วิวัฒน์การอ่านไทย = Communicating with the Thai alphabet from the years past to the present

nurmuiua <Aa imnfi aa^iuviiJTfBiatMviainTJBNinmmiijin ihmkm mil n.ft. osw^'luimasHtn'iJB-ifiijninij <^fe unnn iiarijmBntttb.rfoo ffifiavivn ifaviiNfinijfmiJviinn'] «,tecte win The Gutenberg Bible (aka the 42-line Bible) was printed by ohannes Gutenberg in Germany, in the 1452. Widely praised for its high aesthetic and artistic qualities, the book has 42 lines and A2,800 letters per page. single complete copy has 1,282 pages. iNfiunninmimnfiaB'a iniiSfN ai ijjB-jiuaiijifn diarifiavrsVawlm Replica ot the original Gutenberg printing house, in Bermuda City, USA. There is evidence that printing already existed in the world in 225 BC. Chinese people are credited with being the first to be involved in printing. They engraved stone plates, animal bones and ivory before using them to imprint texts on clay or wax sheets. However, the big change took place only after Johannes Gutenberg successfully invented printing presses with movable steel plates. The invention was ideal for book publishing during the Renaissance and with their ability to mass-produce copies these printing presses quickly became popular across Europe. Europeans then brought this printing technology to Asia. an 97

a/A ^a (f? I mzwniTmimYitj / lll\"ini7^3JHMU^^!]L'T3Jfi U GUUfl^Ufl?(W[Jf(Wmin7r munrmnijjmrnf n.ff. bfeo^ lijBijtftfiiinT immnnniJ-itfBiifhTftn tnnwtrNlfiurmiamijr in a imrminumjjmfj tfmfiim-yinnoDfirniwilanjJM^itf Ttfrnavi © lihjjiBifffjQalijnijm mBjjnuuiiMBwwmihin ill Diim Mu^SBfii!fDiifi7tffi'>i rnnmj nijnIiiiI c n.ff. temGnK' nJuMu^^Q , l?fn ,n3jnBnw7l7wu n muSa^TiiJTinuffTiyi finm wilntj itnubuu Vfitfu (Mrs. Ann Judson) nntn UQ\\iuinH^i^D\"Inu7T3j ™rtu (Adoniram Judson) ijiftfuu\"i7BiiJ7nij firuriiiiiififffiltjriish ifliicifi'iiijijriiTfifiiiiJn^fiiBnttTlriaiiliimTijjTi iiliifiiiiiTn IflanjjijBniiinfjffrl (George H. Hough) ( ^7T^?n^jjnBnw7ln[jlfi'tf'ii7'? liJil n.ff. fembo u«:fiijnMij'>]8BYiT:fi'ijmni£jfnfiijri uriimunumj'iflajJiijou BnmlyiaiiJiinT^iiTnmBinn^iEJiiniif^aSriiriilria ' ^tnnmfi7iliJm!)^ , n3Jiufifi7^i^[jn7^ff7!]onGifi7^'nfe

V-J -ZJuii ^P/lli unimuri 1811 Handtiegel Press tnd I uriu™ii™ukilfniiDdi^UTNiHaioluilijufin\"i:™riniJiii'iaiJ::ivif(lri[j had come i : : in Myt mt in n was basec Mr. with he su< cessfully d used ir for

tfrtCUZ 4 .-f rfOt/ « fc>^ toim rru^pinsnf \"/w n^^tfnrflfwttit^vriwii «n? •*— <fl* -i VWlPlTTI LmtLLtttYiTUdLVSDUUU 8U fmH LLWUfi . v A A . . <*> *^ fiBwurmrmiLlauiiiicjimii Luvnui nturuWu k? . -< iitismmmrwlrNiiijrNwiJfi maldtidvuijc^nanVifii ninLVHHLilHpiuzitfmwivin s\\jftflup}?v?s«i8>jfttt mnmmu*izvYm&Jdr) rmlvwiLtJupiULnnMif \"An.ff. temffyoj IfijjmnfiTiijriMiJ^SD Grammar «»jwr»n/waunt«(a/8jj) 4m^.**i8A7mfi.o fWu of the Thai or Siamese Language\" ulufrm Hij^SBmwilntJtiiiuiiTnTiflijmiuliJiJTimfflnu /« j ificjinnwin<jb{)ii!<u ramimiriuwkimmmrn^mwnlmiJCMU iTJEJiilfiEj lb. inifllm (Capt. James Low) 111 11. ff. fambb fflJIflJjijtftfllimaBlJflBlJ (London Missionary Society) ImfBmflim :lninnunuuimflBUnnMw:uTfifiJLri7 Tf^fnnwnmwimnn American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions \"iinu b,ooo auu mnihiimjiinfi lij^filiJTBBfiBTinfitijrjj'iftliinTBBUfiBii wuBUTfuati lun7>ainn-3 iftJuiffiimiflijmnnMii^rtBnnjjnfnu i^rTu^uriijfijjriuBsfhfiijriBriHTlTiaiiriS^fi'IiJT fnyiwnlyiEJiJiicuEJimTliJiijB^yiEJiiJijfiT^uTn iTrujiliim^mni inBfi°niijijrn7fiSiJfn7^jj^iia: wbMUBuifiiscj ufiu uif timnati tfoifiiiyrNkn v< f c Vfi^wriMU>3ffBrnm ln[jlfi't?\"im liiiiin m fininaij icjaucjff\"ii\"<Lin liJ7 if^k)unjBN]YN7^ijnri^jjifn/rN7\"ti\\iin^n ri.ff. togjs^lfiaijinriwin^TijiJtfiJ ujutfvwuTi mBtivn 7tfmafi m IfiinsnihffiilTiKirlfmj

o 4 i/ i-'-'f *^ a-^ wcvin funs LLVit msv?§fw i ^\\ riu d^ir.n wudii Vint mvimw*. uminumiuuuciuHU luuuriijriijnfiirivliu'onri id ol ouse ir 1 [I. In Singapore, Dr. Bradley received the printing press and Thai American Board n Missions had brought ne to Thailand, he opened a printing o be printed in Thailand _ved on 3 June 1836 with Father Robinson serving

' r „ ;t \" 'v » TflB BAMKOK t MECOBt>BR . (Oil fj H(jM ,-,—» y*\\ . nunifinmntn ) LifkuaruiJaBBmnrj , A book about prenatal care •I.: translated and published by Dr. Bradley for Ufrf*^ & ^wMnprnwuifou, uTsinan-ioBTifiBi MusipfafijjnamjinnnB^nEj ouudfjjqnwBBniwB ^ mnrnfuj n.fi. fe^ L5 ucuui on t l f* >=g , Ml f* *=*l -<al 4\"^\" *- ^| ^ miri w giTu?l w itl uian efrjyn^n^m^n s^Tlyi a auu u?n fisw w « w iiNmggnt/iMgwNwammin isWtrw ?9 trungnlflgiiflg? (Bangkok Recorder) iflguas Is pit* a^lg^iiNJew ^tm^niimmn^fumlu^^ugniJirm/lu^uu ugn^nuuvmguf^^fjmfg^^wu^g uiitfaguflguwvwgmilVMJ (*m. nit^ifj gtfrNrp) NifafiNifaiMthmtiuflmiri was'U uetauiiJawtMflgggnNniitiwjnmaN wfu MtwfgifiEnnijTjoiinutyginim t/m^famimnfen ^mwml^^HWwfgguujWu 6 i^u wwfgnjQvwrd^fjiN tfinnn mtfnflTS lias ) irm^gnwcnfjng^ —

6~ Dr. Bradley i: Dr. Dan Beach Bradley or Dr. Bradley was a key player in the ,' development of Thailand's printing ! industry. W With his firm determination to > propagate Christianity, Dr. Bradley came to Siam or Thailand believing that his knowledge of modern medicine would be useful in his ministry. \\ The printing house set up by Dr. Bradley's team accepted external printing jobs. King Rama 111 hired it to print 9,000 copies of the public ^ announcement of the ban on opium smoking. Later on. the printing house launched the Bangkok Recorder inuuwip iff\\u utf uTfuao which was published twice a month and was like a (Dr. Dan Beach Bradley) short chronological record with Dr. Bradley serving as its editor. The Bangkok Recorder featured articles concerning knowledge and events in Thailand as well *«*<%. \"»•<*», as other parts of the world. '\"\"*****>. 1 During his lifetime, Dr. Bradley wrote and 1 r« ' '•• translated many books for sale. Among them were ft* i»1 works on the American constitution and prenatal care. f Dr. Bradley selected many other books for publishing - i i 1 ' and his printing house published Siamese Laws, the '• «<. M 1 Annals, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and many 7 *< '«*Z **«0 works of literature.

Wosntfmnmuntn aijuTtfrnayi <l iuiaBnlu n.ff. Banlmna^ifltnnnBMrjfiliJ lUB^invnrtnnamm mriamna^madin rifrnari d ijmmifrmrjjiniiu lUfla-iiiJnoumTBBnmjiaiJnfnftmuluiJnT innlilmurnmrN nu» mu uaatalYmijrnfiJifiJirnuu Printing of the Royal Gazette commenced in 1858 during the fourth reign. Distribution lasted a year before terminating because the king was engaged with various royal duties. The gazettes were replaced with leaflets dispatched to government agencies and affixed to public signboards. munnua:lj']fiijrn]B>]viiJBii\"3fiiatJ Home-cum-printing house of Dr. Bradley. BQfiicjtJiini mrmvifiiJifnynriNinfnmBtJvn Ttfrnavi m u ImuTfiinflT] Ivni'omniJTiiJWiJiJiTDiiJTfiiJTijjri mnauTsmri huiUWUJtfllcilll 6^,000 QUy 111 n.ff. tamcta TftlUJlfltJlBfltflT mi^TifniTTJD^mafiJUTnnm^yinw'riuij mwwiJflfiB^lifhirmijri After Dr. Bradley had set up his printing BLnfmmfiu^um nTrniwmfiiJJTifiiiJtJfiTSfiiimcjtifAiJiBiiilJ house in the Kudi Chin area, King Rama III MijamrtnrifliJimwnBJJinfiimBavn Ttfrrmyi ^ Ithmneh^ hired it to print 9,000 copies of the public 111Iwfi^lT^^jjyNiiului^vifn^ utisn'nmTfiijyiiBntfiTiiB^TnffnT announcement of the ban on opium BBnicjaimiknnuncj Iwi^aiJmWni^mijnuwDih.nifimNn smoking in 1839. These copies were the ' first printed official documents in Thailand. Viri7^fLdlJLnlB^W!)^!)^177\"H11^rN7^^flU^\"lJ7\" c The printing house used Asian-made paper for the job and it took more than one month to lfnifljIflLJfl7^ complete. T^muS^fuiJifiailnnfliJifiiJiJ drcfriffrrNn maniilflmrrmBBn / liJlui\\inn^Lmauin^7iwr)7lfi 3Jinnii^jJonDiJ vNmwirfrMUfl nnlwfiJJiiUBMirNKN oog:|io4

