E-Book Pre-Intermediate

iiure. aldood oo8 plrP 1.ur.r! .q1uo srq lnoqe uoBPuroluLIq / parsod.H ^rred '?ur)ous dn a^r8 01lue^ not; lradd$)a!W tXtluhueor auruo lPart e s,.roql salF 6u9l!o^rau1.!)os / 56019 uo sPua!] 01;u 11eqr au l qrnur os elsea I]NI]INI]H1 sproa tPLl!.sa.!1u $d lsnf Ptnotts no,('laur.luraql uo gr.1Pa5 / Peoid, no{ !o'.1/^ 'aJll ro'.1 ul ua0de'l leqr s8uLql fuunJ uoqe ppol!^op / 6019 e s€ua pliul 'salsqa ls^thlq] lo sPuesioql Peq seq oqnliol Lro lrd 3qs qLJ_ruru aq] )tooq e arLM 01 Peorqpotor '1q8ruol rrq)leM *au snq uao rno{rreF o1 P.leu rat o1 pue 1.ur31ui aql uorl elrl rev\\ peoluaoP /6olq otlue(t E aardurorrno^o osoloqd a^rP ol Moq uieol or uorrlu t3 urPs ol feplat) )rof peoldn /qteat 01;! ot no^ arp u.q,^ z urPtrqr a^eq ol rpu ro.snoq P or '4q / atlsqa^ I$ra^ un 01 oB or snouel auo^lnqq or fvrno uo ar€ $r|rd PUe sareP lnoqe uorleuroru L .ql t Ptbr 3qr Punor o3 or uo6r^.14 uo rPadde ol leMsu€ piror aql.sooql z SNOtltS',lV tnO€V SlSVlHd €!l 'erpLtL sle P. ru'roqetooqo-o upv| 0. u.rpllqr 1!pip.qs rnq 'ot sea .tts uaqd P.!reu 1o3 ^auqe5 6 'o1llpM lnq 1.l1oN :€ '.nu.) aq1 iebu eqasuos rei{rlau 1Pu e- ol Pap ^r1iprr a^ | ;F^ )ooq raDod {xeH rset attl (Pear / no{) :v OL 'Puelre!l !r qre.q o8eZrnnoo!,(!detl.tqeq!pn)o^S0un1o(l tupetav ds tsrq-r'or'lslaaHi :€ e uo rPa^u€u Poueu ol Pap r.P.^/faql :v -rol saL.tlop 3u !3L5ap {q snouel q)u '.rotaq aletos (di /r€^iu)-faqr 5.1 ;s ^PP.lnrrxo )lool uarPllq) aql :v 01'lsoluoea^o{ .qs 9 ss.utsnq umo fui ol3uio: 1.^re'.] ^(rI.^311o!)-.)lrh rs -u,tos aroufue,(uPduor e roi)ro^^ or luea +,uoP }eqlasaau aql Prea! aLls uaqa {es ad lsrql pLP :v '\\rr,.\".-r l or o3 | c. or.q (eato8e s't1uor! xts rnoqe raq oN :s PlroraI Drro, o{.ro!.F8ur.p-J. 'ier P a^!p olMoq ol Paau l'qof^\\au rol 2^FU€)€r etned uaa, no{i^eH :V 'roFIe^lua-uo E suorlqnlerBuol:v or trev do.d ?rno/,o rolr s1\"...,5-ed1l :€ t;^PPP'0A€osr.,.q arolaq uolll tlr j{ddeq osBuL)oolro{ are {qm pue r.^MelP aq ol sruorrrq|lle s,raqlorq ]e, os sqluou xrs r€ ^N a)n .q1uL (3q / roI) iuolMoH - .1!^\\ rre$ :v€;oP e Pue 51er oa1 (a^eq) .M sal :€ tP|qr P sP rl€d {ue i^eq no^ Pro rea,( Fet ld{31 01 (oB) ure;l a^€q 03 r.B L]rea .LuoD! readdE 'or)oror4 01o8r.ller P I ra 3prus^d.qr.as 01a)rr P, 1d^3l ol o3 s,lal tYz ^nq 'xoq aql u!qra^ e qllas.rualuas aq] arslduro) L 1leo /,{pe.4P)- r'no^ lueLrl oN :€ lqlMP!es e alllno{ Plno^ ir\"r_v._Sl qro^ aqrlo urollr.ro) !q}Lllla suollesra^uor.ql €ralduo) z $rFotora ue (re.^lsq) , plet8ul o1-'.uPr.H e uP.rp e ({p(Fp.(4)e2)(o-sB..Eu)Lr-.,(o$rurentttl0ll.{aurt3nL!losPt.Lqeulll-ouo,o'laSsn\"o-0-od,1rq\"ulreis.qerq'u-LP.'^a\"!e.dqo nsuor,^{a8a.l^aoerq^lH^^1l 5 3)uaPwo) rauS6ap auPF ra]nduor P E Folq E z $ausnq ui p:rs3rsru oq or I tu3Plluo aq or uo|1|qo'o uP '(z-)ro (L):sa,uauas €qr utuortrsod Daror aqro1utsralrerq utProa aqllnd L lusua^.rwe up llHlo ,t....)L.r,tlIj 'il

Using articles 4 Other phrases with zero articte .t h.ne, at \\.hacl, ai unir.Bit'/ atd.tk 3t hiqht in be.i n,ptEbn, in ho\\pital We use a or an forthe firsttime we mention something. I PRACTICE 1 l5awa l..r ri'f'rl vaJe ir a, arLiqre th.pthe.the..lay l Add t e to the fottowing sentence5 where necessar/. 2 lJse of the 1 L'm lslatly ai_ home in _evening. . to refer to something/someone we have menuoned before. _2 Go pasithe gym, and _Oak Road k on Left. I safr a be:ftinlvlje rr6, artigue thop theathetda.r'. \\rhen t'ient ba.k,th. hse tuaei t there anynate: 3 L s.srdLltowr i,-soJLf o T!1er.,-5or coast. so it's veN DoDularwith tourists. . to refer to a speciflc thing/pereon. _4 Whlte we were on _holiday in E$/pt, we declded The han ih the black caat k lcaki!)g at!ot.t. along_to go on a cruise River NiLe. . when there is only one ofsomerhirg (it is !nique). 5s Mont Blanc hishest mountaln in theSu, th. tafth the Pape . with superLative foms. fhe llile kthe Longest tivet h thevo d. . with som€ place names. the P.ci'ic O.e.1 Quantifiers with countable and uncountable the l.4editeffanedn Sed nounS th€ River Thrhes : Countable rouis have a singularard a pttralform. -MOuntarn ranPes the Roc<Y voLltains Uncountable rours do not have a pluralform. the H na alas xilr e:ehet! nghttiie Countries ow1hi.:hranrleon: lhe United rilSdor republrc: some, any and other quantifiers lh€ ulill alai Fnr:res.. . : . Other ph rases with fre: (not)anvi ,There .a.r€ some cakes on sonr€, : l i h the rc tth / sc lt h /e a st / 0e n : l'no-t'J-en--oueh l, today. l l in thec,\"ntrclnidrlle irthe na inq/afte aan/erehihg 3 use of zero article :..... ..... ... ...... :TI?,?F: .......... ... We do .ot use a, an orthe (zero article): :Hehasntgotmuch i : money. . when we talk aboutthings/people in general. ) Dals rnake r.ty qaad pets ;: The-re--s too mu<h noise l . with the names of people and nationatities. 5ome means an indefinite number/amount (we aon't know Mi(hae1an.l)an. arc.cnin9 far dinn€t latet. exactly how much/many). We use il ir posilive sentences. Id lik. sone hfomatian, please. ahei..h people ear a latafiastfaad. We atso usesome in questions when we thinkthe answerwill .wrnmanypracen.mes. Did yau buy soine jnilk,lik. ta\\ked),or? Waoldyou like sone ndre tea) \\= offet) We r\" a.y befo@ _orn-ob e ald LlcoL.rab'p noJn. in. Iherc ateh L ary ltaliar rctiaudntt neatherc. - questions where the answer coutd beyes orro. Ar. 1/'ere rrJ/ rrlpJ rerr ire)el ,o means lhe same as rorary, ihlt€ ! lia fuat1ir, LtE itilae (= there isn'tany food... )

