\\ . ;+:yfn] cfh{g ug]{ dg' fkmfaf6 ;+/lIft khF' L lkmtf{ sf]if, afg] ; sf]if, hu]8f sf]if, lzIff sfi] f, 3f6f kl\" t{ sfi] f v8f u/L ;:+ yfut ljsf; / ;b:osf] ;]jf tyf ;l' jwf ;l' glZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;xsf/L ;b:os]lGb|t ;:+ yf ePsfn] o;df ;b:osf] ljlzi6 el\" dsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;xsf/L nf]stflGqs ;:+ yf xg' \\ . ;xsf/Lsf ;b:o cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] gLlt to ug{ / lg0f{o ugd{ f ;lj|mo ¿kdf ;xefuL xG' 5g\\ . lgjfl{ rt k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf rog x'g] hg' ;s' } dlxnf tyf k'?if ;b:okl| t pQ/bfoL x'G5g\\ . ;+:yfdf Ps JolSt Ps dtsf] cfwf/df ;b:osf] ;dfg dtflwsf/ xG' 5 . logLx¿sf] u7g klg nf]stflGqs k4ltsf cfwf/df x'g] u5{ . ;fdfGotof ;xsf/L ;+:yf u7g ug{ sDtLdf #) hgf JolSt cfk;df ;ª\\ul7t xg' 'kg]{ gk] fnL, sIff !@ 141

Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf # -!_ n] u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf # -@_df eg] >lds oj' fnufotn] cfˆgf] >d / l;kdf cfwl/t eO{ Joj;fo ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] xsdf !% hgf gk] fnL gful/sn] ;:+ yf u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . o;}n] ;xsf/Ln] >d / l;knfO{ a9L dxŒj lbPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . ;xsf/L :jfoQ ;+:yf xg' \\ . ;:+ yfsf] ;~rfng tyf sfdsf/afxLdf ;/sf/ tyf cGo afxo\\ lgsfosf] x:tIf]k xF'b}g . ;xsf/Ldf d\"ntM sfg'gL zf;g, kf/blz{tf / hafkmb]xL 9ªu\\ n] ;:+ yf rnfpg] ul/G5 . ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfn] cfˆgf ;b:oaf6 art tyf kFh' L ;ªs\\ ng / afx\\o ;|ft] af6 ;Demft} f u/L C0f kf| Kt ug{ ;S5g\\ . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ugs{ f nflu o;sf PsfO ;fwf/0f ;ef, ;~rfns tyf n]vf ;ldlt cflb ljleGg pk;ldltsf] Joj:yf ;xsf/L lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljsf;df ;xsf/Ln] 7n' f] ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] s/' f sx] L jifl{ eq o;n] u/s] f ljleGg sfo{af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;}n] ;dfhsf ;a} Ifq] df ;xsf/Lsf] cfjZostf ;a}lt/af6 dx;;' ul/Psf] 5 . ;xsf/L ljefusf] lj=;+ @)&& sf] tYofª\\scg';f/ g]kfndf @(,**^ ;xsf/L ;~rfng eP klg clxn];Dd ;a} Ifq] df ;xsf/Lsf] ;~rfng xg' ;s]sf] 5g} . ;ah} ;f] If]qdf ;xsf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] v08df g]kfn w]/} s/' fdf :jfjnDaL xg' ;Sg] b]lvG5 . clxn] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] a9b\\ f] k|efj;uF } ljbz] L j:t'sf] a9b\\ f] ko| f]un] xfd|f 3/]n' pTkfbg ;ªs\\ 6df kb{} uPsf 5g\\ . xfdLn] :jbz] L pTkfbgnfO{ kf| yldstfdf g/fv];Dd xfd|f] cfTdlge{/tfsf] ofqfsf] yfngL klg x'Fbg} . o; sfos{ f nflu ;xsf/L g} ke| fjsf/L dfWod aGg ;Sg] bl] vG5 . o;sf nflu ;xsf/Lsf] k|s[lt tyf nfeaf/] ;db' foleqsf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;;' \"lrt u/fpgk' 5{ . o;df ;n+ Ug eO;ss] f ;b:osf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;sf nflu cgj/t ¿kdf lzIff / tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . ;xsf/L;DaGwL lzIffsf] cefjdf o;nfO{ ljz4' ljQLo ;+:yf jf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;xsf/Ln] ljQLo / ;fdflhs b'j} Ifq] df sfd u/] klg o;sf dN\" odfGotf, l;4fGt, sfo{k|sl[ t, gLlt, p2]Zo tyf sfo{j|mdsf cfwf/df oL bj' } lsl;dsf ;:+ yfeGbf ;xsf/L lgtfGt ky[ s\\ 5 . sx] L ;~rfnsn] ;xsf/Lsf d\"NodfGotf / l;4fGtsf] k0\" f{tM pk]Iff u/L j}olSts :jfy{af6 k]l| /t eP/ ;+:yf ;~rfng ul//xs] f 5g\\ . pgLx¿n] ;:+ yfdf Psflwsf/ sfod u/L /sd lxgfldgf u//] km/f/ xb'F f so} f}F ;j;{ fwf/0f 7luPsf 5g\\ . ;~rfnssf o; lsl;dsf] ultljlwaf6 ljkGg jus{ f JolSt ;xsf/Laf6 lng ;Sg] kmfObfaf6 jl~rt ePsf] l:ylt b]vf k/]sf] 5 . o;y{ ;xsf/Laf6 ;j;{ fwf/0f ;a} ;dfg ¿kdf nfeflGjt xf]pg\\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/ / ;Da4 ;a} kIf o;k|lt ;dod} ;r]t xg' 'kg{] b]lvPsf] 5 . 142 gk] fnL, sIff !@

