Class 12 Nepali Book

-r_ …;xsf/LÚ k|aGwsf] klxnf] / bf;] f| ] cgR' 5b] sf] ;f/ eGg'xf];\\ . -5_ ;xsf/L lsg cfjZos 5 < #= gk] fndf ;xsf/L :yfkgfsf dV' o p2]Zo atfpgx' f;] \\ . $= ;+o'St /fi6;ª3\\ n] ;+;f/sf ;a} b]znfO{ ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ lbPsf] ;e' mfjaf/] cfˆgf wf/0ff JoSt ug{x' f;] \\ . %= lbOPsf] ka| Gwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M g]kfnsf] cflys{ ljsf;df ;xsf/Ln] 7n' f] ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] s/' f sx] L jifl{ eq o;n] u/s] f ljleGg sfoa{ f6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;n} ] ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf] cfjZostf ;al} t/af6 dx;;' ul/Psf] 5 . ;xsf/L ljefusf] lj=;+ @)&& sf] tYofª\\scg';f/ gk] fndf @(,**^ ;xsf/L ;~rfng eP klg clxn;] Dd ;a} If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf] ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5g} . ;a}h;f] Ifq] df ;xsf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] v08df gk] fn w/] } s/' fdf :jfjnDaL x'g ;Sg] bl] vG5 . kZ| gx¿ -s_ g]kfnnfO{ s;/L cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;lsG5 < -v_ gk] fnsf 3/]n' pTkfbgnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L ahf/Ls/0f ug{ s:tf pkfo cjnDag ug{k' nf{ < ^= lbOPsf] ka| Gwfz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M ckf/ hn;f| t] Pjd\\ pj{/f e\"ldn] ;DkGg / cgk' d kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bo{n] el/k\"0f{ g]kfnsf] hn;f| ]t, s[lif / ko{6gsf Ifq] df ;xsf/L ;~rfngsf ;DefJo cGo If]q klg kofK{ t /x]sf 5g\\ . ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 logsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] xf] eg] :jbz] d} /fh] uf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . :jbz] d} /f]huf/L l;hg{ f ug{ ;s] nfvf}F o'jf ljbl] ;g'kg{] l:yltsf] cGTo xG' 5 . l;hg{ zLn oj' fsf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutfdf :jbz] sf] ljsf; tLj| ¿kdf cl3 a9\\5 . o;af6 k/lge{/tf 36g\\ uO{ cfTdlge{/ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'G5 / /fli6o« cy{tGq klg ;b' 9[ xG' 5 . ;xsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 pkoS{' t ;a} pBf]unfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ub}{ gofF If]qnfO{ ;dt] ;d6] /] cl3 a9\\g ;s] g]kfn ;+;f/s} ;dG' gt / ;v' L d'n's aGg ;S5 . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 145

k|Zgx¿ -s_ :jb]zd} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ s] ug'{ pko'St xG' 5 < -v_ gk] fnnfO{ s;/L ;+;f/s} ;dG' gt / ;v' L dn' s' agfpg ;lsG5 < &= ;dLIffTds pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ;xsf/Ln] gk] fnsf] ljsf;df s;/L ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] 5 < -v_ …;xsf/Ldf Ps Ps yfk] f hDdf u/L ufuf| ] eg]{ ;l' jwf 5Ú ljj]rgf ugx{' f;] \\ . *= lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M …;dfnfr] gfÚ zAbsf] ;fdfGofy{ s'g} klg ljifoj:t' jf s'/fnfO{ ;a} sf]0faf6 /fd/| L x]g{' eGg] x'G5 . ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df eg] s'g} klg ;flxlTos sl[ tsf] lgikIftfsf ;fy u0' f / bf]ifsf] cjnf]sg ug{' eGg] cy{ kf| Kt x'G5 . cemeGbf s'g} klg ;flxlTos sl[ tsf] u'0f / bf]ifsf] lg¿k0f u/L pSt sl[ tsf] JofVof / dN\" ofªs\\ g ug{' g} ;dfnfr] gf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;dLIff, cfnfr] gf, ljj]rgf / kf7s kl| tljm| of zAbn] klg ;dfnf]rgfn] ;ª\\s]t ug{] cy{ lbg] ePsfn] lognfO{ klg ;dfnfr] gfs} gfdfGt/sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;dfnfr] gf ;l[ i6k|ltsf] b[li6 xf] . ;[li6 eg]sf] l;hg{ f xf] eg] bl[ i6 eg]sf] To;nfO{ x]g]{ ;fwg jf sfd xf] . s'g} klg ;l[ i6sf] ;f}Gbos{ f] cjnfs] g, ljZni] f0f / d\"Nofª\\sgsf nflu b[li6sf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsfn] x/]s If]qdf klxn] ;l[ i6 jf l;h{gf x'G5 To;kl5 dfq To; j:t'sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ bl[ i6sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . ;du| ;;+ f/s} s'/f ubf{ klg klxn] hut\\sf] ;l[ i6 ePsf] / To;kl5 dfq pSt huts\\ f] ;fG} bos{ f] cjnfs] g / ljZni] f0f ug]{ bl[ i6o'St hLjsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;dfnfr] gf klg l;h{gfnfO{ x]g]{ bl[ i6 ePs} sf/0f l;hg{ feGbf slgi7 ljwf xf] . ljZj ;flxTodf g} ;dfnfr] gf l;hg{ fkl5 cfpgn' ] o; s'/fsf] kl' i6 xG' 5 . k\"jd{ f …/fdfo0fÚ / …dxfef/tÚ sf] l;h{gf ePkl5 dfq ltgsf ljljw kIfsf] cjnfs] g ug]{ p2]Zon] e/t dl' gn] …gf6o\\ zf:qÚ sf] /rgf u/s] f x'g\\ . klZrddf xfd] /sf l;hg{ fTds s[lt …Olno8Ú / …cfl] 8;LÚ sf] /rgf ul/Psf] nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq Kn6] fs] f ;dfnfr] gf;DaGwL ljleGg ljrf/ / Pl/:6f]6nsf] …sfJozf:qÚ cfPsf 5g\\ . g]kfnL ;flxTos} s/' f ubf{ klg pbofgGb cof{nsf] …kY[ jLGb|fb] oÚ, efge' St cfrfo{sf] …/fdfo0fÚ cflb w/] } sfJos[ltsf] l;h{gf eO;s]kl5 dfq pSt s[ltsf] u'0fbfi] fsf] d\"Nofªs\\ g x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnLdf slj / sfJosl[ tsf] cjnfs] g / dN\" ofª\\sg ug]{ sfos{ f] yfngL dft] L/fd e6\\6n] u/]sf xg' \\ . pgn] efge' St / pgsf] /fdfo0fsf] d\"Nofª\\sg ug{] p2]Zon] /rgf u/]sf] …slj 146 g]kfnL, sIff !@

efg'eStfrfo{sf] hLjg rl/qÚ gk] fnL ;flxTokl| tsf] b[li6 k:| tt' ePsf] klxnf] sl[ t xf] . dft] L/fdsf] of] s[lt hLjgLk/s eP klg k|:tt' s[ltdf slj efg'eSt / pgsf] sfJo …/fdfo0fÚ sf af/]df sx] L ljj]rgfTds bl[ i6 k:| tt' ePsfn] g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] k|yd s[lt o;n} fO{ dflgPsf] 5 . o;n} ] sg' } klg ;flxTosf/sf ljzi] ftf jf ;flxlTos sl[ tsf u'0fbf]ifsf] j:t'ut ljjr] gf ug]{ ljwf g} ;dfnfr] gf xf] . k|Zgx¿ -s_ ;dfnfr] gfsf] dV' o sfo{ s] xf] < -v_ …;[li6Ú / …b[li6Ú zAbn] s] s] ae' mfPsf 5g\\ < -u_ kfZrfTo ;flxTosf ky| d l;hg{ fTds / ;dfnf]rgfTds sl[ t s'g s'g xg' \\ < -3_ …slj efg'eStfrfos{ f] hLjg rl/qÚ hLjgLk/s s[ltnfO{ lsg gk] fnL ;flxTosf] ky| d sl[ t dflgG5 < (= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L rf/cf6] f a'Fbf l6Kg'xf];\\ / Ps tt[ Lof+zdf ;f/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M lh1f;f g} 1fgsf] aLh xf] . lh1f;f jl[ QnfO{ ljsl;t ug'{ / To;df pQd ;+:sf/sf] :yfkgf ug{'df g} lzIffsf] pkofl] utf /xs] f] x'G5 . o;} sf/0fn] hg' lzIffn] dfgjsf ;bj\\ [lQsf] hfu/0f ub}g{ , h;n] dfgjnfO{ ef]uk|wfg k|]of]dfu{af6 sNof0fk|wfg >o] fd] fut{ km{ nUb}g, dfgj dgdf k;]/ dfgjnfO{ Ps >i] 7 hLjg:jKgn] el/lbbF g} Tof] lzIff xfO] g, ;fIf/tf dfq xf] . cfh o; lsl;dsf] ;fIf/tf g} ;;+ f/sf cg]s hl6n ;d:ofsf] sf/0f aGg ku' s] f] 5 . o; sf/0f lzIff xfd|f] wd{ / ;+:sl[ tsf] cgs' \"n x'gk} 5{ . ljBfyL{n] ljBfnodf dfq ;a} s/' f l;S5g\\ eGg' 7n' f] en' x'g hfG5 . afns kl/jf/df, af6fdf, ldq;Dks{df / ;j{q s]xL g s]xL l;ls/x]sf] xG' 5 . pm cfˆgf dftflktf, aGw'afGwj, ;fyL;uF ftL, kl/lrt, ckl/lrt dflg;sf] Jojxf/af6 klg w]/yf]/ l;ls/xs] f] xG' 5 . o; sf/0f ;dfhsf] jftfj/0f cfhsf] h:tf] bl\" ift xg' x' 'bF }g . ;dfhsf] jftfj/0fsf] kl/isf/ ug{' cToGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu cy{k|wfg hLjgb[li6sf] 7fpdF f stJ{ ok|wfg hLjgbl[ i6sf] :yfkgf cToGt cfjZos xg' cfpF5 . st{Jokw| fg hLjgb[li6sf] lgdf0{ f ;+:sl[ tdn\" s lzIffaf6 x'g] u5{ . o:tf] lzIffaf6 dfgj c;n t x'G5 g} ;fy} ;kmn klg x'G5 . vKt8 :jfdL gk] fnL, sIff !@ 147

!)= lbOPsf dWo] sg' } Ps zLif{sdf lgaGw nV] g'xf;] \\ M -s_ dfgj hLjgdf of]usf] dxŒj -v_ b]z ljsf;df o'jfsf] el\" dsf -u_ gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljsf;df ko{6g pBfu] sf] el\" dsf !!= lbOPsf] ;hl{ dg d'r'Nsfsf] gdg' f k9g\\ x' f];\\ / s'g} ljifodf Pp6f ;h{ldg d'r'Nsfsf] gdg' f n]Vgx' f;] \\ M lnlvtd\\ xfdL tkl;nsf dflg; cfu] eStk'/ lhNnf ;\"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] ho/fd wf}e8]nsL 5f/] L nLnf wfe} 8n] n] cfkm\" xfn;Dd cljjflxt ePsf] sf/0f cljjflxt k|df0fLs/0fsf] l;kmfl/; ul/lbgx' 'g egL eStk/' lhNnf ;\"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % sf] j8f sfofn{ odf lgj]bg lbge' Psf] / ;f] lgjb] gsf] ;DaGwdf j8f sfofn{ oaf6 v6L cfpg'ePsf 8f/] sd{rf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ Ps} 7fpdF f hDdf e]nf u/fO{ lgh lgjb] ssf] lgj]bgsf] Joxf/] f k9LjfrL ;g' fpge' of] . o;df lgh lgjb] ssf] lgj]bg dfuadfl] hd lghsL 5f]/Lsf] xfn;Dd ljjfx ePsf] 5, 5g} < lgh lgj]bssf] 5f]/LnfO{ j8f sfof{noaf6 cljjflxt k|df0fLs/0fsf] l;kmfl/; ul/lbP x'G5, x'Fbg} < ePsf] ;TotYo, oyfy{ Joxf/] f kl5;Dd klg km/s gkg]{ u/L nv] Lnv] fO{ lbgx' f];\\ egL ;f]wgL xFb' f xfd|f] lrQ ae' mo\\ f] . o;df dfly pNnv] ePadfl] hd eStk/' lhNnf ;o\" {ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] ho/fd wf}e8]nsL 5f/] L nLnf wfe} 8]nsf] xfdLn] hfga] e' m;] Dd cfhsf ldlt;Dd ljjfx ePsf] 5g} . lgh xfn;Dd cljjflxt g} 5g\\ . To;n} ] lghnfO{ eStk'/ lhNnf ;o\" l{ jgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % sf] j8f sfof{noaf6 lgodfg';f/ cljjflxt kd| f0fLs/0fsf] l;kmfl/; ul/lbP x'G5, km/s kbg{} egL xfdf| ] dgf]dfgL /fhLv;' Ln] of] ;hl{ dg dr' N' sfsf] sfuh n]lvn]vfO{ ;xL5fk u/L 8f/] sd{rf/L x:t] j8f sfofn{ odf r9fof}F . o;df nl] vPsf] ;Dk0\" f{ Joxf]/f l7s 5, km/s 5}g, km/s jf em6' \\6f 7x/] kr| lnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;xn'F f ae' mfpFnf egL ;xL ug{] ============================================================================================= != eStk/' lhNNff ;o\" {ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] a:g] jif{ @% sf] ho/fd a:gt] ========! @= eStk'/ lhNNff ;o\" {ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] a:g] jif{ #% sL uLtf >i] 7 ========! 148 gk] fnL, sIff !@

#= eStk'/ lhNNff ;\"ol{ jgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] a:g] jif{ $) sf] ;\"o{axfb/' yfkf ========! $= eStk'/ lhNNff ;\"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] a:g] jif{ %% sL] 8f]Ndf tfdfª ========! %= eStk/' lhNNff ;o\" l{ jgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % a:g] a:g] jif{ @& sf] jL/axfb/' kl/of/ ========! ^= eStk'/ lhNNff ;o\" {ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= ^ a:g] a:g] jif{ ^% sf] lzjnfn ofbj ========! &= eStk/' lhNNff ;o\" l{ jgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= & a:g] a:g] jif{ $% bj] Lk|;fb rfln;] =======! /fx] a/df != of] ;h{ldg dr' 'Nsf d/] f] /f]xa/df ePsf] xf] egL ;xL ug{] lgjb] ssf] afa' ho/fd wfe} 8]n ======! @= ;DalGwt lgjb] s M nLnf wf}e8]n ======= ! sfd tfdn] ug{] =ho/fd pkfWofo, sfofn{ o ;xfos, ;\"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g= % sf] j8f sfof{no, s6'Gh] Olt ;+jt\\ @)&* ;fn h]7 dlxgf @ ut] ! /fh] ze' d\\ ================================== !@= lbOPsf] a7} ssf] lg0fo{ sf] gdg' f k9g\\ x' f];\\ / tkfOsF{ f 6f]ndf vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu tkfOFs{ f] j8f sfofn{ osf] a}7saf6 ug{] lg0fo{ sf] gdg' f nV] g'xf;] \\ M a7} s lg0f{o cfh ldlt @)&* ;fn j}zfv & ut] o; ;lxb z'jm| /fh vn] s'b d~rsf cWoIf hLj]Gb| e66\\ Ho\"sf] cWoIftfdf d~r sfof{nodf ;:+ yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef;DaGwL cfjZos lg0f{ofy{ o; d~rsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] a7} s a:of] . a}7sdf /x]sf] pkl:ylt, k:| tfj tyf k:| tfjdfly ePsf lg0fo{ tkl;nadfl] hd /xs] f 5g\\ M gk] fnL, sIff !@ 149

pkl:ylt jm| =;= gfd kb b:tvt != hLj]Gb| e6\\6 cWoIf @= l:dtf ad pkfWoIf #= k|ldnf kl/of/ ;lrj $= pkG] b| rfw} /L sfi] ffWoIf %= cdt[ tfdfª ;b:o ^= ;hgf ef/tL ;b:o &= hgfbg{ 5q] L ;b:o *= lzjxl/ vgfn ;b:o (= s?0ff k|wfg ;b:o !)= dgfh] ofbj ;b:o !!= dfof u?' ª ;b:o k:| tfljt ljifo != ;:+ yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DaGwdf @= ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf #= ljljw lg0f{o != k|:tfj g= ! dfly 5nkmn xbF' f o; ;:+ yfsf] jfli{fs ;fwf/0f ;ef ug{] ;do ePsfn] cfufdL ldlt @)&* h7] & ut] lbgsf] !! ah]bl] v ;:+ yfsf] cfˆg} ;efsIfdf o; ;:+ yfsf] !% cf}F ;fwf/0f ;ef ;~rfng ug]{ lg0fo{ ul/of] . pSt ;efsf nflu ;a} ;fwf/0f tyf cfhLjg ;b:onfO{ ;r\" gf ug{] / pSt ;efsf] pb\\3f6g ;qdf :yfgLo kflnsf, j8f ;ldlt, :yfgLo ljBfno / sfofn{ osf kd| v' jf k|ltlglwnfO{ cfdGq0f;d]t ug{] lg0fo{ ul/of] . @= dflysf] lg0f{o ! cg';f/ ;fwf/0f;ef ug{'cufj} o; ;:+ yfsf] cf= j= @)&^÷)&& tyf rfn' cf= j= @)&&÷)&* sf] ;?' bl] v xfn;Dd rfn' cjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ cfjZos ePsfn] ;fs] f nflu gk] fn ;/sf/af6 Ohfht k|fKt btfj{ fn nv] fk/LIfs >L dlGb/f ljZjsdf{nfO{ n]vfk/LIfsdf lgo'lSt ug{] lg0f{o ul/of] . 150 g]kfnL, sIff !@