r(.1^ 1e urlou $q sulPunou aql ]o dol.'llreMoLrs seMsraql -.qi1 e ) o s aql uo 33ell1^ lleus e 01 P.^ou o u e r.'Prsv lsel q^13nqo51 ut - eururPr8oi A!lnPloooBueu^eEsuI aWurBurqs$rnoq€ '-3q1]o do13qlolqulp olenoq a U sn )pol1 pueF ue lllq e ,.sror -cul,o ls.rol e seore 33'rq u1 s.ar1 uMoP 9ut11nr are solueduror .8re'l rr$3P e qq€)e lreaq I sttntvll lvllHdvuSolD '.(epnoq uo rpa{^r. a aures aql 01 oB ,(oq1 € auoz uerrsaFc e J1P€i5 Frrs auo e 'lq8t ordn 143 s.ulr.uos aqlul$rn1u.du31 z )|]oF lu3Drrede.^seLM qtrq e ulslEp !€.qq|ef areis urdS .!el aptu e .qr ut-IEUS e uo fPPIoq PPq o/\\^ L an@r iItr e ^.^o'slea,uaru€s aq1 lerrnru uoqrer .Flduo) ol r.pro p.!or 3qr u! Ploq u! sl3 .l .ql rnd lln,{ltt Jotr!13Lor- |qrnu ossta]3ql.sneraq UoM olSuhDP a)ll]1,uoP 0L 'sraar$ 1ol€ 3re -,o nolaraql se &P ,{u ul 3ul^lrP usqa lilar€) aq o} 3^eq 6 'a$eM pooj rot.uo pue rFeld ro] 3uo 'raded $] auo rulq I reau leu aSnq e utsdoqs Po-o.S.jroqsrio'.3l^^aelrlelLau€laqqal eraleM arou talelalros 3ln nof Plnor I t'doF ol sn rol auE o!/qEroua s,araql lnq i,(rros u,l 'PooB fi.^ slIlD 'qihPLes e.lor orrLe$10\\' oee q ruP / auor |ro3 a 1 E uruodsue!-.qr asnP).q qrnure)^u osn I,uo^PuI 'ur)lea ol.ldoad rol sll€d !e.{,ta^. araq uo.u@ aldaaa qrnN /lololv z pu€ srpds-lo lol e sr.raql asneraq uMor^ur s)lll '..]lor s l^tle!PLnroeq;ns,{uea oor /qrnu oott are?I I ..rlu.) IrD.q1 'ra^^sue p.Jror .ql .sooqf L uo4 r€,.re a^lt atdood sraqM se3re i'+ ro $oN eare .loqM 3q1 asneraq 34u!r Ip.qi- u!a^!p r,uer no^ allu.evua.ffi 'a4u.r Artr aW urpolq lu3u4rede i!or-l,; r.lilitt/r i/t'rlr3 l.Gre rraii Ie ut a^f I asnpr.q uapre8 P.^eq r,Lrop Z ,iirdr tr.d!i/ rr,.r.) !Nr,r rj$,1.r4I r.,.ir.nrl 'ut or uls.uel- lo - er.ql PooS I ',raq ur nu^unou e 1q3! .tl1 u Pql asneraq )llo^^uoitulp^r Puiur slotare l,uop I ssat ue.u 01! asn a/1^ 3! leou a^1P3.u e seq osle t/bnolaroN . lP4mu-uoqrel rr.,ii.rti !r rJd..:.'f,r'! ddl rre I ;./l ma€ 3uur,{J.r as!-q8tq rtqnd rrrr ql,du6? odrlr i r\\ ^)/ atrlr rUJe[ Sutddoqs lplluaPlsa] ',raqurnuAunoue 1q3!.qr ueglarou ueaur or 'sProa €ql lo orl 6sn or P$u lou u.qr.sn.,\\'Bulupaur.^lle3au e a^e\\ fuea oal Pue Qna oat' ,,!!/iif ;dr ilir i!.r,riti ansar.-'i/r ir'' op no^ xoq €qr utsproM aqrqrlas.ru.ru.s 5q1sFlduof I r\\.1 i,\\.t.r.rn q)td r.al F rrrl r 's!o a | \\..1 1.|.'id inqe .^r1eBou u ,{!eu Pue qrna .sn ar' ' i54;y3.,!.1 Fanb ro saru.Nas !ri!-'F,4,1r! oj r.\"P,.14ot]olol a Jrf;r;!rr ',lo r.q unLrAUnoue a8rele, ue.u ol saru.N.s e^LrFod ur(/o rrol ore)/o?o,e asn ' /i..f i?rl1 rJ/r,rD !r n!t p./ !iur!r^L!^il!l.Ei,n!s.n;.r/1,l^ 'satruol!es.^rlrsoc ri 1 .sn trIensn.m 'alv,]o raquin! neus e, suEeu ' IJHIO lrnt irt,\":iri.!l,,rr*r:r.rir IQN rr;l jlilil.f a,.;irJ!'l 'qra^i^1sod e $/i ou.sn Aluo.,^ iu3a!\\3tl3l

may , might, will definitely, etc. Present tense after i, when and other time words l wiL definitely 1 'Th€ fir5t conditional' maii clause We use will det iret when we are sure something will happen. The fcLause negative of ihis phrase is delir,tely wor'r. tine,lfwe have we llga and see sa?h. We will definitely be out tananaw evening. -^-r --\\-r. Noticethatwe use a presenltense in lheifclause and afuture 1 definitely wont get thete befare 5 o clock. fom in the main clause. Thisform isoften calLed thefirst z witl prcbably we use witt probably when we arc fairly sure something wilt conditionat. We use this for something rhar might happen in the tdppen. I he le8afve of tI'is ph?se is probably 4 an1 We will prcbably be out tonotow evening. ' We can aLso use oth€r furure forms or a modal verb in the I prcbably won't get there befarc 6 a clock. lftheweathe/sgood, we rcgoingto play tennis later. 3 naylmight . Ityau're very goad, I might buy you an icecrean. We use naylnight ta say ir' s posible that something witlhappen. we can chaigeihe position ofthey'clause and the marn ctause. The negative of these verbs is nay nat I might not. t'U te ll yo u if a nything un us uat happens. If anything unusuaI happens, I'U tel| you. We nay/night be aut tonarrow evening. t hay not / night not get there befare 5 a clack. 2 when, as soon as, before and after I ideClqr i . We a{so use a prcsenttense afterwrenandas5oora5totalk 1 Put the words inthecorect order to mak€ sentences. aboutthingswearesurewitlhappeninthefuture. 1 arive / definitety / won't / 10 o ctock / before / We Wher\\|e get hane, t llshowyau ou new kit hen. 2 for / There / not / food / everyone / might / enough / be t'll phone yau as toon as we affive. (= | witl do this jmmediatet) /3 p.obabLy / spend /this year / at home / wilt I ll phane yau wheh we aftive. (= it's nor so urCenr) thesummef/We Renember to tuth aff all the Lights beforc you go. After t graduate, t'll take time off to think about ny future. 4 might / | / the children / larer / rake / swimmjng s not/time / be /There /enough /may I PRACTICE 2 5 iomorrow / you / see / won't / I / probably 7 The / weather / tomorow / better / get / may 1 Choose the corect .nswers. 8 definitely / a / will / be / lt / game / difficult '| |tell |'Iltellyouif I see I Usee him. 2 choosetheoption (., b or<) that mean5thesame asthe 2 | cook | 'lI cook difet as soon as we get / ?i gef hom€. 3 My parcnts.one / night cone to visit when they 6ome / wili 1 | promise I ll rhink about it. .ome back frcm hoLiday. a l'lld€finiteLy b I might c ILlprobably 4 \\ give / 'Ilgive you ny enailaddress before l9o / ?go. 2 lt s possibLe we'll buy a house abroad. 5 lf she pases / l{pass her exams, I a'' / ?i 6e very surprised. 6 | phone | 'lI phone het wher | flni* / 'llfinish ny honewatk. a We lLdefinitely b We definitety wont cWe might 7 lf | 90 / will go to rhe supermarket, | 6uy / ?buy some miLk. 3 I don't think they'lt change their minds. A He enaik / witemail tonight if he /rai / Ilrave time. a They probably won't b They might c They may 9 lt it ft ins |' ll rain, I don't go / won't go ta the bea.h. 4 There might betoo many people. 10 lf he gefs / 1l9et thejob, he 1l Doye / rove to Shanghai. a Im surethere'lt blhere may c I'm sure th€r€won't 5 l'm fairly sure it'tt cost abour S40. a lt might b lt'llprobabty c lt'Lldefinitety 6 He mightnotgive meihe day off. a I'm sure hewon't b l'msure he'll c ltl possible he won't 7 l'm sure the chiLdren witt be in bed when you arrive. a The chitdren witldefinitety b Th€ children might c The chitdren probably won't b I'm notsure lwon't 8 | definit€Ly won't lose it. a Im fairtysu€ iwon't c l'm very sure l won t tr

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Past continuous lrRAciiai i l/delshe wastr.velling. . 1 Choose the coffe.t answers. i He drcve / was driving to wotk when a dog ran I was running j :*:1'MTly:i:lt\"':!linc il1fl:TY::\"::13-\":lul€: I met / was neetlng my old fuiend Hatry as I got / was getting ; - i I We/You/They weren't travetlin& l The lights suddenly wertl were going otrwhenwe cooked / :' ?t..W. as l/he^he travellinc.? While we waited / \\aere waiting in the queue, someone :........:...*\":t,y:1t::1'h\"vi:::\":lll-c-1........ i pushed / was pushing past us. . W€ use the Past continuous to talk about actions i. progres: As she got I was gettlhg some money olt of her ba& she -at a certain time in th€ p€st. dropped I wasdrcpping het phane. I wat driving hane at 5:30 this evening. r\\I brcke I was brca*lng lee w\\lle I played I was playing 5_30 Complete the conversation with the corect form ofthe verb lr- (walk) downthestreetaboutan hourago when st'ddenly l'?- car3_Gee)an accident. A (drive)very - when another (compteted) adion happened. fast atongthe road and there wasthis man in front of the car. twas.lriving hdnewheh lsaw a tiend ofnine a_ 5_He (ridel a bicycle and he (not hear)the car 5because he driving home (listen)io his l'1P3 ptayer. Anyway,the car Past '- he6(go)too ctos€ to him and 0(fatlofl)his bike. lqu(rly\" _('u1)overrol-avea oo<. We often use the Pastcontinuous to descibe the background He (ie) situation in a story. Forthe main events, we use the Past slmpte. fhe sun was shining and everyane wat getting ready fot the party in the miadle o?f the_stre(eret,nebuntbhere) nrry_'ir(enoaitd breathe). thatafternoan. Then, ny phohe nngand... coLrsc Sometimes ihe other action in the Past simpLe inteiiuptsrhe rodL.atety. | l13- (calt)an ambuLance on my mobite and thenwhile action ii the Pasr continuous. ra-l (wait),115- (begin) giving him the kissoflife. 16_After one minute he t was crossing the had when I slipped on same ice. (= ) stapped (start) breathing again. Whei two actions happened one after the other, we use the Past used to i simpte for both actions. When lheardthe crash, t rcn totheendofthe street. i+ l/You/He/5he/We/They used towalkto schoot. We use when, wh'le and as to join the Past continuous and Past -. l^ou/re/5he/We/They didn t use to walt to schoo. simpl€ pafts ofa sentence. : ? r -Dl1l19\"yl*f1y:1,h\"v :::\":: y,:ll:9:tuli 1 saw Karlwhenlwhile/as lwaswaiting at the bus nop. REMEMBERI - foractions that happeied manytimes in the past (habits). -We do not use stat€verbs in the continuous form. He used to wait fot ne at the s.hoalqates. I k n ew he r whe n we we re chi Id re n. - for feelings, thoughts, id€as, etc. in the past- . lused to be aftaid ofthedark. NaI 1 was khowing her when we werc childten. Notice that the habit or state is probably not true now We usedtohaveadagcaLled lilt. (= but we don't have the dog now) Orit may be true now ldidh't use to like spaft at s.hool (= but llike it now) . We can always use the Past simpLe instead of ured to. We had ado1calLedTi y. t didht like spart at school. . We do not use used fo for actions that happened only once. I weht ta spain in 2ao9 NO\\ t used ta gotoSpain in 2a09.

