5 fganh O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag
fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gyar dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA l oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA l ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA l nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA l ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o) l mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡l?kks\"k gSA
vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS & v O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA v Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA v blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA v nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA v Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd
fo\"k; lwph i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; 5 11 1- Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k 19 2- o.kZ&fopkj 24 3- okD; 30 4- laKk 34 5- fyax 37 6- opu 41 7- dkjd 46 8- loZuke 53 9- fo'ks\"k.k 57 10- fozQ;k 59 65 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 70 11- dky 77 12- vfodkjh 'kCn 80 13- 'kCn HkaMkj 82 14- fojke fpg~u 85 15- eqgkojs 90 16- vifBr xn~;ka'k 95 17- i=k&ys[ku 18- fuca/&ys[ku vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2
1 Hkk\"kk vkSj O;kdj.k (Language and Grammar) fiNys lIRkkg xkSjo osQ fon~;ky; esa okf\"kZd mRlo euk;k x;kA ogk¡f'k{kkea=kh eq[; vfrfFk FksA lHkh us rkfy;k¡ctkdj mudk Lokxr fd;kA mUgksaus cksydj Hkk\"k.k fn;kA lHkh us è;ku ls mudh ckrsa lquhaA xkSjo us ewd vfHku; fd;k vkSj osQoy laosQrksa ,oa gko&Hkko ls viuh ckr le>kbZA iz/kukpk;Z osQ ikl iqjLdkj fn, tkus okys Nk=kksa osQ uke igys ls fy[kdj j[ks gq, FksA ç/kukpk;Z us iqjLdkj fn, tkus okys Nk=kksa osQ uke i<+dj crk,A mUgksaus xkSjo osQ fon~;ky; osQ okf\"kZd mRlo osQ ckjs esa i<+kA vkb,] tkurs gSa fdlus D;k fd;k vkSj oSQls fd;k\\ eq[; vfrfFk dk Lokxr fd;k & rkyh ctkdj eq[; vfrfFk us Hkk\"k.k fn;k & cksydj lHkh us Hkk\"k.k le>k & lqudj xkSjo us vfHku; esa viuh ckr le>kbZ & laosQrksa ls Nk=kksa osQ uke j[ks Fks & fy[kdj iz/kukpk;Z us Nk=kksa osQ uke crk, & cksydj 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkius ns[kk fd cksydj] lqudj] fy[kdj] i<+dj] fopkj ,d&nwljs rd igq¡psA ,d&nwljs rd fopkj igq¡pkus osQ bu lk/ukas dks Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA Hkk\"kk Hkkoksa rFkk fopkjksa osQ vknku&çnku dk ekè;e gSA Hkk\"kk osQ :i bl izdkj Hkk\"kk osQ nks :i curs gSa& ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk fyf[kr Hkk\"kk ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk cPps vaRkk{kjh [ksyrs gq, xhr lquk jgs gSaA vaoqQj us vius fe=k dks cqyk;kA jaxhu 'kCnksa ls cks/ gks jgk gS fd cksydj vkSj lqudj fopkj vkSj Hkko izdV fd, tk jgs gSaA Hkk\"kk dk ;g :i ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dgykrk gSA fyf[kr Hkk\"kk Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa us fuca/ fy[kkA f'kf{kdk us lHkh osQ fuca/ i<+sA jaxhu 'kCnksa ls cks/ gks jgk gS fd fopkj ,oa Hkko fy[kdj izdV fd, tk jgs gSa vkSj i<+dj mUgsa le>k tk jgk gSA Hkk\"kk dk ;g :i fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dgykrk gSA vkius ns[kk Fkk fd fon~;ky; osQ okf\"kZd mRlo esa rkyh c”kkdj vkSj laosQrksa ls Hkh fopkj ,oa Hkko izdV fd, x, FksA Hkk\"kk dk ;g :i lkaosQfrd Hkk\"kk dgykrk gSA gekjs ns'k Hkkjr esa vusd Hkk\"kk,¡cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh gSa] ijarq fganh Hkk\"kk lcls vf/d cksyh tkrh gSA blh dkj.k fganh dks Hkkjr dh jk\"VªHkk\"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 6 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
gekjs ns'k esa vyx&vyx jkT; gSa rFkk mudh Hkk\"kk,¡Hkh vyx&vyx gSaA oqQN jkT; vkSj mudh Hkk\"kk,¡uhps nh tk jgh gSa& jkT; Hkk\"kk jkT; Hkk\"kk jkT; Hkk\"kk d'ehjh xqtjkr xqtjkrh egkjk\"Vª ejkBh d'ehj iatkch ey;kye vka/z izns'k rsyqxq vle vlfe;k iatkc mM+hlk mfM+;k dukZVd dUuM+ osQjy jkT;ksa dh rjg gj ns'k dh Hkh viuh Hkk\"kk gksrh gSA tSls& ns'k Hkk\"kk ns'k Hkk\"kk ns'k Hkk\"kk tkiku tkikuh phu phuh :l :lh teZuh teZu izQkal izQkalhlh bXaySaM vaxzs”kh cksyh % cksyh Hkk\"kk dk {ks=kh; :i gSA ;g Hkk\"kk dk de fodflr :i gS] tks NksVs {ks=kksa esa LFkkuh; yksxksa n~okjk gh cksyh tkrh gSA cksyh dk dksbZ fyf[kr :i ;k lkfgR; ugha gksrkA Hkkjr esa vusd cksfy;k¡gSa] tSls& Hkkstiqjh] dUukSth] ekjokM+h vkfnA fyfi igys fp=k eas vè;kfidk Nk=kkas dks uD'kk fn[kkrs g,q ckys jgh gaS fd ;g Hkkjr dk ekufp=k gAS nwljs fp=k esa vè;kfidk CySdcksMZ ij fy[k jgh gSa& ekufp=kA fdlh ckr dks eg¡q ls ckys uk Hkk\"kk dk ekfS [kd :i gAS fdlh ckr dks fy[kdj nlw jkas rd igp¡q kuk Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gAS Hkk\"kk oQs fyf[kr :i oQs fy, fyfi dk gkus k vko';d gAS ge tks oqQN cksyrs gSa] mls fy[kus osQ fy, oqQN fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Hkk\"kk dh izR;sd èofu osQ fy, dksbZ&u&dksbZ fpg~u fuf'pr gSA 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