^(-•imTo^'T mrwijriifitNmidirmflwiJjmjciiJ aijum:uiriammm:imnaiifiat]vr) Jifrnan i The public announcement of the ban on opium smoking printed in the reign of King Rama III. In the reign of King Rama IV many official documents, including the Royal Gazette, were printed. In an unprecedented move, the king even used printed documents to communicate his opinions directly to his people. Official documents reached a wider audience in the King Rama IV's reign partly because the Thai court set up its own printing house. OO<x|l05

.ig^ nrnlww «aiswuoT?«mnsn?wwiu wuim»pntmnw «•, ^1 1 W^Jiri?iiiTsH§iwKic?h!ifuiwiu?^wfiw9!in^ 091U9^I rmc^inu winei lSMT5WW0??«m?ll^^Pm«?iWlMUW1UMU1 HI E19 7n(([ 6/88/ HiH/a(6^ /5/H6ft vn^wKio?h^uiwnu^wnw ^itiuioiwtjinu .emmim Ningu mi^iu^ngriT^dirnwYniumBWuniTfiuTiviU'iSDTiB'ilwyiijmfiiiiTT The Ariyaka (Aryan) alphabet was invented by Prince Mongkut for writing and printing religious documents.

WmsfiiwinfMH'iu) muffin k fu mmiVnuuiNTi \"li^enfcKJWNwmr' \\x$zmA iimmimu @iiuum?eMa^*mumzMI@0ia/lu w.^ Wma'?^Niumtmii^Hilismf^a^9«in?nHn9dMr3 ftlmafi cT &JHMM ^fSnnimm E T/fTT^mUWfTfffTitl As Western technology began to influence Thai life, Bowonniwet Vihara immunrntm Temple served as a Thai center in the Early Rattanakosin Period. The temple's abbot at the time, Phra Vajirayan Bhikkhu or Prince Mongkut (later known as liwwyiiitNfiiflnmivNiiin King Rama IV), was interested in new technology including that associated with printing. Under his auspices, a printing house was established inside the temple nMuluaJJuyifrnafi m compound. Through this printing house, Prince Mongkut created the culture of Founded in the third reign, publishing critical comments. Bowonniwet Vihara Temple was the site of the first Publications from the Bowonniwet Vihara Temple sought to counter the Thai-owned printing house. Christians' published attacks on Buddhism. Since Westerners continued to criticize Buddhism via print matter, Prince Mongkut fought back in the same way and critical comments on paper would later become a part of Thai culture. On ascending the throne Prince Mongkut was proclaimed King Rama IV. He continued to engage in printing but via a new printing house, which he set up in the royal arsenal and named it, \"Aksorn Pimpakarn Printing House\". Via this facility, he published the Royal Gazettes and various announcements to communicate with his people. ' -^SCJS^ - mm il «- -mmmmmmtlM \"

One of public schools in Bangkok. ti J KlfimBnn^fniTCJUifliJBnu Iwnin nuuirN nlm mii^rijii^iJBnliiiniimiLloijltJinijmiJ^Liiu ^zidim??imijviij>]tfsi^ JJ 1 o \\ \\ ... All of our subjects, from our royal children down to the lowest of commoners, will have the same opportunity to study - be they royals, nobles or commoners ... Education in this country is the first priority, which I am determined to develop ...J J This speech shows King Rama V's determination to improve the Siamese educational system so as to produce capable personnel to work in both the public and private sectors. qocj|to8

mrfnuunfnunufnu mrmwunridnriuiitNm^inriflmmmnfnBiJirifnmDiJvn mruiyiamfnmriNnjjinainiarjvn nfman b m^itiFiBmniTffmTJB^mmmrinjJiJ'ijntnfi nfrnan ^Tjairn^fn^mrDSiooff ammmrmantnirjB mrmwia^niw l^rjvi^tjnli^nfJuiJMifiianMaiNiiiliiliNinoiiii'iTiTi'riiTriauBu ^ijfi'fuinuiiiIuwTaNjmruiJvninfjiafj wvrnrirjimnivNuin'tifN'lrtu' rnona>]'iiJ7fiina'iT'lvi'fi-]iuul7-)nouincjnvn:uvnfiian Following in the footstep of his father, King Rama VI ordered the Royal Pages School Suankularb, which was once a royal residence of King Rama V, to become an institution of higher education and gave it the name the \"Civil Service College of King Chulalongkorn\" on 1 January 191 1. When he considered that it HRHthe then Prince Chulalongkorn, was later established had achieved a level of readiness, he declared that it should become as a school for Royal Page Lieutenants. Chulalongkorn University, the first of its kind in Thailand. /=9 £2j m. ni'Sflmittazttvviwu C mmiilfjiiHtNfftflijtfijfJIim nj iilii mTircjij ln mnlw Education in the olden days aimed at providing people with literacy only. They could leave whenever a they were literate. Following in his father's footsteps, thiiBBmnirji/lmyhiJii IkJwmT^nyimiJuT-uuuuuucjij King Rama V pursued educational reform because he fiTiif>]rifmariT:iJiyi^jJifi^riT^a^QiJiriSniri!)t]vn nfrrmfi a recognized the need for better-trained personnel in royal 1M and government services. The first all-boys' secondary yi7\"Q^fi^rN7niif^:ii'Ll7ariff?fa'ijjii:iiiairivimLjkiiiiiJi school - Suankularb (rose garden) was opened in 1871 in an area of rose garden in the compound of the Grand imcjihrivifflfivi'Nviij^ n^iLimTlHnii^nyiunnygi Palace. The purpose of this school was to educate young princes and the sons of the nobility. Later, schools were I^ifjmliJ ^lihfunaTi ^WN^ilauiiifttJwrmiJiJvnritfN established in existing temples to serve commoners. The first one was at Mahannaparam Temple. m inLlJlJ LLM>3 LL7n ifllim QcJI^ 111 W.ff. VodC^di iT^lTEJTJn m:tnyifimmmnfnmna\"iiriBfJvn Ttfrrmfi <*lil7funfn*i 1w?l>3TllJfl!ll7>]l7EJljyiVn7JJMnf1LanM7Bl7>3lTLJllMaT>] llvi^ LLinnjD^lnLi tf>jfiBJjif!Bl7>N7aijm:fhviimfliijnwfnii ^nnuumkimnWm^mi fnT^fifNmiTfJijmiimvmifj mBLiJiJiJT^lfjnruuninygTyiiliJyTio 1t>3 it a u m «n >] tfn m'tuIm 71WQ7l^1l'7LJlJUM^U7n^Lnfl ,: UlJn!)l7^L7fJlJlv13JM77nj^17\"l}J OOCT 109

The educational reform articulated the ideal of equality of opportunity for all and many all-girls schools were established. Wattana Wittayalai School is Thailand's first boarding school for girls. It was established in 1878 at the palace of the Second King. Its original name was Kullasatri Wanglang. I. a 11 Wen©imiJL70iJVi^i^fift^nm!]ijn^ijfi7nfi\"ikin^ijn^ ri.ff. lufnuui Tr^TffiBiuiNiJiiiiti^tfijafiwTfiiJlritfijriTfiBiJfiiJ s mIfiamiuuLTLjumwmjjnQ iJTrtiw n u^th^kiwien ^onmnmrjjji lfuiJiJL7[jijm^^3jm i}rN7^riiJ73Ji^fiLDD finjn^^jjoTJB^rnT^jjYN iifniavi & liJTfiLn^n^ IwfN n 7N m:: en fin T^Tntfiurnflri 7^111^0 jjvunjjfi m iaw mniT^iTCJUVi^^uijIijnTsiiTJjjjvnmri^ n.ff. \\ode>d m injuLTEJUin mu © uuunoum mw fa imnnjuSaum iifnlilTfunfiT] iMMai^KiTilTsitfTj (ublj tnniu'Nfji itiu en uutrfiuumnsi m idijmtfidmitJinKJtJiJ'iiijfN mavi«>]lm«BiJiiJiinT:tnffT^ijnTlivn7) nluBimmvifij tfiJurusinyitfiJifnTiTsiJfiifitniiiBEJtn 7ifmafi d v\\ ai>affn Til t: ifirf Ifi urn uu u tin u w tn* fln v\\ lulnflu uunifiiTTiJJTiiJttiiJtfnfitiJtjm^iJ^riiiifiiTriTniEjrnTffnin ^nouvmi^ b \\m ab uaummnn^ iiHunum Bnm if BBnurKmrw utisynmwcjtniJBTiniiiaiilfimiJTiininiii OOO 1 10

miiifnutu ibrnjj n uarij^tiijmai 1884. injunuum ri7:uriiiDiiB')j(jjifi^ni:miiiuisifiiiiBn7unT:tnfiiKniniimn iiu<aiuu m mjj nBfiBiifi'u fiauna-w uarfiDumrj maliiwfjini/ki a il uuunauitiimnnjjriicjEJiiriT ma^uJuarj-NTfi fJjjrflifluliNiurjunKiuTnLijB n.rt. te^mm lurtijanT'OiyiiilnSumnaufUJ nJDvnnminibraijfrmfjn liJvntnn Prathom Kor Ka and Prathom Mala Three Fast Learning textbooks were written by HRH Prince Damron^ &(Elementary Tables Lessons in Rajanubharb andintroduced into schools in 1890. the Siamese Language) were used in early Rattanakosin Period. Ever since the Ayutthaya Period, Thailand had Nikorn, Aksorn Prayok, Sangyok Pitan, Waipoj Pijan relied on Jindamanee textbooks. It was only in early and Pisan Karan. These six textbooks were used until Rattanakosin that additional textbooks by the name of Prathom Kor Ka and Prathom Mala were introduced. 1888 when they were replaced by three textbooks: Then, the printing era began. In 1871, King Rama V Fast Learning I, Fast Learning II and Fast Learning III. ordered the establishment of a royally-sponsored school Written by HRH Prince Damrong Rajanubharb, these inside the Grand Palace and appointed Luang Saraprasert three textbooks remained in classrooms until the reign (who was later known as Phraya Si Sunthornwoham) its headmaster. For his students, Luang Saraprasert of King Rama VII. Overall, printing technology played a compiled six textbooks: Moonbot Banphakit, Wahani key role in boosting educational opportunity and thanks to the printing, the number of literate Thais increased significantly. ooo 111