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llke and would like 3l\"lat<h thequestions in Awiththeanswers in B. . We use lrke to talk about things we enjoy, and love to talk about 1 Do you l,ke cheese? 2 Would you tike somethingto drink? things w€ enjoy a lot. 3 Does she enjoy travelling by train? 4 Wouldyou Like an ice cream? t'1y little brothet liks science fictian filns. s DoesJack like children? 6 Wouldyou tike to go to the cinema? lf we pui anolherverb after itke, we use the'irg fom. B I like staying in bed Late. He doesh t like lying an the beach. d Yes, we'd love to. som€ velbs we cn use with the -ing fom arc. Iike, enjoy, conditional sentences with would f+ Pastsimple + wo\"ldfrt) + inrinitive without to I ehjoy tunning on the bea.h befarc wotk. lf I be.ane prcsident, t-'d--b--uli\\l-d-_tuarc haspitak. . We use wouid {ike to talk about things we want. / would llke is -^-\\ more polite than / wart, We use conditional sentences with would lo taLk about imaginary, I d like a new tennb ftcket far my bitthday. impossibte or unlikely situations. Theverb in they'ctause is jnthe lf we put a verb after would rle, we use the infinitive with to. Pastsimple, butweare not tatking about the past and we are not l'd like to speak to the manager, pLease. talking about a specifictime. REMEMBER! t I had a ticket, 1'.1 col'l,e withyou. (= | haven't Cot a ticket) We often use l4/ouldyou rte... 7 for an offer. woutd you like same caffee? lfyau ttued in the cauntry, yor ? soo,9e. bored (= you don't live in Would you like to 9a to the .inena? Notice that the answer is: ' wecanchangetheorderof iheircbuseandthemainclause. ves,please. Ot: yes, I'd love sane. / I d lave ta tfyau lived in the country, yau'd soan get botetl. NaI Yes, I d like. Ar Yes, I'd love. Yau d soon get boted ifyou lived in the country. I PRACTICE 1 ' we can use wele instead ol was aftet I, he lshe and iL l Compl€te the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in tf ny brothet were here now, he d knaw what ta da. tftwercyou,Idgo ta the docta/s. brackets. Use either the -i,rg form or the infinitive with to. . we often use If t we.e you, / d... to give advjce. _1 | hate (go) to the dentist. . tf Iwete you, t'd Laok far saneane else. 2 |Lik€-(cook) dinnef for myfriends atweek€nas. we can use might of corld innead of world. 3 I'd Love_ (get) tickets for!h€ opera. lfyau watked hanl, yau night pass the exan. 4 lenjoy _ lf l borcwed Mun s cat, t .ould give you a lift. (watk) to work inthe mornings. 5 I'd tike_ (do) sometraining in firstaid. tove-6 l (travel) by pubtictransport in unusuatplaces. i hale- (ralk)01Ty llooite pl^one ontherrain 8 ltike _ (make)new friends. 2 Choo$ the corect answers. 1 l4y husb.nd wouldrlke to / loves cycLing and swimming. 2 I'd like I nke a ^ew cat, but l dont think I'll buy one 3 He doesn t tike gettirg .rp / get up eatv. 4 Th€y hatego /9oin9 to the tibrary. 5 She'd like to / 'd like speak to the President. 6 rhey eioy watch / wakhlrg films with th€ir friends. 7 We like I wouldliketo cak€s, swe€ts and chocolate. 8 | don t like do / doing the washing up. 9 They would tike to 9o / 9o io Buenos Aires next summer. 10 | donr enjayvisitlng Ivisit museums and art galleries.

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Present simple passive 2 Put th€ PresentsimpLe passive form ofthe velbs in brackets in We fom the Presentsimple passivewith ihe subject + ar1l6/are the coffect place inthese sentences. + pastparticiple. Regutarpast participtesend in -ed. Fora listof inegularpast participles, see page I75. 1 Thousa'rds of mobile phones every year. (lose) 2 All the tickets over the intemet. Getl) | \"- -:.:. ... ... 3 A lot ofthe wortd'sgotd in south Africa. (produce) + He/she/lt is made. 4 rhe rcoms eve.y morning. (clean) s l4itlions of baiiels ofoitto Europe. (import) 6 Five hundred peopLe in the new ractory. (employ) 7 Tle coss at6 o clocl Fven, tro.lC. ('eed) I cheese frcm milk. (make) vou/we.'/-r.h-ey.re made : :l::-::l=*: j Past simple passive : :-r:\":fl,\"li'\"i:*ei:':ll':d,\": . : Wefom the Pastsimple passivewith the subject + waslw€rc + : lld:: ,'::l*:nf :I ::\"1::- !,= :t: T:l : i !, : lv/re/ss1lee4/lt was seeeenn., '; :. ! :l.Tl.T'd.:i : ' ' You^te/They were seen. !? r..l'-.Tl:h:1llT\"'d.:i ': r .r *),::1y,:1'h\"vn9:1 l/-e/she/ltwas not (- warn r)seen. i . We use the pasive when the pe6on who does the action: i :::::i l9:1w:/Tl:I YT ::: !: -:::: ll Ws /r^he/it se€n? 'is not importdrt. This chacalate is nade in switzeland. (= it s not important who makes it) Hundrcds af ca6 are stoteh eve'y week. (= we don't know who were you/we^ney seen, - means peopte in generat. . As withthe Presentsimpte passive, we usethe Past simple His fa.e is re<ognised aLt over i,rie world. (= people in general passivewhen the action is more importantthan the person who ll we wa.r to say who or wh.t is Ll-e 'doer'o'the acrior. we did ir. All ny cLathes arc designed by federica Pirani. ' The Pastsimple passive is commonwhenwe are speaking Active or passjve? Comparethe following examplesl a Manihe nakes aU her own brcad at home. formalty, or ii written repods- b fhe brcadisnade in a larye bakeryoutsidetown. In sentence a, we usethe active fom becaus€we are more t'tate thanthnry peaplewercinjurcd in the explosion. iiterested inwho makesthe bread, so Martine is the subj€ct (of rr.-:dea wardevetopedv|h a-eaa af \\d\"..9.... Insentence b, we usethe passive fom becausewe are more interested inthe b€ad (noi in who makes it), so the bread isth€ Creat Expectations warw'tten by Cha esDi.keht. subject (of a passive verb). I PRACTICE 2 l Comptete the sentenceswith the coffe.tform of the verb5 in arrest bite build design repair steal take dar.age I PRACTICE 1 1 lhe paintings dlingthe night- 2 lhis car 'l Choo$ the corect answers. by a Ko€an company. 1 Coca-CoLaseils/trioldaLl overth€ world. 3 lhethree men _atabout 6 o'clockthis morning. ? ftdnnks / isdrunk by millions of people. 4 When _ 3 94 percent of peopLe reco gnise / arc rccognised it. (this photogGph)? 4 Rotex watches cort / are cost u p to 520,000. s Ihey wear / arcwonW thousands ofpeopte. 5 l-by a dogwhen lwas a child. 6 Ihey show I arcshown differeittime zones. 6 _The new shopping centre 7 l'4ercedes cars come / are core frcm Oemany. by an Amedcan company I rhey dive / atedriven by many rich and famous peopte. 9 The companyrall'er /isramedafterthe own€r's daughter. 7_ (yourcarjatthis garage? :tr10 Samsung products make /aremade in South Korea. 8 The Harry Potterbooks byl K RowLing. 9 He to a sarden Danv atthe Datace. 10 The ca.- in the accidert.

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Present?erfect continuotts with how long, for I PRACTICE .I 1 compLete the senten.€s wirh how long, fot ot since. 'I _have you been waiting here? 2 _l've been studying Engtish three yea6. 'llYou/We/Thevvebeenworking. 3 We ve been com ng he? or hotiday _ '998. : : He/she/lt s been worting. 4 _Jake has been tooking for a flat , october. , l/You/We/Tl-ey've been worting. . . 5 He's been driving_ about a year. i-i-.-.--.--.............: , 6_ have you be€n siltingthere? i ! He/She/lt's been working. : 2 Putthetime phrases in the box betow into the corfedcolumn -: Have you/we/they been working? , 1998 sixyears ten nrinutes Lasi Sunday a tong time ' Has hekhe/iL been workinC? 7 o'ctock a ninute lwas born yesterday a week . We use the Present pedect continuous to talk aboui adions that started in the past and continue to the preseit. She sbeerwotkingas a doctar far 40 yeats. We use/or and rlnce to tatk about peiods oftime fionr the pan 3 Complet€ the conversatlon with the Presentperfect - We use /or to talk about periods oftime. lt anwes questioni .ontinuous fo.m ofthe verb in bEckets. He s been teaching for ten yea6 a: How longr- (you / pta, footbatl, sen? lr0uyyeeaarrss ago B: l':- (play) altmy life. tong!_a: And how We us€sirceiotaLk aboutpoints of tjme.lt answeF questions B: l'_ (you / train) young footbaltets? He sbeehteachingsin e 1995. (not /wo*) here very Long.lstafted aboui six s_A: lbeli€ve your son irains withyou. B: Yes, he (come) here since lanuary. He s rcatly enjoying 6it and lthink het going to be good- (you / cycte) altyour life? A: What about you, Carlos? ?-C: No, I havenl.I began when lwas 15, so tefs see, thai means I (cycle)for about sixyea6 now A: s this your new bike? c: Yes,l3 (use)itsince last month.You can see its very tight and it goesvery fast. Sifc€ I996 Present perfect continuous and present perfect simpte REMEMBER! We do not use the Pr€seit Continuous to talk aboLt actions that . In ma.y cases,we c.n usethe Present perfedsimpLe and the stad€d ln the pan and coitiiueto the present. Present perfect coniinuous with /or and sirce with no reaL difference in meaning. t ve beehleathlng Engllsh since lanyear. l've bee, living in this house fot ovet a yea. NOI I an leaning EngLishsincelanyeaL . I've lived in thk house for ovet a yeaL Ihe foltowing phGses often occurwjth the Present perfed continuous, but do not need tor or rince. But ifa verb descibesastate (for example llke,love, be, have, 5e€, k ow), we cannot use the continuous form. They've known each other far note thah 50 yea6. NOI fhey have beeh knawingeach othetfatnorcthah . lf we rnention a number orquantity,w€ normatly usethe I've nadesixphane calk today. NOI t ve beeh nakingsit phanecalk today