Hkk\"kk ds ekSf[kd :i dks fy[kus ds fy, ftu fpg~uksa dks ge viukrs gS]a mUgsa fyfi dgrs gSAa oqQN Hkk\"kk,¡vkSj mudh fyfi;k¡bl izdkj gSa& fganh dh fyfi & nsoukxjh iatkch dh fyfi & xq#eq[kh vaxzs”kh dh fyfi & jkseu mnZw dh fyfi & i+ Qkjlh usikyh dh fyfi & nsoukxjh O;kdj.k cksyrs] fy[krs vkSj i<+rs le; ;g tkuuk ”k:jh gS fd ge Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx 'kqn~/ :i esa dj jgs gSa ;k ughaA bldk Kku gesa O;kdj.k djkrk gSA tSls& vfer lks jgh gSA eksfgr ukp jgh gSA fdj.k us cksyk] og xkrk gSA uhjt cksyk] ge [kkrk gSaA vfer] uhjt] fdj.k] eksfgr & lcus cksyrs le; xyfr;k¡dhaA ;g ckr gesa fdlus crkbZ fd xyr cksyk x;k gSA ;g ckr geus O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa ls tkuhA bu okD;ksa osQ lgh :i gSa & vfer lks jgk gS] eksfgr ukp jgk gSA fdj.k us cksyh] ¶og xkrh gSA¸ uhjt cksyk] ¶eSa [kkrk g¡wA¸ O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls ge fdlh Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ i<+uk] fy[kuk vkSj cksyuk lh[k ldrs gSAa O;kdj.k osQ foHkkx O;kdj.k osQ eq[; :i ls pkj foHkkx gS% 8 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
1- o.kZ fopkj % blesa o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k vkSj muosQ fy[kus osQ <ax dks crk;k tkrk gSA 2- 'kCn fopkj % blesa o.kks± osQ esy ls cus 'kCnksa] muosQ Hksnksa ij fopkj gksrk gSA 3- in fopkj% blesa laKk] loZuke] fo'ks\"k.k] fØ;k] vO;;] fuikr vkfn inksa osQ Lo:i vkSj ç;ksx ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 4- okD; fopkj% blesa okD; dh jpuk osQ fu;e fl[kk, tkrs gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ckrksa dks cksyuk&lquuk Hkk\"kk dgykrk gSA • ekSf[kd :i dks fy[kus osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dks ge viukrs gSa] os fyfi dgykrs gSaA • O;kdj.k Hkk\"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i esa cksyuk vkSj fy[kuk fl[kkrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (P) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- Vsyhfo”ku ij Hkk\"kk osQ fdl :i dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\\ i. ekSf[kd ii. fyf[kr iii. lkaosQfrd [k- -------------------- Hkk\"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus okyk 'kkL=k gSA i. fyfi ii. O;kdj.k iii. ekSf[kd x- vaxzs”kh Hkk\"kk dh fyfi -------------------- gSA iii. :lh i. jkseu ii. phuh 2- uhps fn, x, dk;Z Hkk\"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i gSa vFkok fyf[krA d- ek¡n~okjk ?kj osQ lkeku dh lwph cukukA ------------------------------- [k- vuhrk n~okjk xhr xkukA ------------------------------- x- jsfM+;ks ij lekpkj lquukA ------------------------------- 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
?k- okf\"kZdksRlo ij iz/kukpk;Z n~okjk eq[; vfrfFk dk ifjp; nsukA ------------------------------- 3- uhps nh xbZ Hkk\"kkvksa dks mudh fyfi;ksa ls feykvksµ d- fganh i. jkseu [k- vaxzs”kh ii. nsoukxjh x- mnwZ iii. xq#eq[kh ?k- iatkch iv. nsoukxjh v. i+ Qkjlh Ä- laLo`Qr 4- 'kqn~/ okD;ksa ij (P) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- rqEgkjk cgu dgk¡xbZ gS\\ rqEgkjk HkkbZ dgk¡x;k gS\\ [k- fodkl dk ;g ?kj ugha gSA ;g ?kj fodkl dk ugha gSA x- gedk fon~;ky; cgqr nwj gSA gekjk fon~;ky; cgqr nwj gSA ?k- esjh ubZ fdrkc [kks x;kA esjh ubZ fdrkc [kks xbZA M-+ vkt cgqr BaM iM+ jgh gSA vkt cgqr BaM iM+ jgk gSA 5- oqQN izeq[k Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa vkSj muosQ jkT;ksa osQ uke fy[kksA Hkk\"kk jkT; Hkk\"kk jkT; d- [k- x- ?k- M-+ p- 10 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
2 o.kZ&fopkj (Way of Spelling and Writing Words) iwue us ikoZQ esa [ksyrs gq, vius fe=k lkfgy dks iqdkjkA lkfgy us Hkh iwue dh vkok”k lqudj mldk uke fy;kA ,slk djrs le; nksuksa osQ eq¡g ls dqN èofu;k¡fudyhaA i~ $ Å $ u~ $ v $ e~ $ v ¾ iwue l~ $ vk $ g $ b $ y~ $ v ¾ lkfgy gekjs eq[k ls fudyus okyh èofu ;k vkok”k dk fyf[kr :i o.kZ dgykrk gSA o.kZ Hkk\"kk dh og lcls NksVh èofu gS] ftlds vkSj VqdM+s ugha gks ldrsA 11 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
o.kZekyk Loj v vk b bZ m Å Í , ,s vks vkS va (vuqLokj) v% (folxZ) µ v;ksxokg O;atu d [k x ?k Ä p N t > ×k V B M < .k µ Li'kZ O;atu r Fk n / u i iQ c Hk e ;jy o µ var%LFk O;atu 'k \"k l g µ Å\"e O;atu µ la;qDr O;atu {k =k K J o.kZ Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSAa 12 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
o.kks± ds izdkj fganh esa nks izdkj osQ o.kZ gksrs gSa& Loj vkSj O;atuA Loj ftu èofu;ksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ eq¡g ls ckgj vkrh gS] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA fganh esa 11 Loj gSaA Lojksa osQ Hkh nks Hksn gSa& 1- ßLo Loj& ftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa de&ls&de le; yxrk gS] mUgsa ßLo Loj dgrs gSaA ;s pkj gSa& v b m Í 2- nh?kZ Loj& ftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo Lojksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d le; (yxHkx nqxquk) yxrk gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA budh la[;k lkr gS& vk bZ Å , ,s vks vkS 3- Iyqr Loj& dqN Loj ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa] ftuds mPpkj.k esa ßLo rFkk nh?kZ Loj ls Hkh vf/d le; yxrk gS] mUgsa Iyqr Loj dgrs gSaA tSls & vksme~A Lojksa osQ ek=kk fpg~u vkb,] Lojksa dh ek=kkvksa osQ ckjs esa tkusaA tc Loj O;atu osQ lkFk tqM+rs gSa rks os ek=kk osQ :i esa vkrs gSaA ^v* osQ vykok lHkh Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡gksrh gSaA Loj ek=k ek=k dk O;atu ds lkFk iz;ksx v µ o~Q $ v ¾ dljr vk k o~Q $ vk ¾ dke b f o~Q $ b ¾ fdlku bZ h o~Q $ bZ ¾ dhy m q o~Q $ m ¾ oqQyh Å w o~Q $ Å ¾ owQn 13 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