#= lg0f{o g= ! cg;' f/ ;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;efsf nflu cfjZos d;nGb ;fdfg, cltly ;Tsf/, lrofkfg cflb vr{sf nflu kl5 km:of{6] ug]{ u/L xfnnfO{ ?= %)))).– -cIf/]lk krf; xhf/ dfq_ ;:+ yfsf sf]iffWoIfnfO{ k]:sL pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] . cfhsf] a7} ssf ljifoj:t' ;dfKt ePsfn] a}7s ;dfkg ul/of] . !#= lbOPsf] lj1lKt k9\\g'xf;] \\ / sx] L ljB'tLo dfWoddf …;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffÚ ljifonfO{ x6fP/ …ul0ftÚ ljifo clgjfo{ agfOPsf] eGg] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePkl5 To;sf] v08g ul/Psf] / bj' } ljifodWo] Pp6f clgjfo{ ¿kdf lng'kg]{ Joj:yf sfod ePsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu kf7o\\ j|md ljsf; s]Gbs| f] tkma{ f6 lgsflng] lj1lKtsf] gdg' f n]Vg'xf;] \\ M g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno l;x+ b/af/, sf7df8fF}, gk] fn ldltM @)&&÷!)÷@( kq ;ªV\\ of M r=g= lj1lKt cWofudg ljefusf] dfh} b' f ko{6s le;f;DaGwL cfGtl/s sfol{ jlwdf ;+zf]wg u/L gk] fnL dlxnfx¿ klxnf] k6s hf]lvd ;DefJo d'n'sx¿df ko{6s le;fdf hfbF f :yfgLo txsf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ nfluPsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWod tyf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿af6 eO/xs] f ks| fzg, k|;f/0f tyf kl| tljm| ofdfly o; dGqfnosf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . gk] fnL dlxnfx¿ sltko dn' 'sdf ko{6s le;fdf hfFbf xg' ;Sg] ;/' Iffnufotsf hfl] vdnfO{ ljrf/ u/L To:tf dn' 'sdf x'g] e|d0fnfO{ ;'/lIft tyf ;xh agfpg] tyf ko{6s le;fsf] b¿' kof]u x'g glbg] cflb cGo ljifodf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] eP klg :yfgLo txsf] l;kmfl/; clgjfo{ x'g] u/L sg' } 5nkmn gePsf] tyf o;;DaGwL sfo{ljlwdf xfn;Dd sg' } lg0fo{ gePsf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu cg'/fw] 5 . rjm| axfb/' a'9f ;x;lrj÷kj| Stf gk] fnL, sIff !@ 151

!$= lbOPsf] JolStut ljj/0fsf] gdg' f k9\\xf];\\ / r]tgf cfwf/e\"t ljBfnosf nflu g]kfnL ljifo k9fpg] lzIfs dfu ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;f] kbsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfˆgf] JolStut ljj/0f tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ M JolStut ljj/0f gfd M bLkf 1jfnL hGd:yfg M ;lGwvs{ g=kf @, c3fv{ frF L hGdldlt M @)$^÷!)÷@! dftf M ljdnf 1jfnL lktf M t]hk;| fb 1jfnL ;Dks{ gDa/ M ================ Od]n M ================== j}jflxs l:ylt M ljjflxt :yfoL 7]ufgf M ;lGwvs{ g=kf @, c3fv{ fFrL ;Dks{ 7]ufgf M sLltk{ /' gu/kflnsf ^, rfe] f/ z}lIfs ofU] otf @)^* M :gfts, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno @)^$ M pRr dfWolds tx, pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb,\\ ;fgfl] 7dL eStk/' @)^@ M P;=Pn=;L=, k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no, ;fgf]l7dL eStk/' tflnd tyf cge' j @)&! bl] v ;/:jtL dfWolds ljBfnodf cfwf/et\" txsf] gk] fnL ljifo lzIfs kbdf sfo/{ t @)&$ rf/ dlxg] cfwf/e\"t sDKo6' / tflnd @)&^ hot' ;+:s[td\\ ;:+ yfåf/f ;~rflnt ;:+ st[ efiffsf] b'O{ dlxg] tflnd @)&& la|l6; sfplG;n gk] fnåf/f ;~rflnt cªu\\ |h] L efiffsf] ;ft xKt] tflnd x:tfIf/ gfd 152 gk] fnL, sIff !@

;'gfO / af]nfO != ;'gfO kf7 !! ;'Gg'xf;] \\ / lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ …dÚ kfqsf ljrf/df 6fpsf] sqf] 5 < -c_ es'G8f] hqf] -cf_ rGb|df hqf] -O_ k[YjL hqf] -O{_ kY[ jLeGbf 7n' f] -v_ gofF 7fpF kQf nufpg] JolSt sf] sf] x'g\\ < -c_ ldN6g / 6]g -cf_ Go6' g / 8fla{g -O_ sf]klg{s; / cfOG:6fOg -O_{ ef:sfl] 8ufdf / sfn] Da; -u_ Go'6g / cfOG:6fOgn] u/s] f ofu] bfg s] s] x'g\\ < -c_ dgfl] j1fg / ljsf;jfbsf] JofVof -cf_ dxfsfJo / pkGof;sf] l;hg{ f -O_ u?' Tjfsif0{ f / ;fkI] ftfjfbsf] JofVof -O_{ 6fpsf] / ax| \\df08sf] ljZn]if0f @= lsg si[ 0f, sGˆo'l;o;, jm| fO:6, a4' / dfx] DdbnfO{ dfgj hfltsf] p4f/stfs{ f ¿kdf lng] ul/G5, ;g' fO kf7 !! sf cfwf/df cfˆgf ts{ lbgx' f;] \\ . efifftìj != lbOPsf cgR' 5]b k9g\\ x' f;] \\ / ltgdf k|o'St jfSodf stf{, sd{ / lj|mofkbsf] :yfg xg] {x' f;] \\ . klxnf] cg'R5]b / bf];f| ] cg'R5b] dWo] sg' s'gdf ;fdfGo / ljlzi6 kbjm| dsf jfSo ko| 'St 5g,\\ eGg'xf];\\ M -s_ k'UofF} laxfg bz ah] xfdL vKt8 . la;fofF} emfn] fx¿ 5p] s} Ps yD' sfdf clg xg] { yfNofF} vKt8sf] cgk' d kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bo{ bV] of}F . 9sdSs km'n]sf /ª\\uLrªu\\ L kmn\" , ;'GofF} r/fsf lr/lr/, x]¥of}F vRr8sf ayfg, k'Uof}F s]xL l5gd} e\":ju{ em}F :jfdL vKt8sf] tkfe] l\" d . b]Vg]lalQs} tkfe] \"ld ;f]rF] d}n] o:t} ;G' b/ / zfGt 7fpdF f ;fwgf u//] g} xf]nf, /rgf ug{ ;s] h;n] …ljrf/lj1fgÚ h:tf] dxfg\\ uG| y/Tg . -v_ xfdL laxfg bz ah] vKt8 kU' ofF} . xfdLn] emfn] fx¿ 5p] s} Ps yD' sfdf la;fofF} clg vKt8sf] cgk' d kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bo{ xg] { yfNof}F . 9sdSs kmn' s] f /ªu\\ Lrªu\\ L kmn\" bV] of,F} r/fsf lr/lr/ ;G' of,F} vRr8sf ayfg x¥] of,F} sx] L l5gd} e:\" ju{ emF} :jfdL vKt8sf] tkfe] l\" d kU' ofF} . tkfe] l\" d bV] gl] alQs} dn} ] o:t} ;G' b/ / zfGt 7fpdF f ;fwgf u//] g} xfn] f, h;n] …ljrf/lj1fgÚ h:tf] dxfg\\ uG| y/Tg /rgf ug{ ;s] eGg] ;fr] F] . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 153

@= pbfx/0fdf lbOP em}F tnsf ;fdfGo kbj|mdsf jfSonfO{ ljlzi6 kbjm| ddf kl/jt{g ug'{xf;] \\ M slj/ laxfg ;a/] } p75\\ . pm lgTosd{ u5{ . pm cfˆgf efOalxgLnfO{ p7fpF5 . p;sL cfdfn] pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ lrofvfhf lbg'xG' 5 . pm lstfasfkL af]s]/ ljBfno hfG5 . ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿l;t ldn/] k95\\ . pm u[xsfo{ u5{ . pm efOalxgLnfO{ k9fp5F . pm km;' b{ sf] ;dodf k':tsfno hfG5 . ;fdfGo kbj|md lrofvfhf lbg'x'G5 ljlzi6 kbjm| d lgdfsL cfdfn] 3/sf ;a}nfO{ Gffd ljm| ofkb 3/sf ;an} fO{ lgdfsL ljzi] f0f gfd ljz]if0f gfd cfdfn] lrofvfhf kT| oIf sd{ lj|mofkb lbgx' G' 5 . stf{ ck|ToIf sd{ lbg'xG' 5 lgdfsL cfdfn] 3/sf ;an} fO{ lrofvfhf . #= pbfx/0fdf lbOP em}F stf,{ ckT| oIf sd{, k|ToIf sd{ / lj|mof tyf ckT| oIf sd{, stf{, kT| oIf sd{ / lj|mofsf] j|mddf k|of]u ePsf kbsf] ko| f]u u/L cGo kfrF kfFrcf6] f jfSo l6Kgx' f;] \\ M -s_ cfl/kmn] cfl;kmnfO{ snd lbof] . stf{ ± ck|ToIf sd{ ±+ kT| oIf sd{ ± lj|mofkb -v_ cfl;kmnfO{ cfl/kmn] snd lbof] . ck|ToIf sd{ ± stf{ ±+ k|ToIf sd{ ± lj|mofkb $= tnsf] cg'R5]bdf k|o'St n]Vo lrx\\g l6Kgx' f;] \\ / ltgsf] gfd klg eGg'xf;] \\ M Ps lbg l/df, k|z+;f, cnuj' f / cfl;kmn] kbofqf ub{} cGgk0\" f{ cfwf/ lzlj/ 3D' g] ;Nnfx u/] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 pgLx¿ cGgk\"0f{ kbofqfsf nflu k|:yfg u/] . kbofqfsf j|mddf Ps /ft pgLx¿nfO{ af6fd} jf; a:gk' g{] eof] . pgLx¿n] Pp6f ?vd'lg kfn xfn]/ a;] . To;sf] Ps l5gdf Ps hgf ljåfg\\ klg ToxfF cfOku' ] . pgn] klg lx8F g\\ cK7\\of/f] ePsfn] tL o'jfl;t ToxL a:g kfP xG' Yof] eGg] ljrf/ JoSt u/] . o'jfn] klg ljåfgs\\ f] k|:tfj l:jsf/] . o;n} ] To; lbg pgLx¿n] cfkm\"l;t h] 5 ToxL vfP/ lrQ ae' mfpgk' g]{ eof] . vfg]s'/fsf gfddf l/dfl;t lrp/f / cnuj' fl;t e6' s] f ds} dfq 154 g]kfnL, sIff !@

/x5] g\\ . olQn] ;a}sf] k6] s;/L el/G5 < ;a} Pscfk;df kZ| g ub}{ lyP . of] ;d:of tL ljåfgn\\ ] ;'g] / eg,] ……tL lrp/f / e'6]sf ds} Pp6f ef8F f] jf sfuh h] 5 To;d} f /fv . ;an} ] cln cln lgsfNb} vfbF } hfpm . ltdLx¿ ;a} Tolt vfgfaf6 c3fpF5fF} .ÚÚ pgLx¿n] ljåfg\\n] eg]adfl] hd u/] . olt vfPkl5 ;as} f] k]6 el/of] . ……cfx] f] Û olt yf]/} vfg] s'/fn] ;a}sf] k6] s;/L el/of] <ÚÚ cnu'jfn] cfZro{ k|s6 u/] . cfl;kmn] pQ/ lbP, ……of] ljåfg\\sf] rdTsf/ xf]ÚÚ t/ tL ljåfg\\n] eg], ……of] ltdLx¿sf] ;be\\ fjgfn] el/Psf] ;dembf/Lsf] rdTsf/ xf] . ltdLx¿n] vf;] fvf]; u/]sf] eP jf PSn} vfPsf] eP Tolt vfg] s'/faf6 ;a}sf] k]6 el/g ;Dej lyPg . ltdLx¿n] ldn/] vfof}, ltdLx¿ ;a}sf] k]6 el/of] . hg' 7fpdF f ;b\\efjgf, ;lxi0ft' f / ;xsfo{ xG' 5 To:tf] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf ;a} ;v' L xG' 5g\\ .Æ o; ed| 0fdf cToGt} gfn} f] cge' j ;uF fns] f tL ;fyLdWo] cnuj' fn] t …cGgk0\" f{ ed| 0f / cgf7} f] cge' l\" tÚ zLifs{ sf] nv] nv] /] klqsfdf 5kfP klg . %= pkoS' t n]Vo lrxg\\ k|ofu] u/L tnsf] cgR' 5b] sf] k'gn{]vg ug{'xf;] \\ M l5l/ª x/]s lbg lgoldt ¿kdf sg' } g s'g} gofF k':ts k9g\\ ] uy]{ pgn] syf sljtf pkGof; / ofqf ;:d/0f ljwfsf w/] } lstfa kl9;s]sf lyP . d'gfdbg k9b\\ f pgL lgs} efjs' ag]sf lyP . k9\\bfvl] / sx] L s'/f gae' m\\bf pgL xh/' cfdf;Fu hfGy] / lstfa b]vfpFb} eGy] xh/' cfdf o;sf] cy{ s] xf] . lstfa bV] g]lalQs} xh'/cfdf eGgx' 'GYof] cf]xf] ltdLn] of] s] Nofof} xh'/cfdfnfO{ eg] sfnf cIf/ eF};L a/fa/ lyP . o;n} ] xh'/cfdfn] ;DemfPsf] efjdf pgnfO{ eGgx' 'GYof] d}n] ltdLx¿sf] h:tf] jn] fdf ljBfno hfg kfOgF . o;n} ] dnfO{ s]xL cfpbF }g ltdLx¿ t w/] } efUodfgL 5f} ;fgb} ]lv ljBfno hfg kfPsf 5f} . cfdfaa' fl;t ;f]Wg kfPsf 5f} . To;n} ] e/] cfdf cfPkl5 ;fw] g o;f] eg] klg pgL xh/' cfdfsf s'/f af/Daf/ ;l' g/xGy] . cfuf] tfKg' d'9fsf], s/' f ;G' g' a9' fsf] eg] emF} l5l/ª xh/' cfdfsf] cg'ejk0\" f{ s'/faf6 k|Tos] lbg s]xL g s]xL gofF s'/f l;ls/xs] f x'Gy] . ^= lbOPsf lrxg\\ sf] ko| fu] u/L ;fyLx¿;Fu cfkm\" 3D' g uPsf] s'g} 7fpsF f] j0f{g ugx{' f;] \\ . -s_ k|Zgjfrs lrx\\g -v_ pbu\\ f/ lrx\\g -u_ p4/0f lrxg\\ -3_ sf]i7s lrx\\g -ª_ of]hs lrx\\g g]kfnL, sIff !@ 155