mtmunraffiot) njjjmrimiiJdttfuioTNrt iiimmm Mu^uajjuriiJiriainajraivininTTainnijlrialuiliJOTifrnan a i77njm7wijmvkft™^lvimmmwimmifNiiJLi HRH Prince- Naradhib Prahandhabongse was hugely influential TDariT!)^ maw«wiilii[jijjjni3ajJ7!)CJiifn \"kmffnmfl in Thai literature during the fifth reign. < 1 nBni7 7UBnnn^^im77njn773Jfmufin limffluu Ti7\"invif1 k)miTi7n^'i/Qkim^\"iin!)[Jvn 7tfn~myi & 3JfiumLjnifi7um7finyiiiniJ7anftni^fimjfink)in uu<: ivhuii fiumliJ^wn ia^'n7n[jn?fi3Ji7fi^ufi7M^\"iu lilftnunfTNij'Tzmfflfi' lUBfiufinwunfluUilTsmfrtyiEi v n lfi'iJiiBmwjiJD7TUiis:7iJiiiJurn7il7rniJDil7:inn fi~N*] rmuiinjjifnci ^cj^lMinnniufi^uni^aulna ficji^it/lmiJutJiJWfiniJFin nhj mua-m fitNflu oob 112

U1 -i * w -itowMomBUNrah'1 i tlW.MVi* fTflWrooosWin innBifinfunw ^ ! afiuou ifau unqpflu **** ' n s *\"* ' Wetfe iddcn - tocs^b Um7Bf)niJflfJ?h7 irv TintfiuaimiariTWffijflntJWi nfuirB^ftraafiByiMnEi When it comes to entertainment, Thai literature uasuiutnmidmra^inn flmlfNfirmvHfjitnvi vuiiJa was in poetic form until Thais were exposed to the nnmN Vendetta tun Marie Corelli -jftuilaha Western literary works. Influenced by the Western World, Thai authors started to write in prose. This ujjiTj wBm^Diflnjvniifi (untN iifftma) trend coincided with the fact that a number of Thais including royals, noblemen and the children of the From 1900 to 1903, HRH Prince wealthy people were educated overseas in the reign of Naradhib Prabandhabongse published a King Rama V. Through learning in foreign countries magazine, 'Lux Witthaya'. This magazine these Thais became familiar with Western literature featured translated versions of foreign novels and its style. Thai writers, therefore, adopted Western and short stories including 'Kwam Payabat'. writing techniques for their works. Translated by Mae Wan or Phraya Surintaraja (Nokyoong Visetkul), this was a translation of Marie Corelli's Vendetta. oon|ii3

m:fimii«:ijn ill EJulnafiSBfmjoi'tinijIyiEjIiJ liana Vtf?djom\"iiMmmm::iaimnaimBd£n Ttfrnan £ nfrrmyi b ffuifitinnT7njfi77Wfi\"iufin rhlvnnainmi IriEjlij^jjcjiJiJiiQrmmniJTiliiiJiirnTlifTQaiimTi!)^ iTTainTTUfinufinim u>flmiJBinDrifflumiJitJBvniia: uinnfiBnfnn naiiffBi7iiijimyNfifilmiiJi?hij£j}j iifu inummlB^mtfifi TJB>wiJBmriBnrnfffriin>3 mr\\fmi ^mtfiFi^FiuiB^jJiiiJmmIm^i7B^ uBrmnuu £Njjni7ivnnu?^fi3j nn7iiJB^nn7iJnfi7B>Jiift:iff7tHfm witainff cuiijyiisitnijEjntJii^riTBSi^iJ viu fluniiijn nTruniJDTJQ>] yrarnnimfUDB miJWfnwiffiiJrifim IficjtfTtlutii LntJHnmi^iltNfli/ltJTh^ntntJL! ijnwjinrn7liifnijrnm>]Ifi7>]i7!)>] m7firNfnft:fi7 lift: QifirujfmuwftTfiMftifjfnjjftfiyfLCTiB^iJiucjiEJUfift: iJisinn mflTfriBLifin mino^iitffi^BnnnaTiti^fnmfiniJfin 1un\"itnni£jiJiia:fntrmfi cjufWlmitffNYiffiJsutNfnjiB'fl lutnijfmmmfifi rhtfin m^vnnwiftj nnunfrivnai fnujTfBtffia utisfmjJiSatfa: i^fiYnlvfmnjfmmift: mm m1 7 b ^ $ ul u rj n n n i ^1 il n i 7 7 ai n ffl u u fi tit n n n b m7fl:iOBun~m G ivwm7aiiifi:fmiJfi?iiviiJTiB>]f)ij ifi<n lujfwtjmifN wnnnriffiJuriBij oocr

Both Thai writers and readers absorbed the Western culture and the Thai literary pieces in the reigns of King Rama V and King Rama VI reflect the Western touch in both form and content. They are written in prose some even embrace realism. HSH Prince Aakars Damkerng Rabibadhana, for example, used his own life as a storyline and some short stories and novels also tackled social, political and economic issues of the country. Among these was Sanookneuk by Krom Luang Pichit Preechakorn. ...iTinjnnmmimriLifiniinfiTiifmjjiJOJj un innjfifiutJum3JTJDN3lioaniol^finM^^^3jliJIfi[jRijif^ IwRuwjDNWkiBflijn (Samuel John Smith) ijWuinr tumnu IflthafmuiT^m-BnojjnlijfNeftjmnldfmkm 1u mufiTNiiiTn im^lfnufniuutJjjBtii^^ atminafiunrmj HkmflijmifcmTJBsiTNfmriBij\"} 1simnuvna?mtii7!)smii 1V 1U nfmafi & ^umimmltN utffNlmMun^fnikj{][jwKm-)7 B'liiajfi^iuua^nTlncjinaNiljJinNiHioliI th Thais, classical Thai literary pieces were not .orgotten. Dr. Samuel John Smith, an American •. * missionary and the operator of a printing house, the Phra Apai Mani for commercial tose Dlishing and it was a huge success. The profits m its sale were so large than he that he was able to erect his own building. Buoyed by the impressive sales, Dr. Smith and many publishers selected many more stories by Sunthorn Phu for commercial lublishing. Indeed, all of Sunthorn Phu's works were 'n of King Rama V and this t testifies to his huge popularity.

mrinnffiJimm^rjfjininmDqvn rtfman b nNnmiafuanmrifi ^nijnynminjviuimfNnatifin King Rama VI acting in play of his own composition entitled Kol Tak (Spill the Beans). uBnnnuiuanauariTTNffiJitfn iTTtunmimTiuffN un^n7n^B^finufinlmlmdLm{jLjknB^ TJB>3fi:T'ijfiririijByinri«fl!)i77njri7Tijrin7ii^>3Ti!)>3lyiEJ undirnunlyia IfiEJiQrnrnTrinnfJuifiinTrij^nrjin^n irroutn 7tfm?m & m>uidaijyia:mfl:nijfinlTriLnij ?l\\lLfulu7 clf?fJJLjyN7SUTn?f3JmirN7\"lt1 ^!)3Jm^1L11!)LJM1 u Tifmafi & fimfnmrmmixmffiBB myfimwmsan ii iJTffTi^fim>3ffii«rmrN7\"EJiirinffri>3ffiTWJiJ Imiwnu jjin nnnnufilnun uvi^fnnB^bmlBiifmififjfi nfmmiffHflsnTfiWiuTTriiiuniiJuuiJfUfiTTmiJri (Romeo and Juliet) utisiTB^nij^niJTf (The u0n^nuiJEWJjni7iidaiJTi«:n7l!)iiJ7iii!i>3cJ7^idijrinwilyi[j Merchant of Venice) tfwiliJijyidTSfliJnYiijifBiSEN nfrj ira^^nifirarfi tfwmidawnilrawnmjjijfiifiBTytaitj ub^i imiiojj wMttla? (William Shakespeare) (Madame Butterfly) IflcJYraTUJTWNfUDB niwrNi^uinniJ n mu d n n u u nil a ufi d izi fiiia :b fiibd in ri U7\"yNunn^ft liJ7dimtJiit]^?inij?in1mTn3jiwBnnr,i^lijlyiLj mB£j\"Nnhj w:ununflnuiUB>]fimfliw::iriii7Ui>]ffinB nTunircjn m7\\i7iif'iun\"iri rim>]ifijd7:ifiiiB>inTfiijfiifiriJBth>j tlijn7nluri7^riuni7B^fi?iii^^iij GUB^^un7ri OOt) 116

mrrnfi'jflntinurj «rnunfi^muuvniimmrl:\\ia:fijrniJaja)i Saranrom Palace - the location of Krom Mahorasop (the Department of Royal Entertainment) and the Thawee Punya Theater. A tuuimQnBMfmmnairmijfinunn \"\"\"•Wnnrfunj-, \"I'oliamtulun- Ki™i>jijriinvAmnm'm7aim7]jlvirjDfj~N]j~in imunotcmm vnafhinufiannMaiu ^ y^T^Tr7nYiJTiuoiJTisro7t2^^ 1 o u UM7runnauL ^ , ^ T \" w Ln ^\" ^'\" Ytrman b ll ^nO ,B flDriTDdi^viu^riuariNilMiviun^fiiiwijauliiNjiuinnjfifliiiJij^^firiiiflNinToiatjnTB^'ySNjlyitJ Although Western literature gained popularity with Thais, classical Thai literary pieces like Matanapata (The Legend of Rose) were not forgotten. At the time when Western short stories and novels Western drama proved popular among Thai were influencing Thai literature, Western performing arts were also doing the same thing with the Thai authors and King Rama VI himself translated many theatrical arts. Prince Narisara Nuvadtiwongse and Chao Phraya Dheves Wongwiwat, for example, foreign dramas, including William Shakespeare's modelled the Deukdamban stage drama on opera and some operatic pieces were adapted into Thai masterpieces, 'Romeo and Juliet' and 'The Merchant versions. 'Sao Kruea Fa' was an adaptation of 'Madame of Venice'. Butterfly'. The Western-style of writing biographies and autobiographies also caught on in Thailand. HRHInfluenced by Western techniques, Prince Damrong Rajanubharb composed a prologue about Sunthom Phu's life. OOrt 117 .1.