Í ` o~Q $ Í ¾ o`Qf\"k , s o~Q $ , ¾ osQyk ,s S o~Q $ ,s ¾ oSQlk vks ks o~Q $ vks ¾ dksV vkS kS o~Q $ vkS ¾ dkSu w vuqLokj (µa ) & ;gk¡ukd ls Loj dks cksyus osQ fy, f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij fcanq ( µa ) yxk;k tkrk gSA ;g f'kjksjs[kk fdlh Hkh o.kZ dh gks ldrh gSA bls cksyrs le; gok osQoy ukd ls fudyrh gS] tSls& panu] canj] oaQB vkfnA w vuqukfld (µ¡) & vuqukfld dks panzfcanq (µ¡) dgrs gSaA vuqukfld esa gok eq[k vkSj ukd nksuksa ls fudyrh gSA tSls& g¡l] dk¡p] ik¡p vkfnA w folxZ (%) & v% dks folxZ dgrs gSaA bldk mPpkj.k gyosQ ^g* tSlk gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn osQ var esa vkrk gSA tSls& iqu%] izkr%] ue% vkfnA w uqDrk (-) & bls fuEu fcanq Hkh dgrs gSaA vjch&i+ Qkjlh ls vk, oqQN 'kCnksa esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& ”kax] dki+ Qh] jk”k] dkx”k] i+ QkSt vkfnA w vkxr Loj (vkW)& vaxzs”kh ls vk, 'kCnksa esa vkxr Loj (vkW) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls& dkWyst] dkWihA 14 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
fganh Loj ^vk* vkSj vkxr Loj ^vkW* esa varj& vk vkW gky ¾ fLFkfr gkWy ¾ cM+k d{k Mky ¾ isM+ dh Vguh MkWy ¾ xqfM+;k cky ¾ 'kjhj osQ cky ckWy ¾ xsan dki+ Qh ¾ vf/d dkWiQh ¾ xeZ is; inkFkZ O;atu ftu èofu;kas dk mPpkj.k djrs le; gok eg¡q eas dgh&a u&dgha Vdjkdj ckgj fudyrh g]S mUgas O;ta u dgrs gAaS fgna h eas eyw r% 33 O;ta u gAaS M]+ <+ nkus kas u, O;ta u g]aS tks M] < ls cus gAaS la;qDr O;atu vkSj la;qDrk{kj {k] =k] K] J dk fuekZ.k nks&nks O;atu o.kkasZ osQ ;ksx ls gqvk gS] blfy, bUgsa la;qDr O;atu dgk tkrk gSA tSls& {k ¾ o~Q $ \"k~ $ v ¾ d{k] jk{klA =k ¾ r~ $ j~ $ v ¾ i=k] f=k'kwyA K ¾ t~ $ ×k~ $ v ¾ çKk] KkuhA J ¾ 'k~ $ j~ $ v ¾ Je] vkJeA tc fdlh O;atu dks nwljs fdlh O;atu osQ lkFk feykdj fy[kk tkrk gS] rks og la;qDrk{kj dgykrk gSA tSls& o~Q $ ; ¾ D; µ D;k] D;kjh n~ $ o ¾ n~o µ n~okj] fon~oku /~ $ ; ¾ è; µ è;ku] eè; r~ $ ; ¾ R; µ e`R;q] R;ksgkj o~ $ ; ¾ O; µ dkO;k] HkO; n~ $ / ¾ n~/ µ ;qn~/] 'kqn~/ t~ $ ; ¾ T; µ iwT;] jkT; i~ $ ; ¾ I; µ I;kj] I;kl O;atu n~foRo tks O;atu nks leku O;atuksa ls feydj curs gSa] mUgsa n~foRo O;atu dgrs gSaA r~ $ r ¾ Rr µ oqQRrk] xRrk n~ $ n ¾ n~n µ jn~nh] xn~nk e~ $ e ¾ Ee µ vEek] lEeku M~ $ M ¾ M~M µ yM~Mw] xM~Mh u~ $ u ¾ Uu µ xUuk] iUuk c~ $ c ¾ Cc µ xqCckjk] /Cck 15 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
^j* osQ :i tc j Loj lfgr gksrk gS] rks og vius igys O;atu osQ uhps yxrk gSA bls ( z) insu dgrs gSaA o~Q $ j ¾ ozQ µ pozQ (;gk¡^j* iwjk gSA) t~ $ j ¾ tz µ otz (;gk¡^j* iwjk gSA) tc ^j* Loj jfgr gksrk gS] rc vius vxys O;atu osQ Åij yxrk gSA bls ( Z) jsi+ Q dgrs gSaA j~ $ e ¾ eZ µ deZ (;gk¡^j~* fcuk ^v* osQ vFkkZr~ vk/k gSA) j~ $ .k ¾ .kZ µ d.kZ (;gk¡^j~* fcuk ^v* osQ vFkkZr~ vk/k gSA) ^V~* vkSj ^M~* osQ lkFk ^j* tqM+us ij ^j* dk :i bl izdkj gks tkrk gS& V~ $ j ¾ Vª µ Vªsu (;gk¡^j* iwjk gSA) M~ $ j ¾ Mª µ Mªe (;gk¡^j* iwjk gSA) ½ dh ek=kk dk mPpkj.k ^fj* dh rjg gksrk gSA =k dh ek=kk O;atu osQ iSj esa yxrh gSA tSls& x`g] e`x vkfnA o.kZ foPNsn fdlh 'kCn osQ o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kuk] o.kZ foPNsn dgykrk gSA oqQfV;k ¾ o~Q $ m $ V~ $ b $ ;~ $ vk fxykl ¾ x~ $ b $ y~ $ vk $ l~ $ v Hkkyw ¾ Hk~ $ vk $ y~ $ Å bZ'oj ¾ bZ $ 'k~ $ o~ $ v $ j~ $ v vkyl ¾ vk $ y~ $ v $ l~ $ v oqQvk¡ ¾ o~Q $ m $ vk¡ o`{k ¾ o~ $ Í $ o~Q $ \"k~ $ v f=kHkqt ¾ r~ $ j~ $ b~ $ Hk~ $ m $ t~ $ v mn~;ku ¾ m $ n~ $ ;~ $ vk $ u~ $ v vkuan ¾ vk $ u~ $ v $ u~ $ n~ $ v fganh O;kdj.k & 5 16
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • o.kZ Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA • o.kZ eq[k ls fudyh èofu;ksa osQ fy, cus fpg~u gSaA • o.kks± osQ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA • fganh o.kZekyk eas 11 Loj vkSj 33 O;atu gSaA • Loj osQ Hksn gSa& ßLo Loj] nh?kZ LojA • nks leku O;atuksa ls feydj cus o.kZ dks n~foRo O;atu dgrs gSaA • iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj ^j* osQ :iksa dks jsi+ Q vkSj insu dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- dkSu&lk nh?kZ Loj ugha gS\\ i. b ii. vk iii. ,s [k- dkSu&lk la;qDrk{kj ls cuk 'kCn ugha gS & i. è;ku ii. vEek iii. fnYyh x- tks O;atu nks leku O;atuksa ls feydj curs gSa] mUgsa ----------------------- O;atu dgrs gSaA i. n~foRo ii. la;qDrk{kj iii. la;qDr ?k- ^j* osQ insu :i ls cuk gSA iii. n`f\"V i. deZ ii. izk.k 2- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa n~foRo O;atu fdu&fdu o.kksZa ls cus gSa\\ d- feV~Vh & -------------------- $ -------------------- 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