&= z'4 agfO{ n]Vg'xf;] \\ M zxsf/L nf]stfGqLs ;F:yf x'g . ;xsf/L sf ;b:o cfˆgf] ;:F yfsf] lgtL to ug{ / lg/0fo ug{df ;ljm| o ¿kdf ;xefuL x'G5g\\ . l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf sfo{ != sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿ dr' 'Nsf, k|zf;lgs l6Kk0fL, a}7s lg0fo{ / lj1lKt ;dx\" df ljefhg x'gx' f];\\ / ;DalGwt JolSt, ;+:yf, sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fvL cfcfˆgf] ;d\"x gfdcg;' f/sf] nv] gsf gd'gf ;ªs\\ ng ug{x' f;] \\ . ;ª\\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{ ;dx\" ut ¿kdf sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \\ . @= sIffsf ljBfyLs{ f] 5cf6] f ;d\"x agfP/ kT| o]s ;d\"xn] Ps Pscf]6f abF' f rog u/L tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf ;a} a'bF fsf af/]df 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\\ / kf| Kt lgisif{nfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ M -v_ hn;f| t] -s_ ko{6g -u_ s[lif -3_ jghªu\\ n gk] fnsf] cflys{ ;dl[ 4 -r_ x:tsnf -ª_ h8La'6L] 156 gk] fnL, sIff !@

kf7 !@ hLjg dfu{ cfhefl] n ufpF;x/ htftt} rfd] fn] ª' \\df cf}Bfl] us kl| ti7fgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] rrf{ 5 . geGb} bz] ljb]zdf /xs] f gk] fnLsf 3/df o; cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgaf6 pTkflbt s'g} g sg' } ;fdfg k'u]s} 5g\\ . s]xL jif{cl3;Dd klg xfdL eGg] uYof{}F æxfd|f] 3/leq gk] fnL af| G8sf sg' } klg ;fdfg 5}gg\\ .Æ t/ ca To:tf] l:ylt 5}g . xfd|f 3/leq sf7] f sf]7fdf gk] fnL pTkfbgsf cg]s ;fdfg 5g\\ . To;df klg rfd] fn] 'ª\\df cfB} fl] us kl| ti7fgsf pTkfbgsf] afxN' o /x]sf] 5 . lxhf] dfq cdl] /sfdf a:g] ;fyL;uF lel8of] Rof6df p;n] cfˆgf] sf7] fsf] bZ[ o b]vfof] . g]kfnL pTkfbgsf ;fdfgnfO{ a8f] htg;Fu ;hfP/ /fv]sf] /x5] . c:6«]lnof, hfkfg, Sofg8f, :k]glt/sf ;fyL;Fusf] lel8of] Rof6df klg gk] fnL pTkfbgsf ;fdfg ;lhPsf] bl] vPs} 5 . gk] fnL pTkfbgsf ;fdfgdWo] klg rfd] f]n'ª\\dfsf pTkfbgsf] afx'No b]lvG5 . To;f] t gk] fn cfpg] clwsfz+ ljb]zLn] o; k|lti7fgsf ;fdfg gk] fnsf] lrgfsf ¿kdf n}hfg yfn]sf 5g\\ . xb] f{xb] } gk] fnaf6 ljb]z lgof{t x'g] j:td' f o; cf}Bf]lus kl| ti7fgsf ;fdfgsf] jr{:j x'bF } 5 . rf]dfn] ª' \\df ;u/dfyfsf] csf{] gfd . ;u/dfyf ;;+ f/sf] ;jf]R{ r lzv/, g]kfnLsf] dfg, ;fg / klxrfg . oxL gfddf cfB} fl] us kl| ti7fg vf]Ng] / g]kfnsf] dfl} ns klxrfgdf cfwfl/t clg :yfgLo sRRff ;fdfgsf] ;bk' ofu] ub{} pBf]u :yfkgf ug{] ;fr] nfO{ dfGgk} 5{ . Tolt dfq xf]Og To:tf] ;f]rnfO{ d\"t{ ¿k lbFb} ;fdfg pTkfbg, lajm| L ljt/0fdf klg rf]df]n'ª\\dfsf] lzv/ r'Dg ;kmn aGg' rfgrg' ] s/' f xfO] g . …rfd] fn] 'ªd\\ f cfB} f]lus kl| ti7fgÚ of] gfd klxnf] k6s ;G' bf dnfO{ uHha nfu]sf] lyof] . s]xL ;dokl5 To; k|lti7fgsf pTkfbg d]/f] 3/df lelqg yfn] . ;?' df d]/L hLjg ;ª\\lugLn] af;F sf] sfOFof], yfjF |mf], lkmkL, gfª\\nf], 8fnf], rfNgf,] y'G;] NofOg\\ . s]xL lbgkl5 a'afn] 7s] L, dbfgL, ;/' f], rDd/ Nofpge' of] . pxfFn] lgufnfaf6 ag]sf k\"hf ;fdu|L /fVg] 9SsL / wflds{ gk] fnL, sIff !@ 157

lstfa /fVgsf nflu ;fgf] ¥ofs klg Nofpg'eof] . la:tf/} unFr} f, /f8L, ns' 'gL, yfªs\\ f, vfF8Lsf] sk8f, efªu\\ f| sf] emf]nf, cld|;fsf] sr' f], af;F sf s';L{ / ;fk] mf cfP . rf/F}+ Lsf] l3p, dx, u'/fF;sf] h';, dfGb|]sf] crf/, s6';sf lbpn cflbsf] :jfb ;as} f] lhaf| df a:g yfNof] . uxt, ;tLao/sf] ;ft', l;GsL, u'Gb'|s, sf]bf] / kmfk/sf] lk7f], df;L{ rfdn, a'ªsf] cfn,' lkF8fn', lhDa', l;:g'sf] wn' f,] lsgfdf cflb lelqg yfn] . x'Fbfxb'F f rfd] f]n'ªd\\ f cfB} f]lus k|lti7fgsf ;fdfg ePgg\\ eg] eftefG;} gx'g] l:ylt aGg k'Uof] . rfd] f]nª' \\df af| G8sf ;fdfg;Fusf] 3lgi7tf;Fu} To; cfB} fl] us k|lti7fgkl| t rf;f] hfUg' :jfefljs lyof] . To;dfly cfkm\" kl/of] ;u/dfyf lzv/sf] lxpF klUnP/ ags] f] bw' sfz] Ldf w]/} k6s ds/ gx' fP/ xl' sP{ sf] dfG5] . To;}n] rfd] f]n'ª\\df cfB} f]lus kl| ti7fgsf af/]df l/kf]tf{h tof/ kfg{] x6' x'6L hfUof] . ut zlgaf/ laxfg l/dl/d pHofnf] xFb' } ubf{ d sf7df8fsF} f] sf6] Z] j/af6 ;f]n' b'ws0' 8 hfg] dfOjm| f]a;df r9]F . a; eStk'/, agk] f, wl' nv]n, g]kfnyfs] , vs' f{]6, 3d' L,{ lxn]kfgL, cf]vn9ª' u\\ f, 7f8] xb'F } a]n'sf $ ah] ;f]n;' Nn]/L k'Uof] . ;fn] 'vD' a' lhNnfdf d/] f w/] } ;fyL 5g\\ . a;af6 cf]n{gf;fy u0fz] , ?b| clg 8G] 8L dnfO{ e6] \\g cfOk'u] . ;fyLx¿n] d]/f nflu Pp6f xf]6ndf a:g] Joj:yf ldnfOlbPsf /x5] g\\ . xf]6ndf sx] L a/] la;fPF, ;fyLx¿;uF } ;l' rof lkPF clg emf]nf yGSofPF . ldq u0f]zn] df]6/;fOsndf /fv/] ;Nn/] L ahf/ kl/j|mdf u/fP . rf]df]nª' d\\ f cfB} f]lus k|lti7fgsf lgb{]zs l5l/ª;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f eof] . pgL 3/ uPsf /x]5g\\ . ef]ln laxfg !) ah] dfq} ;Nn/] L cfOk'Ug] /x5] g\\ . æef]ln vfgf;fgf vfP/ e6] u/f,F} ef]lnsf] ;do tkfOs{F f nfluÆ pgn] eg] . a]ns' f ca]/;Dd ;fyLx¿;Fu ukm ul/of] / /ftL !! ah] ;T' g uOof] . ofqfsf] ysfgn] xfn] f /fdf| ] lgbf| k/5] . laxfg cfvF f vN' bf emo\\ fnaf6 ;\"os{ f] k|sfz l5g{ nfus] f] /x5] . j}zfvsf] lbg, ;Nn/] Ldf hf8f] uPsf] /x]g5 . laxfgsf] lrofvfhfkl5 u0fz] hLn] df6] /;fOsndf r9fP . xfdL df]6/;fOsnaf6 v/Lvfn] f;Dd / To;kl5 kb} n lxF8b\\ } nS' nf ljdfg:yn kU' of}F . ljdfg:yndf le8ef8 /x5] . xfdLn] s]xL kmf]6f lvRofF} . u0f]zhL;uF d}n] :yfgLo PkmPd /l] 8of] / kqklqsfsf sfofn{ o, SofDk; / sx] L ;/sf/L c8\\8fdf kU' g] cj;/ kfPF . o:t}df laxfgsf] vfgf vfg] jn] f eof] . vfgf vfP/ s]xL ;do cf/fd u/]kl5 l5l/ªhLsf] kmf]g cfof] . Tolt j]nf lbpF;fs] f] Ps ah]sf] lyof] . rf]df]nª' d\\ f cfB} f]lus kl| ti7fgsf d'Vo kl/sNkgfsf/, dV' o kl/of]hgfsf/, dn\" nufgLstf{ clg lgb]z{ s l5l/ªn] dnfO{ k|lti7fgsf] u6] d} :jfut u/] . 6]lnkmfg] df w/] } k6s s'/fsfgL 158 gk] fnL, sIff !@

eP klg cfdg];fdg]df e]63f6 eg] klxnf] k6s xbF' } lyof] . dn} ] kl| ti7fgsf af/]df lj:t[tdf a'emg rfxs] f] s/' f atfPF . l5l/ª dnfO{ ;xofu] ug{ OR5's / pT;s' bl] vP . pgn] cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgsf] kl/sNkgfbl] v To;sf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng, pTkfbg, lajm| L ljt/0f ;lj:tf/ atfP . dn} ] cfjZos s/' f l6Kb} uPF . ldq u0fz] n] xfd|f] s'/fsfgLnfO{ lel8ofd] f s}b u/] . rf]dfn] 'ªd\\ f cf}Bf]lus kl| ti7fgsf] d'Vo sfof{no ;fn] 'vD' a' lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd ;Nn]/Ldf :yflkt /x]5 . o;sf zfvf, pkzfvf bz] sf ljleGg efudf /x]5g\\ . ækl| ti7fgn] ljut kfFr jif{bl] v :yfgLo sRRff kbfys{ f] k|ofu] u/L g]kfnsf] dfl} nstf / klxrfgdf cfwfl/t j:t'sf] pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f pTkfbg :jbz] / ljbz] df ;d]t nf]slk|o x'bF } cfPsf 5g\\ .Æ l5l/ªn] eg] . cfB} fl] us kl| ti7fgsf] ;du| cjnfs] g / To; af/]sf] cfjZos hfgsf/L lnPkl5 dn} ] lgbz{] s l5l/ªsf] sfdsf] kz| +;f u/]F / awfO{ lbPF . pgn] gdt| fk\"js{ wGojfb lbP . tfOlrg rfdnsf] lrp/f, rf}/F Lsf] l3pdf tf/s] f] a'ªsf] cfns' f] rfgf, l6d/' / lhDas' f] r6gL, nfnLu'/fF;sf] h';, :ofpsf] ;nfb / ;s' '6L h:t} ljleGg kl/sf/ vfFb} xfdLn] s/' fsfgL u¥of}F . æd cfdfa'afsf] ;ae} Gbf h7] f] ;Gtfg x'F . d]/f] a'af ef/L afS] g] sfd ug{'x'GYof] . cfdf 3/sf] sfd ug{'x'GYof] . xfdL;Fu yf/] } dfq hUufhldg lyof] / To;sf] pAhgLn] tLgrf/ dlxgf klg wfGbg} Yof] . a'afn] ef/L afs] ]/ clg cfdfn] agLat' f] u//] xfdf| ] hLjg rns] f] lyof] . d / efOalxgLx¿ ljBfnodf k9b\\ } lyofF} . xfdf| ] kl/jf/sf] be' f{Uo, Ps ;fFem a'af ef/L;lxt lxpFdf lrlKnP/ le/af6 v:ge' of] / pxfFsf] hLjg ;dfKt eof] . Tolt j]nf d cf7 sIffdf k9\\y]F . To;kl5 dn} ] aa' fsf] pQ/flwsf/L eP/ pxfnF ] ul/cfPsf sfd ;?' ug{k' ¥of] . d/] f] k9fO /f]lsof] . ef/L afS] g slxn] s6f/L, slxn] lh/L / slxn]sfxLF rflxF lxdfn r9g\\ s] f] el/of eP/ a];Sofd;Dd hfgk' Yof{] . lxdfn r9\\g cfpg] ko6{ ssf] ef/L afS] g kfpbF f sdfO clns /fd|} x'GYof] t/ To:tf] cj;/ sd kfOGYof] . afFsL ;dodf gfDrs] f Jofkf/Lsf nflu ;fdfg af]Sg hfgk' Yof]{ . o:t}df sx] L jif{ lat] . ;o+ fu] jz, Ps lbg Ps hgf ljbz] L ko{6sn] dkl| t bof b]vfP . d]/f] af/d] f ;a} s/' f yfxf kfPkl5 pgn] dnfO{ bz sIff;Dd k9\\gsf nflu 5fqj[lQ lbg] eP . pgn] ljBfnodf s'/f u/]kl5 dnfO{ ljBfnodf ;/;kmfO ug{] / afFsL ;do k9\\g] hflu/ klg ldNof] . ToxL hflu/sf] k;} f / ljbz] L ko6{ sn] lbPsf] 5fqjl[ Qn] d]/f] 3/vr{ / k9fOvr{df ;xof]u eof] . d}n] /fdf| ] >0] fLdf P;Pn;L pQL0f{ u/]F .Æ sx] L a/] /fl] sP/ ;l' rofsf] r:' sL lnFb} pgn] eg,] æP;Pn;L kf; u/k] l5 dn} ] ljBfnodf k9fpg kfPF . hflu/;Fu} pRr lzIffnfO{ klg cl3 a9fPF . :gfts ;sk] l5 sx] L ;do ;/sf/L g]kfnL, sIff !@ 159

hflu/] klg ePF . hflu/ 5f8] /] sx] L ;do 6«]lsª Joj;fodf nfu]F . ljleGg bz] sf] e|d0fsf] cj;/ klg ldNof] t/ dnfO{ cem} lrQ a'em]g . d hfkfglt/ xflGgPF . ToxfF uPkl5 d}n] >dsf] dxŒj yfxf kfPF . :jbz] d} a;/] sx] L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] nfUof] . b'O{ jifk{ l5 d :jb]z kmlsP{ F .Æ æTo;kl5 s] s] uge{' of] < s;/L o; If]qdf cfpge' of] <Æ dn} ] pT;s' tfk\"j{s ;f]wF] . pgn] eg,] æTo;kl5 sx] L ;fyLx¿sf] nxnx}df nfu/] d}n] sf7df8f}F pkTosf / t/fOl{ t/ hUuf Knl6ª ub}{ aR] g] sfd u/]F . To;af6 k};f t sdfOof] t/ dg ;Gt'i6 xg' ;s]g . v]tLof]Uo hldg df;/] 38/] L agfpg] clg dxuF f]df aR] g] . ;fx\"sf] l/g sf9/] ljb]z uPsf o'jfn] a;f}{ kl/>d u//] bzla; nfv hDdf u5{g\\ . To;/L sdfPsf] ?lkofF ;x/ / ;b/d'sfdlt/ 38]/L lsg]/ ;S5g\\ . slxn] / s;/L 3/ agfpg] eGg] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'bF g} . olb kml] / cf7bz jif{ bM' v u/]/ Pstn] 3/ agfP eg] To;kl5 s] vfg] eGg] s'g} ofh] gf / cfwf/ x'Fbg} . o;n] t gk] fnL sdfOnfO{ aafb{ agfpg] /x]5 eGg] yfxf kfPF . v]tLof]Uo hldg df;/] sªl\\ jm| 6sf] hªun agfpg] Tof] k];fdf dg /dfPg . To;nfO{ r6Ss} 5f]8/] cg]s ljsNksf] vf]hL u/]F . cGttM otflt/ cfOk'u]F .Æ d/] f] lh1f;f a9b\\ } uof] . ærf]df]nª' d\\ f cf}Bfl] us k|lti7fgsf] kl/sNkgf rflxF s;/L ug{e' of] <Æ d}n] ;f]w]F . æljleGg bz] sf] ed| 0f u/]kl5 clg hfkfgdf sx] L jif{ sfd u/]kl5 dnfO{ yfxf eof], h'g b]zn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] df}lnstfnfO{, klxrfgnfO{, ;f| t] ;fwgnfO{ clg >d / l;knfO{ ;b'kofu] ub}{ To;nfO{ ljZj ahf/df aR] g ;s] ltgLx¿ g} cfTdlge/{ ePsf /x5] g\\ . ltgLx¿n] g} ljsf; u/s] f /x5] g\\ . g]kfndf cfP/ s]xL Jofkf/ Joj;fodf xft xfnk] l5 yfxf eof,] gk] fnnfO{ ks| l[ tn] ckf/ ;f| ]t ;fwg lbPsf] 5 . d?el\" dsf] tftf] afnj' fdf >d a]Rbf klg v;' L x'g] >dzlSt klg xfdL;uF 5 . of] t 7n' f] s/' f xf] lg t/ xfdLn] o;sf] ;bk' ofu] ug{ ;sg] fF} . olt;Dd ls xfdL xfd|f] vt] af/L afFemf] /fV5f}F / ljbz] af6 cGg cfoft u5f}{+ . oqf vfn] fgfnf 5g,\\ s/f8] fsF} f] df5f cfoft u5f}{+ . oqf kfvfkv/] f, hldg afFem} 5g\\, c/af}Fsf] kmnkm\"n / t/sf/L cfoft u5f+}{ . of] t ;fx}| nfhdbf]{ s/' f xf] lg xf]Og / < of] s/' f ae' m]kl5 d}n] g]kfnL dfl} nstfdf, g]kfnL ;f| t] ;fwgdf pBf]u vf]Ng'k5{ / To:tf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfg dfq} xfdLn] ljbz] df lgof{t ug{ ;S5fF} eGg] 1fg kf| Kt eof] . To;kl5 rfd] f]n'ª\\df cf}Bf]lus kl| ti7fgsf] kl/sNkgf hlGdof] . s]xL glhssf ;fyLx¿nfO{ o;sf] cjwf/0ff atfP . pgLx¿n] ;?' df zª\\sf u/] . uxg 5nkmnkl5 ;fyLx¿n] ;fy lbP / cGttM To;n] d\"tt{ f kfof] .Æ 160 g]kfnL, sIff !@