. *^rjt^*, Ttlll umism U<>, VV 5'irrrK.iiijflOfjaq iriBtivn 7tfniavi & lufjniTiJiiTniiJBvnuB^^rNJjn - 4- ^ ^. 4 A owwit VI •> tujtin bis tflOU nunimn r, fi, „„< w'i w4w uuii ijfju in «c m'w rrwvi miwim ui4 mm •soul^ tlhj ou win w m £wi uiu rag oiu {Iwwi wjari on mrao ni u lii Inch w « mmho (|j.ifi ohm „ ^cm win\" »n (iwwFinHiljnu wcrnuviwtia MiwwflowrolmjliJ no vn eta lw w: iJj:^w (IwIim « io'w «thmi >'i wu>ai}tntf7ruiruiiB>jwBm::flijfnThru\"irij tf^ij . iilu wu rii ltfu on no viwtfo imIjJ noiw tsu runnl «j: ntu iiJvj o'u unri 171M rilH TlJ •'. • n77iJtfjJiJiyifniB>]viBnT:^]jfiiiliJimjB>j wumcja urn -(fa <1U 10111 U tfllKMI imu oi uiu wo n v% I fl'iijn¥oiI5f)ii uoq no wjutiwihwi uoj rhu ijJ u iilu ymnsvwijf iJu7iomBu liiijmBvnfnijflailiwjiJDTTJj ima7B^im . wnnn*lu (toirin wniviou'vvi rin ,o n a un IfTcw wwtto tyju iwn an wow nu I'lwu'iuoon ^in <lwi?n an Biumu ^iiliJCJ^niniB^cjknfQi^^linftsinRniJiJ mcjMfrj «j <a df 1N3Jni7BBntfTJ^Bl{]TJ71[J?{lklM c iihfinanifftt lii uiu h hS!WW\"Iw w«<fo lJ'B (fi fiBknvuNfiBri b vn?h 7 fifirNiimrNfiYnlfi i77njn773jQuuu7nuB^lnnlmin arnmai TfoBBnuJu lu n.fi. te^mrflwijuunn'nijn InBBnufiaaimufiiJfi lMnu-mrtrn lnuijnaijri5::iifiBi/lij)i::iJiyiaijm ,«Ti7r ,}a^BiJinaTniBovi'T nirnan £ 7ini^Bu iVnuB>3fiBnnn7\"ann77Ufffifi3Jiifi'7 \"Ifiaij mua:mjiia:fiai:uifirn lunvniuuimfim urnu iiBvJBimau umu ^fii)7:^fimBti>]i^urn7U^MU>]^Bii««iiilaMiJ^?(BBdn>3 uariufiifiafi BBnlmficj^iiiJfiifiBunfiB'5ianltJiuB-annriimirts:rt ^ < Maium:B^]fifi'B\\ifn>Jiafi 19il::rnau'\\iiJ wi^lwnn^ii^BBnliJ lkl <ununw < l <uuu ii Students of Rajakumarn School (the school for royal children) launched a weekly magazine named Kumarn Witthaya in 1895. Its editorial staff comprised u?irj^n7 mostly children of King Rama V. Kumarn Whthaya was published for eight months before being discontinued because many of the pi nainufiijjBBfiwiJxnnwio nfu rnunjan rmmncn had to accompany their royal father on his European visit. .asmm^ TiniJtJuntJ^niTJQ^LnanLnTurnTYiwjtJ'i tl! UUUBm^BlUB^ OO^1 1.18

'Iu,-i - k » \"\"1T,Mr\"1 «»UMW)l( wM*W II I1JWU ITUU ifM rnfJryan ufirjai77inmeuwslim7rn{fnjan raaiJimmrinui^aiMTir Stnuibanm rturfimnfuflw miTiuvmTh-nrj iivia>]nunni:nifijfltJD ^nwlifviainHaitiiniJiJinrn w^™*i£iDruaoimn::vnn n.ft. lac^o - viv uiminvincnntij uaoai smn nwa: lift-nits ifjiimj King Rama VI (who was still the Crown Prince) published the magazine, mianimifiB n.ff.7.nnaiu iuuunasi7raaiijrytfijlvin2mju7n Thawee Punya'. He translated many foreign novels and short stories iuBvnmrjlmuiJfmiJ7i7B'0il7nfifna'fi7iia:iiJ7nnjfifi for the magazine under various pen names such as Nai Kaew-Nai Kwan, Noi La, Sukhrip, Ramasoon, Vajiravudho. The Siam Prabheth, edited by K.S.R. Kularb, was the first magazine published and owned by commoners. This magazine id 1899 and contained information about history and archaeology. Introduced for the first time in Thailand in the Still later, entertaining fiction magazines were reign of King Rama IV, magazines flourished in the launched. The first literature magazine in Thailand was the monthly \"Lux Witthaya\", owned and fifth reign. Initially, the contents of the magazines published by Chao Phraya Thammasakmontri and it overlapped between features and light entertainment. had the aim of promoting writing and translation of books to a wider circle. After this, many books of its The Vajirayan Book was published by the Vaj irayan genre followed suit, such as Thawee Punya, Thalok Library and owned by the executive committee of the Witthaya and Sri Krung. The development of the library. It was a monthly edition focusing on the arts and culture and light entertainment written by industry has flourished ever since then. notable persons or dignitaries of the time. Later, a weekly edition was issued under the title \"Vajirayan Wises\". ooccl 19

mjnfirNfiDificjH7Dfna-iflvmrjSiJifiiJ ri^TJBWDmrflwfn^onam-ivnijmriim 2/ The Concordia Building or Saharhai Samagom Pavilion inside the Grand Palace housed the Vajirayan Library. WStfsTO lijBm^msinyiffmfl^mnaimnanirmdvn liftman £ irtfrnJismtfaTTiJ InriBfinT^mfii a«/ Vm>Jff]JfllJ\"ltniJ7::iyiff Ua\"yl7^m^lMlJ^fl113J^flflJ^!)^nilB1lJTllJ7^fl11'lJ^17l?lLTJ1^D[J1\\l <y lyniyiawnu luuitffnihfiwsufiTfiTCYi Vo mst^fllflkjmnitffl^wijantjnirmiiBmsffkjfl 4 ^4 \"iiftrmiii tfMfiifljjyuiliJWBmrffiJfiflnmmntfffn^m^^ ua: 1a ©to fiannu n.ft. vo<£<£rf nj fnanttvinEj^jjifiu Imiuiij!in>37Tfaijau!)>jn7:inyi?fjJifnn7:u>3nriin«\"im!)dvn 7Tfrn«fi fe Tihmnaii MBmsfl]jfntf7nnru^vnijm:ijm^nnmfiiJ jjnl™fln^wnnijfiijiJwijnm:Dnfitf>n7£jn\"h finrmTiVin iiariflmwnntf^iijijm^LtanBtjfloiilfl ijjbiuv) & urmfiu r\\.?\\. ]&<£&<* obo|i20

The Vajirayan Library for Bangkok. mnnuuiwiJuB^nfman d uamfman d uuLViTtjfymianyiTjiufiMDTnrjfiJfnifi onru aivnumrum Commemorative medals for the opening ceremony of the Royal Vajirayan Library bear images of King Rama IV and King Rama V. VDuring his reign, King Rama travelled to Europe and visited many libraries. Impressed, he found the inspiration to provide his people with equal access to books and, on returning to Thailand, he turned the Vajirayan Library into a public library and expanded its book selection. WhenPreviously, the library had served just the royals. the facility officially became a public library on 12 October 1905, King Rama V named it the \"Vajirayan Library for Bangkok\". King Rama VI later moved the Vajirayan Library for Bangkok from the Sahathai Samagom Pavilion to the Thavornvattu Building on the Na Phra That Road. The King presided over the opening ceremony of the library at the new building on 6 January 1916. ObQ|121

Hamrajjfrnfiantu Imdaumuua'mmnuHwifBmiTOmiasflmsnniJ luaijcnifmari <j The Vajirayan Library was converted at the command of King Rama VII to become a place to keep handwritten books and religious scriptures. limftftjaTiTsiJiyitftjifnTiTsiJnifitnmBEJMi 7tfrrmyi gV IdTfunm^ iMUurmBTiTstfijfi m^7rinnjfliw7ijm:ijfi7BBmdij ^ ^q vrnmrflufnifmii n^BEjyifinrmnfirinhjmw t Itfidumnuwu^Baij'Lmijri u^\"HQiiT^3j^i?7njinjlM l?iiJijmniJwij'^^Dfiit^LJiJim\" n.ff. fe^syb TfiJi^i^Yn^n7W^aiJinTTJiJu^\"wrN7niifnqyQniuij^^iiJ7nfniin^HijYiliT MBmnffijfiflnwtJwrtjm jjfnj:iilijn!)>]M{j>3lijn7Jjfi«iJnnTi7Ejn\"i\"i riBMBfiufl uaslfiSfrn iiJaaufBMByiT^ki^^MTiJ^TrijnTiiJiJMQ^jjfliivi^ifnfnijnanfiBijn In VN..ff. fectoct 7Yuia ^ mntul^BUki^>]ijd7:jjinjrlB?fn>]BinnTviB^jjfiiiM>]irifiiiJiJBnfii7yi7>]lyicj <£ fuuu oi ^Lilyimmum73Jiiu^ifiiij'u Obb 122

nuinnfiijimrnriJninaimBtJin nfman d wwYiTviQirjninilfiuniifiaisnTTJjrnTMBrijra'ijnrtnvnijniriJfn n.d. King Rama Vll taking pictures with board members of the National Library. Later, King Rama VII divided the Vajirayan under the Fine Arts Department and was renamed the Library Division. Later, this library would become Library for Bangkok into the Vajiravudh Library known as the national library. In 1 962, the government and the Vajirayan Library. Located inside the approved a budget to construct a five-story Thai-style Thavornvattu Building, the Vajiravudh Library building for the national library near the Wasukri Pier featured printed books and reading materials while on Samsen Road. The official opening ceremony for the Vajirayan Library contained handwritten books and religious scriptures. this building was held on 5 May 1966. In 1933, the government established the Fine Arts From then on, libraries have become a source Department and issued a royal decree to restructure of knowledge and entertainment that is accessible to all Thais regardless of their age, social status government units. As part of the restructuring, the Vajirayan Library for Bangkok became a division or sex.