[k- dPpk & -------------------- $ -------------------- x- pIiy & -------------------- $ -------------------- ?k- xUuk & -------------------- $ -------------------- 3- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ^j* osQ mfpr :i dk lgh iz;ksx djksA d- Vd & -------------------- [k- d.k & -------------------- x- ikFkuk & -------------------- ?k- jk\"V & -------------------- M-+ Lof.ke & -------------------- p- de & -------------------- 4- fuEu 'kCnksa esa ls vuqLokj] vuqukfld rFkk vkxr 'kCnksa dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kksµ daxu] lk¡p] vk¡py] MkWDVj] dkWih] MaMk] panu] dkWyst] dk¡p] daB vuqLokj vuqukfld vkxr --------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- 18 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
3 okD; (Sentence) ek¡] [kkuk] fpfM+;k] vè;kid] i<+kuk] ukpuk bR;kfn 'kCn gSaA 'kCnksa dks tc okD;ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;s in dgykrs gSaA d- ek¡[kkuk idkrh gSA [k- fpfM+;k pha&pha djrh gSA x- vè;kid fganh i<+krk gSA ?k- eksj ukprk gSA Åij inksa osQ pkj lewg fn, x, gSaA izR;sd in&lewg vFkZ dh n`f\"V ls lEiw.kZ gSaA inksa dk og lewg tks feytqy dj iw.kZ vFkZ izdV djrk gS] okD; dgykrk gSA Åij osQ okD;ksa dks nksckjk è;ku ls if<+,A izR;sd okD; esa nks ckrsa ,d leku ikbZ tkrh gSaA buesa fdlh osQ lEcU/ esa oqQN dgk x;k gSA ftlosQ lEcU/ esa dgk x;k gS] og mn~ns'; dgykrk gS] vkSj tks dgk x;k gS] mls fo/s; dgrs gSaA okD; osQ nks vax gksrs gSa& 2- fo/s; 1- mn~ns'; mn~ns'; ftlosQ ckjs esa ckr dgha tk,] mls mn~ns'; dgrs gSa tSlsµ fganh O;kdj.k & 5 tSls& 1- chjcy cqn~f/eku FkkA 2- firkth lks jgs gSaA 3- Hkkxrk gqvk pksj idM+k x;kA 19
fo/ks; mn~ns'; osQ ckjs esa tks dgk tkrk gS mls fo/s; dgrs gSaA tSlsµ 1- chjcy cqn~f/eku FkkA 2- firkth lks jgs gSaA 3- Hkkxrk gqvk pksj rqjar idM+k x;kA Åij osQ okD;ksa esa ^chjcy*] ^firk th* vkSj ^Hkkxrk gqvk pksj* mn~ns'; gSA 'ks\"k ^cqn~f/eku Fkk*] ^lks jgs gSa*] ^rqjar idM+k x;k* vkfn fo/s; gSaA vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij okD; ds Hksn iz'uokpd vkKkokpd bPNkokpd laosQrokpd fu\"ks/okpd foLe;okpd fo/kuokpd lansgokpd 1- fo/kuokpd okD;& ftl okD; n~okjk lkekU; dFku dgk tk, ;k fØ;k osQ gksus dh lkekU; lwpuk nh tk,] mls fo/kuokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- nknkth izfrfnu lSj djrs gSaA [k- rkjs vkleku esa pedrs gSaA 2- fu\"ks/okpd okD;& ftl okD; esa fdlh ckr dk udkjkRed o.kZu fd;k tk,] og fu\"ks/okpd okD; dgykrk gSA tSls& d- vkt jksgu fon~;ky; ugha vk,xkA [k- eq>s pk; ugha pkfg,A 3- bPNkokpd okD;& ftl okD; esa bPNk izdV dh xbZ gks] mls bPNkokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- bZ'oj] vkidks liQy djsA [k- bZ'oj] vkidks fpjathoh cuk,A 20 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
4- iz'uokpd okD;& ftl okD; osQ ekè;e ls dksbZ iz'u fd;k tk,] mls iz'uokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- vki D;k i<+ jgs gSa\\ [k- eSa mls oSQls igpkuw¡xk\\ 5- vkKkokpd okD;& ftl okD; osQ n~okjk vkKk vFkok vuqjks/ izdV fd;k tk,] mls vkKkokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- cM+ksa dk vknj djksA [k- izfrfnu O;k;ke djksA 6- laosQrokpd okD;& ftl okD; esa fdlh laosQr vFkok 'krZ dh ckr gks] mls laosQrokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- ;fn og ifjJe djsxk] rks liQy gksxkA [k- ;fn og vk,xk] rks buke ik,xkA 7- foLe;kfncks/d okD;& ftl okD; osQ ekè;e ls vk'p;Z] 'kksd vFkok g\"kZ izdV fd;k tk,] mls foLe;kfncks/d okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- okg! fdruk laqnj n`'; gSA [k- vjs! rqe vHkh vk x;sA 8- lansgokpd okD;& ftl okD; esa fdlh izdkj dk lansg izdV fd;k x;k gks] mls lansgokpd okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& d- 'kk;n dy o\"kkZ gksA [k- og lks jgk gksxkA jpuk ds vk/kkj ij okD;ksa ds Hksn ljy okD; la;qDr okD; fefJr okD; 1- ljy okD;& ftl okD; eas oQs oy ,d fØ;k in gk]s mls ljy okD; dgrs gAaS tlS &s d- vafdrk xkrh gSA [k- lkfgy eq>dks cqykrk gSA
21 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
2- la;qDr okD;& ftl okD; esa nks ;k vf/d Lora=k miokD; gksa] mls la;qDr okD; dgrs gSaA tSls& eSa ck”kkj x;k vkSj diM+s [kjhnsA mi;qZDr okD; esa nks miokD; gSa& igyk] eSa ck”kkj x;k] nwljk] eSaus diM+s [kjhnsA Lora=k miokD;ksa dks tksM+us okys 'kCn gSa& vkSj] ,oa] rFkk] vFkok] o] ijUrq] ij] fdUrq] cfYd] vr%] blfy, bR;kfnA 3- fefJr okD;& ftl okD; esa ,d iz/ku okD; gks vkSj ml ij vkfJr de ls de ,d miokD; gks] og fefJr okD; dgykrk gSA tSls& d- eSa mlosQ ?kj tc tkrk gw¡] rks mls [ksyrs gq, ikrk gw¡A [k- eSaus ns[kk fd og [kkuk [kk jgk Fkk vkSj mldk HkkbZ [ksy jgk FkkA izFke okD; esa ^eSa mlosQ ?kj tc tkrk gw¡* iz/ku miokD; gS vkSj ^mls [ksyrs gq, ikrk gw¡* & vkfJr miokD; gSA nwljs okD; esa ^eSaus ns[kk* iz/ku miokD; gS rFkk ^og [kkuk [kk jgk Fkk* vkfJr miokD; gSA blh izdkj ^mldk HkkbZ [ksy jgk Fkk* ;g Hkh iz/ku miokD; dk vkfJr miokD; gSA Åij osQ nksuksa okD; fefJr okD; gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ 2- fo/s; • inksa dk lewg okD; dgykrk gSA • okD; osQ nks vax gksrs gSa& 1- mn~ns'; • vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ vkB Hksn gksrs gSaA • jpuk osQ vk/kj ij rhu okD; gksrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks igpkuks vkSj muosQ uke fy[kksA d- 'kk;n] vkt og fon~;ky; vk,xkA ------------------------------------------------ 22 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