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Pa5t perfect 2 Choose the correct answ€rc. We fom the Past perfect with had+ past participte. Regular past When lradgotlgot downstairs, the phone ,ad sfopped / paticiples end in ed. f4anyveds havean irregularpast participte. *opped ringing. see the tist on page 175. I ha.t been I was sotry to leave, as I eajoyed I had enjoyed the eveningvery much. :'+: l/wou/He/5he/ r/wafihey'd (- had)finirhed ; : Sitvana hadbeenl was very upset because she fad{o$/ llttd::: : l{Y\".,/l:/:Yl:1w\"/'h,\"v-t9{1J\": hjd-tgl : i When the exam strrfed / l,adstarted, it became cle.rthat ; 1,; l:\"dvt9:lTf}ly-y{|:,Il1\"h\"di I didnt rcvise I hadn't rcvised enough. lr had been / was a very long day, so ) had been I went to . We use the Past perfect to show that one .ction happened When I saw / ,adse€, him, | rcalised I neet / had net before another in the past, and thatthe firstaction finished before th€ second action started. Narrative tenses He had been ta the bank atul he was an his way hamF past we usethe Pastsimple to talkaboutthe main events in a story. Anah inAernanyhad a hodblesutprhewhen he.he.ked hh Wp often Lse the Pdsr peded w th becaurero explail a p.sr We usethe Past pefect to talkabout actions which happ€ned joat'rI fek 1l be\"a \",\" he deaten sa Fu before the main events ir a story. When the bank realhedthennistake, Oeotge had spent f85.A0O To show that two actions happened at the sam€ time, we us€ the W€ useihe Past continuous to tatk about actions in progress Past simple with dren. at a certain time in the past. We often use itto describeth€ I w oke up ||he n th e te I ephohe ra h9. backgrcund situation in a story lr the seluence of events is clearfiomthe context, it is not twaswalkingtaworkyeRtetdaywhen \\aneane rushed past ne ih atways nec€$aryto usethe Past pedect. Arcbber appeared and pointed a gun at him. I PRACTICE 1 I PRACTICE 2 1 Complete the sentences with the Past perfect form of the 1 Choose the correct answers. forget not eai go do try teave not phone have AVenezuelan man rwai rakirg / nade an expensive mistake when he threw away a blackplastic ba& his wife,nadridd€, theyI Ihe chitdren were hungry because allmorning. / tid atlherjeweltery in it. When she found out what 3nad happened I was happening, she aphoned / was phoning _the2 We coutdn't get into the theatre because Lisa the rubbish company. The people rhere said that they rwerc _3 she fett betler after she a rcst. buming I had burnt allthat day s rubbish a few hours earlier. _4 Dan hospitalth€ day before lanived. White Frances 6was workirg / wo*ed in a bank, a man rwaked / waswalking in and demand€d f100,000. After she _.5 Abby was very'nwtoorried because h$ soi ahad givq / gave hi.n the nnoney, heehn I was tunning away. we_6 Weweretired because Unfoftunatetyfor him, he didn't realise herorddlef /l€Fhis a tongway. drivinglicence in the bankwith his nam€ and address on it. l_7 I felt embarrassed because he. name. Last week a 7o'year-old cern'an wonan l1won / had won €200 in a children's art competition by enteriig a picture she 8 When Luke_his honrework, he watched TV. l'zhad painted / was palnting 50 yeare earlier 9 After Sharon atlthe pe umes, she chose the most l_10 lcoutdn t geta bus home because altmy money

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Audio script UNIT 1 RECORDING 2 UNIT 1 RECORDING 7 A= Announ.er J =Journalist M: OK. let's 5tart.l'llinteryiewyou fnst. Are you ready? Ar Anewreportlntoyoungadults LeGure time has some surprising results. M: Im goingto tjm€ us on my phone,,. We vego160 secoids... that's one J: In this niSitaLage, many people think thatyounE a!ults spent alltheir mlnute, startingJrom... nowlso, what! yolr fullnamet time on the compurer. And a newgovernment suryey of howyoung Li l\"ly futLname is Laura Ines RodriguezOrtega, aduLtsspendthen Leisure time says that 87 percent of people in the M: wowL,..You ve got a long name.. oK... Let me wrlte that... Laura... ittUK betvveen theagesof l6ani 24 us€ the internet every day. But Inas.,, Rod guez... ortega.. Ann haveyougota nickname? still important toryoung people ro 8o out wlth friends. And the most L: Yes, my friendt an! famiLy usuallycalLme LaLi. popular€vening out is going ro the clnema:42 p€rcent say it sth€ir M: Lali... L-A-L-1... Thafsa nice namel tavourite way to spend an evening. Mr And, oK ... what nert ... yes, wherewereyou born? For peopLe who don'tgo out, not 5uqrislngly, teLevision is more popuLar l- Iwasborn in BuenosAires,,. in Argentina.. than radio.32 percent say that theywatch television for more than ten M: Buenos Anes .. And when were yo! bon? houE aweek mainly forfilms and news pro8ramm$ - but only 23 li When?... Er ..on lath De.ember,1990 percent listen to the radio. M: December... t3rh. .1990... oK... Eir ..well, relLme aboutyour famit. L: oK...ll ve with ny faiher and moih€rand sister. Both my parents are Music s atways a iavourltetopic, but it 5eems that many more peopte tisten to musicthan can play a musical instrument. The sutuey rev€als docrors..,theywork n dfferent hospitaG in Bu€nosAn€s. M: oh reatty? They are both nodo6... that 33 percentwatch live music, but 30 percent of p€opLe berwe€n 16 L: Yes, and my sister s twoyearsyounger than me Ner name is Patricia... and 24 can play a mus caL insttumenr. but everyon€ caLLs h€r Pati, M: What do you do in your lree time? OnLy J2 pe Lpnror,ou.Can' lts plar spol:$ r- ooloa.. s$ -n -8 L: MostLy, Like doinga Lot of sRoft in my free time. mean,lplay and cyclingthe most popuLar activlties. But that means that nore than two-th rds dont ptay any sportl b6ketbal1... suauy phy aboutihre€ orlourtimes a week. And I sometimes 8o to the 8yn or go swimming. l reaLly Like keeplngflt. UNIT 1 RECORDING 3 M: oh, reatly ... that s great ... Ohllhatt 60 se.onds finkhed. tThe first computef Same of e Mana Brothets was in 19a3, with UNIT 2 RECORDING 3 Mario ann his broths Luigl. worked, watched, opened lnventen, asked stopped, vaveLLed starred, tived, 2 Thewhite ptayer always stans n a game oJ chess. ctoied, waken, wanted, taughed, airiven 3 MaibCs are fuatty made ot gh$. UNIT 2 RECORDING 4 The gahe mahjong originated nChina probabLy aboui 2 500 years f4otherTeresa won a Nobet Prize for Pea.e in 1979, and Aong San Suu Kyl 5 snakes ana Ladd€6 is a board game. Whef you Lan! at the top ofa dld thesame in 1991. Butihe fnst woman to win a Nobel Priue was th€ PoLish-born scientist Marie sklodowska cun€... for Physi6, ln 1903 snake,you go aown lt, and whenyou land atthe bottom of a ladder, Thewllliamtsisters Venus and Serena were two of the wo.ldt leading 6 Nobody really knows why there are s2 cards in a normaL pack, burone iennG players during the 2000s. Serena won her fnn Us open ritle in teF'aea is thd! . o . _a'n !o' e.e ) weel ot r-e)ea. 1999, and Venus did the same a yearlaterln 20oo. They became the fns! 7 In a iudoku puzle, you complete a grid with numbeu, usingthe siste6to both win the US Open, numbeu 1 9 once onty in €ach square, ln each Lne and in each row, British wohen aged 30 or more got the right to vore io 1918 two years before the Unhed states but 2l years after New Zealand, the f tst country 3 Th€ piecesona backgammon boai! are normaLLy bhckandwhite, 9 rn the English veGion ofscrabbleo, the two highest-scoring tetters are kanian-born Anousheh AnsaribeGfre thefi6i femate space tourist, on SePtember la,2005. For herten day !e in $e Ru$ian Soyuz space Q and z, wirh ten Poiits each. cpslle she paid 520 mitLlon. 10 lhere are2l spots on a dice. Russlan cosfronautYurlCagarin wai the fiGt human to travel into 11 The world Dominoes Championships iake pLace once a year. spa.€ ln 1961, but there were only mate.osmonaurs lnul1963 when 12 An average Same of Monopolyo hstsforoneand a halthou6. 400 remate cosmonauis applied to bethe firnwoman in spa.e. onty UNIT 1 RECORDING 6 one woman made the flight o. r6rhJune r963-andh€rnamewas Born in Baltimore n the United states, MichaelPheLps i5 one otflie ndia had a lemaLe prime mlnGterln rhe 1980s, but nlianpresilenrswere best known athtetesinthewo d ioday. Het a swimmer and Otympic all men un:illut 2007, when Pratibha Paul became the fEt woman to champion, winning melah atthe 2004,200a and 2012 otmpic cames, b€come Presinent of ndia. Ne has fans alt over lhe worLd, as weu as four miltion fotLow€rs on Twitrer, on 16rh May 1975,the fnst woman rea.hedthetop of Mounr Ev€rest. she was alapanese ctimber,lunko label. wanda Rutkiewicr was the IiEt where he calls himseLf'Phelps the Fish.lt s not surprcingthat Michaettrains EuroPeanwomanto reachthetop ii 1973;andstaceyALLGonwasihe hard he gets up ats a.m,an! loes at least llve hours trainingeverynay But fi6tAmerican woman to reach the top in r988. one th ngthat is surprkingabo!! l'4ichael is his diet heconsumesr2,000 calorie5 a day: thafs six times the averaee for an a!ult maLe in hir twenties, Kathryn BlgeLow becamerhe first woman to win an Oi6r lor Best He says he someumes eats burgeE and oths fast food. But because othij Director for her Illm tu€ //,|i ro.ter - a miLtary ad on thfiller, set in lfaq, tralning regime he never has problemswith his weight he weighs lust over '00 I g. cdr,. a.p a d $im, sars o-e.p\\'thd'\\ a I t -.n ao. south Korean llgureskaterY!-na Kim is one ofthe woddt highest,pald alhletes -she earns approrimately S10 mluion a year. She skaies tor severaL hou6 every morning and in the afternoons iheloes other kinds of exercise. But she! notjusta sportswoman;she al5o does a Lotofimportantworkto heLp people, She is a Cood wiLl Amba$adorfor UN|CEF, the Wo d Ch ldren! charlq7, and 5he often gives money to charlties includine 527,000to victims otrheJapanes€15unam in 2011. As she rravets a Lot, she has English classes threetimes a week.Yu-na comesirom Bucheon, Souih Korea but she now Uves ln LosAngeLes, caLfornia, with her hother,who k aGo her manager And she rinds time io makes several pop recorns everyyeartshe is a big pop star in her home country ol Korea. tr