mms fi^uriEjniiinnQ^mif^iJoriTriinin^ijm^riTriBiJiririmBdvii TTfmafi c£ IWQVIlJBlJT^iaEjlmrBRIjRrioiTB^ijTIffRBlJflBlJ UBsiMiJBiJTnlTfyiEjIijnfn ^oo trm mBfinjjNTiwihtj fiBjJi lijBwrtnyiflmflimnfnBiJinfniriBdvn Ttfrrmvi & v\\m\\\\n 1 OJ CI , i77fu^n luiun tea' ^vnnu n.ff. te^m<s: ^Ifijjmsmffmjj ij^MaMu^^finfiflBfiMij^8Biii'TtiJitijlilfiTijjTilfiaTiflm7 vnnu7^n^^3jnfiB^3jnjBBUfi]i?in77Jjm7viB <n7^3jnL^[jnBU 1 G) 1 unsfiB^iiuHu^SBlmilijrnfnfiMt) 7i3J7Nlvui~ivm™^ MBTiirifiJfifniJfiJjfiiTTitfiiJBfiwuflrfiuflriiTifiTijjTi viiJQijnlTfnti (mJaurnfHffmrfhu BftrHm) aim-aHU-jaaunrtaauflou MRMom Rajoday (Rachothai) or Kratai Isarangkura the composer of Niras London (A Journal of the Tour &of the Siamese Embassy To From London). finrmnfiri The Thavornvattu Building.

SP9 ^^XXXXXXHXXXXX> jUis*/\"1 X uwaf-j uturin uu i xk h A sss* ^a****? X \"' rut jf SIAMESE EMBASSY X Xk •\\. &\\ X X X XX XI XX X X N «'* Tm: **** '> X 1*57 * i>c,x I...,,,. unfiaaufiBU iduuijfinniJifiuri^iijanMMiJaijnliffloiuija'iiJMai'j'liJnijnnjrTiifrjfilTiu XX B Mom R Rv K. AJ0DAy mtfrymrntfaiamianmB^iNfiart'ifmianrm inum^iJniiua'iJinimrritfuuimfifiBmj I ai mmifwufinfa: ih:mfiB'onr|u'lu n.fi.Woo V. Mom Rajoday was one of the members of the Siamese diplomatic mission XX to Queen Victoria's Court in the United Kingdom in 1857. He wrote a verse chronicle of his journey to London. X 1866 •^Hxxxxxxx^ xxxx The copyright concept came to Thailand around historical documentaries and literature. King Rama the same time as printing technology. In the reign V made it clear from the beginning that no one could of King Rama IV, Dr. Dan Beach Bradley offered publish any part or the whole content of the book without prior consent from and payment of royalties Mom400B in royalties to Rajoday for the copyright to the Vajirayan Library. The announcement stated that the library officials must also be in charge of to Niras London. The payment was made because proofreading and printing if the publishing of any part of the content were made. Dr. Bradley had published the story for commercial Vdistribution. In his reign, King Rama set up the Vajirayan Library and published the Vajirayan book. Published on 29 August 1892, this book featured Ob£ 12^

*j it A fl°T7fiiwijt)in?hi 1wil7:fnffi>]ymuynniii\"i rimiiiimBWtflfi1m)fit<iVi:ufi>3M{N5!i ^ij^in^^iJ^njiu^nfifiinmTJD^fiiJL^D^kj^^^iJinlmn^iJT-ltjfij frmMBi7Bsflfi inMiiicilfiiJirifijjriiJCJBiiu^Dniit)iMU>JifBi7B>5iJiJiilTiijninaifi[jniifm riTsmlM jj llJllllJIllT^mfflfiaklinDBJJWnflHWiaMIJjdTlwlkllMCJBlJflfiaBnMTB^lJYI^IMlJIEJ °y It HiwSBiftcJiifNijlfiBiinnfi m^mniffmmtjtfwni7^}jm::7iTftjnjfu^^ijl?ltj u i ei o ci mnntfBnnmmtfnMnjfiumB^ifB^ntJCja^^ u 1 fmwcjfiD77jj ^m^m-mt^iI^mnailtfmimnitfi^iiSiMiJ rNT-nifunHjOn)jfinTTjjtfnncjiifi^MU^B CI CI I :.J

=9 w IS** £-/ I iJ ^ D77NfinDCu'llfHWlj'>]?fB 7. ft. ©too IflEJfnTCJtiflHlNSBlllJlSfllN /A ifinri{jcjufiBn\"inijn>3Tun7wn7rt)\"ianynj mBlwnQMkncjnnui mimB^rmNfinH fnuninWiBnaflfiBCJarmfilfi 1um7TJijriri€icjij?iD>3 7^u7~itj^\"LBfjfifi~iN3n iflufiim iu ifiBU il fmun tfrnm^iurNiiJiJEN miliJirni!)>in77uRni rjuyi^fQ^nun^iiicmun uuiinJunnvikiiori mainuni7rlwriQuiJU7nlijnfiy1ni7rlwriurN7M^iLjimini7rDitJiiJij'nu[J3J i^ i qJ / imi^fiilB^n773jRvinau^Mij'^^!)u^\"ri rDijlMmtjfiii3JLiJ^LJiJUiJ?i^ \"mim\"nrfunfifin v, 5\\inam l?miiJiJCJ«n7:riijlfi[jfi7>]nnmfiliJ Iati i* k ni7^jjn^n°ilMfm3J7naiLJLi]ij^'n crrDMiknfi7!]Ufi7!]^l?i nnifijj nuriBoufi luinfTNTlliTftJiMUflscjiJfrmiTimiiii UBfiYifiuwsrnftJtijnjfi Qiwua^rnlMmTiJTsiiijnntnMiJiJBiimBfifnt) mrinunj'HfiiDD nKD^fiminnnjufinfi mjjviai-)nifmfli:nqno Thailand introduced the Authors' Copyright Act on lOuuriiijrnTDt^flaiiariiilnaDBninTil'rniJBiunnBiflifi 12 August 1901. All publishers were required to register their books with the Secretariat to the King for the protection of ^nm^tnrmmmmna^BkunaSmBdvn rtfman & copyright. As part of the registration procedure, publishers had to provide information about the date of publishing, the name iTiBfjjjfiTB'JunrtTrijrdJDTf'OiilufnnnauuarMU'ja'BTn'jngMjjia and address of the copyright holders and the office of the publishers. HRH Prince Rabi Badhanasakdi, Prince of Rajaburi, The Authors' Copyright Act came out at a time when reading and the father of Thailand's modern legal system, asked for printing had become widespread in the Kingdom and was the first the royal permission of King Rama V to copyright of its type in Thailand. his legal textbooks and books. This marked the debut of The copyright practice reflected the changing Thai the copyright system in the country. attitude towards \"knowledge\", which occurred after printing technology turned \"knowledge\" into something buyable. With the Authors' Copyright Act, interested people could embark on a writing career. Obcl 127 If

. f*i#H^ *nIfttJ tato -#f ©v^wnwmHiJfpi T-wtiTJijliiNL iueil^eQrtfM«(<in>f -*.» TEH E B UK*KOK HECOBDEB. - wnrm^iq/irnwmjlnSurii Wn«:r«u4[n^Mni.TOi HunDwra innTa inuflmH ^% ^ffn«fe* nraatffiraini famwiAjfatrih jfatttfuailTUifi *toum «jm «iii«knCein«i i Vui:ir-iWinj-u mMonliHfinJwn: lAuqpeftHsevntrwi Wiiwn-nroitwvji KiawSf.-ijniijnilii BHTttHBkWBWnfUn nwtniwini lw\"tti3i«iiini(iTnilinWM-iiyKuivii u nii liUV«wb«h wan UniMutnuliToiTOMiV Sfrtvttw i)Mj«iniinnliJii«mm Imn m*in . ».i:i-nij(Kn?SViiuf»i*i''«7: w»n » Wlmii inlm>MiwAiiii iiimtrtirniilnjonTrtn.kt fr.imrNVWi WtJ ;'Ai\"U.li;iM...ijn.P.l.[ur.i'il,liilljV wwlwnmiti'tiiAiw ^ilutu^miii*! i<Pi fu umtvplm ^\"iN.ueK-AfTHiufunnmii v& fntt^H'iaj-j -aihtliwu - l.*:-:nijqmj««n —>M\"m vi v uumtil uSu tlnsnuiS nioimt xwfijjrfrinT^mw-i inourctoun ;l nfmavi ^ri7'jia'0inudi:ltnfiJiiii'3ViiJ'vi5tBniJTim:ihtilvi'riH[)7 > lfi'nnuultJinam7iJnfiiB')iJ7:infiiia:iivoilnjfi7m']T ^IibmnaT] lMBBnnu'jaB7Wn^ :nmunuiuij)j\"flM>JijjB n.d. te^osv Acknowledging the importance of news and information distribution, King Rama V re-launched the Royal Gazette in 1874. vimmmw Hii>jSt)TijjriiiJijafl£jflfiiiririiTmjjinin^fnTfintti ^ijmdijm7iljj^unn^7nn¥numnn7wtNtfBvlkm unru imrivioimT'utNfmuFin ijjBfftrmnnflufniBsmnTfljjfl tfnutfna ivsnu maiTamanimisMijnviTiBMiNtfBViJjri nu bvi \\i ff w n q u u u 7 n i<\\ v\\ b n°n i u a ti u 1 u il en oV ifit jj ej u viu^B'nwnuBNifiulnnQuuirjnfiB rnfmnmuntrn nTsinyitfmriiTiTrtNiriiniTiBEJin nfmafi m in aim via ^iTUBBfilu n.ff. fec^o© aB°nun[jnn7inBn7^unn^3jmi u mnBumanmBaHi Ttfrrmfi <l IfimfiitafNmjfNnnT iifiu il if umfiaa aunmnnnT^ki^lu^nnw ImiBn viu^Bvlkm un^fiBmfiBTmBT (Bangkok Recorder) DBfiMiwSBTiijmfiTSijlTliJWJiJiJj^^nidniJBfiiMiJBriri lfiEJWTifiiJ7:^>3fivi«nf!Bnn7icjaiin7ffn^ijnnn>] tnnnki^B^nn7m^^iJ7^Tfn cifijI?riofi'nliJl^ri7niJtn^ri7\"iJ73J / 7n EiflB^nn7ii?n asuviBfl^nmuinVnufianmfiflBU t viu^B'Rwvi ufilu cunj^^annijniJ77ifinn3JLHulufi nij UB>] 1. iiButirn^n ntwfmjjmuHusiSBfiwnuB^BnifijfnEj m<i°] fmrninanntiflanij ihnmnnmanmjBufrnfna ObC? 128