[k- D;k rqe esjs ?kj vkvksxs\\ ------------------------------------------------ x- gekjs vè;kid cgqr vPNs gSaA ------------------------------------------------ ?k- eSa vkt xhr ugha xkÅ¡xkA ------------------------------------------------ Ä- vkt rqe dejs ls ckgj er fudyukA ------------------------------------------------ 2- okD;kas dks igpkudj ljy okD; oQs lkeus lgh dk fu'kku (3) yxkvkAs d- vkvks] esjh ckr lquksA [k- jek] i=k fy[kksA x- i<+uk&fy[kuk cgqr mi;ksxh gSA ?k- pyks] eSa Hkh pyrk gw¡A 3- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks lgh Øe esa fy[kksµ d- iwtk djrs gSa lc esa eafnjA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[k- fon~;ky; gS eafnj fon~;k dkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x- thr xbZ gkWdh fon~;ky; Vhe dhA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?k- ikS/s ekyh jgk gS yxkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa ls okD; cukvksµ d- usgk iQy [kkuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
4 laKk (Noun) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks if<+,A lkfgy vius ikik osQ lkFk gokbZ vM~Ms x;kA ogk¡brus lkjs gokbZ tgkt ns[kdj mls cgqr [kq'kh gqbZA ,d dqRrk lM+d ij csgks'k iM+k FkkA lksuw us mls mBk;k vkSj mls ?kj ykdj nw/ fiyk;kA cgqr I;kj fd;kA dqRrs vkSj lksuw esa fe=krk gks xbZA Åij fy[ks okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCn if<+,A ;s lc O;fDr] oLrq] izk.kh LFkku ,oa Hkko osQ uke gSaA O;fDr;ksa osQ uke ß lkfgy] ikik] lksuw oLrqvksa osQ uke ß gokbZ tgkt] ?kj] nw/ izkf.k;ksa osQ uke ß dqRrk LFkkuksa osQ uke ß gokbZ vM~Mk Hkkoksa osQ uke ß [kq'kh] I;kj] fe=krk fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] Hkko vFkok tkfr dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn laKk dgykrs gSAa 24 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
laKk ds Hksn w O;fDrokpd laKk w tkfrokpd laKk w Hkkookpd laKk 1- O;fDrokpd laKk& tks 'kCn fdlh O;fDr] LFkku vFkok oLrq osQ fo'ks\"k uke dk cks/ djkrs gSa] mls O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA d- Hkkjr osQ jk\"Vªifr dk uke ------------------------------------------ [k- fgeky; dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh dk uke ------------------------------------------ x- ^gSjh ikWVj ,aM n gki+ Q CyMsM fizalsl* ------------------------------------------ uked iqLrd dh ysf[kdk dk uke ------------------------------------------ ?k- xaxk osQ fdukjs clk dksbZ izfln~/ uxj ------------------------------------------ Ä- fganh osQ fdlh dfo dk uke rqeus ftrus Hkh mRrj fy[ks gSa] os lc fdlh fo'ks\"k O;fDr] fo'ks\"k LFkku ;k fo'ks\"k oLrq dk cks/ djkrs gSaA ;s lHkh O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCn gSaA 2- tkfrokpd lKa k& tks 'kCn ,d gh idz kj oQs ikz f.k;k]as oLrvq kas vFkok LFkkukas dk ck/s djk,] mUgas tkfrokpd lKa k dgrs gAaS 25 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
uhps fn, x, O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCnksa osQ fy, tkfrokpd uke fy[kksA d- xaxk] ;equk] uhy --------------------------------------------------- [k- Hkkjr] usiky] vesfjdk --------------------------------------------------- x- iqjh] gfjn~okj] iz;kx --------------------------------------------------- ?k- fy,Ma j ils ] ohjnas z lgokx] lkfu;k fe”kkZ --------------------------------------------------- rqeus ftrus Hkh mRrj fy[ks gSa] os lc fdlh ,d oxZ vFkok tkfr osQ izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku dk cks/ djkrs gSaA ;s lHkh tkfrokpd laKk 'kCn gSaA 3- Hkkookpd laKk& tks 'kCn fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq osQ xq.k] nks\"k] Hkko] n'kk] voLFkk vkfn dk cks/ djk,] mls Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA oqQN fon~oku laKk osQ nks Hksn vkSj ekurs gSa& 1- nzO;okpd laKk 2- lewgokpd laKk nzO;okpd laKk & ftu oLrqvksa ls fdlh nzO; o inkFkksZa dk cks/ gksrk gS] mUgsa nzO;okpd laKk dgrs gSaA bls ukik o rksyk tkrk gSA tSls& lksuk] pkanh] rsy] nw/] xsgw¡] yksgk vkfnA lewgokpd laKk& tks 'kCn iwjs lewg ;k leqnk; dk cks/ djkrs gSa] lewgokpd laKk dgykrs gSaA tSls& d{kk] Vksyh] xqynLrk] lsuk vkfnA fuEufyf[kr okD;ks dks fn, x, 'kCnksa ls iwjk djksA vfgalk p<+kbZ feBkl n;kyqrk d- dks;y dh cksyh esa -------------------- gSA [k- enj Vsjslk viuh -------------------- osQ dkj.k tkuh tkrh gSaA x- egkRek xka/h -------------------- osQ iqtkjh FksA 26 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
?k- fgeky; ioZr dh -------------------- cgqr dfBu gSA fjDr LFkkuksa esa fy[ks x, 'kCn fdlh&u&fdlh Hkko dks lwfpr dj jgs gSaA ;s lHkh Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn gSaA Hkkookpd laKk cukuk tkfrokpd Hkkookpd tkfrokpd Hkkookpd euq\"; euq\";rk xq# xq#Ro cw<+k cq<+kik cPpk cpiu çHkq çHkqrk HkkbZ HkkbZpkjk ohj ohjrk etnwj etnwjh L=kh L=khRo Hkw[k Hkw[kk fe=k fe=krk i'kq i'kqrk xjhc xjhch yM+diu yM+dk loZuke 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡ cukuk loZuke Hkkookpd laKk,¡ loZuke Hkkookpd laKk,¡ fut futRo viuk viukiu ee vga vgadkj ijk;k eerk] eeRo loZ loZLo ijk;kiu fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk fo'ks\"k.k Hkkookpd laKk ehBk feBkl mnkj mnkjrk vkylh vkyL; n;k n;kyq 27 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