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Audio script Mm,,yes, lagree ..And he llkessolvingproblems50 h€ LL be a good UNIT 4 RECORDING 7 plumb€r ... sorung out prcblems in peopleshouses... Yer.And he .an work for himself ... and dosomethine reattyu*rur. For many people aroundihe world, New Year is on January rsr, ofcourse. Bui think its the perfectjob forlem. many people ln the LJK andthe UsA also celebGte Chinese New year, which A pLuhber is a big change trom betng an accountant, isn'r ii2 is at the end olJanuary or the beginningof February. Christmas Day is on Yes,,. thais what he wanted... somerhine compLetely differeft. December 2sth around the wond bufthenate ol Easrerchangeiiii! usuauy between the mindb of March and the middLe olAprit UNIT 4 RECORDING 2 Th€resno lndependence Day in the U(' but the UsAcelebrares its Augusr 2!rd,January 1Oth, December t2th, March lgrh, september2oth, independefce on the 4th JuLy, an! ntenatlonal women s Dayis on March Nlay 22nd,lune 14rh, october 16th, Februarv 23th, Novembersorh 3th ln both countrles Father's Day i5 on theth.d Sunday in June in borh rhe LJKandthe USA,Whereas Mother's Day k on differeni days: tn ihe UK ir's UNIT 4 RECORDINC 3 in Mafch, but inthe USA t!twomonrhs later, tn May, Children and many I lnvitepeopleinioyourhome adults- in both the UK and the USA celebraie HaLLoween on Odobef 31st. 6 have a day offschoovwork UNIT 4 RECORDING 8 7 prepafea speciaLmeal 3 senn .ar!s to peopLe A A: wrotelanuary 26th... AustraLia nay. B: what happens on A6tralla day? A: rsthe daywhenthe Europeans ri6r cane to Australia... yeau andyeaE ago...and itt a pubtic holiday, ihere are lots ofconcerts, tneworks..,and there s a big boat race in Sydney Halbour. UNIT 4 RECORDING 5 B c:lune 9th isaspeclalday because it! my grandmother's birthday ... one orthe most important celebrat ons lor me i5 New Year's Eve tn Braz L, she! 70 aduaLLy and we're organising a special party for her... and all on 3lstDecember.My mum is English and mynad is BraziLian ... so we live hergrandchiLdren are comlng... 12 of usr in Engtand, but we usually go to Brazll fo. NewYear... treally Love irt New c D:so... mLookingatD(ember...whataeyounoingonDe.ember24rh...? Year is caLLed,4,o Noyo in Portuguele - and people also use the Fr€nch E: WeLL, I wrote December 24rh be.auie we re goiig ro Austria lor woft,ReveiIon.., m not surewhylThe Rdveiuon celebrationsln Brazit .chrktmas ... wete having a skiing holiday aidwe.espendtng haPpei all along the coast, but I think they are especlatty fanrastic in Rio D A:Wr, . t4d1r'2rli-po La-. orrou. deJaneiro. we stay ln a friend! apartmenr tn Rio - and it's usuaLLy boiling - otten more than 30'cl Somethlng tlove about the NewYear fesrivittes B: Becauset that s my wedding a.niveEary ... l got mairied on March isthar everyone dresses up ... butalways white, everyone wears whire,,, 12th five... no slxl. . years ago... Ann everyone goes down to the bea.h in the evening,when ir'sdark.Ihere are pfobabt abouttwo million peopLe on Copacabana beach... aLLnresed A:And you're ttiu happy. inwhite. t looks amazing ... And, theresa lot of mustc on the beach and people bring ftoweB and cannGs. You throwthe floweB inro rhe sea aid ! october2nd s a very inporranr day for me .os I m staning un vetsiiy aLso putthe candlesonthe water, so thai rhey ftoat olr away fron the beach.lt looks reaLLy Lovety - wlth aLLthe candles on rhe water. And the ,.. it! myfi.sryear... it's reaLLy exciiing ... I m starting my econom cs athosph€E is sufp singty pea.eful at this point in the eventng. The food s aLso a really lmpor.ant part oJ the eveniig, too. you can buy food thar couEe at N,Tanchestef univers ty... cant walil peopLe cook on the beach durlngthe even ng. TypicaLfood for NewYear k a spirychicken and rl.edishwhich k deli.ious ,,. . 50metines you caf aGo F D: I wrote August 7th 2012,,. rlnd a tastyne*erimade ofmaracul;which s a ktnd offru t.Armtdntght there is a bigrirework nkpbywh ch love - it's reatty exctrtng, And then, ot E: why August 7th 2012?Whathappenedrhen? D:.. becausethafsthedaywhenlpa$enmydrivingtest YeahLl couEe, the party contlnues... alllhrough the nlght, untiLrhe next morning,.. UNIT 5 RECORDING 2 Ith nk New Year'5 Eve ln lceland is one ofthe best times ofthe year. t'm 1 A: HeUo,'m asking people about special.lorhes Co,Lt youteii me fromthe United Stater buit'm mari€d to an celandtcnan, tvar. We tive in the capiiaL Reykjavik,,, the popularion is only about 2OO,OOo butthe about some ctothes or shoes which are special to you ... ? peoptecenainLy knowhowtohavea goodtimet NewYearisonthe3rsr B: w€tl, I ve 8ot some gr€at trainers ... rcd conve6e trainers . . you know Decetrber, so its the middle otwiiter... and very coLdt But trhink it! a B: Yes ... l love them ... g.eat ume oryear...lr€alty Like the winter, and €spe.tally Look foNard to A When nid you getihem? Si Erh...lgotthem about Ilve yeaE ago, L5uppose. New Years Eve - it reaLLy is a major event in lcebnn. Duringrhe first part of Ar Why din you get them .. ? Dinyougerrhem roranyspeciatreaso.? the evenin€, we {ay hohe and Lkren to ihe ralio... B: wason holiday inthe USA .. itwasagreat hotidaywithtwo friends Ihere s a ceremo.y broadcasi from the cathedraL, ... sowe listenrothat ...lthink rjust boughtthem because lliked them...you know,,.. onthe rad o. Then we have d.ner... usually roast mear, an! vartoustinnen lwent iiiothe shop and sawthem and tlovedihem immediaret. vegetables -tinned carots, tinned peas, ihings like rhat. Trad uonaUy, ir's a reattreatto have ilnned vegetabLestThe part tltke best is afterthat... lihinl tsbecause likethe coLour... but also tLov€ the destgn Theyte becaus€ aner dinner, we Co out. We go to rhe tocaL park whefe there is a hugebonrre, an! everyonewho Livs nearby meets thse ... dound the fire great and they remind me ol thai fanrasric holiday we han togerher. A: Do you wearthem a lot? ... |iere's a reattyfi endly atmosphere... itt great. You hav€ ro wear warm B: Yes, w€arthemaLLtheiime.Andar lsaid, boughtthem fiveyears cLothes ofcourse,as it t freezine ... the temperaru.e can sonerimesgo a8o... and rhey 5tilL Look quite new... mean, they 5tiLL look good ... down to lo'cb€Lowzero. But. ihe bonlre keepsyou warm. peopL€ Leroff yes iheyteolderbuttheyremorecomfortablethanbefore...Theyte the most comfonable shoes Ive got... t!hundreds of fneworks throughour rhe whole evening... iuegatio tet off 2 A: Im loing a suruey aboutspeciaLcLothes... what are rhe most speciaL tirework5 at any other ume otyear... so peopLe b!y Lots and Lots at New Year ltsreaLLy noGy and the sl(y is fuU ol fireworks. Ihen ... ar midnighr, clothes orshoes you've eot? there is a blg firewo.k dispLayoverthe city.latwaysthtrk it Looks tike Reykjavik is on fire!When thafs finkhe!, we go to a n ghrclub in thetown B: Em,,Ivegoiadress.. ltsblueaidwhiteche.ken...tison€olthe c€ntre.., and onen $ay rhere unrit five orstxrhe next norning... mosrspeclalthings ve goi... Ai When didyo! buy it? B: lgot it about eightyeare ago... A: And didyou buy it for a speclal occasion or .. ?