Mw^B^unffiknTfivnlsuwanlfi^in minamvitAinuih.ttrtvih, 4u w, ntunm iflsirisw. mwnvn^nufiiN3i vinunmT^'kittfui nfuituraiirnniu, nln\"nufie!tJin, infrtrtwiyfi\"), 1iuynjwiiluncjlfivian!)di>oviu>] «w)rtwlwnufifj iMPBUfT: nflii 1.1 ufli ufivnvtimra UBWU^flnunuBniviuBTinmTfiviintJ mon fi4 ufl. Newspapers were able to generate revenue from advertising space and BWcnuiBHiWblmnsiiUintuuiJ e-ti, n in nu several companies and shops found that their sales improved after placing ads. tnifl Ulritii rtyn win riw », liifls riw mfli fiB .iV nfjKW So, they agreed to pay newspapers for advertisements and advertising revenue mui fipj nuj, i bom nfi muj.Iij 3u .nm nil nu tn nJu uw, became the key source of income for newspapers apart from the sale of the ufi nrinsj nultlHtiuiA, niinWlu «ej hu is hi svmn newspapers. miviijbu ufi inw. di:in J «un un^. in vu n tin ufl. (tenon r»S*w nm nuin fiuunu, iifi tn bi n nn n mini, iifi vr\\u : vi In^fninrnnratfoiimra^n.^miBtiffiifl, «Jd *hrt.v\\ fcj»Sr *\"»«!' «* 1 \" r^\"\" ,r: \" = '\" , »». **ii'ii* ' iHuiilunBufiiH, nuiuuli'itjjnnun, TiHiriijIi.t-n « rfufimi nurriJ): \\i Jo.Bun u« tn, ibiii j n'.-'liv'.-iii Athjli, •fm.ri vniwh uu. iHfiWKli'fiiifiiVilj'viii inmw mil :«u. u.fiufitinuuii.iiiMirn/m'jiiMViH'.B •jfn;npfrt.\"i:fi. truln v:fl.siv;)jniiii. vn «:.bi k mnfn *in rfiu liiflj rtflo LTfi. *: ntj iji:rf. •/ ufi ;)n mujkbj«(»iu«!'), wismmwKBjiiTuuirwinU R.71 ^iBiifflivirnfle'flMnlfr uflin ?!fli'.iia*i,HMriit»jLlft, ufi Ml si; *jfi n»i imtti ion, iru nvnnn ,»i b'j 5sb, .vn ii inn nJunsu itjn iim-juutiw n.wi iijume, vi .tin nin m $m »aIff] if Bf n tnu ii inn, fn Hbj mb ;rh nu f% •K.ljiMnliwiiinTin'ti.tnr; nw«jv.f, ttfEfiY-lirttW \\|*\" lsjHtuiiia:TmcJinfi\"Nn na^luviu^aB^urtin^nBmfiBtifiB: umin ihiTnoti Advertisements and news published in the Bangkok Recorder. wuuvnun V. n ^. (. ..,....,.'. • \"\" \" Newspapers were a product of the Western World's education and knowledge. Siam or Thailand entered its printing era in the final years of King Rama Ill's reign. The printing pioneer was Dr. Dan Beach Bradley. This newspaper, however, also contained opinions, articles, information on Thailand and information on available products. The first Thai newspaper was the Royal Gazette. Launched in 1858, it had King Rama IV as its director. The Royal Gazette aimed to inform Thais of the king's royal orders and to correct any misunderstandings or inaccurate information that had appeared in the privately-run newspapers. / obc\\ 129

flBmmntfrni vm^BWkjmiuim?mu7niiBN3fitityi£j tfjrmsnu DTTanDniifiB mrfimnjwwdi^Njff mumsmrnnjrmtnsifmm'ij' ujtmu\\)flBWkmyiijoBm^MiJio?Hmn wflB^msuuVflftwusiffB ^ifomnjnuira^mmTldTttrua^flu Court Khao Ratchakarn was the first daily newspaper in Thailand. It reported news of the official circle, movements in the royal court and royal activities. Its editor was Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse. This newspaper was immensely popular and its circulation was so large that the publisher had to organize a delivery service, which gave birth to Thailand's postal service. o1 fit) ml run n cutit)nnQ m-mtJfNmitjt) ni:B>aniri inwuifufil^mfitj fnlrunn ifluMU^B^jjnmwuyiinn yn>am7L3JB>3m7nrnJijnTruBnL^tJ>iUQ>3n?iiJ \"flcnuwuij\" °+ Diilfiun wsuiyifimmmnfnmnaiiriBfjvn Ttfrrm 1M xq&miimmk&Sb A ll \\ 32£s. ******* **« * n £ mrLiTiJ^fl'nu^fftJ'NmrfHfuifirTiuu'NViuiJ 23^ ****** *- -^ vnfmwtn ^ijmiwmmWunAWfimmm (tfEmjirh) Imifi njmffmn^mmstnmiJiJvnffTfiTanff (ih\\) V 11 ,, uuinn) iiflnnjimnifliinnfiTifitN ' Ql 1 1 , , lutdjanffnnyi £ uflrTTfrnnyi b n^ni7 wiNSnmimimnfWinliliJifi ijwu^iftmijfljjinjvna fiBtjnlficjTV uarwsuTiJ'Nfhu'Nff muini^iom-tMfi Tiuvwtfrnafi b 1 fimsijLtffl si fmjjfim mutiny fiBulfnjBfmjjnfinrnA^muijnfmjjluviu^QyNjjyi

fiuiu BBunfonmin Mu^aBftjjNSB^mui winudfimn a^imrnUJ immmnafi uanirmnlrmaii (imfmibrmft) maSumwilrioiiarrntnfHnqw ua:jjurifm>Jiia'fi'5fmiJfijii«uiflurninD']nqw iniBDnhjtfNnfnntt Wmo The Siam Observer, an 8-page bilingual newspaper made its debut in 1887. It contained general news, miscellaneous items and international news from telegraphs, etc. Another important newspaper at the time was Darunowat. Published by HRH Prince Kashemsanta Sobhag, Darunowat played an active role on the country's political scene. It was practically the mouthpiece of the \"Young Siam Group\", which included King Rama V, some progressive royals and like-minded noblemen. This group was in conflict with the \"Old Siam Group\", which consisted of Somdetch Chao Phraya Maha Si Suriyawongse and his siblings at the Thai court. In the reigns of King Rama V and King Rama VI, the newspaper industry in the country became even more advanced. The government published several newspapers through which many royals, including King Rama VI, presented their opinions in articles. These articles sought to argue against information published by other newspapers that had made reference to them. QC10|131

ffirfguwa. iNnumBwi^aBnijmuluflfn^iiffr'iri ! fi<jttju'rnnjdinfiat'iaf)>)nNinttufniififftff infjiTftnfffitfft JfuaiiiB-j minnimniij'ja Bfi]jmuliia'£njjri7ffriri Mr. Seow Hood Seng Sriboonrueang, Printing house of the Chino-Siamese Daily News the proprietor and chief editor of the paper. at the southern flank of Padung Krung Kasem Canal. Hii^StifiijrilyialfinniJiijiJTiuTyifiBmTiJnfiTi)^ fi\\Hifi flijarVrnayi b Ifio^-mu^imilij'wIuniTfiQOT irifmufifi rn >] d iztfn b tH fi a linknln an aba 'UrmsiuumTimm m7llJt)>3fl\"NLl7Ziyiff M*Tt)mTU?ffl>3fmJJfitlLMUl7B>]fl1>3\"] diijyn^Mu^iJBYNjjn Tfttnuuriij mTTiflJinfmufifithiJ 4 t> W«.»«\"«*\" ^to * / ?i7^{jn^Hij i'nii!]^^ijlijfiijzmLJij^iJi?n ciJ!)^^n3j ua: / fi -Q^m7^iU7iwluni7u'7Mi7LJ7\"mff iJ7:nBijniJ7Yina1iJih>] w^olulufftniJTnfirm (flSnffjutfoIiJ) iiwrvulu n.n. lUiiMu^aBnkinijinndufl-ifimBiuudiniao'iiinifi^ij'liiiJirmfflintj mjjiiimriinfa'iiB^fiiniJfifi i^MfnitfuiJtftJiJUtirUjtimtiij RyiDi^TmnniB^viij^jfByijjnuininijIil yhlwfimiJLiviiNfiBflkM iLa:LCJCJiin7uluuntJTJD>imnnnijufi'>3 ofiwuluanDififiurju itJij^nniJijmThliJjjijriiinririi>]fin7iwB>ikjnfiTJijfinij«nfitJ a{/uauuua:ifBN]nuifii1iilulriu1uaniuni7njfli>]iIfitjni7iaiJBiiiTiia:lMfiii>J7 onb|132 unanBrmnB viurtutrnm SurynQsi fmurifl'8>omtn nBrntrflYimiarrntmu Chino-Siamese Daily News, .1 Thai-Chinese newspaper, was launched in 1907 iceand defend . of the Chinese in Thailand. It prop;i the policy oi Kuomintang (a nationalist revolutionary party).