e/qj e/qjrk lqUnj laqnjrk ohjrk vPNk vPNkbZ ohj ghurk dM+ok dM+okgV ghu fØ;k 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cukuk fØ;k Hkkookpd laKk fØ;k Hkkookpd laKk cguk cgko fy[kuk fy[kkoV mM+uk mM+ku fxjuk fxjkoV cuuk cukoV [ksyuk [ksy ejuk ej.k flyuk flykbZ iwtuk iwtk Fkduk FkdkoV vkvks nksgjk,¡ • O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku vFkok Hkko osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA • laKk osQ rhu Hksn gSa& O;fDrokpd laKk] tkfrokpd laKk] Hkkookpd laKkA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- laKk osQ --------------------------------------- Hksn gksrs gSaA i. nks ii. rhu iii. pkj [k- -------------------------------------- 'kCn fdlh O;fDr] LFkku vFkok oLrq osQ fo'ks\"k uke dk cks/ djkrs gSaA i. O;fDrokpd ii. tkfrokpd iii. Hkkookpd x- fe=krk] i'kqRo -------------------------------------- laKk osQ mnkgj.k gSaA i. O;fDrokpd ii. tkfrokpd iii. Hkkookpd 28 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls laKk 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djks vkSj muosQ Hksn crkvksµ ----------------------------------------- d- gekjs vè;kid us gesa ikB i<+k;kA ----------------------------------------- [k- Hkkjrh; lsuk us ohjrk fn[kkbZA ----------------------------------------- x- vkt cgqr xehZ gSA ----------------------------------------- ?k- esjh ek¡osQ ikl lksus osQ daxu gSaA Ä- dk;Z esa liQyrk feyus ij vgadkj ugha djuk pkfg,A ----------------------------------------- 3- uhps tkfrokpd laKk,¡nh tk jgh gSA izR;sd osQ lkeus rhu&rhu O;fDrokpd laKk,¡fy[kksµ ------------------------- ------------------------- d- iqLrd ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- [k- ns'k ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- x- unh ------------------------- ?k- leqnz ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- M + ioZr ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- 4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr laKk 'kCnksa ls djksA d- d{kk esa lHkh ------------------------- mifLFkr gaSA [k- dke djus ls ------------------------- gksrh gSA x- ------------------------- rhFkZLFky gSaA 'kCn Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn Hkkookpd laKk xeZ xjhc ijk;k fganh O;kdj.k & 5 nso fut vga dfBu cw<+k lqUnj jksduk vPNkbZ f'k'kq 29
5 fyax (Gender) lksfu;k ,d yM+dh gSA mldk ?kj cM+k gSA ?kj osQ ihNs cxhpk gSA og cxhps esa jLlh owQn jgh gSA ogk¡mldk HkkbZ vk;kA mlus ,d iwQy rksM+kA iwQy ij cSBh frryh mM+ xbZA Åij vk, jaxhu 'kCnksa esa yky 'kCn L=kh tkfr dk vkSj uhys 'kCn iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ djk jgs gSa& yM+dh] jLlh] frryh & L=kh tkfr dk cks/ djk jgs gSaA ?kj] cxhpk] HkkbZ] iwQy & iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ djk jgs gSaA 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ iq#\"k tkfr ;k L=kh tkfr osQ gksus dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls fyax dgrs gSaA O;kdj.k esa fyax dk vFkZ igpku gksrk gSA fganh O;kdj.k & 5 30
fyax ds Hksn fganh esa fyax osQ nks Hksn gSa& w iqfYyax w L=khfyax iqfYyax & os 'kCn tks iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ djkrs gSa] os iqfYyax dgykrs gSaA tSlsµ jkgqy cYysckth dj jgk gSA 'ksj ngkM+kA eksj ukp jgk gSA buesa jkgqy] eksj vkSj 'ksj iqfYyax 'kCn gSaA L=khfyax & os 'kCn tks L=kh tkfr dk cks/ djkrs gSa] os L=khfyax dgykrs gSaA tSlsµ usgk us xsan mNkyhA jsyxkM+h tk jgh gSA eqxhZ nkuk [kk jgh gSA buesa usgk] jsyxkM+h vkSj eqxhZ L=khfyax 'kCn gSaA 31 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
uhps oqQN iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax 'kCn fn, tk jgs gSa& iqfYyax L=khfyax iqfYyax L=khfyax xk;d xkf;dk yqgkj yqgkfju lqr lqrk lsod lsfodk vkpk;Z vkpk;kZ xq.koku xq.korh lqukfju f'k\"; f'k\";k lqukj Jherh dVksjk dVksjh Jheku ukjh 'ksj 'ksjuh uj vfHkus=kh eksj eksjuh vfHkusrk fç;k [kkV [kfV;k fç; L=kh ;qorh dcwrj dcwrjh iq#\"k Nk=kk ysf[kdk o`n~/ o`n~/k ;qod ekrk vè;kfidk ckyd ckfydk Nk=k ekfyd ekyfdu ys[kd ukSdj ukSdjkuh firk lsBkuh vè;kid lsB oqQN 'kCn ,sls gSa ftuosQ fyax ifjorZu esa dksbZ fu;e ugha gS] vfirq 'kCn dk :i cny tkrk gSA tSls& iqfYyax L=khfyax iqfYyax L=khfyax ohj ohjkaxuk lk/q lkèoh {k=kh; {k=kk.kh cSy xk; fonq\"kh uj eknk fon~oku lkezkKh dfo dof;=kh lezkV 32 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • L=kh ;k iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCnksa dks fyax dgrs gSaA • fyax osQ nks Hksn gSa& iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyaxA • oqQN 'kCnksa dk iqfYyax :i ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k& oqQjlh] es”k] vyekjh vkfnA • oqQN 'kCnksa dk L=khfyax :i ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k iyax] iwQynku] eafnj vkfnA vH;kl dk;Z 1- jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ fyax crkvksA --------------------------------------------------------------- d- i=k iwjk fy[kksA --------------------------------------------------------------- [k- xaxk ,d ifo=k unh gSA --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- x- fuf'k us MkWDVj dks gkFk fn[kk;kA --------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- uhe dk isM+ xq.kdkjh gksrk gSA Ä njh fcNkdj lks tkvksA 2- uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnyksµ [k- vkpk;Z & ------------------------------ d- tsB & ---------------------------- ?k- xk;d & ------------------------------ x- ohj & ---------------------------- p- urZdh & ------------------------------ Ä- nknk & ---------------------------- 3- jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj okD;ksa dks nksckjk fy[kksA okD;ksa esa vko';d cnyko Hkh djsaA d- enkjh us canj dks upk;kA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vafdr osQ ekek n;kyq gSaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- iqtkjh us iwtk dj yh FkhA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ekyh <sj lkjs iwQy yk;kA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
6 opu (Number) uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks è;kuiwoZd nsf[k, vkSj lef>,A ?kksM+k Hkkx jgk gSA ?kksM+s Hkkx jgs gSaA diM+k lw[k jgk gSA diM+s lw[k jgs gSaA Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa ?kksM+k vkSj diM+k ls ,d gksus dk cks/ gks jgk gS rFkk ?kksM+s vkSj diMs+ ls ,d ls vf/d gksus dk cks/ gks jgk gSA laKk ds ftl :i ls ml O;fDr ;k oLrq ds ,d ;k vusd gksus dk irk pys] mls opu dgrs gSAa opu la[;k dk cks/ djkrk gSA 34 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
opu ds izdkj • ,dopu • cgqopu ,dopu & 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls fdlh osQ ,d gksus dk cks/ gks] mls ,dopu dgrs gSaA tSlsµ jksfgr us es”k ij j[kk lsc mBkdj [kk;kA Åij fn, x, okD; esa est rFkk lsc ,d oLrq gksus dk cks/ djk jgs gSa] vr% ;s ,dopu gSaA cgqopu & 'kCn ds ftl :i ls fdlh osQ ,d ls vf/d gksus dk cks/ gks] mls cgqopu dgrs gSaA tSlsµ cPpkas us fon~;ky; ls vkdj vius cLrs j[k fn, vkSj twrs mrkj fn,A Åij fn, okD; esa cPpksa] cLrs] twrs ,d ls vf/d O;fDr;ksa ,oa oLrqvks dk cks/ djk jgs gSa] vr% ;s cgqopu gSaA vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ns[ksaµ 'kCn osQ var dk ^vk* ^,* esa cny tkrk gS& ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu yM+osQ cPpk cPps yM+dk #i;s diM+k diM+s #i;k cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu dfork,¡ lsuk,¡ vè;kfidk vè;kfidk,¡ dfork ekyk,¡ dU;k dU;k,¡ lsuk ysf[kdk,¡ efgyk efgyk,¡ ekyk dFkk dFkk,¡ ysf[kdk cgqopu ufn;k¡ ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu feBkb;k¡ unh jksVh jksfV;k¡ feBkbZ fganh O;kdj.k & 5 dgkuh dgkfu;k¡ 35
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • izk.kh ;k oLrq osQ ,d ;k vusd crkus okys 'kCn opu dgykrs gSaA • ,d izk.kh ;k oLrq dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn ,dopu gksrs gSaA • ,d ls vf/d izkf.k;ksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn cgqopu dgykrs gSaA • oqQN 'kCn lnSo ,dopu ;k cgqopu esa jgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ cgqopu fy[kksµ [k- vè;kid ------------------------------- d- vk¡[k ------------------------------- ?k- >.Mk ------------------------------- x- dfork ------------------------------- p- lHkk ------------------------------- Ä dU;k ------------------------------- t- iqLrd ------------------------------- N- osQyk ------------------------------- ×k- unh ------------------------------- >- yM+dk ------------------------------- 2- [kkyh LFkku HkjksA d- tysch ij <sj lkjh ------------------------------ cSBh gSaA (eD[kh@efD[k;k¡) [k- iadt osQ gkFk esa ------------------------------- gSaA (iqLrd@iqLrosaQ) x- lc ------------------------------- [kksy nksA (njok”kk@njok”ks) ?k- esjs ikl ,d ------------------------------- gSA (?kM+h@?kfM;k¡) 3- fuEu okD;ksa esa laKkvksa osQ opu cnydj okD; fiQj ls fy[kksA okD;ksa esa vko';d cnyko Hkh djsaµ --------------------------------------------------------------- d- yM+dh ikB'kkyk tkrh gSA --------------------------------------------------------------- [k- iQy dks /ksdj [kkvksA --------------------------------------------------------------- x- xk¡o esa ,d lk/q egkjkt vk;k gSA --------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- cxhps esa vke vkSj larjs osQ isM+ gSaA --------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- eNyh unh esa ikbZ tkrh gSA 36 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
7 dkjd (Case) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks if<+,A v vk b bZ fiz;adk us ck”kkj ls lkM+h [kjhnhA vè;kfidk Nk=kkas dks ikB i<k+ jgh gAaS Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa dk;Z gksus dh lwpuk nsus okys 'kCnksa (fØ;k) dk okD; osQ 'ks\"k lHkh 'kCnksa (inksa) ls laca/ gSA lkM+h fdlus [kjhnh\\ & fiz;adk us dkSu i<+k jgk gSa\\ & vè;kfidk D;k i<+k jgh gSa\\ & ikB D;k [kjhnh\\ & lkM+h fdUgsa i<+k jgh gSa\\ & Nk=kksa dks dgk¡ls [kjhnh\\ & ck”kkj ls okD; esa laKk ;k loZuke 'kCnksa dk fØ;k osQ lkFk laca/ gksrk gSA bu laca/kas dks ijlxZ @ dkjd fpg~uksa n~okjk crk;k tkrk gSA laKk ;k loZuke dk og :i] ftlls mldk laca/ okD; esa fØ;k ls tkuk tkrk gS] dkjd dgykrk gSA 37 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