æof] sfdaf6 rflxF ;Gti' 6 xg' x' 'G5 <Æ d}n] ;fw] F] . æPsbd} . sltko Jofkf/ Joj;fon] cfkm\" dfq wgL eOG5 . of] sfdaf6 eg] cfkmn\" ] klg sx] L g s]xL sdfOG5 / c¿nfO{ klg sdfpg] cj;/ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . :jbz] L sRrf kbfy{sf] ;b'kofu] , bz] leq} /fh] uf/L l;hg{ f, pkef]Uo j:t'df cfTdlge/{ aGg] kl| jm| ofdf s]xL g s]xL ofu] bfg cjZo ku' ]sf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf] cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] kU' gsf ;fy} xfd|f] df}lnstf / klxrfgsf] klg ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / ljsf; xg' ] 5 .Æ pgn] 9'Ss;Fu eg] . o; kl| ti7fgsf pTkfbgsf] laj|mL ljt/0f a9;] uF } bz] sf ljleGg If]qdf o:t} ks| [ltsf pBfu] vn' s] f] dnfO{ yfxf 5 . To;}n] dn} ] l5l/ªnfO{ ;f]wF,] ætkfOFx{ ¿sf kl| t:kwL{ t ylkFb} 5g\\ lg . o;af6 tkfOFx{ ¿nfO{ 3f6f x'bF g} <Æ æx]g'{xf];\\ ;/, cfhsf] o'u kl| t:kwfs{ f] o'u xf,] Psflwsf/sf] xf]Og . xfdLn] /fdf| / pkof]uL j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;SofF} eg] ahf/sf] ;d:of xbF' g} . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cfhsf] o'udf g]kfnL ;+;f/e/ 5l/P/ /xs] f 5g\\ . ljZjsf] h'g;'s} s'gfdf k'u] klg g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] df}lnstf / klxrfgnfO{ en' ]sf 5g} g\\ . pgLx¿ pknAw eP;Dd cfˆgf df}lns j:ts' f] pkefu] ug{ ?rfp5F g\\ . cfh ljZje/ sl[ qd / ljiffbLoS' t vfgkfgsf sf/0f cgs] /f]u lglDtPsf 5g\\ . gk] fn h:tf] k|sl[ tsf] ;G' b/ bz] df xfdLn] cuf{lgs tyf kf| s[lts j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;SofF} eg] xfd|f pTkfbg ;;+ f/e/ laSg] 5g\\ . To;}n] k|lt:kwL{x¿ ylkbF }df cflQg' kb}{g . ahf/sf] lj:tf/;uF } s'g} Pp6f pBfu] sf pTkfbgn] dfq ;as} f] dfu / cfjZostf k\"/f ubg}{ . sg' } Ps Ifq] df :yflkt pBf]un] ;a}sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfsf] kl/kl\" t{ ;Dej 5g} .Æ olQ eg/] pgn] Pp6f :ofpsf] 6'jm| f d'vdf xfn] . æxfdLsxfF gofF s/' fsf] kl/sNkgf ug{], hf]lvd df]Ng] eGbf klg c¿n] u/]sf] x/] ]/ To;}sf] cg;' /0f ug]{ / c:j:y kl| t:kwf{ ug{] rng 5 . s'g} rfs] df Pp6f dd k;n /fd|f;] uF rNof] eg] Ps;} fy cf7bzcf6] f dd k;n vN' 5g\\ . Pp6f df;' k;ndf /fdf| ] laj|mL eof] eg] Ps};fy kfrF ;ftcf]6f df;' k;n vN' 5g\\ . c¿ ljifolt/ dflg;sf] Wofg} hfbF }g . tkfO{xF ¿n] gfkmf sdfPsf] b]v/] c¿n] klg pxL k|sl[ tdf pBfu] vf]ns] f] b]lvG5 lg . o;n] tkfO{Fx¿nfO{ c;/ ubg}{ .Æ u/' fF;sf] h;' sf] r:' sL lnFb} d}n] eg]F . ætkfO{Fn] eg]sf] l7s xf] . xfdLn] ljsNk VffH] g'k5{ . ;a}n] pxL sfd u//] x'Fb}g . xfdf| cfjZostf c;Lldt 5g\\ . ltgsf] kl/k\"lt{sf nflu ljljwtf cfjZos xG' 5 t/ gug{e' Gbf sx] L ug'{ /fdf| ] xf] . …b]vfl;sL u/L vf cfl/;] d/L hfÚ eGg] xfd|f] pvfg klg 5 . hxf;F Dd xfd|f] h:tf] pBfu] sf] s'/f 5, To;df eg] clxn] slt klg sfd ePs} 5}g . xfdLn] u/s] f sfd t g]kfnL, sIff !@ 161

xfQLsf dv' df lh/f h:tf dfq} x'g\\ . o:tf xhf/f}F pBfu] x'gk' 5{ . s]xL s/' fdf eg] xfdLn] Wofg lbg}k5{ . klxnf] s'/f xf] u0' f:t/df ;Demf}tf ugx{' bF' g} . bf];|f] s'/f :j:y kl| t:kwf,{ ;xsfo{ / cfbfgk|bfgsf] ;+:sl[ t a;fpg'k5{ . To;f] ug{ ;s] xfdL hlt w]/} pTkfbg Tolt w/] } kmfObfsf] cj:yfdf hfG5fF} .Æ o;f] eGb} ubf{ l5l/ªsf] cg'xf/df uDeL/tf emlNsGYof] . d}n] cfhsf] clGtd kZ| g eGb} pgnfO{ ;f]w,]F æpBd ug{ rfxg]x¿nfO{ s] ;e' mfj lbgx' 'G5 <Æ sx] L a]/ ;fr] /] pgn] eg,] æcfkm\" dfq wgL aGg] sfd s'g} 7'nf] s'/f xfO] g, s'g} k?' iffy{ xf]Og / Tof] t pBd klg xf]Og . b'lgofFnfO{ 7u]/ cfkm\" wgL aGg] sfd pBd xfO] g, cwd xf] . pBdL xg' ' eg]sf] cfkm\";uF } c¿nfO{ klg wgL agfpg] sfd xf] . x/]s pBdLsf nflu pGgltsf] dfu{ g} oxL xf] .Æ kQ} gkfO{ ;\"o{ c:tfrndf 8A' g] jn] f eO;s]5 . ;o\" {sf ls/0f klZrd lIflthdf n'ls;Sbf klg nD' a'/ lxdfndf 7f]lsP/ cfPsf] /ftf] cfefn] pHofnf] lbO/x]sf] lyof] . ToxL cfefsf] pHofnfd] f l5l/ªsf] cgx' f/ wkSs} an]sf] lyof] . d}n] pgsf] cgx' f/ ulx/f];Fu x]/]F . Pp6f demf}nf sbsf] uxu'F f/] f] j0f{sf] l5l/ªsf] d'xf/df g]kfnsf] ;G' b/ cfs[lt bV] g ;lsGYof] . xfdLn] s/' fsfgL 5f]6o\\ fofF} . cfB} fl] us kl| ti7fgsf] d\"n u6] df pleP/ kmf6] f] lvrfof}F clg km]l/ km]l/ klg e]6g\\ ] jfrf ub}{ xft ldnfP/ labf eofF} . a]n'sf ;ft} ah] vfgf vfP/ xf]6nsf] sf7] fdf l5/]sf] d clxn] /ftsf] P3f/ aHbf klg Nofk6ksf] lsaf]8d{ f eml' G8/xs] f] 5' . kNnf] sf7] fdf jf; a;]sf ljbz] Lsf] 3'/fOsf] 3/' {3'/{ cfjfhafxs] ;al} t/ ;g' ;fg 5 . c,F ev{/} k/ st} :ofn s/fPsf] ;'lgof] . nf,} s's'/ klg Ps ;'/n] eS' g yfn] . xf]Og, clxn;] Dd stf uPsf lyP oL ss' /' Û ca t of] l/kf]tfh{ klg tof/ eof] . P, …pBfu] b}lgsÚ sf ;Dkfbsn] P;PdP; u/s] f /x5] g\\, æ;/ Tof] nv] ef]ln g} hfcf];\\ eg]sf] . /ftLsf] !@ ah];Dd kfpg ;s] x'GYof] .Æ æx'G5, d}n] nl] v;sF], ca Ps k6s v// k95\\ ' / k7fOlbG5' .Æ dn} ] P;PdP;sf] hjfkm kmsfP{ F / nfu]F Nofk6ksf] dlg6/df cfvF f bf}8fpg . sx] La/] df kl9;s/] ;DkfbsnfO{ Odn] dfkmt{ l/kf6] { k7fPF . l/kf6] { k7fPsf] s]xL a/] d} ;Dkfbsaf6 kmf]g cfof] zLifs{ s] lbg] xf]nf eg/] . l5l/ª;uF sf] jftfa{ f6 kfPsf] ;Gb]zn] dnfO{ ;flF Rrs} k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . of] hghLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] dfu{ aGg ;S5 eGg] nfUof] / elglbP …hLjg dfu{Ú . 162 g]kfnL, sIff !@

zAbe08f/ != zAb / cy{sf lardf hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\\ M zAb cy{ df}lns :jb]zaf6 ljb]zdf ;fdfg k7fpg] sfd afx'No lgoGq0f, clwsf/ htg s;}sf] cfwf/ glnPsf,] l;h{gfTds lrgf ] :ki6 cfsf/ ePsf] lgoft{ w/] } x'gfsf] efj jf cj:yf jr:{ j ;DkGg, k\"/f d\"t{ lrx\\g, lg;fg lslgdf c;n ds/ gx' fpg' cfˆgf] clwsf/ aflx/sf] s'/fdf ul/g] bvn x:tIfk] pHofnf] kmQ ] e6df;af6 agfOPsf] Ps k|sf/sf] kl/sf/ ;'/lIft df3] ;ªj\\ m| flGtdf g'xfpg] sfd @= tn kf7df ePsf vfgs] /' fsf gfdsf] ;r\" L lbOPsf] 5 . lzIfssf] ;xof]uaf6 tL vfg]s'/fsf af/]df yfxf kfpgx' f];\\ M s6;' sf lbpn, ;tLao/, l;GsL, ;'lrof, df;L{ rfdn, uxt, a'ªsf] cfn,' lkF8fn', lhDa' #= lzIfs / ;fyL;Fu ;fw] vfh] u//] lbOPsf ;fdfgsf af/]df yfxf kfpgx' f;] \\ M sfOoF f], yfjm| f,] lkmkL, gfªn\\ f], 8fnf,] rfNgf], un}Frf, /f8L, ns' 'gL, yfªs\\ f, vfF8Lsf] sk8f, efªu\\ f| sf] emfn] f, afF;sf s;' L{, ;f]kmf, 8fnf], y'G;], cld;| fsf] sr' f], g]kfnL sfuh, 7]sL, dbfgL, ;'/f] $= lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ n]Vgx' f;] \\ M kl/sNkgfsf/, cfgf, w/' , cfTdlge/{ , cfoft, Psflwsf/, sl[ qd, cufl{ gs, hfl] vd, ljsNk g]kfnL, sIff !@ 163

%= zAbsf]zsf] ;xfotfaf6 pbfx/0fdf lbP em}F tnsf zAbsf] zAbju,{ zAb;|f]t / cy{ n]Vg'xf];\\ M zAb zAbju{ zAb;|f]t cy{ c;n lj= -ljzi] f0f_ c= -c/aL_ /fdf| ] ljsf; =========== ============= =========== Oi6 ============= ================ ============= :sn' ================ ============== =========== lsgfdf ================ =================== ========= lrof ============= ============== ^= lbOPsf sg' } kfrF cf]6f pvfgnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/L sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \\ M xfQLsf dv' df lh/f, sfd ug{] sfn' ds} vfg] efn', vfg] dv' nfO{ h'F3fn] 5S] bg} , ug]{ eGg] xgd' fg\\ ku/L u'Yg] 98] ,' 3f6F L x]/L xf8 lgNg', af]Ng]sf] lk7f] klg laS5 gaf]Ngs] f] rfdn klg laSbg} , d/] f] uf]?sf] afx|} 6Ssf, d tfS5' d'9f] aGr/f] tfS5 38'F f], /ftel/ s/fof] blIf0ff x/fof], x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft, xfQL cfof] xfQL cfof] km:' ;f, Psn] ys' L ;'sL ;on] y'sL gbL, gdlRrg] lkªsf] ;o em6\\sf afw] tyf cleJolSt != l/kft] fh{ kf7 k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M -s_ rfd] f]nª' d\\ f cf}Bf]lus kl| ti7fg s:tf] kl| ti7fg xf] < -v_ rfd] fn] ª' \\df cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgaf6 lajm| L ul/g] ;fdfg lsg nf]slk|o eP < -u_ l5l/ªsf] kfl/jfl/s ki[ 7e\"ld s:tf] 5 < -3_ lsg l5l/ªnfO{ hUuf Knl6ª Joj;fo l7s nfu]g < @= lbOPsf] l/kft] f{h c+z k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \\ M æxg] '{xf];\\ ;/, cfhsf] ou' k|lt:kwf{sf] ou' xf,] Psflwsf/sf] xf]Og . xfdLn] /fd|f / pkof]uL j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;SofF} eg] ahf/sf] ;d:of xb'F g} . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cfhsf] o'udf g]kfnL ;;+ f/e/ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\\ . ljZjsf] hg' ;'s} sg' fdf ku' ] klg gk] fnLn] cfˆgf] df}lnstf / klxrfgnfO{ e'ns] f 5}gg\\ . pgLx¿ pknAw eP;Dd cfˆgf dfl} ns j:t'sf] pkef]u ug{ ?rfp5F g\\ . cfh ljZje/ s[lqd / ljiffbLo'St vfgkfgsf 164 g]kfnL, sIff !@