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t I Audio script v=vr,.uNlr 6 RECoRDING 3 P: Bookdears? n=a\"iu\"i jil;;T1l'\",T'li,liilii go?A: Wow.,,this i so excitin8l Where shaLL we byreadingpeoplesbLogs...andofferihenacoiract!omakeitinroa M: well, Lefs look at the option OrCoa?A: Id like to go somewhere hot, I rhink. what about Dubal? winter Imean,l'd Like somewher€ whichwill give us a break froh the (old p: Reauv? An! thevcan becofre succe$fut trom thar,,, think?here inlanuarylwhat doyou yes,;bsoluteLy .. rcan thint or o.e recent examptq an English woman Gle! julith O'Rei[y... She moved away from London and went to ni.e.M: WeU, yes, that s a good point ..somewhere hotwouLd be tive n thecountrysdewth herfamiLy. she ne.id€d to wrire about her A: TheyareaUquitefaraway,though. fpossibLe,lnGtherSosomewher€a eperiences in her new place ... tiving in a smalL village. p: And she Eor a book d€aL? bitnearerbecauseweteonlygoingJorfivedays...ALLthehotpLacesare I y$, a co;pany read hd bto& ann offered her a book dealworth nearLy faraway an! ltwiutake ages to get there. M: True... butldon'twanttogosomewherecold. m€an, I dont want to €ao oooL goto NewYork... Look, itsminusthree degr€eslAnd ParisGntmuch p: That s a lot of moneyL l Yes ObviousLy,she is a Sood writer ... and the nternetisagood PLaceto A: No tdon h(e hp,old-u hc.h\"-...br ... nrd.do/out'inL o'_h. spa breakinspaln? 5ho,ori,on st..s M: Mmm... Thatsounds lovely... p: Thnstru; . burnoreve.,Tone whobe.omes famouson the internet A Yes,itsoundsgreat.ltrnotveryhot but at least it is retaxlng. Afd it! hasatorofratenr.,,for5omep€opte,itsjusrluck,isntit? q.ilroge_the.e.orl}thee-ous L yes, like Matt Nardtns ... aM: And it'sa three-star hotet ,,. which i5good.wouldyou liketo stayln p: whdrard ne do? hoiel? dS-pha pSrp.e.\"c/ialntaheo\"n.b..e.D\"Jo\"y!opul4a,dgrrqereg?rc.oro_wo'\\ tr Net one of my favourires ... he upLoaled videos of htmsetf danctng ... in re. td bts of difiereni locatlons ihroulhour thewo d. A: 'Spanish p: Da-an!i.\" lalenl isrliL? us...M; YeslFantastic...lefs see if Caroline andlulia agree with t: nhsc;se,no irBnrrea y Hedancesreallybadly...Hejustdo6a lunnykindofdanceforafewseconnsineachplace:..lnhislnstvtdeo, uNlT 7 RECORDING .l henan..f in 15 diff.r.nr .o!niri.s, rhen' some .ompaiies sponsored 1 Howlonehavevouknownhim? him -$thevgawhimmtrevtocontinuetraveLLingan'makinghis 2 ve known him forthreeyears. P: Reauy? Thafs good ... 3 How longw€re you a teachet? 4 was a t€acher fortwoyears li Yes,lnhisthndvldeo,youcanseehimlancing n 42 lifferent countries 5 Howlonghaveyou liv€n in Moscow? 6 WevelivedlrMoscowlo.sixyears. ,, That one has han over 33 million h ts! 7 How Long dld you live in Lonnon? p: He't certalnly achieved somethlng, then, even ifhecant dance! monihra I rved in London ror about st UNITTRECORDING2 l: p€oPLeLovehlm, Hisvideosaresomeolth€mostPoPular,andhehas aPPearedonatlsortsofTvshows... uNrr z REGoRDTNG 4 s=Bu R=R\".Dn D=Deb p=pd$er s=s*a.i ,for-r\"m\"ta.k\"in' gam*\"oyn.ely\"ta.\"ntdt\"haisai\"mUbr,it*io\"nw- at's\" t.oi*b.eya' mr'\"ililiro\"nt,a\"nrelabyLth*eaiag.e.orf25.B: M, smame s o Dr roLL wh ch s o ginauy an t 5h name, and I know thatnyiamllycameoverfiom relaidsometimeatlheerdolthe sheKaie stunied to,at teastrhree houtr every ev€ningwhen shewas 18. l9th@nt!ryaid*ttLedinthestalesand weLl l'veneverbeenlo pLanei.wanten ro become an ecologist and help save the lrelan! ltsalwaysbeenmvdreamtogobackthereandredkcovermv uNrrTREcoRDrNc3Hespen,Edwardw6awaysveryque,,andheievsweniou,verymlch i\"#Y;T*if:::jii\"iiffillfl'*:;ili?llJi#illl\"Ji\";il ro40fris-i-eilLBbedroo-.pla)i-SSamesonhicomp--\" rearr,.\"-oco-.; ^::'L'::ilT:1Ji\"?;',::\"iJii:::i:fli,l',1;:::::#:, pp := presenref t= tnt€rui€wee nterner lor my Localteam where lscorea three goals and lwar the hero fora ctock, . sotharmeansirtttmeforourweekty weekortwo.lsulllookbackonthatwithalotofpride...asformy so ... iit five o Spot...withDavidraytor.Davin,wharhaveyougorior!stodayz dream.,,onethingl!lovetodoktovisiitheTalr.lahaLin ndia. t: whoweLL today,Ive gor some amazingachievements... some peopLe LsuPPose m getting a bit old now butyou nev€r know one dayl haveachievedgreatthlngs...o:wett,l'veatwavswantedtoowna.arldon\\hiveacratihemoment pr Onthe interner? becaus€ lcan'tafford one... aGo because lcantdrlve... butanyrvay,its t: buiyes, that's right... rhese people are quite different from €ach orher, my ambition to own a ca. one day but notjust a.y oL! car, r has ro haveonerhrngincommon.,,Iheyhaveusedrh€int€rnetlndifierent beaFeiiari...andare!Ferariaiihat. lontknowwhy... suPPose money.waysto achieve fame and make ought to leah to d ve tnst. butthat s what reattvwant veah ro own P: Ah ... that sounds interesting lovet rcd Feiiaii t: yes...wellfnst,oneofthemosicommonwaysofustngrhe nterner P: l'dreaLtlovetobuyanenormoush.'K.whl.hkinihemiddleorihe aro achieve fame is to uptoad videos ofyourself... onto a website.. countrysiie, or in the mountains somewhere, butyou know, reatly mites youlube.video-5haringsire Like from anywhere... and ii hasto have Lots and lots of sPace, enough sPace p: Thousandsofpeopledorhat,,,bltnotmanyofrhembecometamous, sothat can lnvite aU my friends and aLL my lamily ior a big Party ... and doth€y? then ihey can augo away and can just enjoy the Peae and qulet . I No... butsome dolForexample, ayolngAmerican man,Tayzonday, thatsmvambition c/ro.olarefirsr became well-known in 2ooTwhen he upLoaded hn song 5: Yes,weu lthlnkoneofthe bestthinEs 've ach eved kgettinS into lat oi the internet sinceihen,hissonghashadover6SmiLLionhlrsr univssity, where Lm studylnS medicine now, and myambiiion isto rcalty p; WowtThafs a Lor.. but has he achieved anythingelsez helppeoplelnsomeway..,NotnecessariLytobearamoussurgeonor t: yes,hehas.Ne!madealoiofmoney...HesbeenonmanyTvshows anlthing tkethat, butto make some medlcaLdk.overythai rcalty helps a.elebrirywho... he! had some smattading roLes... and he s become peopLe.adrugihat cn cur€ some ncease or somethlng Likethat... sothai D€oDL€ wanr to know abolt. my name is remembered ... thinkthatwouldbeareaLlygreatthingtodo P: fs notjust singss who Gn showth€irtatenr, is it? l: No,thafs rlght.. Bloggingisvery popuLar ..somepeopLehaveEotbook deaLs from iheir bloe ...