nuaiu rtirjihjnitt' imwtw Kularb Saipradit, editor of the fijjtmfmem £ lUuunm^mTviwflQflkmfiijfnknri Prachachat Newspaper. kimitiDnviw^D^jjnw &<*: quu flutrnfman b rbmi MtNrtDnjjnfniMinjjin jjyHvm^afiiJN mwilno in !Nnny From the reign of King Rama VI, ijwuxjfiBriBBnmkAuffijoufiu™ ©cno tfafnonij ajjfjrtfma newspapers had some impact on Thailand's y\\ gv ijMtNfftmun && auu InuQuunijfmiftN uarlfiTiifmu Aadministrative system. democratic itfBfiBBdmnnauuviiknfiB dirtfrififiritnii ^jjannna ideology was introduced and spread via nBCJDiimtn^Ni Ifioiom^tlninjifu flmjfnyrumTtijB^ newspapers, sometimes in the sections pertaining to foreign news and sometimes In the reign of King Rama V the newspaper in articles. Thai readers gradually took the concept on board and some Thais industry was very active. As many as 59 newspapers soon became acutely aware of their duty were published. In the reign oi King Rama VI, as citizens and wished to take part in the newspapers were available in many languages: Thai, Chinese, and English. Some 130 more newspapers were administration of the country. The Thai government of the time encouraged the operation of newspapers. It did not restrict press freedom much, as it too involved in trying to reform the country and fending off interference from the Western World. Over time, the political influence of newspapers grew significantly. 000 133

) nu-jflOrfinaun «ooooufli) pflJmufnnujifljjjnjjjtnu --/- 1D »/ «» ' mi^nioi/ ,, n, »*, u,,^ m , '4 j> iff* ' wsunumpfw wisuintfuwwisiJiiluriniHi pfiha inroJ qu ii , ''. -*•' , ids qfirttinStu:i!nu:u»wimT miuwKJUfcn,^ rtuw witflUqiu uri niMHlfl vtis'Wiflwffiiii'fiflti in nuwwfcjQWiiJB] 1V \\ q'ftjuiflu' / * om(ltfi<ta?Jfln<wflti1iJi<toiuioinj XfflWUJJU/ lulflwu an mi q« wunnwln ( fifi viol *b< noTiiTjoifl yiq<rtfiiu« r, rtn »**•) mm *ooo oiiu IwMJ-Mifjtli y :;x lufiiuuiiurnliiiin oner

viwmmzftn IDHuEHIiEinEninsI fn^uionum^Mu^^BltJlBrn^nfitij tifu snuffn ma^ i u rn tj njmu id u ^imilnvhmTTJtNtfmtJvi flifinj wu>]8Bm:8mami7nyiijwaYiYiijfiB win8b \"ihnwijfi num:flnm«:m:iJTriTrrN')\" lUUMU>l8BDTjlfTnJ^lJT1T:ilTIJffT1 flfllJT1TlT7^yiWllMfl1^UT1T:UTIJJJMnTTlft>] YN.fl. fec^m hlilli 00,000 m?j nTsuinKjjmiriT:ifliBiJinfhmB£jMi Tifniayi & m*imiflwsTiiiYi7Wihijw:BM mBnjjniiJiiBij«7nj^jjifnn7:iJi>im^ijijynnjji77fiij Mrinumfirn unrfliJifnwsminiJ-NmnB mrfin77tuiji7tumii77fiii fam*nwfijEmriwj BfinimrnuTi ^<« j 1 <^ / , fi7UiUBtfjjifnii7smu7Jj^mnB n7wri7:[jifii7>i7iinijmyiyi7>]fii7>]fi iiiMij>]ijianviBn7^jjfi TiriryTru ri7>jriin7njniMiJiijjMij>]^BfiBnjjnnunanEj>]luifi7ijrn7riu^icjEJim7 UBrwBWsffljfnifrnj-inj nu lfiJj>auLlTnjnnjmcjsiriBirnjjmtiYisiMijn wiJT:TnTJTi7snmiJtyifi^MfiijynliJiJifififiBiiBHiN8Bnfi IfimnnaBBnWanTN IjjfifiBqufimaMlijMBTiTaf^fniiityinj mmuuijn^fwjjnW^BWiijmrari fl^*] 1>3ENlll DcCcCx04sl€Wld/ me'uduhiiain. ^l .a maade: :c -; -- ctco maarrlk r'.unieera-als<, m--e.-n-t; --- : lauguration of important buildings. From iest commemorati e book is \"The Compilation of Lord Buddha's : ie Grand Palace-based royal printing house in 1880, it - )aid for the copies an . .. ; ;m in remembrance of - - -------:- :.:.:. r.'S.y, : :-cess Ka: ;.c::: Beirararana. Since ;ive boo] : -ommen ave been put [ished and ed i

i unOTttaNiAiVNfmtufftft. iwnsfttMu niwwNUiifiufli iTin9Tijiwiaifli«'jifli)tivliHri?Jii«vii^«yit. dd lisi (tnsHvmrttn) s:::»«»R?:J.\"?fSir«:'-:.\":::: i Bliiiiii 66 Goddess, we have reflected upon die worldly Is\" behaviour and the merits of perseverance. Thus we conclude that, even though we do not see the shores, we still have to persist in •/ our swimming in the wide ocean, dd (Mahajanaka) msHvntfun msstSmm ™~mJ™^»l>«»•»^•< l\"i• u ,\"™\"\" ' i,, M, f ,„ KfcgttnimM vi..l,..J.i ThcSiuryut VI I C3 £* R witnwnrNflriMvvtnwgvH! viwiuwu ivwgumsNtmwrmuNNg^ mimstnfltfmfomswigdtfa rfu mwiuviilgaN TflEi»mwufignmtfiitfwi#uv)'NW'i£H?'« , j mwmsNwntfurm'NTiflui lfl!JNuiwiitaaiivn?g£Ji!ig^u\"u itluwu

The Story of Mahajanaka HAA King Bhumibol Adulyadej or King Rama IX loves reading. Appreciating the value of books, His Majesty has often told the people around him how important reading is. The king is not just a reader, though, he has also written many books to give knowledge to his people and one of them is The Story of Mahajanaka. The Story of Mahajanaka's theme is perseverance. The story seeks to encourage its readers to persevere in tackling any/ obstacle that may arise in the way Mahajanaka does. Even though Mahajanaka's ship sinks and no land is within sight, he continues swimming. The Story of Mahajanaka, when published, came with illustrations. In addition to contributions by famous illustrators, King Rama IX also drew some of the paintings for the book himself. His drawings depict, for example, the scene of the shipwreck, the map of the storm and a swimming Mahajanaka with the Goddess Mani Mekhala flying above. The Story of Mahajanaka aims to inspire people to embrace auspicious ways of life.

IIVIVI j'ykr Reading among Thais in the Present luvnuABanpiauJ Aaijioflfmflinnjj'ijjijviij'ivi linnwiJ ?^minifl>3JJUttEJ ^«l o 0^ o 61 1/ V £$ V I sunmim^ *] iwmm?Hflp>iflflnin«QHiyiwiiiLfl!ifliJEJ Lvmws iviflaflAfifunij «al<* 61 oj- as i i 61 <SI I Ci ^«al<l (S <a C V Today, technology has become so advanced that reading is no longer restricted to books. Computers play a very big role in people's lives these days. With Internet access, these devices have put a wealth of information at our fingertips so the reading culture has evolved again. New devices have been invented to respond to people's chang... lifestyle. With technology, conventional books are giving way to e-books. The way of reading has changed and people now acquire more information in electronic form.

V-'<

auR (E-Book) qija (E-Book) TNEiflUWinATh electronic book AawiwM a?i^?uwifjIiJ?im?iJWfliJWQiwfl?Sfi'riwtu^i9uLBrifln?flLflriviTfluria I^^iJn^^S^nwmrL9uiL^3j^jQ3j^ inan3jn?in9nuL0nan?muyi'i^viiin ^QC5103JVniP!lfl vnwaafliflnmaunfi dimiimjviflfiaij anvu^fl^nisfari'mwEJiiw? Ltar^Mnwijniflii lanfln? AraANiJWViAnAnjflnmznnTvmMBWu^aBmanmflurifi mnwauujinwBflnun?tiiJ?iJiJ?^'iifljjflLviviuajjEj^(iiiafli?infn LvmnuliiflluHu^flfiwunnrnli] ifo^ijmYiAtutaEJBiJAfl'iimn ivniiaw ila: E-Books E-book is the abbreviation of electronic book. Created via computer programs these books are in the form of electronic files. People can read them on computers, either online or offline. E-books can contain links that lead to various but related parts of the content. Those links can also guide readers to related websites, Moreover, e-books can feature moving pictures, voice, sound and tests. It is also easy to print out e-books. Another good thing about e-books is the fact that their information can be constantly updated - something not possible with the conventional books, Today, e-books are very common and are found on computers, tablets and smart phones.