sf/0f cgs] /f]u lglDtPsf 5g\\ . gk] fn h:tf] ks| l[ tsf] ;'Gb/ bz] df xfdLn] cufl{ gs tyf k|fs[lts j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;Sof}F eg] xfd|f pTkfbg ;+;f/e/ laSg] 5g\\ . To;n} ] k|lt:kwL{ ylkFbd} f cflQg' kb{g} . ahf/sf] lj:tf/;Fu} s'g} Pp6f pBf]usf pTkfbgn] dfq ;as} f] dfu / cfjZostf k/\" f ubg}{ . s'g} Ps If]qdf :yflkt pBfu] n] ;as} f] rfxgf / cfjZostfsf] kl/kl\" t{ ;Dej 5}g .Æ olQ eg/] pgn] Pp6f :ofpsf] 6j' |mf] d'vdf xfn] . kZ| gx¿ -s_ gk] fnL df}lns pTkfbgsf] ahf/ s:tf] 5 < -v_ kf7df kl| t:kwL{ ylkFbd} f cflQg' kb{}g lsg elgPsf] xf] < #= lsg nv] s rf]df]n'ª\\df cfB} fl] us kl| ti7fgsf ljifodf l/kf]tf{h nV] g cu|;/ eP, n]Vgx' f];\\ . $= lbOPsf] l/kft] f{h cz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\\ M xfdLn] ljsNk VffH] gk' 5{ . ;a}n] pxL sfd u//] xb'F }g . xfdf| cfjZostf c;Lldt 5g\\ . ltgsf] kl/k\"lt{sf nflu ljljwtf cfjZos xG' 5 t/ gug'{eGbf sx] L ug{' /fdf| ] xf] . …bv] fl;sL u/L vf cfl/;] d/L hfÚ eGg] xfdf| ] pvfg klg 5 . hxfF;Dd xfdf| ] h:tf] pBf]usf] s'/f 5, To;df eg] clxn] slt klg sfd ePs} 5}g . xfdLn] u/s] f sfd t xfQLsf d'vdf lh/f h:tf dfq} xg' \\ . o:tf xhf/fF} pBfu] x'gk' 5{ . s]xL s/' fdf eg] xfdLn] Wofg lbg}k5{ . klxnf] s'/f xf] u'0f:t/df ;Demf}tf ugx'{ b'F }g . bf;] f| ] s/' f :j:y k|lt:kwf,{ ;xsfo{ / cfbfgkb| fgsf] ;:+ s[lt a;fpgk' 5{ . To;f] ug{ ;s] xfdL hlt w/] } pTkfbg Tolt w/] } kmfObfsf] cj:yfdf hfG5fF} . k|Zgx¿ -s_ …bv] fl;sL u/L vf cfl/;] d/L hfÚ eGg] pvfgsf] tfTko{ s] xf] < -v_ hlt w]/} pTkfbg Tolt w]/} kmfObfsf] cj:yfdf kU' g] pkfo s] xf] < %= ljleGg b]zsf] e|d0faf6 l5l/ªn] s:tf] lzIff kfP, nV] gx' f];\\ . ^= l5l/ªsf] hLjg ;ª3\\ ifa{ f6 s] lzIff lng ;lsG5, cfˆgf] ljrf/ nV] gx' f];\\ . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 165

&= lbOPsf p4/0fsf] JofVof ugx{' f];\\ M -s_ æxfdLsxfF gofF s'/fsf] kl/sNkgf ug{], hfl] vd dfN] ge] Gbf klg c¿n] u/]sf] x]//] To;s} f] cg';/0f ug]{, c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ rng 5 .Æ -v_ æjf:tjdf snd / x[bo bj' s} f] d]n ePkl5 /fdf| ] n]Vg ;lsg] /x5] .Æ *= tkfO{FnfO{ l5l/ª;uF sf] jftfs{ f cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] hLjg dfu{ s:tf] nfUof], ts{;lxt cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]Vgx' f];\\ . (= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \\ M gk] fnn] xn] l;GsL cf]nlDks -;g\\ !(%@_ b]lv cf]nlDks vn] df efu lnPsf] atfOG5 t/ o;sf] kl' i6 x'g ;ss] f] 5g} . ;g\\ !(^) sf] /f]d cfn] lDksdf g]kfnn] Ps hgf koj{ ]Ifs k7fPsf] elgPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] klxnf] cfk} rfl/s cfn] lDks vn] sf] ;xeflutf eg] ;g\\ !(^$ sf] 6f]lsof] cf]nlDksaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\\ !(^# df gk] fndf klxnf]kN6 cfn] lDks Hof]lt NofOPsf] lyof] . ;g\\ !(^$ sf] 6fl] sof]df ePsf] !* cfF} cfn] lDks vn] sb' df 5 hgf g]kfnL v]nf8Ln] kl| t:kwf{ u/]sf lyP . ;g\\ !(^* sf] d]lS;sf] cf]nlDksdf gk] fnn] ;xeflutf hgfPg . ;g\\ !(&@ df hdg{ Lsf] Do'lgvdf ;DkGg @) cfF} cfn] lDksdf gk] fnaf6 bO' { hgf wfjsn] efu lnPsf lyP . @! cfF} df]lG6«on cf]nlDksdf j}s'07 dfgGw/n] Dof/fyg' df ;xeflutf hgfP . ;g\\ !(*) sf] df:sf] cf]nlDksdf !@ hgf gk] fnL v]nf8Ln] efu lnP . ;g\\ !(*$ sf] n; PGhn; cf]nlDksdf Pynl] 6S;, alS;ª / ef/fQ] f]ngdf g} !! gk] fnL v]nf8Ln] efu lnPsf lyP . ;g\\ !(** df ;fn] df ePsf] @$ cfF} cf]nlDks eg] gk] fnsf nflu Pl] txfl;s eof] . cfn] lDksdf klxnf] k6s k|bzg{ L v]nsf ¿kdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] t]SjfGbf] vn] af6 g]kfnsf ljwfg nfdfn] sfZo kbs lht]/ cf]nlDks ;;+ f/nfO{ rlst t'NofP . kb| z{gL vn] sf sf/0f ;f] kbs cflwsfl/s kbs tflnsfdf eg] k/]g . To;kl5 ;g\\ !((@ sf] @% cfF} cfn] lDksdf kfFr vn] f8L, ;g\\ !((^ sf] P6nfG6f cfn] lDksdf 5 v]nf8L, ;g\\ @))) sf] l;8g\\ L cf]nlDksdf kfrF v]nf8Ln] ;xeflutf hgfP h;df ;'l6ªsL eujtL vqLn] jfON8 sf8{ kf| Kt ul/g\\ . ;g\\ @))$ sf] @* cfF} Py]G; cf]nlDksdf eg] gk] fnn] gofF Oltxf; /Rof] . ;f] cf]nlDkssf nflu a}ªs\\ sdf ;DkGg Pl;ofnL 5gf6] r/0fdf sfZo kbs lht]/ ;ª\\lugf jB} n] kbssf] 9fs] f vf]ns] L lyOg\\ . ‌@( cfF} a]Olhª cfn] lDks -;g\\ @))*_ df bLks lai6n] ;ª\\lugf jB} sf] kfOnf k5\\ofP . pgL klg 5gf]6 r/0f kf/ u/L aO] lhª ku' s] f x'g\\ . ‌leotgfddf ePsf] 166 gk] fnL, sIff !@

Pl;og cf]nlDkS; 5gf]6 r/0fdf sfZo kbs lhTb} pgn] ;f] ;kmntf kfPsf xg' \\ . a]Olhªdf t]SjfGbf], PYn]l6S;, kf}8L, h8' f] / ;l' 6ª v]n u/L cf7 vn] f8Lsf] k|ltlglwTj lyof] . nG8g cfn] lDks -;g\\ @)!@_ df gk] fnn] jfON8 sf8{ kfP/ ;xeflutf hgfpg kfPsf] lyof] . af| lhn cf]nlDks -;g\\ @)!^_ df g]kfnn] kfFr v]ndf ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] . ;g\\ @)@) df hfkfgdf xg' ] cf]nlDks vn] sf]/fg] f efO/;sf sf/0f /fl] sPsfn] @)@! df ;DkGg eof] . kZ| gx¿ -s_ cf]nlDks vn] df g]kfnsf] kj| z] slxn] / sxfaF f6 ePsf] xf] < -v_ cfn] lDksdf gk] fnsf] ;xeflutf sg' s'g v]ndf xg' ] u/s] f] 5 < -u_ ;g\\ !(*) sf] df:sf] cf]nlDksdf slt hgf g]kfnL v]nf8Ln] efu lnP < -3_ gk] fnn] cfn] lDks v]ndf kfPsf] ;kmntf s:tf] 5 < !)= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 rf/cf6] f a'Fbf l6kL Ps ltxfOdf ga9g\\ ] u//] ;f/f+z n]Vgx' f];\\ M k/fk\"js{ fnbl] v ;dfhdf kr| lnt snfnfO{ nf]ssnf elgG5 . nf]ssnf Ps k:' tfaf6 csf]{ k:' tfdf k:' tfGt/0f x'Fb} hfG5 . gk] fndf yf?, dl} ynL, kjt{ ], gj] f/L, h}tL, cjwL, d:' tfªu\\ L, ef]6,] vfd, ls/ft, /fhjz+ L cflbsf nfs] snf kr| lnt 5g\\ . oLdWo] yf? Nff]ssnf klg Ps xf] . yf? nf]ssnfcGtu{t lrqsnf, dl\" t{snf, jf:t'snf, x:tsnf, em6' 6\\ Lsnf, uf8] g} fsnf cflb k5g{ \\ . ltgdf klg ljzi] f u/L] lrq / dl\" ts{ nf a9L k|rlnt 5g\\ . lrqsnf leQf, k:| t/, 8]x/L, x:tsnfsf ;fdfg, el\" d, k6, jf:t,' sf7, sfuh cflb dfWodaf6 agfOG5 . yf? ;dfhdf ljz]if u/L klZrdlt/ cl:6DsL / ldlynf If]qlt/ sfx] j/÷l;t'jf / af;F al;gL lrq a9L k|rlnt 5g\\ . To:t} ;'b/\" kj\" d{ f df]vsnf / ;'b/\" klZrddf ;hfj6Lo lrq tyf pbe\\ t[ d\"lt{ agfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . s[i0ffi6dLsf lbg 3/sf] leQfdf agfOg] lrqnfO{ cl:6DsL elgG5 . k|tLsfTds 9ª\\un] agfOg] of] lrqn] ;To, q]tf, åfk/ / slno'unfO{ ;d6] ]sf] x'G5 . ljjfxsf jn] f yf?x¿n] agfpg] lrq …l;t'jf÷sfx] j/Ú elgG5 . HofldtLo cfsf/df agfOPsf o:tf lrqdf kxn]F f], /ftf], xl/of] / sfnf] /ªsf] ko| fu] clws dfqfdf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . of] lrqsf] vf; p2]Zo jj} flxs hLjgnfO{ ;d' w'/ agfpg' xf] . yf? ;dfhdf kh\" fcfhf tyf ljleGg ;:+ sf/hGo sfod{ f ljleGg vfn] lrq agfOG5 . a]x'nL 3/ leœofpg] jn] fdf ;n] /f6] L cfsf/sf] kt| LsfTds uf]nf] lrq agfOG5 . b]jbj] Lsf] kh\" fkf7sf jn] f lqz\"n, gk] fnL, sIff !@ 167

:jl:ts lrxg\\ , sdn, lqeh' , if6\\sf0] fnufotsf kt| LsfTds lrq agfOg] ul/G5 . r6\\ofª gk/f;] \\ eg/] ;]tf] df6fn] 3/sf] aflx/k6\\l6sf] leQfsf lardf /v] f tflgG5 / lqzn\" agfOG5 . yf? ;dfhdf k|:t/, sfi7 tyf ;/] flds d\"lts{ nf k|rngdf /xs] f 5g\\ . tLdWo] klg ;/] flds snfsf] a9L ko| fu] ePsf] kfOG5 . efF8fjt{g, xfQL, 3f8] f, af3, do\"/, hfv] jf hf]lvlgofFnufotsf df6fsf d\"lt{ yf? ;dfhdf k|rlnt 5g\\ . b]j]Gb| yD' s]nL ;g' fO / afn] fO != ;g' fO kf7 !@ ;'Gg'xf];\\ / lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ sDKo'6/nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] sfo{ sn] ] u/s] f x'G5g\\ < -v_ xf8j{ o] / eg]sf] s] xf] < -u_ lgjz] cGtut{ kg{] pks/0f s] s] xg' \\ < -3_ sDKo'6/nfO{ ;w}F :j:y / ljm| ofzLn agfpg s] ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 < @= lsg sDKo'6/df PlG6efO/; ;ˆ6jo] / /fVg'k5,{ ;g' fO kf7 !@ sf cfwf/df ts{ lbg'xf];\\ . efifftìj != tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf kT| oIf syg / ckT| oIf sygsf jfSo k9\\gx' f];\\ . k|ToIf sygsf jfSonfO{ ck|ToIf sygdf kl/jtg{ ubf{ ePsf sfo{ …k|ljm| ofÚ zLif{scGtu{t lbOPsf 5g,\\ ltgsf af/d] f klg xS] sf /fVg'xf];\\ / dflysf] kf7af6 kT| oIf sygdf /x]sf kfrF cf]6f jfSo l6Kg'xf;] \\ M kT| oIf syg ck|ToIf syg kl| jm| of – p4/0f lrx\\g != u'?n] eGg'eof], – u?' n] s] eGg'eof] eg] k9fO t x6fOPsf,] syg cz+ ……k9fO t /fd|f] 5 .ÚÚ /fdf| ] 5 . / sylotf cz+ nfO{ s] ==eg,] egL, Psf] – k9fO t /fdf| ] 5 egL u?' n] ;+of]hsåf/f hf]l8Psf] eGge' of] . – u'?n] k9fO /fd|f] ePsf] ljrf/ JoSt uge'{ of] . – u?' n] k9fO /fdf| ] ePsf] atfpge' of] . 168 g]kfnL, sIff !@

@= ljBfyL{n] Ps – ljBfyL{n] s] 7x¥ofP eg] u?' sf] – sylotf cz+ sf] ljm| ofkbnfO{ syg :j/df eg,] ……xh'/sf] k/]| 0ffn] g} pgLx¿ /fd|f] k9g\\ c+zsf] cfzocg;' f/ atfp, 7fg\\, 7x¥ofp, k/]| 0ffn] g} xfdL /fdf| ] ;Sg] ePsf xg' \\ . sfdgf u/\\, kl| ta4tf JoSt u/,\\ lgb{]zg k9g\\ ;Sg] ePsf – ljBfyLn{ ] u?' sf] k/|] 0ffn] g} lbO{ cflbdf kl/jt{g xf}F .ÚÚ pgLx¿ /fd|f] k9g\\ ;Sg] ePsf] ul/Psf] atfP . – syg cz+ sf] k?' ifnfO{ sylotf cz+ sf] #= u?' n] eGg'eof,] – u'?n] pgLx¿ lgs} ldlxg]tL k'?ifcg';f/ kl/jt{g ……ltdLx¿ lgs} ePsf] 7x¥ofpg'eof] . ul/Psf], syg cz+ ldlxg]tL 5f} .ÚÚ låtLo k'?ifdf ePsf] – u'?sf cg;' f/ pgLx¿ lgs} 7fpFdf sylotf ldlxg]tL 5g\\ . c+zsf] sds{ f cg;' f/ kl/jt{g ul/Psf] – u?' n] pgLx¿nfO{ lgs} ldlxg]tL 7fGg'eof] . – lgs6tfjfrs zAb …ofÚ] / …o;Ú nfO{ $= ljBfyL{n] eg,] – ljBfyL{n] ;Sbf] ldlxgt] ug{] b'/Ljfrs zAb Tof] / To;df kl/jt{g ……xfdL ;Sbf] ldlxg]t k|lta4tf JoSt u/] . ul/Psf] u5f}F{ .ÚÚ – ljBfyLn{ ] ;Sbf] ldlxg]t ug{] atfP . %= u'?n] eGg'eof,] – u?' n] ;a}sf] k/LIff /fdf| ] xf;] \\ ……;a}sf] k/LIff /fdf| ] eGg] sfdgf ug{'eof] . xf];\\ .ÚÚ – u'?n] ;a}sf] k/LIff /fd|f] xf;] \\ ^= u?' n] eGg'eof,] eGg] rfxg'eof] . ……oL lstfanfO{ o; a]Grdf /fv .ÚÚ – u?' n] tL lstfanfO{ To; a]Grdf /fVg lgb{z] g lbg'eof] . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 169