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Audio script UNIT 9 RECORDING 5 UNIT 1O RECORDING 2 1 frhey build new flats, itwillheLp other businesses in th€ area. 2 ll be very pt€ased when allthe work is complete. Jr l'm just phoningto saythail m reattysoiybut canl neetyou for 3 m sure theywitt ask tocat peopte for their ideas beJorethey make a R; oh,that! a shame.Areyou OX? What happene!? 4 Afterthe old powersiation goes, the area wlll be more aitractive, 5 Assoon as more peopLe wanr ro come to the town centre, the trarrlc l: well, it! a longstorylMarco and I were walklne home from work 'h orgh*e pan orE'dayaae' oor. 5 Th€ area wiLL change completely if they put a new shopping centre l: lwas walking along when lf€Lt somethingsung my hann.Ive never UNIT 9 RECORDING 7 been stung by a bee before, and l'm teLllngyou, it reauy hul1l The beach is really beautifut... and lrhlnk the Btue Parotcould be very attractiveand popular .wlth a lew changes. l: well, itwarn tjust the pain... As lwas standing there, my hand started A Lot ofchanges... I rhlnkl EveD^hlng needs changlng... the decor, the to be.omeswouenand red. Andthen., lstartedtofeeLa bit dlzyand Ya, weLL,,,you re probably rightlSo, fnstLy, how about changingthe l: Marco rcatised that I was allerglc to the sting and catted an ambuLaice. B: Anyway, to cut a Long story short, wenttohospltal,andtheygaveme liwitt look a tot b€tter if we change the colour...lthlnk we srrouLd sofrething and lwas Ilne... paint itaLLwhite ..ltwiLttook much cLean€rann more spacious. ii weLL,lwas tine atthat polnt... and then we left the hospitaL. r was well,ldont thinkwe should have ontywhite, because it mlght look quite late by this t me so we deciled to get the b!5 home. really boring I think we should lnclude some different colours ... Hmm.. OK maybe,.. what othercoLouf? l: Yes, but whit€ we were waiting at the bus siop, someihlngllew into fry well, what about btue? You ldow the name i5th€ Blue Parct.. think eye... a piece ofdirt orsomething... weshould inclunesome bluetom6ke it more interesurg... l: WeLL, itwasreaLLy painfuland could.tsee anything and my eye Yes, oK then ..so blue and white walLs ... s: Adually maybewe shouk have more coLou6.. you know, make it moie becameswouen...a.!aswewerestiuoutsnerhehospital,wewent tropiGL... How about having each wa[a nifferent colour: one white one bl!e, ofe yettow, oie red. J: Yes,€x.ept..,weLL,then!rsessortedmyeyeout,andaJreraboutan hour, we left, ... agaln. of .ourse lt was reaLLy tate, and lwas tned... and E .. nol don'tth nk it! a Sood iaea to have too many.olours. we o. ihe way out, l fell over on ihe pav€ment outside the hospitaland.., want the cald to be relaxing and attracuve,.. Let5 keep ir slmple, with weLL, end€d up in hospiraL agal. ... OK...naybeyouteriSht...AndwhatabourtheJood..?weneedsome R: What?lYou broke your arml That s tetrlbLel ! .an t believeliL... really !elicious things on the menu .. Yes,,. you're right... weu, naybewecouL! have... UNIT 1O RECORDING 5 UNIT 1O RECORDING 1 well, the three finatkts are Lotraine, Gareth and Amanda. so, who do you thinkshould win the prlze? fyou cutyour finger, the fnst thlng you should do istry to itop the B: O(...well,lett see . . Loraine broke heram. . careih got stuck ln a !rain bt€edine Youcd do this by pressin8 on the area,You could atso put your tinger in cold water- ther keep it up aboveyourhead, obviousty, if ... andAmanda tost hercamera.. Umm.. think Loraiie should win ... itt a ban cut, and quite deep,you should see a doctor or go to hospitaL. B; WeLL, because she broke ihe same arm iwicel lhat s reaLLy unusuaLlAn! WeU, ifyou burnyousetf, don't put butter oroll on it. Thal is the worst .he dasta[i-elo rhe -sian-e (o- p,nr aL Lce l ne thal q- _. th nEyou can do actuaLLy. You should coolthe burn down, so pui ir in .otd water.., for aboui flve orten minutes.lfitt a ban burn, you shouLd Hmm...true.,,thati5funny..,but don'tthlnkher5torywasthe Iunnlest reatty...lmean, the priue is lor the funnlelt or mosi unusual cover it tooseLy w th a clean cLoth... !oi tputa pLaner on it.,,andth€n thingthat happened, isn't it? what about Amanda? Her story is reatty funnyLlshe buried her own camera, andthen lost iul lJ someon€ fainrs, you shouldn't pourcoLn waterovertheir face, ann you certainly shouldnt shake them and try to wake them uplYou shouLd Yes . tr\".- id./ . rh\"e {d.n r d }or on rre bpd(h.os.eoL L el just leavethem to come round, and of course, yes, make sure they are comionabLeand not in a dangerous pLa.e. camera and then she Lost itanyway But ir'snot reattyan accdent.., lryou think sofreone has broken their arm, th€n rhe fi.st imporiant thing is- don t move ihem. mean, make sure they are wam, No, but it! a mhhap... she probably mane a claim on hertravel comfo.tabLe and out ofda.ger, but don\\ move them Itat aLLpossible, Then, phone for an ambulance ai quickLy aspossibLe. insurance.,, for a lost cafr era. li a bee stings you,you sho!Ldn t put a pLaster on t..,lust put some ice Mnm, maybe .,, l don t know ... GarethSstory is iunny ..l-le dropped of it or put it under cold ware. Normally, that s aLLyou need to no... hisphone...ann enned up 5tuck in a !raln .. what do you thlnk? Someumes peopLe have bad Gacrions to bee stings, rhough, so if you feel Yes thafs funnytoo.. though maybe he nidnt think sol lizyor breathLess oran thingyoushoutd Gftaiity phoneado.torquickly. UNIT 1.I RECORDING 2 lfyou get a rash after eating strawbeiiles, it may mean you are auerglc W: WeLL,lthinkthatgoing to ihe hai.dre$er'i is definitely somethingyou to them, so stop eatingthen and the rash shout! soon nhappear. Don t W: Ye5 lknowthatsome peoplethlnk iis really borlng, but peuonatty I Love put cream on t, but lf t gets woue Gpidty,you shouLn speakto a doctof goingto the hairnreiser'r. For me, it sjust a pedect way to spend my tlm€... Like s tungthere w th my magazlne,. what about you? Doyou assoonaspossible,a5you mi8hthaveaserlousatLer8y. llke golng to the hairdressels? g M: No, hate iu Lonly go when its abrotutety n€c€$ary... w; oh weLl...that one seems to be a love it or hare it rhing doesn t it? Let's see..,whatelse? Flying.lthinkthai! definiteLy a love n or hate it' thln& People usually havestrongopi.ionsabout it, dontthey? Do you lik€ flyirg?

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Audio script UNIT 13 RECORDINC 1 UNIT 14 RECORDING 2 M: 5o Tom .. we've gotthese emaiLr from three peopLe here,. and we need 56,000, 290, 6.32, fs0 milUon, 620, 9a.s, 5 billion, a.2,49 3 to decldewhichone is best ...what do you think? UNiT 14 RECORDING 3 1 Yes,,,we11... Lefssee. Fabiosounds likea nice pe6on - he i easy-going r rhe Uoss oi a conpay \"\"*oLLea co'imr p\"a.npyr\"ayf*etwwi\"ete.krs'iib\"erfroi..e\".anrdl\" and he Likes peopLe. Thats a good stad... young man hadstaften M: Tru€...andhe searningmoney.. buihe'sbeenUvlngwithhkauntfor work at the ihree y€ars and before that, suppose he was living wnh hG parents.lt he sat down nedoosly. Whenyou sbrren workingherea month ago, sounds like he might not be very good at dolngthe housewo* and things,, T: Mnm.. you couk b€ right,.. Well ... Anicka saysshe can cook, and yoursaLarywa5 550,000,'santhe bo$. Twoweekslater, noubLe!your sounds quite reLlabte. . but four to eieht ho!rs of piano practic€llThat saLaryto S100,000. Now fm going to payyou 5250,000 ayear, what!o you say to that? Ihanks, Dad,'saldtheyoungman, could become annoyingl 2 lheAmeicancomedianJack Bennywasfamousforbeingmean.one ohM: don'tknowl think it might be nice ... she s been playlngsinceshe day he had beentothe bank and he was on his way home, when a wasthree, so Im sure she s reauygood... T: well,... Let s see ,.. what about Liam? robberappeared and pointed a gun at him. Your money oryour tifel r.4: Liam.. hmm...well, it's hard to teu r think ... rmean hesounds hissedtherobber,TherewasatongsiLence. Whafsthematterwilh harn workingann everything, andwoul! probabLy share the housework you?' said the robber, 'l sa d: YournoneyoryourlifeL mihinking ashesays .. bui nontthinl hewould be very easy to ihare wLtlr ... about it,' sald the old man. and the flat would be full of computeEl 3 Anan asken a mittionaire friendolh 5 howheha! become 50 flch. T: Yes, but,,. itcout! begoodtohave someone to fix our computers And aLso,lr he keePs himselfro himsetf, well... that s quite good, too. . Asayoungman,Iwasverypoor, hesaid. Ispentmyla5t5100ona 14: oh, no... d likesomeo.e a blt more sociable ... like Fabiu... second hand car.lspentthe nett w€ek repaninglr.rhen sok ltlor T: OK... well, Let s think then, Nor Anicka... t'n notsure lcouL! nand the t200,With the 5200 lboughttwo s€cond-hand ca6. l spenr the next lVi O(... ifthat s how you fe€t,,. Fab o or L am then?... think Fabio,.. T: But,asyou said,he miSht nor b€ very good at holsework and things . . two weeks repairingthen. Then lsotd rhem for 9400. t wasn t much but Mr WelL thinkthatt oK... fd prciarsomeone sociabh... and ldonl reatty lhad made a profitof5200. What happenen next? askedihefiienn. wantthe rLat fuu of compuiers... 'My wife s farher dled and Lelt me 510m LLon'sa d the millionaire. t: oK,then... Letsgowlth Fabio . . but we'll have to makesome.ules UNIT 14 RECORDING 5 abour cooking ana cLeaning and things... A nan n cermany had a honibh surpr se when he wd checking h s emall one mohing. Thomas Vogel, agen 22,lound he had bought items worth UNIT 13 RECORDINC 2 nearly€1 niuionfrom an inrernet auction company. Ihomas sa d he I have beenwaitin& l've beenwaiting hann t heard of the company befo.e ann didnt know anythingaboutth€ 2 You have been working. Youve beenworking, €300,000house the€100,000carorthe€25,000smallpLanehehad 3 He has beenworking. Het been working. bought. The internet company insisied he paid lor ihe ltems, however, as it 4 t hasbeen raining.ltt been rainlng. s we have beenwaiting. weve beenwaitinS. seemed that hehad boughtthe items n hs name. 5 You have beensittinS.You ve beensitiing. 7 He has beencom ng. Hesbeei comlng. UNIT 14 RECORDING 6 I have be€n loo[ing.l've been Looking. My nameis HenryAdams, from san Francisco inthe United states oiAmeri.a. UNIT 13 RECORDING 4 A fewyea6 ago, through ban tuck,lfourd mylelf in rondon without money, food oraccohmodaiion.lwas in total despair. sundenly, a voice said: cone M; OK... so, think its goinsto be quite lifficult to declde;ho e l;5t in here, please'. A seruant showen me into a tururious house, where a man l cannidate is, donl you? They all lookstrong to me... w: Yes...lsupposeso They are atLexceltent ln the rwork...you know a iop had neverseen before was finishing his breakfast. hadn'i eaten for days and the slghi ofallthat food was aLmost too much for me without a word ihe sportsperson, a top businesswoman, and eve0,thing... butthere are some manhandedmeanenvelope.When gotoulsidelsawthattheenveLope quaLiti€s thatyou feaLly need to become a coodwilL Ambassador ... coitained a lettef ... an! somethinE amazing. A bank noie for !1 mlUion! 'lGn seeyou are an honest man,'the Letter read The money in the enveLope WYes yoLrnor, o-rpeaonaLc-a'aLter.'.iLsc e,ert mpolant isyouE for 30 days At rhe end ofthe month,.ome back !o the house. Lhave a bet on you. The lelter had no signaiure, no addre$ and no date. mean,DonBarrissaysheisveryshy...so don'tihlnkhewouldbea good ambassador.. because you have to be sociabLe. You have totalkto lmmedlatety, ran into the neaest restaurantand ate hungrlly. when lhad allsortiof peopleandsp€akonrvandthn8s.,, don'tthfkyoucanb€ IlnishedmymeaL, handedthe miLlion pound notetothewaiter. Can you M: Mmmm,,, true. Who no you preferthen? (hdngerh,'o -epLeseT do-thalea y'hnB -d.le ollou,e re w: well, I preter Pete Power because .. estaurant couldn'tchange the note but because rwascLeaiLy a.ich ma., Wi Yes... prefer Pete Powerbecause he ir reauy weli known aUoverthe ihey rld I could pay the ne\\1 t me, Over the next tew days, boughta new world. Nesounds Like h€ is ambit ous ani socable..,and people realt sui! and found a room ln an expenslve prlvate hoteL No one could change the M: I don t agree with you ... l mean, yes, he iswellknown, but he ha5n t note, butihey gave me what lwanbn as they believed wa! a miLlionaire. Soon lbecamefamous. Peoplelnvited metoalLthe best parties ... and mei Sotthe right *Perlence ... He'5 b€en working ln the music buslness and Portia Langhan...the most beautifulwoman hadeverse€n letLin love with aGow,buthehasntdoneanyworkwith peoplewhoneedhelp ..or herwithlntwominulesandtoLdhe.mystory when goba.ktoseethenan atthe end of the month,. wiLlyou come with fre? She saidyes.A month WrThatnoesnl matter... | lhink he wiu be the ben atgettlngpeopte later,lreiurned to the house. Theseryantshowen me n, and rhe man asked intererie!.. b€causepeopLe Like hlm ... so they wouLn lGteito h m... methequestion DoyouhavethemiLlion-poundnote? Hereitis,' l repLled. i\\,1: Yes, but what abour lfacey Valentine? think she wiLL be the best.. '5o wintheberl themanshout€d. Fatherl l knewit.\"Mydadingnau8ht€rl' w: Tr.cer Valent -e: .. bLr.h. L Lno*n o.ts:!e Ledoni lcouLdn't beLleve my eyes orears.Ihe manwar Porua r father.. andh€had madethe betto prove that an honest man coutd tive for a month without M: I dont think thafs a probtem. she would be able to represenrthe money,PoruaannIarenowmaried. neverboughtanlthlngwiththemluion people v€ry well,she kiows a lot aboutth€ country and problems rhat pounds,which is now onthe walLol our home in London. Butthe note goi me somethingrar more mportantthan noney.