;xsf/Laf6 :jbz] d} /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'g] ePsfn] of] cfTdlge/{ tf / ljsf;sf] kd| 'v dfWod aGg ;S5 . of] pBdzLn ;+:yf ePsfn] o;cGtut{ w]/} pBdzLn / l;h{gzLn k|sl[ tsf sfo{ ;dflji6 5g\\ . ;xsf/L gLlt, @)&$ df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ o;sf pBdzLntfsf If]q s[lif, kzk' fng, jg, jftfj/0f, ljBfno, :jf:Yo, ko{6g, ;~rf/ tyf kl| jlw, ljQLo ;]jf, oftfoft, hUuf tyf cfjf;, pmhf{, ladf, h8La6' L cflb xg' \\ . ckf/ hn;|ft] Pjd\\ pj/{ f e\"ldn] ;DkGg / cgk' d k|fs[lts ;fG} bon{ ] kl/k0\" f{ g]kfnsf] hn;f| t] , sl[ if / ko{6gsf Ifq] df ;xsf/L ;~rfngsf ;DefJo cGo If]q klg kof{Kt /xs] f 5g\\ . ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 logsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ xf] eg] :jb]zd} /f]huf/L l;hg{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . :jbz] d} /fh] uf/L l;hg{ f ug{ ;s] nfvfF} o'jf ljbl] ;gk' g{] l:yltsf] cGTo x'G5 . l;h{gzLn oj' fsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutfdf :jb]zsf] ljsf; tLj| ¿kdf cl3 a9\\5 . o;af6 k/lge/{ tf 36\\g uO{ cfTdlge{/ ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf; xG' 5 / /fli6o« cyt{ Gq klg ;'b9[ xG' 5 . ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 pkoS{' t ;a} pBf]unfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ub{} gofF If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;d6] /] cl3 a9\\g ;s] g]kfn ;+;f/s} ;d'Ggt / ;v' L d'ns' aGg ;S5 . zAbe08f/ != lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\\ M zAb cy{ ;f]2]Zo :jfldTj ;dGjo ctn' gLo pbfQ w]/} pAhgL x'g,] pAhfp pkfbo] tf ljho :jfjnDaL JolStTj :jfoQtf nfefz+ af]g; :jfwLgtf cflwkTo pkofl] utf pj/{ f dxfg\\ cgk' d PseGbf a9L s/' fsf] dn] lglZrt p2Z] osf ;fy cfTdlge/{ gk] fnL, sIff !@ 143

@= lbOPsf cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]Hg'xf;] \\ M -s_ s'g} hflt jf ;d'bfosf] k|ultsf] ;Dk\"0f{ kl| tlaDa -v_ pBf]u, Jofkf/ cflb s'g} Joj;fodf nufgL ul/Psf] lg/Gt/ d'gfkmf lbO/xg] d\"n wg -u_ ;femf Jofkf/df nufOPsf ;DklQsf] lx:;f -3_ eOk/L cfpg] sfdsfhsf nflu /flvPsf] ;l~rt wgdfn -ª_ sg' } ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ug{, u/fpg ag]sf] ;/sf/L lgod -r_ Pg] , ljwfg cflbsf] Ps c+z #= lbOPsf zAbsf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb nV] gx' f;] \\ M pbo, pGglt, ;'vL, vn' f, ;o+ f]u, :jfoQtf, nfe, ljut, ljsf;, gfkmf $= lbOPsf 6S' sfsf] cy{ klxNofO{ ltgnfO{ jfSodf ko| fu] ug{x' f;] \\ M xft 5f8\\g', ;ftf] hfg', 3F8' f 6]Sg,' 6fpsfdf 6]Sg,' sn' ]nd 7f]Sg,' v'6\\6f tfGg,' xft yfKg,' Hofg lbg', tfn'df cfn' kmNg' %= lbOPsf kfl/eflifs zAbnfO{ zAbsf]zLo cgj' |mddf ldnfpg'xf];\\ / zAbsf]zsf] ;xfotf lnO{ ltgsf] cy{ klg n]Vgx' f;] \\ M cAan, bfo] d, l;d, rfxf/, P]nfgL, lsQf, st' , ktL,{ df7] , ;'sD' af;L, cf/If, clud| , clwst[ , cGtMzN' s, cfk\"lt,{ cfoJoo, sfoj{ fxs, u0f afw] / cleJolSt != …;xsf/LÚ ka| Gwsf] cflb, dWo / cGTodf cfPsf ljifoj:ta' f/] eGg'xf;] \\ . @ …;xsf/LÚ ka| Gw k9L lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ ;xsf/L egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ cfw'lgs ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff s'g bz] af6 cfPsf] dflgG5 < -u_ gk] fnL ;:+ sl[ tsf] dV' o cfwf/ s] xf] < -3_ ;xsf/Lsf lgbz{] s l;4fGt s] s] x'g\\ < -ª_ ;xsf/Lsf] dV' o gf/fsf] cfzo s] xf] < 144 g]kfnL, sIff !@