&= l/dfn] elgg,\\ – l/dfn] kl| ti7fnfO{ bO' {rf/ lbg ……k|lti7f, ltdL 3/d} cf/fd ug{] ;Nnfx lbOg\\ . b'Or{ f/ lbg 3/d} cf/fd u/ .ÚÚ – 8fN] dfn] g]kfnn] ;fxl;s ko{6g *= 8f]Ndfn] elgg\\, ……gk] fnn] ;fxl;s If]qdf lgs} ku| lt ug{] ;Defjgf ko{6g Ifq] df lgs} JoSt ul/g\\ . ku| lt unf{ .ÚÚ – cfl/kmn] ToxfFaf6 /f/f tfn (= cfl/kmn] eg,] ……cfxf Û oxfFaf6 ;'Gb/ b]lvPsfdf v';L JoSt /f/f tfn slt /fd|f] u/] . b]lvbF f] /x5] .ÚÚ – ;N' tfgn] cfl;kmnfO{ ToxfF !)= ;N' tfgn] cfl;kmnfO{ eg], slxn] cfPsf] egL ;fw] ] . ……oxfF ltdL slxn] cfof} <ÚÚ @= dflysf] tflnsfdf lbOP h:t} lbOPsf] cg'R5]bdf ko| S' t kT| oIf sygnfO{ ck|ToIf sygdf kl/jtg{ ug{'xf];\\ M Ps k6s Ps hgf ljåfg\\ bfz{lgs Pl/:6f]6nsxfF uP . ljåfg\\ cfPsf] b]v]/ Pl/:6f]6nn] eg,] ……tkfO{F lsg oxfF cfpge' of] <ÚÚ ljåfgn\\ ] eg], ……tkfOn{F fO{ k9fpg] u'?sf af/d] f hfGg] rfxgfn] cfPsf] xF' .ÚÚ Pl/:6f]6nn] eg], ……d]/f u?' sf af/d] f lsg hfGg rfxgx' 'G5 <ÚÚ ljåfgn\\ ] eg,] ……d pxf;F uF e]6 ug{ rfxG5' .ÚÚ Pl/:6f]6nn] eg] ……tkfOF{ d]/f u?' l;t e6] 3f6 ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg .ÚÚ ljåfg\\n] eg], ……s] pxfF o; ;+;f/df xg' 'xG' g <ÚÚ Pl/:6f6] nn] eg], ……x}g, o; ;;+ f/df pxfF ;w}F /xgx' 'G5 . d]/f u?' t slxNo} dg'{xG' g .ÚÚ ……o;sf] dtna dn} ] a'lemgÚF Ú ljåfgn\\ ] eg] . Pl/:6f6] nn] eg,] ……o; ;+;f/df hlt klg d\"v{ 5g\\ tL ;a} d/] f u'? x'g\\ . ;+;f/ /x'Ghn] d\"v{ klg /lx/xG5g\\ .ÚÚ ljåfgn\\ ] km]l/ eg] ……tkfOF{n] lsg d\"v{nfO{ u'? agfpg' eof] <ÚÚ Pl/:6f6] nn] eg], ……b'u'{0f s:tf s:tf xG' 5g\\ eGg] ae' m\\gÚÚ . ljåfg\\n] eg,] ……b'u0'{ fsf af/d] f lsGg hfGg rfxg'eof] .ÚÚ Pl/:6f]6nn] eg] ……;aeGbf klxn] d cfkm\"df /x]sf ;a} b'u{0' f TofUg rfxGy] .ÚÚ ljåfgn\\ ] eg], ……d}n] a'em]F . ca d hfpmF <ÚÚ Pl/:6f]6nn] eg], ……hfgx' f;] \\ .ÚÚ 170 g]kfnL, sIff !@

#= lbOPsf] ;j+ fb k9g\\ 'xf];\\ / To;df cfPsf sygnfO{ ckT| oIf sygdf kl/jt{g u/]/ Pp6f cgR' 5]b tof/ kfgx'{ f];\\ M -lgb]Z{ f k9g\\ ] sf7] fdf a;/] lstfa ldnfpFb} 5g\\ . pgsf a'af ToxfF cfpg'xG' 5 _ aa' f – 5f]/f, eft vfof} < lgb{z] – vfPF a'af . aa' f – 5f]/f, cfh ljBfno l56} hfpm x} . lgbZ{] f – lsg a'af < aa' f – cfh kfgL knf{ h:tf] 5 . lgbZ]{ f – emf]nfdf 5ftf xfn]sf] 5' . a'af – 5ftfn] y]Ug g;Sg] kfgL knf{ h:tf] 5 . o;}n] rf8} hfpm eg]sf] xF' . lgb{]Zf – x;\\ a'af . -Psl5g kl5_ aa' f, d hfpmF < aa' f – /fd|f;] uF hfpm 5f]/f < -lgb{z] ljBfno k|:yfg u5g{ \\ _ $= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 ckT| oIf sygdf /xs] f rf/cf6] f jfSo vfH] gx' f;] \\ / ltgnfO{ kT| oIf sygdf abNg'xf;] \\ M tl] Ghªn] lgdf;Fu k':tsfno hfg] k|:tfj /fVof] . lgdfn] :jLs[lt hgfO{ . /ltofn] cfkm\" klg k':tsfno hfg rfx]sf] atfO{ . tLg} hgf k':tsfno uP . ToxfF pgLx¿n] bf]h]n{ fO{ klg e]6] . bfh] ]{n] pgLx¿l;t k:' tsfno cfpg'sf] k|ofh] g ;f]Wof] . pgLx¿n] g]kfnsf] nfs] ;:+ sl[ t / ;flxTosf af/d] f zfw] vfh] ug{ cfPsf] atfP . bfh] {n] ] pgLx¿nfO{ sgf{nLsf] nf]s ;:+ s[lt gfds k:' ts klg k9\\g'kg]{ ;Nnfx lbof] . pgLx¿n] ;e' mfjsf nflu bfh] ]{nfO{ wGojfb lbP . %= lbOPsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf jfSosf] p2]Zo / ljw]o v08 k9g\\ 'xf;] \\ / tflnsfsf] cGTodf lbOPsf] JofVofTds cz+ nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfO{ dflysf] kf7af6 kfrF cf]6f jfSo l6k]/ ltgsf] p2]Zo v08 / ljwo] v08 56' \\ofpg'xf];\\ M jfSo ;/+ rgf != kD] af ldlxgt] L ljBfyL{ xf] . p2]Zo v08 ljw]o v08 kD] af ldlxgt] L ljBfyL{ xf] . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 171

@= ldlxg]tL k]Daf k/LIffdf ;kmn ldlxg]tL k]Daf k/LIffdf ;kmn x'G5 . xG' 5 . #= kD] afsL cfdfn] 3/sf ;a}nfO{ k]DafsL cfdfn] 3/sf ;a}nfO{ lrofvfhf lrofvfhf lbg'x'G5 . lbgx' G' 5 . $= ldlxgt] L k]Daf w]/} rnfv ldlxgt] L kD] af w]/} rnfv s]6f] xf] . s6] f] xf] . %= To; s6] fn] s0f{lko| uLt ufof] . To; s]6fn] s0f{lk|o uLt ufof] . ^= To; 7'nf] s]6fn] ul' nof] cfkF To; 7n' f] s6] fn] ul' nof] cfFk vfof] . vfof] . u[xsfo{ &= To; ldlxgt] L s]6fn] alxgLnfO{ To; ldlxg]tL alxgLnfO{ ux[ sfo{ l;sfof] . s]6fn] l;sfof] . *= kf;fªsf] sfG5f] efO To; kf;fªsf] sfG5f] ufpsF f w/] } dfG5n] fO{ rnfv s6] fn] ufpFsf w]/} efO To; rnfv ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . dfG5n] fO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . s6] fn] (= ufpsF f ;a} dfG5] p;nfO{ w]/} ufpFsf ;a} dfG5] p;nfO{ w/] } dfof u5{g\\ . dfof u5{g\\ . • dflysf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf Pp6f p2]Zo / Pp6f ljwo] sf] ;+/rgfdf /xs] f eflifs PsfO jfSo x'g\\ . • jfSodf h;sf af/]df sx] L s/' f elgG5 To;nfO{ ae' mfpg] kb jf kbfjnL p2]Zo xf] eg] h] s/' f elgG5 To;nfO{ a'emfpg] kb jf kbfjnL ljw]o xf] . …kD] af w]/} ldlxg]t u5{ .Ú jfSodf kD] afsf af/d] f elgPsfn] …kD] afÚ p2Z] o xf] eg] …w]/} ldlxgt] ug]{ s'/fÚ elgPsfn] …w]/} ldlxgt] u5{ .Ú c+z ljw]o xf] . • p2Z] o / ljw]ocGtut{ Ps jf PseGbf a9L kb /xg ;S5g\\ . …k]DafsL cfdfn] 3/sf ;an} fO{ lrofvfhf lbg'xG' 5 .Ú jfSodf k]DafsL cfdfsf af/]df elgPsfn] …kD] afsL cfdfÚ p2Z] o xf] eg] …3/sf ;a}nfO{ lrofvfhf lbg] s/' fÚ elgPsfn] …3/sf ;a}nfO{ lrofvfhf lbg'xG' 5 .Ú ljwo] xf] . o; pbfx/0fdf p2Z] ocGtu{t bO' c{ f6] f kb cfPsf 5g\\ eg] ljw]ocGtut{ rf/cf6] f kb cfPsf 5g\\ . • p2Z] odf gfdkb / ljw]odf lj|mofkb dV' o 36ssf ¿kdf /xs] f x'G5g\\ . d'Vo 36snfO{ zLif{ klg elgG5 . p2]Zodf gfdkb zLifs{ f ¿kdf /xg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ gfdkbfjnL / ljw]odf ljm| ofkb zLif{ aGg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ lj|mofkbfjnL 172 gk] fnL, sIff !@

klg elgG5 . p2Z] o / ljw]odf zLifs{ f ¿kdf /xs] f gfdkb / lj|mofkbafxs] cGo kb klg cfpg ;S5g\\ . zLif{afxs] sf kbx¿nfO{ rflxF lj:tf/s elgG5 . ^= lbOPsf] tflnsfdf p2Z] o / ljwo] cGtut{ lj:tf/s / zLif{ bj' } k|of]u ePsf s]xL pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\\ . o:t} cGo kfFrcf]6f jfSo kf7af6 vfh] /] n]Vg'xf;] \\ M p2]Zo -gfd kbfjnL_ ljwo] -ljm| of kbfjnL_ lj:tf/s zLif{ -stf{_ lj:tf/s zLif{ -;dfks lj|mof_ – d cfdfaa' fsf] ;a}eGbf h7] f] x'F . d]/f] aa' f ;Gtfg ug{'xG' Yof] . d]/L cfdf ef/L afS] g] sfd ug{'x'GYof] . d]/f xh/' aa' f bj' n} ] vt] Lls;fgL lnO;Sg'eof] . xh'/cfdf hLjg;ª\\3if{af6 ;bfsf nflu cfdfa'afsf] h7] f] d}n] ul//x]sf] 5' . ;Gtfg lj>fd d]/L hLjg ;lF ugL v]tLkftLaf6 cfˆgf] hLjg l5g\\ . rflxF rfd] fn] ª' d\\ fcfB} fl] us ;fdfg lgjfx{ 5g\\ . kl| ti7fgsf ;a} rf]df]n'ªd\\ f cfB} fl] us k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t xfd|f] 3/df rfd] fn] ª' d\\ fcfB} fl] us ;fdfg cfkj| f;L gk] fnLx¿sf 3/df 5g\\ . k|lti7fgsf klg kofK{ t dfqfdf cfk|jf;Lnufot gk] fnL rfd] fn] 'ªd\\ f cf}Bfl] us 5fF} . xfdL ;a} kl| ti7fgsf] k|ult bv] /] w]/} v;' L &= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bdf k|oS' t jfSoaf6 p2]Zo v08 / ljw]o v08 56' o\\ fpg'xf];\\ M xfdL kf]v/f uofF} . xfdL klxnf] lbg km]jftfn 3D' ofF} . xfdL kmj] ftnfdf 8ª' \\uf r9\\of}F . w]/} ljb]zL ko6{ s kmj] ftfndf cfPsf lyP . xfdLn] uLt klg ufofF} . tLg hgf ko6{ s gfr] . ufpFsf w]/} dflg; ToxfF en] f ePsf lyP . s]xL ufpnF ]n] tfnL ahfP . s]xLn] uLt ufP . xfdL ;a} To; lbg va' /dfof}F . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 173

&= z4' agfO{ k'gn{]vg ug{'xf];\\ M ut ;lgjf/ ljxfg l/d/Ld pHofnf] x'Fbu} bf{ d sf6] ]Zj/af6 ;fn] ' bw' s'08 hfg] dfOjm| fa] ;df r9F] . a; eStk/' , wl' nvn] , gk] fnyfs] , vs' f6]{ , 3d' L,{ lxn]kflg, cf]vn9'ª\\uf, 7f8] xbF' } an] 'sf $ jh] ;fn] ';Nn]l/ k\"Uof] . l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{ != k9fO jf cGo Ifq] df ;kmntf xfl;n ug{] tkfOFs{ f cfkmGt jf tkfO{nF ] lrg]hfgs] f] s'g} JolSt;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL pxfnF ] u/s] f ;ª3\\ if,{ kl/>d / ;kmntfnfO{ ;d]6]/ Pp6f l/kft] f{h n]Vgx' f;] \\ . @= sIffdf ;Nnfx u/L ljleGg 5fkf jf cgnfOg klqsfdf ks| flzt l/kf]tfh{ ;ª\\sng ug'{xf];\\ / cfkm\"n] ;ª\\sng u/]sf] l/kf]tf{h sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\\ . 174 gk] fnL, sIff !@

kl/lzi6 ljKnj 9sfn ;'gfO kf7 ! 175 bf]efgdf e]6 ePkl5 oxfF klg d h:t} csf{] gbL /x]5 . bf]efgdf e]6 ePkl5 bO' { km/s af6faf6 cfPsf gbLx¿ cfkm\" h:t} csf{] gbL b]v/] 5Ss k/] . bj' }sf] ofqf p:t} lyof] ;ª\\3if{n] el/Psf] af6f] p:t} lyof] xb[ osf] ;ªu\\ Lt p:t} lyof] k]|dsf] ;kgf p:t} lyof] . s;nfO{ lhTg' 5 / ca < bf]efgdf e]6 ePkl5 afFsL ofqf k/\" f ug{ pgLx¿ ;Fu;Fu} ldn]/ aUg yfn] . gk] fnL, sIff !@

;'gfO kf7 @ cGtd{gsf] ofqf cf;} t dfG5] c;n x'g ;Sbg} . p;sf] dg, jrg / sd{ Ps} ug{ ;Dej 5}g t/ dfG5] c;n gx'g]lalQs} v/fa g} xbF' }g . c;n / v/fasf lar lgs} v'6l\\ snf xG' 5g\\ . OGb]|gLsf h:t} w/] } /ª / ltgsf hf]gLl{ kR5s] f dg, jrg / sdd{ f hlt sd km/s eof] dfG5] plt ultnf] x'G5 . To;sf nflu pm :ki6 lrGts, :ki6 jStf / :ki6 stf{ x'gk' 5{ . h;nfO{ nf]sn] 5r' f] klg eG5 . d ;flxTosf/sf dfem klg afrF F], gfr]F . ;flxTosdL,{ snfsf/ x[bohLjL xf] . pm;uF s]jn d'6' xG' 5 . ToxL klg of}6f dfq t/ 7fG5 pm;uF xhf/fF} d6' ' 5g\\ / x/s] d'6'sf] cgGt ;Defjgf 5 . pm s]jn d6' ' lrG5 . sj] n d6' s' f] efsf afN] 5 . sj] n d6's} efsf a'em\\5 . hh;n] hlt hlt d6' ' lbof] plt plt a6N' 5 clg ;a} cfˆg} eGg] 7fG5 . hh;n] cln cln dfof lbG5g\\, ToTo;nfO{ cfˆgf] ToxL Pp6f d6' ' l;ª\\ufl;ªu\\ } af8F \\g vf]H5 . To;/L p;n] d6' s' f] b¿' kof]u u5{ . c¿ ss] f] b'¿kof]u u/f];\\ < p;uF d6' a' fx]s s] x'G5 / < p;n] ToxL d6' ' 3f6] /] n]V5 . ToxL d6' ' 3f6] ]/ dfof u5{ . ToxL d6' 3f]6/] afRF 5 . h;nfO{ klg dfof u5{ . hlt klg dfof u5{ . ====dn} ] cfˆgf] oj' fj:yf ;flxTonfO{ ;dlk{t u/F] . d hltGhn] ;flxTodf lyPF, d}n] ;flxTo g} ;f; km/] ]F . d/] f] ;flxToeGbf afx]s c¿ sx] L lyPg . afFRg] cfjZostfn] hflu/df nfuF,] ljb]z a;fOF ;/,F] d/] f] ;flxTo ;fwgf 36o\\ f] t/ d/g] . d gofF ;flxlTosdL;{ Fu Tolt leHg ;lsgF tfklg ;flxTosdL{x¿ g} d/] f ;aeGbf w/] }, ;aeGbf glhssf, ;aeGbf c;n / ;aeGbf cfTdLo ldq 5g\\ . d/] f] oj' fj:yfsf bftF} /L ;flxTosdL{ cfh rfln; jif{cl3 h:t} cfTdLo 5g\\ . gfdn] dfq lrg]sf jf lrGb} glrgs] f ;flxTosdL{ klg Ps jrg af]Nb} cfTdLo xG' 5g\\ . Tof] JolSt JolStsf larsf] ;DaGw xf]Og . Tof] bO' { ;flxTosdL{larsf] klg ;DaGw xf]Og . Tof] lgM:jfy{ ;flxTo ;DaGw xf] . cIf/ / zAbsf] ;DaGw xf,] snfsf] ;DaGw xf] . ToxfF dx, bw' , k;} f, kb, kl| ti7f, zlStsf] sg' } uGw xFb' }g . tL efjgfhLjL cIf/sdL{ snfsf/ d]/f ;aeGbf cfTdLo / ;aeGbf cfb/0fLo kf| 0fL xg' \\ . hubLz l3ld/] 176 g]kfnL, sIff !@