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Peamon Educalion Liniled ld: l07bc i Krali Foods UK: loTbliMarJEvanstictu.eLibraryl Cla$icso.k / H Am$sigRobeds t6tr ilrindstudio:23,6:lrri Monsoon A.cessorize Ltd: l07.li PeterNloor:,t4rl.44cl.4.1bl: Nike: Tloc.rd\\IraPiieaalrsCoonloEtodbn5clltlilo. .LilLetdF:itTeldEomrmPahoLteo;ln3pich;yRIrOalr]/C\\,1i.p*h\"o,roDnc: aDd A*ociared Conpanies throlghout the world 66br. Siede PEis Photoeraphl l3.l19i photoshorIlotdinss Linjted: 65b. UPPA l4cr. t06bl.I lobli Pres Aslocilrion rmasesiAndEw O Pcarson Education Limited 20 I 3 Manhews / EMPtcs Spon tor, LioietHahn /ABACA USA/ Empi.s Ent€nlinnent l3r.NlarkCuthbdn/l]I pes 42rr. Stephen p..d I EMPICS spon 98b1.Tamfrie Aroyo / UK press 4jbr,Tinorhy AUen / Coric Reliefl PAArchive 35tipyMCA: O MrHadieit @pyMCA The rieht ol Sanb Cunningham,pcter Moor and Aran,nu Crace to con 50tr.5ltl.5lrciRex FeattrR!. 64r. c.ABC ti. /EveEn 47. d-riieJ t : r-tbe EleEt C.lle.rion 62tr, ltp. Musto t23ft. 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Knsrei Colquhonn, EC Cape T.eo. South Africa: Jane Fairan. Betr.o^e ,., .r.t i-t,, s. B Jl r^ ' ..,.r..e' urt.,, | ..I S\\K!.1rierg\\peshqeoJrn..rG,.Clrr,eo^^el'lengVee,T..earK.iotjtn,prog$dM.ota'ndd,Ie-nLE,K.^ig:L.tDjJrreh',^b.-o.,Cr-au,hCFu,borniae.J,edi.Bl,,\"n,rddr.r_L.trtO.,kI,ox:lao,nr.iddnk, ,,UrrKuK,rJ,inym. l! I NliIGn Pi.ruEs 5+. Radius tlr.Trxn{ock 66bl_yui Aru^ Media In$nn.i{l CulLral del CIC, Bd.elona. Spaini Aiton} Jones, Canan, /S0pc.Fusion48brrSurviralInterhaiiondl: AnvraAbbi 19 The Kobal Colleciion:20th Cerury For t2?r.Filn 4r Celdor f_iljns / BTAalelrlcn:e,llroanir.rPlSxpLal iMDeairn.€Bi.nh.FlW.nrdo'.n.Wireacriho\"nKarlVzHe,o.nu,rsrteue.ktiL.loeMnrdJlori.ra.\\CFUu,K{iie\\CS,vhkoil!ol,dRoowssek6x. PatheI endional I27b. Nordlsk Filn 43.1i Thc Red Consuunr) Lld: Couiesl Samsung l07tc: ToDl'oro. The NariomlAtuhives / Uni!€rsirl, Lublin. Poland Heritaee lmalcs 79r Whitbrerdi IO7c: es$.imegcsource.com: 6bl D!,|Cover inages: PhotoDisc: Siedc prei\\ phobgaphv The Nblnher {onld litd ro thalk rh€ follovine t rthen kind All orher images O PelsonEdu.arion perns$n to Eproduce ilreir ph.rograDhs: tn some rn$ances we hare been onable !r race rhe owncn of c.p.vright (Kel: b bon.nic cenrnr l lehrtsrighr: r top) rhmaterial.lnd Lrewonld appreciare adJ- infomation sluro enxDre ns AlrmJ lenlwgeisr:rdKc\"n.:A2dratn.Pr 8,r,ADJ.oiP,ic,s..,cdon. 106r. C'0hi.na tnxiCles,\\30 ll. Illuqrared h):.' ar v\" .J.ep 8 p4, r: oO.J t,,p ) | bio -l Atfl'r ot:s:,ts'.r,e!o. . .u, ro R\" \\ ,r Leore B \\B o:. 87tl (lnseo. Loop l'.ages Ltd 3ltl arnseo.Attu r,l,rher 27. Hiike p133, llTl'i.D1o'mHinioc 'B.euspatror'(.T.hrere0I.n0A5B.o.:\\)-np8oo:t.Jpuice CpF,anrirle,'tF.76. Maund€r 72r. noodboad 20br, Pr irm Bildage uj Ac 3tbl. philime Roy 54t, nldy k ,19r. TonsRo Imaqe Sto.r j2it. Venend6 I CmbH pl.. s:lbi(c) T€l€gnph Me.lia crotrp:6jr Court€sr otContc Relief li6 UK: 3,ltComstockImaEes: t00/EiCorbis: AdianAbiditXOls4?/ Renre^ l9rl, Bcnhann l6bt. t7b. t8b, Che. Cang r Xinnua press 64c, 6D\\imr.P-Hexer.d6crku\\r/oZlUiM.eAPtPn\\r.eqsest.r51.r2pr..'H,D,u,rroneLphtrji.l.DbAooi,to/utR,r,;uprtedest,\"Ot32.\\.3,-3;.atnpsap,g.F,eoe r9b. TNJ' Waarlien / NdvSpM I tl-John Van Hasrli t9c1: Dign;rl Vision.l4biDKIn,ges: t0l]/8,Ctu!Onbtertl]O/HiFoionu&m: Al0fnl,cal1S4,tLAdriolo888c8.0inPs€e0t.dYAu*riii,sAnlTuc^r-2b4xbb.i2m6D.5t22r4.!.t2Borecm, aal4duBipatai|l,trT 83col. .MIia.,nboeBre,a,utu,egald- 98d. Bebo! 52bl,5tE. ?Or.tonescu Eoguu la..De\\''er-o.ee rooc.s I EyeMark 68 69, Sean cladwetl3cr. 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