Maecenas iacu Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam ullamcorper tempor vDulv arcu, ultrices sed h augue rhoncus vehicula sapien auctor faucibus. Nam fermentum, neque ac cursus tris- SusPend 'sse scele Integercommodo.urpisanisn^ tique. lorem velit lacinia diam, quis adipiscing velit diam In odio Pellentesque eu urna ^uU*^^^^neque aug! Taugue arm. moles,ie PUHJS vulp ** *\"*,*!pulvinar vestibulum magna np»h?Lalr9Heeltr?,anUmnni'sCi1,CaUU,cSr,aPm0bKuaa\"gerUn9re6aUSqa,uvoiallSS6u°.,eeplSa\"OtpUdlSaaacclqeeutrseaatmmSpa'eu'ndseeldc,eeili9ai,srmeansvudaildPvliaa|,meaocnero' crnapi idebir'hp.nitsIescngeiebn°rig bm\"atoeclnmedsesutetmiumespmealaruonrrtuieetsm ,n^^.g,**** „j «n« nisi mollis sed feugiat elit commodo vitae mi tlncidun consequa.. fmnl h leo. Pellentesque eu quam no wuiw*S»i*»\"^,d Mauris >^^^™m™ ^*Z'£4 Kamet, consectetur mattis acti Nam ultrices iaci men eoet liguia. Pellentesque habitant Irinj nulla. Morbi in nuni tpl V*«7J^^W^**^«egestas. mai amet porttitor maui m\"**f**^**^^ i^ in?;? Zornare porttitor. apHwM sagittis ipsum id cc mentum facilisis si. ame d « m »*-.anueulgq'nvuuieen a9yr„eirtva«. eiPerl,I lt0eidnnt0cei'sdUuqrnupleiSce3oaun\"sqPLeSrqui auaiaemmtsp.eennroUd'ntiaeue'llntiStreeiqcmbuipieeebs redan'icdMcuotMrmu9bmuielltaseueri,pfmiiensn\"cdiaed\"uuL1n3cto'orane,lqm<uiefupasmNuDuemloulndapeomoelrotqauIsifds. omj venenatis vellt, egt Pharetra facilisis qi M semper leo sed me ultri itasse platea dictur pen. . oommodOj ^ ,***£,,, M*l esti uuis ipsum urna ****«\"N 'igula eget porta co ^^J*nulls aliquet pellentesqu ame 'eu9'al Ut viverra sagi malesuada enim. D sellus 'ellus ipsum, '^ WWa*n^.,^^,*^%. jxssxsz \"m^rs^r& rr - «vem S8derat tincidunl a phai Morbi sagittis eges *%S+*&+semdolor vestibulum vit c'p\" Donee malesi JWJ A^eV^j*^?X^^ ^e^P^a^^itas.risus non viverra a< u„rices sed facilisis or pendisse scelerisque lech, s [estie purus vulputa.e era. pre..u nulla. Morbi in nunc nisU v ,!•*•*£> et eros sed porttitor bui Unc vel est mollis \"empus. Sus- ame. mauris^ Ves pendisse scelerisoue lectu* » n T-i ~,?. ul3CCumS iestie purus ~\"sagittis ipsum id oma . venenatis velit. eg. «£, eral uma pharetra facilisis quis \"'^\"(ermenlum J^,**\"*^ -£<D semper ,eosed»e.us. itaS se platea dictum,. N ligul .^^aliqi --stf£-ss'JS-;S9feuj ^W»\" Vmail selli sed «WW$£ \"'<\"<'\"r^'t><£ ^^3^2^.^^ l*^Mor ^od**Sw»5;dole Lorem ipsum dc w *jfe<! P S<Sd ,n ° rCl felis sit augue, rhoncus vel Lcibusfe^n.um1'„^Znd'^^^iputan «= \"tl«*^2; amet porttitor mauris. Vestibulum cZuTnisi .1 m.ni .I*™P\"\"r-e 'iUm ' '\"We. lorem velit l£ sagittis ipsum id condimen.um ut accumsan ™.?r> venenatis velit. eget imperdiet' urna tort^' NunC 69es,as H9ula. Integer nunc Pharetra facilisis quisTcT Du s era. um a ?C »9et tortor dictum : puis , P s consequaL i?,i S d Ph.! afe,ra in,erdum lectus metus quaff semper leo sed metus 'mperdiet vitae mi. porta . Mauris pharetra nis lig ula eget * , \" bihJr V \" ae nisl et nisl P\" a 'etra mattis nisi mollis s« ahouet pellentesque > S °\" iCi ' Udln a iaCUlis in eros ' '\" \"esse plalea dictum, Nam dol/r ! nJesuada enlmJ :«£sellus (ellus ipsum. dolor ut le0 sed era. tincidunl uUnces^^^^ --»cipit *^'* ^^^^T^Z^Z^Z-r^risu: .ma* *«* ^ W *>* Wk ^L. aS # Etiam -'p-e, Cnlst^lf^™aug, e ,, ^^ elveii^ZZZ** ^^liqui \"^ligul l«eget 'mp, - - — --ax^ttzvszxgrMai Integer commode Morbi sagiths e 9 es' ^ dpuu,~\"s•v**£,uC,lb,us»P«.rt\", ** aliquet pellentesque quam et commodo M»°^ - a ,em P us le <=.us nisl et eral. Fusee pulvinar vestibulun do ,or vestibulum , e st.e feugiat. U, viverra leo'e, mets dX^dior^ssTm 3 ',\" \"\"* n ° n au 9 ue pre,i neque vitae mi tine malesuada enim. Donee egestas mete augue leo. Pellent. „ amet, consectetur i «^cCipPit. Donee e ff\" nc 9U S\" ame ma 9 na *'a >. at eget liguia. Pellent. \" ' ac turpis egestas. \\ a«d»ipSieseimMg. mentum facilisis sil ji sellus .ellus ipsum. fringilla viae ultricies \"eC POrta dui alic\"Ja '\". Pha- mngilia tortor et he ris us non viverra ^T,\"*\"*-sMeordbe,ras.agtiitntciisdeungtesctoansdiqmueanmt,uumltUr,iceeoM2emoplo«r arcu s0d S* ame t' uam ' - \"\" a \"qUam 8C qUam us non a -a ad man mauris. imperdiet c omare porttitor.

\" . * si g* Jj ffl^P ^a'\"•**\" ^^jj^ r ••>'' i * • ... • * •; • . nn 10:08 , rvno inuiaei [Tablet] urnA (Tablet) wfliiwwnTnviLflnHmiviriniB^inijm^*] InEirronimi rwmuinru im tjwo \\u mQWQiimwwYim^imiftf?] (Tablet) jJFinuvimEjlAEiriJJ flQ linvtunmn Swsjijflfw'luwQ vmn^Bi9u?ziJu&jwfi lI^ijviuu^'qIIiI^ii flwiuuw LHJWiwflTLTi'jniiiPiuniin'npifluvniWBTViriiNivnm ^^uuiJQijpirn? SymvulIu Android, IOS Ufl: Windows ?zuuni?i5flUDta&u^nmifl1fl ,inEi fluivi!ifiuw2vNvii9ii wi-fi Lias wi-Fi + 3G luflwijuuvMSnlnftirn? *S <TO »/ G7 Ql ivmiunn ^n^n?DDQl^iEj2am!Jius^nviTinLijnmiLh1a^0^^imQ?IM^ irrmlfiw lirro: rcnuvn u via tin vilasmzflu*] wnutQLilrEfwvin^fiiiinQf luw w1ann??huvaNeta mulvlmJofiviFh^

*s*z The original definition of a tablet is a board or a slab of stone, clay, wax or wood used for inscription. However, with advance of computer technology many firms have .<«<.*tf^£s3S» i^>J>' invented modern devices that they call \"tablets\". Today, computer tablets come in two ^ categories: Tablet PCs (Tablet Personal Computers) and Tablet Computers but both 5# \\ categories are called \"tablets\" for short. Overall, portable tablet refers to a type of small personal computers. Being smaller than computer notebooks they are lightweight and easy to carry around. They boast a touch-screen keyboard, a rotating screen and a battery that lasts longer than a computer notebook. There are many operating systems for the tablets including Android, IOS and Windows and tablets can be linked to the Internet via WIFI or WIFI+3G. Today, the functions of a tablet are similar to those of a computer notebook. So, being of a size that fits well into the palm of a hand and with its light weight, the tablet has become an important tool for reading and learning. A number of people now read articles, news reports and useful information on tablets. Sometimes, the reading materials is on the Internet and, sometimes, it is in the form of an e-file that can be read offline.

eBOOK Greenland or right-whale, he is the best existing authority. But Scoresby knew nothing and says nothing of the great sperm whale, compared with which the Greenland whale is almost unworthy mentioning. And here be it said, that the Greenland whale is an usurper upon the throne of the seas. He is not even by any means the largest of the whales. Yet, owing to the long priority of his claims, and the profound ignorance which, till some seventy years back, invested the then fabulous or utterly unknown sperm-whale, and which ignorance to this present day still reigns in all but some few scientific retreats and whale-ports; this usurpation has been every way complete. Reference to nearly all the leviathanic allusions in the great poets of past days, will satisfy you that the Greenland whale, without one rival, was to them the monarch of the seas. But the time has at last come for a new proclamation. This is Charing Cross; hear ye! good people all,—the Greenland whale is deposed,—the great sperm whale now reigneth! There are only two books in being which at all pretend to put the living sperm whale before you, and at the same time, in the remotest degree succeed in the attempt. Those books are Beale's and Bennett's; both in their time surgeons to English South-Sea whale-ships, and both exact and reliable men. The original matter touching the sperm whale to be found in their volumes is necessarily small; but so far as it goes, it is of excellent quality, though 25% Locations 2384-94 9444 ®®@®©®©@©®©®©©®©®®©©@©®®@©®

aa\\DFi [E-Ink] flfl^w (E-ink) nmu^mmwrnviAmmsmiimz^mimmmnft WumswamTuu vi i \" '- Corporation filjnil MIT Media Lab LWfllinllJRw^mmfl^BnilVIUjSBBlflnvia (E-Reader) luwfisiwumiiMflwihMimfli MfiuifrriMflunnwwiniiii MHjmMfl? miQ£jn^LsUU vwmftmim \"U n?«pinwBisnvi?Buri^«a\"vifliiiia'3Pia'iEin?«pnwiJnw viilvianijnTOflnuTiniSQn^iflusjiJiflEi'jlli ^EjniTanwin^B^au^QLPial uan^nnu^SiInvmnmi vmvnu iifls^w^BlwunnrmiSfliviEiijnij uimimBmflMaftofliiAFNWfiiiiJiJBii 8 iiii^diJflnijnjril^^flvilflyijlmvinriTriFinw^l^nwnij ] ivnbb<ia nn?jjfl^iMui5w?i^«Bn^EJiifl'3rin!JUBrii?irin?«viijjjnEf'3flnEjPi ^viiMunFiBLSpiviT'jnfliJ iSn *\\ ii ^BEiliiluIwTiiwiJiffluijflnu ^lii2m?n:miJLViSBuniJ^Biiaw^wfluiJiJBU uflrJnmwmQ^ BB4A vi?Bn?«wnMiflnvi?Bun3^^Lviyn«flnvi?ijl^iiJuviunsBflnvi?ijnn?BnuLiJunflnunun E-Ink E-ink (electrophoretic ink or electronic ink) is a specific proprietary type of electronic paper developed by the E Ink Corporation and the MIT Media Lab. Installed in electronic readers or e-readers, e-ink initially appeared in just black and white but it now has other colors as well. When it comes to reading, electronic paper has eliminated the main problem from computer screens. Conventional backlit flat panel displays, which emit light, usually cause eye fatigue but, unlike them, electronic paper displays reflected light like ordinary paper, making it more comfortable to read especially when the reading material is in an inclined position. Electronic paper is lightweight, durable and more bendable than any other display technology but it cannot bend or fold in the way real paper does. With e-ink, the display screen relies on reflected light not emitted light and so, what is on display does not glow intermittently under any circumstances and this makes it stand out above other display technology. Made of millions of tiny microcapsules, e-ink is perfect for reading even for a long time.

ocrt) 1 46