;'gfO kf7 # 3fGb|'s ofqf d}n] w/] } rrf{ ;'gs] f] 3fG›'s x]g{ hfg] df}sf dfr{ !(^& df k|fKt u/F] . d/] f Pl8gju{sf u'?sL 5f]/L Sn]o/ u8] ]; kbofqf / kjt{ f/fx] 0fdf cToGt ?lr /flVyg\\ / Ps xKtfsf] 5'6\\6Ldf ef/taf6 sf7df8fF} cfOk'lug\\ . dn} ] pgsf] ofqfsf nflu kj{tsf] glhs} ePsf] 3fG›'s 5fgF] . xfdL xjfOh{ xfhaf6 kfv] /f ku' L ko6{ g ljefuåf/f ;~rflnt Pp6f nhdf a:ofF} . ef]lnkN6 dfr{ @ tfl/vsf lbg xfdL kfv] /faf6 lx8F o\\ f}F . pQ/lt/ yfsvfn] f hfg] dV' o Jofkfl/s dfut{ km{ cu|;/ x'Fb} ahf/sf] pQ/lt/ 9'ª\\ufvfgL kf/ u/L xfdL cl3 a9o\\ f}F . af6fdfly b]a]|lt/ 9'ªu\\ f lr/]/ agfOPsf] k'/fgf] l;rF fO sn' fsf] s]xL /v] f b]lvGYof] . To;kl5 xfdL uf]nf 9ª' u\\ f oqtq 5l/Psf] ofª\\bL vf]nf t/]/ ;]tL gbLsf] klZrdlt/sf] u/}u/f k/]sf] kfvfaf6 psfnf] r9\\of}F . d}n] ;g\\ !(^@ df x]l/;ss] f] vf;u/L 8f]Skfx¿sf] afx'No ePsf] ltAatL z/0ffyL{ SofDk -*&% ld6/_ gbLsf] pRr au/sf ¿kdf /xs] f] lyof] . clxn] s/] fsf af6] sf] xl/ofnL tyf htftt} 3f/Ln] 9fs]sf] Pp6f ;;' ª\\ul7t ufpFdf kl/0ft ePsf] /x]5 . ufn] f 9ª' u\\ fsf] ;d\"xaf6 ag]sf] le/ kf/ u/L xfdL Pp6f 7f8f] vf]N;fsf] uf]/]6f] psfnf] nfuL tNnf] x\\ofªh\\ f -!)$! ld6/_ sf] cUnf v]tdf kU' of}F . b'O{ lsnfl] d6/ 6f9f uPkl5 dflyNnf] x\\ofªh\\ f -!)^^ ld6/_ k'luGYof] . afx'g / 5]qL a;]sf bO' { x\\ofªh\\ f sfb] f]af/L, ;G' tnf3f/L / /d0fLo /ftf 3/ ePsf lj:tt[ Ifq] ;uF ldNg ldNg ku' s] f lyP . ufpsF f af6fdf xfdLn] pQ/tkm{ yfsvfn] fdf cGg afs] /] vRr8sf tftF L e6] of}F . 3fG›s' af6 lsg/] sf7df8fF}sf] pQ/df kg{] ;/sf/L kmfda{ f6 n}hfg nfluPsf e8] fafvfsf] Ps ayfg klg e]6o\\ f}F . dflyNnf] xo\\ fªh\\ fsf] klZrddf xfdf| cufl8 ofªb\\ L vf]nfsf] af9Ln] agfPsf] d}bfg lyof] . ;f] d}bfg sf:sL 8fF8fsf] 7f8f] le/fnf] df]x8f / wDk';sf] 8fF8flardf /xs] f] pkTosfaf6 3]l/Psf] lyof] . sx] L ysfnL e66\\ L ePsf af/L gf3]/ xfdL klZrdlt/ a9b\\ } uof}F / Pp6f e6\\6Ldf lrof vfof}F . afF;sf dfG›fn] ags] f tL ;fwf/0f e6\\6L3/ cfOdfOs{ f] /v] b]vdf x'G5g\\ . efG;fsf] ;kmfO / cfsifs{ ;]jfn] yfs]sf a6j' fnfO{ nf]EofpF5g\\ . ;fwf/0ftof wfg yGSofpgf;fy e6\\6Lx¿ htfht} bv] f kg{ yfN5g\\ / lxpbF e/ va' Jofkf/ rDsG5 . clGtddf kmfk/ yGSofpg] ;dodf e6\\6Ldflns cfcfˆgf ;fdfg a6'n/] cfˆgf 3/ yfsvfn] f kmsG{ 5g\\ . kfv] /fb]lv a6' jn hfg] k'/fgf] af6fsf e66\\ Lsf nfOg /fhdfu{ ag]kl5 oqtq 5l/g ku' ] . e6\\6Lsf nflu ef8fdf lbPsf] wfgvt] sf] axfn:j¿k klxn] ltAatL gg' lbg] rng ePsfdf ca gub lbg] rng cfof] . xs{ u'?ª gk] fnL, sIff !@ 177

;'gfO kf7 $ hf8f] / :jf:Yo lxhf]bl] v 7G8L nfus] f] h:tf] 5 . lhp sx] L lzlyn ePsf] 5 . o;kfln pu| hf8f] eof] . cl:tdfq glhss} f] kxf8df lxpF k¥of] . otf jiff{ Ct' emF} em/L kl//x\\of] . lxhf] aNn cfsfz pl3o| f] tk} lg afbnsf 6'jm| f wDsL lbg] efpn] cfsfzdf cl8/x]sf 5g\\ . klZrdlt/ cfsfz sfnf] eP/ cfPsf] bV] bf slxn] lr;f] / ;bLa{ f6 qf0f kfOPnf h:tf] x'G5 . pgL n'uf d/] f nflu jlht{ 5 lsgeg] pg d/] f] k|s[ltsf] cgs' n\" kbf]{ /x]g5 . pgL sk8f kl| t d]/f] k|sl[ t Pnlh{s 5 . o;kflnsf] hf8f] lagf pgL n'uf nfP/ d}n] sf6]F . tLg txsf] n'uf / tu'jf ef]6f]n] 7n' f] dbt u¥of] . oBlk dnfO{ hf8fo] fd /dfOnf] nfU5 t/ z/L/df o;sf] k|lts\"ntf k5{ . o;kfln hf8fbl] v jfSs eOof] . lxhf] 8]/faf6 /]s]6 agfP/ k7fPsf lyP . cfh p7\\gl] alQs} Aof8ldG6gsf] tLg v]n vn] ]F . cfhsn d a8f] l56\\6} yfSg nfu]sf] 5' . otf sx] L dlxgfb]lv zf/Ll/s kl/>d d]/f] z/L/sf nflu c;fwf/0f 9ªu\\ n] k|ltsn\" k/s] f] h:tf] nfU5 . To;f] t aflx/af6 d/] f] :jf:Yo l7s g} 5 . cfh} v]nkl5 a9f] SnfGt ePsf] cge' j dnfO{ eof] . pd/] a9b\\ } uP/ xf] eg]bl] v o:tf] x7ft\\ lsl;daf6 o;sf] nIf0f ks| 6 gxg' ' kg]{ . tLg tLg dlxgd} f :ki6 ¿kn] cge' j xg' ] u/L o:tf] gx'g' kg{] . h] xf;] \\, z/L/ sdhf/] ePsf] cg'ej xG' 5 . dfgl;s lrGtf klg zf/Ll/s SnflGtsf] sf/0f x'g ;S5 . ljZjZ] j/k|;fb sfO] /fnf ;'gfO kf7 % 6'6]sf] ;kgf dfg]?D8' lat]sf] ef]lnkN6 b]lvg\\ v'Dhª' pkTosfdf lapFlemPsf] rg' fjsf] rxnkxn lr;f] ePsf] klg so} g\\ lbg eO;ss] f] 5 . :ofªafr] ], tfªafr] ], kfªaf]r,] v'Gb] / To;sf] ;]/fk] m/] f]sf cGo ufpFsf ef6] /;dt] sf] lglDt kfOs kg]{ u/]/ vD' hª' pkTosfdf v8f ul/Psf] rg' fj ay' sf] ca gfdlg;fg;Dd klg 5}g . v'Dhª' af6 lbglbg} bl] vg] kd' /L, cdfnAnfg, nf]T;,] dsfn' cflb cflb lxdzª[ \\vnfsf r'r'/f;lxt ;u/dfyf;dt] sf rr' /' fsf] xfsF n] eg] cem;Dd klg /ª abns] f] 5}g . ca tL lxdz[ª\\vnfsf rr' '/fsf xfFssf] cl:tTjn] clnslt klg /f]dfl~rt t'NofpFb}g k]df bfh] L{nfO{ . g t tL rr' '/fsf] ufyfn] dgf/] ~hg g} lbg] u5{ 178 gk] fnL, sIff !@

p;nfO{ . ;flF Rr Totflt/ ;fx|} pbf; xb'F } cfO/xs] f] 5 kd] f bfh] L{ rg' fjsf] lbgbl] vg\\ lsgeg] ca bl] vg\\ tL lxdzª[ \\vnfdf p;n] slxn] klg kfOnf] xfNg ;Sg] 5g} . g t lxpFn] 5fl] kPsf r66\\ fgsf 9'ª\\ufdf 3o' ]qF f] 3d' fP emF} sfF6f 3d' fP/ 8f/] L cNemfpg ;Sg] 5, g t h'df/ tfg]/ lxdfnsf] prfOnfO{ 5f]6\\ofpg ;Sg] 5 . ca p;sf lglDt lxdfn r9\\bf k|of]u ul/g] ;f/fsf ;f/f cf}hf/ sfd gnfUg] eO;ss] f 5g\\ . x/] Û ljut 5 dlxgfcl3 rg' fj s] cfPsf] lyof] To;n] p;sf] ;u/dfyfsf] rr' '/f]dfly ljho kf| Kt ug]{ wfs] fsf] ;Defjgfsf] kmfF6nfO{ l;lgQ kl' 5lbPsf] 5 . bf}ntljjm| d lai6 ;'gfO kf7 ^ emdss'df/L l3ld/] emdss'df/L l3ld/s] f] hGd lj=;+ @)#& c;f/ @% ut]sf lbg wgs6' f lhNnfsf] slr8F ] ufpdF f ePsf] xf] . a'af s[i0faxfb'/ l3ld/] / cfdf cfzfbj] L l3ld/]sL ky| d ;Gtfg emds cGo lzz' emF} ;fdfGo ¿kdf hGd]sL xg' \\ . ;do j|mddf zf/Ll/s j[l4 ;xL lsl;dn] x'g g;sk] l5 k/LIf0f u/fpbF f pgnfO{ …;/] ]an| kfN;LÚ gfdsf] dl:tis /f]u ePsf] kQf nfUof] . xftuf8] f grNg], pleg, lxF8g\\ / afN] g g;Sg] eP klg pgL c¿n] eg]sf] s'/f ;G' g / ae' mg\\ rflxF ;lSyg\\ . v'6\\6fsf] tLg cfnF} f dfq rNg] pgn] ltg} tLg cf}nF fsf] ;xof]uaf6 vfgf vfg], nu' f nufpg]nufotsf cfkmn\" ] ;Sg] sfd cfkm}F uly{g\\ . zf/Ll/s czSttf ePs} sf/0f cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf cWoog ug{ kfpg] cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsL emdsn] 3/df efO / alxgLn] k9n] v] ]sf] b]v];g' ]/ lzIff cfhg{ u/s] L xg' \\ . vfg] dv' nfO{ h'Fufn] 5]Sb}g eg] em}F efOalxgLsf lstfa k9\\b} / :jfWoog ub}{ pgn] pTsi[ 6 ;flxTo l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ofU] otf;dt] xfl;n ul/g\\ . cfwf bh{geGbf a9L ;flxlTos sl[ t /rgf ul/;s]sL emdssf] ;a}eGbf rlr{t k':ts …hLjg sf8F f ls km\"nÚ xf] . lj=;+ @)^& sf] dbg k'/:sf/ kf| Kt ug{ ;kmn o; s[ltdf pgn] cfkm\"n] ef]us] f] kL8f / ;ª3\\ ifs{ f] ufyf k|:t't ug's{ f ;fy} ;dfhdf JofKt cGwljZjf;, eb] efj, ljs[lt / lj;ª\\ultsf] cGTo x'g'kg]{ ljrf/ JoSt u/s] L 5g\\ . o; sl[ tsf] cªu\\ ]|hL, lrlgofF, cf;fdL / lxGbL efiffdf cgj' fb xg' 'sf ;fy} rnlrq;dt] alg;ss] f] 5 . lg/Gt/ ;ª\\3if{ ub{} /r]sf pTs[i6 ;flxlTos s[ltåf/f pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhnfO{ pNn]Vo u'g nufPsL 5g\\ . pgsf] pRr dgfa] n, pgn] u/]sf] ;ª3\\ if{ / lg/Gt/sf] ;fwgf k|Tos] JolStsf nflu k|/] 0ffbfoL ags] f] 5 . g]kfnL, sIff !@ 179

cfkm\"n] u/]sf] pNn]Vo of]ubfgsf sf/0f pgn] …ka| n uf]/vf blIf0f afx' rf}yf]Ú nufot bh{gfF} k'/:sf/ Pjd\\ ;Ddfg klg k|fKt ul/;s]sL 5g\\ . dWoklZrd ljZjljBfnon] pgnfO{ dfgfy{ ljBfjfl/lw pkflwaf6 ;d]t ;Ddfg ul/;ss] f] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ?= Ps s/f]8 c;L nfvsf] nfutdf sf7df8fFd} f cfjf; lgdf0{ f ul/lbP/ pgnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 . pgL clxn] klg ;flxTo l;hg{ fdf k\"0ft{ M ;dlkt{ l5g\\ . o;/L cfkm\" czSt eP/ klg ;ª3\\ if{ ub}{ ;flxTosf] l;h{gfdf lg/Gt/ ;dlk{t eO/xg] emds g]kfnL ;flxTosL ljlzi6 /Tg x'g\\ . ;'gfO kf7 & jg cf;F ' v;fnL /f]O/xy]F ] hLjg jgsf lar vfh] L vf]hL st} gkfO{ d]/f] dgsf lrh 6'6]km'6s] f cfzfdfly gog b'Mvsf gL/ sxfF sxfFsf] stf stfsf] d/] f] dgsf] lk/ . nfn;fn] df]xgLsf] ¿k u/L wf/0f af]nL uxgf emNsfO{ ?G5f} ltdL sg' sf/0f . ljnf;sf] of] dxn dgf]x/ xG' 5' d ltd|L /fgL d}n] af]n]F, ……x'G5 ;a} of] ef]ln w'nf] / v/fgL .ÚÚ wd{ afn] ], ……s'g dlGb/df kh\" f u5f{} cfpmÚÚ dn} ] afn] ,]F ……jL/x¿sf] alnbfg ePsf] 7fpFÚÚ ;xfge' \"ltn] ;s?0f afl] ng,\\ ……ta lsg ?G5fF} efO <ÚÚ dn} ] af]n]F, ……;do 5 5f]6f] ;j] f ug{ dnfO{ .ÚÚ bf:] t sxfF 5g\\ < ;fy 5 sf] sf] < 3/ xf] ltdf| ] s'g bz] < hfG5f} s'g k/' ejg d';flkm/ < Nofof} sg' ;Gbz] < ……bf]:t 5 d]/f] ze' pBfu] L, ;fy 5 ;fx; a;] ljZj ;a} 3/ xb[ ok/' Llt/ NofpF5' ;]jf ;Gb]z .ÚÚ nIdLk|;fb b]jsf6] f 180 gk] fnL, sIff !@

;'gfO kf7 * hLjg Ps lbgsf] ;fFem kxnF] f] 3fddf kN6]sf] 5 sf7df8f}F ;x/ . af6f], kmf6F rdsGg, sg' } /ª 5g} , s]xL gofkF g 5g} . cfkml\" eqsf] dgb]lv lnP/ ;f/f cfsfz km'ªu\\ p8s] f,] l/Qf] . dnfO{ lj/St nfU5 ;w}F s;/L stf tx nufpg] oL ;fFemx¿nfO{ < ==== d ljrf/wf/fnfO{ csf]{lt/ df8] lbbF } gofF ;8slt/ nDsG5' . of] ;fFem sxLF ldNsfP/ cfpg' 5, s;} u/]/ latfpg' 5 . d klg h;ft] ;f] ;fFem ldNsfOlbG5,' Pp6f uf]/vfkq k9]/ sx] L em\\ofp/] ;g' /] . ;feF m laT5 / ;DemG5' of] /ft cfˆgf] . To;}n] t cfˆgf] af6f] eP/ cfˆg} 3/ kms{gk' 5{ . Psl5g;Ddsf] d';nwf/] kfgLkl5 km]l/ sf7df8fsF} f] cfsfzdf afbn kmf6\\5 . d kmls{G5' pxL af6f], df]8 / dlGb/ eP/ . af6f] ;a rDsG5g\\, ;feF m;uF } /ftsf] Ps lx:;f klg sxLF latfP/ cfO/xs] L 5' . xfjf an u//] ;O' ;F 'OtF L rN5 . /ft zLtn g} 5 t/ dleq udL{ 5 . s'g} lk/lagf, cy{lagf ddf cfPsf] . s'g} /fu] } geO{ d/] f g;f g;f b'vs] f 5g\\ . ljrf/ u5{' s:tf] Psf]xf]/f], s:tf] Psgf; of] hLjg klg . lxF8b\\ flx8F b\\ } k/Lsyfdf h:t} Pp6f /x:osf] 9f]sf vl' nlbP klg x'g,] s]xL eP klg xg' ] t/ s]xL x'Fbg} . ls t ;f; kmg] { la;{gk' ¥of] cfkm}nF fO{ yfxf gkfpg gq t of] ;f;sf] cf]xf/] bf]xf/] n] latfpg' 5 l:ylt / hLjg, rfx] hLjg hlt;s' } dxfzG\" o lsg gxf];\\ . hLjgnfO{ xg] { of] lglijm| o ;fGTjgf hf] clxn] d ;dflt/x]5', To;n] dnfO{ x'TofO/xG5 kl5af6 t/ d ljjz 5', dn} ] sn] fO{ cj/f]w ug{] < d sn] fO{ cj/f]w u¿F < d cfˆgf] 5ftLdf sxLFst} cefjsf] vf6] f] kfpFlbgF . of] t el/e/fp 5, ;dtn 5 t/ of] ;Dk\"0f{tf xf]Og, cjZo xfO] g . km]l/ 56fsl5l6s kfgL k5{ . d dlGb/cl3 5' . ====dlGb/ptf af/f k;nsf] 5fk|f], ;8skfl/sf] n77\\ faf6 Ps 6'j|mf pHofnf] 5fk|fsf] cGwsf/ nv6] /] k;]sf] 5, dfgf}F of] n77\\ fnfO{ hng 5 5fk|fl;t . kfl/hft ;'gfO kf7 ( oGq dfgj ;x/sf] Ps s'gfdf dflg;sf] le8 a9\\b} lyof] . To; le8sf dflg; a8f] cfZro{ dfGb} dHhf lnO/x]sf lyP . ToxfF le8 hDdf u/s] f] lyof] Ps oGq dfgjn] . b'?:t dfgj emF} nfUg] To; g]kfnL, sIff !@ 181

oGq dfgjn] dfgj xfpefpsf] gSsn uYof{] . j]nf jn] fdf cgf}7f cfjfh lgsfn]/ dflg;nfO{ afn] fpYF of] . le8sf dflg; To;nfO{ lj1fgsf] pRrtd cfljisf/ 7fgL cfZror{ lst eP/ x]l//xs] f lyP . le8sf dflg; To; oGq dfgjnfO{ glhs}af6 lgofln/x]sf lyP . sfx] L oGq dfgj;uF a8f] cf/fdn] xft ldnfO/x]sf lyP . sf]xL crDd dfg/] To;nfO{ ;'d;D' ofO/x]sf lyP . sfx] L ;uF } a;]/ kmf]6f] lvrfO/xs] f lyP . le8sf s]xL j[4j4[ f eujfg\\sf] cfwl' gs cjtf/ 7fg]/ To; oGq dfgjsf] r/0f :kz{ ul//x]sf lyP . dflg;sf] le8 lgs} al9;ss] f] lyof] . PSsfl; oGq dfgjn] cfjfh lgsfNof] . ævfgsf nflu bO' {rf/ ?lkofF kfpmF xh/' ÛÆ oGq dfgjn] le8df xft k;f¥of] . le8sf dflg; crlDdt eP . s;/L oGq dfgjn] dfG5] emF} ld7f] af]Ng ;S5 < oGq dfgjnfO{ k;} fsf] s] sfd < le8sf dflg; kZ| g k|ltkZ| g ug{ yfn] . oGq dfgjn] ld7f] cfjfhdf eGof], æcfwl' gs hdfgfsf] of] cfwl' gs ;x/df d}n] lev dfUg] tl/sf dfq kl/jt{g u/s] f] x'F . jf:tjdf d xh/' x¿ h:t} dfG5] x'F . oGq dfgjsf] o:tf] s/' f ;'gk] l5 le8sf dflg; oGqjt\\ eP . si[ 0f ahufOF{ ;'gfO kf7 !) et]/ sfG5f M xl/ ltdL nx8L 5f} . ;'g t, bn' xLn] 5f]Psf] ltdLn] vfPkl5 ltdLn] 5fP] sf] c¿n] vfPgg\\ eg] lg==== . xl/ M xG' 5, b'nxLn] 5f]Psf] tkfOF{x¿ la; hgf gvfg'xfn] f, gvfg'xf];\\ . pgLn] 5fP] sf] vfg] ;;+ f/df la; nfv dflg; 5g\\ . cem s/f}8fF} kz'kG5L 5g\\ . xG' 5, tkfOFx{ ¿ 30[ ffn] gftf 6'6fpbF } hfg;' ,\\ k|]dn] gftf h'6fpg]x¿ hut\\df cgluGtL 5g\\ ====. sfG5f M xl/n] l7s eGof] . d t vfG5', efs] } a:g ;lSbg . ==== dflxnf M ====vfg dg nfUg] vfG5g\\, dg gnfUg] vfFb}gg\\ . o;df s]sf] s/s/ ====. 182 g]kfnL, sIff !@

h7] f M sfG5fn] egs] f] s/' f klRr;c} fgf a]dgfl;a t elGbg t/ k:' tfF}b]lv rlncfPsf] s/' fnfO{ xDd];L=== sfG5f M ====slxn]bl] v s] rn/] cfof] < xhf/fF} jif{ nu' } gnufpg] rng lyof] ====, kjt{ sf kTy/L u'kmfsf] xFb' fx'Fb} P]gf3/ eO;Sof] ====. sfFrf] vfgfsf] kSjfGg eO;Sof] . tf8kqsf] k:' ts eO;Sof] ====. /ysf 7fpdF f /n] , df]6/, xjfOh{ xfh, /s6] eO;Sof] . lbofnfsf 7fpdF f lahn' L aQL eO;Sof] . === tkfOFx{ ¿ cgGt ;dosf] s'gf] efunfO{ s]G› ;Dem/] l6Sgx' 'G5 < clxn] xfdL h;/L rln/xs] f 5f,F} of] xfdf| ] rng xf] . rNg 5f]l8;s]sf rng h;n] rnfP ltg;} Fu d/]/ uP . ca km]l/ ltgn} fO{ cuF fNg] < ==== sflxFnf M xfdf| sfG5fn] k9s] f] ;f/ o} ef] ====. sfG5f M dn} ] ljb]zdf 7'nf 7n' f xf6] ndf uP/ vfPsf] 5' . hQ' f nfPsf] v6' 6\\ f 6a] n' dl' Gt/ 3;' f/]/ 6]an' dfl:t/ /flvPsf] k'nfp eft rDrfn] vfPsf] 5' . dn} ] 5f]Psf] tkfOF{x¿ ;a}n] vfO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ca stf uof] xfdf| ] hft < ====ljbz] df hfbF f ;a gk] fnL gk] fnL 5fF} eg] oxfF cfpg]lalQs} lsg ;ªs\\ 'lrtkgf lng' ====. afnsi[ 0f ;d ;'gfO kf7 !! 6fpsf] d 6fk] L l6k/] 6fpsf] 5fK] 5' t/ skfn dfq 5f]lkG5, 6fpsfleqsf] l;lnªlalnª 5fl] kFbg} a? ToxfF Pp6f 5fn cfpF5 . Pp6f ed' /L k5{, e'd/Ldf d kmGg l/ª5\\ ', bz] l/ª\\5, ljZj l/ª\\5 dfgf}F l;ªu\\ } ax| d\\ f08 c6fPsf] 5 d/] f] 6fpsf]leq . cfd} lg Û slt 7'nf] x'G5 dfG5]sf] 6fpsf] Û kY[ jLeGbf w/] } 7'nf,] a|xd\\ f08eGbf w/] } 7'nf] Û cf]xf] Û oqf] eoª\\s/ 6fpsf] d}n] s;/L af]ss] f] 5' < dnfO{ vnvnL kl;gf cfpF5, 6fpsf] 5fD5', Pp6f ;fgf] hd' f| ] 5o\\ f:; 6]an' df v:5 . a|xd\\ f08eGbf 7n' f] 6fpsfsf] afl;Gbf of] h'df| n] dfgf}F cfˆgf] kl/ro lbG5, ……d To; uf]n bl' gofFsf] ;j{>]i7 hd' |f hflt xF' . d klg o; uf]n bl' gofsF f] ;j>{ i] 7 dfgj hflt x'F . bj' }sf] kY[ jL uf]n 5 eg] h'df| / dfG5]df s] km/s 5 < ha d]/f] 6fpsf] w]/} kmfx] f/] xG' 5, hd' |fsf] ;l[ i6 x'G5 . ha;Dd d g'xfpGg,F p;sf] l:ylt xG' 5, Pscsf{l;t dfoflk/tL x'G5, lnvf hlGdG5g\\ . lnvfaf6 hd' |f aG5g\\, of] /f}Faf6 pm /fF,} of] s'gfaf6 pm s'gf cfx] f]/bfx] f]/ rln/xG5 . hd' |fdf klg sg' } ef:sfl] 8ufdf / sg' } sfn] Da; gf}nf gfn} f 7fpFsf] kQf nufpnfg\\ . h'd|fdf klg s'g} Jof;, xf]d/ h:tf slj xf]nfg\\ . sfk] lgs{ ;, Go'6g, / cfOG:6fOg lg:s]/ 6fpsfsf] kl/lw / g]kfnL, sIff !@ 183

Jof;sf] n]vfhfv] f unfg{ \\ . u'?Tjfsif{0f / ;fk]Iftfjfbsf] JofVof unfg{ \\ . ToxfF klg si[ 0f, sGˆo'l;o;, j|mfO:6, a4' / df]xDdb hGd/] hd' |f hfltsf] p4f/sf nflu e/dUb/' sfl] ;; unf{g\\ . ToxfF klg ufF;af;sf lglDt o4' xfn] f . 9f8L hd' f| x¿ rDsgfx¿nfO{ l5gl5gdf ;tfpbF f xg' \\ t/ ha d gx' fpg yfN5,' ;fag' sf] emfn] n] h'df| nf]sdf xfO8«f]hgsf] sfd u5{ . dxfkn| o eP/ pgLx¿sf] bl' gofF phf8 x'G5 . d]/f] / hd' f| sf] ;+;f/df s] km/s 5 < d]/f] / hd' f| sf] cl:tTjdf s] km/s 5 < a? x'g ;S5, k[YjL s;}sf] ufn] 6fpsf] xf,] dfG5] To; 6fpsfsf] h'df| . ha 6fpsfj] fnf g'xfpg yfN5, xfdf| ] k|no x'G5 . kmf]xf/] } /flv5f8f;] \\ a? p;n] cfˆgf] 6fpsf] . d ;f]Rb} hfG5', h'd|f 6a] n' df /u/ufp5F , s:tf] cg'ej xF'bf] xf] To;nfO{ 6]a'ndf . p;n] oxfaF f6 kml] / kms{g kfof] eg] hd' |f nf]sdf s:tf] ofqf j[QfGt ;g' fpFbf] xf,] ……ae' mo\\ f}, xfd|f] ;+;f/eGbf aflx/ cs}{ ;;+ f/ /x]5 . .ÚÚ xf], kSs} o:tf] JofVofg 5fF6b\\ f] xf] . Pp6f st' \"xn NofpbF f] xf] . e}/j cof{n ;'gfO kf7 !@ sDKo'6/ sDKo6' / Ps Jojl:yt ljB'tLo oGq xf] . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] sfd o;df /xs] f xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/n] u/]sf x'G5g\\ . ljB'tLo zlStaf6 rNg] k|f];];/, dfl] g6/, dfp;, lsaf]8{, lk|G6/ h:tf ljleGg ef}lts oGq xf8j{ o] / x'g\\ . tL oGqnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ sDKo6' /n] a'em\\g] efiffdf tof/ ul/Psf] lgb]{zgsf] ;dli6 rflxF ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . log} xf8j{ ]o/ / ;ˆ6j]osf] sfos{ f cfwf/df sDo'6/nfO{ lgjz] of]hgf, e08f/0f / pTkfbg u/L rf/ efudf /fv/] ae' mg\\ ;lsG5 . oL rf/ efudWo] lgjz] cGtut{ sDKo6' /df tYofª\\s jf lgbz{] g k|lji6 u/fpg] sfo{ xG' 5 . o; sfod{ f k|ofu] x'g] pks/0f dfp;, lsaf]8{, Sofd]/f, dfOjm| f]kmfg] cflb x'g\\ . of]hgfcGtut{ sDKo'6/df k|lji6 ePsf s'g} tYofª\\snfO{ lgb]{zgcg';f/ u0fgf, juL{s/0f jf ljZni] f0f x'g] u5{ . o;cGtu{tsf] d'Vo pks/0f kf| ;] ;] / xf] . s'g} ;r\" gfnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'/lIft /fvL cfjZos k/s] f] ;dodf k'gM ko| fu] ug{ pknAw u/fpg e08f/0fsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf x'G5 . l;8L, l8le8L, xf8{l8:s, kg] 8f« Oe, dd] f/] L sf8{ cflb pks/0f o;cGtu{t k5g{ \\ . sDKo'6/df ePsf s'g} tYofª\\s jf ;r\" gfnfO{ bv] fpg' pTkfbg xf] . pTkfbgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{] pks/0f df]lg6/, k|fh] S] 6/, l:ks/, lkG| 6/ cflb xg' \\ . sDKo'6/n] cfkmF} lgod agfpbF g} . o;n] k\"j{lgwfl{ /t lgod / To;cg;' f/ lbOPsf lgb{]zcgc;' f/ tYofªs\\ nfO{ u0fgf 184 gk] fnL, sIff !@

tyf k|zfw] g u/L To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ bv] fOlbG5 . pSt kl/0ffdnfO{ e08f/0f klg u5{ . sDKo6' /nfO{ ljBt' Lo ;~hfn;uF hf]8\\bf ;~hfndf cfa4 ePsf ;a} sDKo'6/lar ;r\" gf cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n} ] sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] ;xsfo{af6 ;\"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, cWoogcWofkg / lsga]rnufotsf ljleGg sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+;f/df ;d:of gePsf] s'g} JolSt / j:t' xb'F g} eg] emF} sDKo6' /df klg jn] f jn] fdf ;d:of cfpg ;S5 . dflg;nfO{ sf]/f]gfnufotsf ljleGg efO/;n] j]nf jn] fdf ;tfP h:t} sDKo6' /nfO{ klg a|f]G6s, a'6 ;S] 6/ h:tf ljleGg efO/;n] ;tfpg ;S5g\\ . o;n} ] sDKo6' /nfO{ ;wF} :j:y / ljm| ofzLn agfpg o;df PlG6efO/; ;ˆ6j]o/ klg clgjfo{ ¿kdf OG:6n ug{k' g{] xG' 5 . gk] fnL, sIff !@ 185