dkjd ds Hksn dkjd osQ vkB Hksn gksrs gSaA tSls& dkjd foHkfDr fog~u dkjd foHkfDr fog~u 1- drkZ us 5- viknu ls (vyx gksuk) 2- deZ dks 6- laca/ dk] dh] osQ 3- dj.k ls 7- vf/dj.k esa] ij dks] osQ fy, gs! vjs! 4- laiznku 8- lacks/u 1- drkZ dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ djus okys dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls drkZ dkjd dgrs gSaA tSlsµ ijlxZ jfgr % d- jkf/dk fp=k cuk jgh gSA [k- xk;d xk jgk gSA ijlxZ lfgr% d- 'osrk us i=k fy[kkA [k- canj us Nyk¡x yxkbZA 2- deZ dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ml :i dks deZ dkjd dgrs gSa] ftl ij fØ;k osQ O;kikj dk izHkko iM+rk gSA bldk ijlxZ 'kwU; vkSj dks gSA futhZo laKkvksa osQ lkFk dksbZ ijlxZ ugha vkrk gSA tSlsµ d- nhnh jk/k dks i<+krh gSA [k- iqfyl pksj dks idM+rh gSA 3- dj.k dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ml :i dks dj.k dkjd dgrs gSa] ftlls fØ;k osQ lk/u vkfn dk cks/ gksrk gSA bldk ijlxZ ^ls* gSA tSlsµ d- jek us isafly ls fp=k cuk;kA [k- esjh ckr è;ku ls lquksA 4- laiznku dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ml :i dks laiznku dkjd dgrs gSa] ftlls oqQN fn, tkus ;k fdlh osQ fy, fØ;k djus oQk cks/ gksA tSlsµ d- e”knwj dks #i;s ns nksA [k- xfjek us esgekuksa osQ fy, pk; cukbZA 38 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
5- viknku dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls i`Fko~Qrk] nwjh] rqyuk vkfn dk cks/ gks] mls viknku dkjd dgrs gSaA tSlsµ d- isM+ ls iRrk fxjkA (i`Fko~Qrk) [k- jke] ';ke ls vPNk gSA (rqyuk) 6- laca/ dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq ls laca/ Kkr gks] mls laca/ dkjd dgrs gaSA tSlsµ d- euh\"kk dk HkkbZ i<+ jgk gSA [k- ;g vfHk\"ksd dh fdrkc gSA 7- vf/dj.k dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k dk vk/kj çdV gksrk gS] mls vf/dj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA tSls& d- rksrk fiatjs esa can gSA [k- cPps d{kk esa cSBs gSaA 8- lacks/u dkjd & laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fdlh dks iqdkjk tk, ;k lko/ku fd;k tk,] mls lacks/u dkjd dgrs gSaA tSlsµ d- gs izHkq! n'kZu nksA [k- rqe dc vk,\\ dj.k vkSj viknku dkjd esa varj dj.k vkSj viknku nksuksa dkjdksa dk ijlxZ ^ls* gS] fdUrq bu nksuksa osQ vFkZ esa varj gSA dj.k ls lk/u ;k lgk;rk dk cks/ gksrk gS] tcfd viknku ls i`Fko~Qrk] fofHkUurk] rqyuk vkfn dk cks/ gksrk gSA tSlsµ dj.k % og pkowQ ls iQy dkVrk gSA viknku % isM+ ls idk iQy fxjkA 39 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • dkjd osQ vkB Hksn gSa&drkZ dkjd] deZ dkjd] dj.k dkjd] laiznku dkjd] viknku dkjd] laca/ dkjd] vf/dj.k dkjd] lacks/u dkjdA • laKk ;k louZ ke dk tks :i okD; osQ nwljs 'kCnksa ls laca/ crk,] mls dkjd dgrs gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr dkjdksa osQ ijlxZ fy[kksA d- viknku --------------------------------- [k- drkZ --------------------------------- x- vf/dj.k --------------------------------- ?k- deZ --------------------------------- Ä lacks/u --------------------------------- p- dj.k --------------------------------- --------------------------------- t- lEiznku --------------------------------- N- laca/ 2- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa jaxhu inksa dk dkjd crkvksµ ---------------------------------------------------- d- isM+ ls idk iQy fxjkA ---------------------------------------------------- [k- Hkkyw oqQlhZ ij cSBk gqvk gSA ---------------------------------------------------- x- cPps fon~;ky; ls pys x,A ---------------------------------------------------- ?k- ;g lqfer dk LosVj gSA ---------------------------------------------------- Ä Hkkjr osQ mRrj esa fgeky; ioZr vkrk gSA 3- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ mfpr dkjd ls djksA d- eq>s vè;kfidk ----------------- oqQN ckr djuh gSA [k- ;g iqLrd esjs fe=k ----------------- gSA x- est+ ----------------- iQy j[ks gSaA ?k- lksus ----------------- yadk tydj jk[k gks xbZA Ä -----------------! #dks] taxy esa [krjk gSA 40 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
8 loZuke (Pronoun) vkt vafdrk dk tUefnu gSA mlus vius lHkh fe=kksa dks cqyk;k gSA os lHkh mlosQ ?kj vk, gSaA mldh ekrkth us cM+k&lk osQd cuk;k gSA og 'kke dks osQd dkVsxhA Åij okD;ksa esa vk, jaxhu 'kCn vafdrk] mlosQ fe=k o mldh ek¡osQ fy, iz;qDr gq, gSaA ;fn okD; esa ckj&ckj laKk 'kCnksa dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks okD; esa lqanjrk ugha jgrhA Hkk\"kk dks izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy, laKk osQ LFkku ij ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] os loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls & eSa] rqe] rqEgkjk] ge] os] gekjk] mldk vkfnA tks 'kCn laKk osQ LFkku ij vkrs gSa] mUgsa loZuke dgrs gSaA loZuke ds Hksn iq#\"kokpd loZuke fu';okpd loZuke futokpd loZuke iz'uokpd loZuke vfu';okpd loZuke laca/okpd loZuke 41 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
1- iq#\"kokpd loZuke & ftu loZuke 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx cksyus okys] lquus okys ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] os iq#\"kokpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& eSa jkstkuk O;k;ke djrk gw¡A rqe iQy [kkvksA ns[kks] og lks jgh gSA cksyus okyk lquus okyk vU; O;fDr loZuke ¾ eSa rqe og iq#\"kokpd loZuke osQ rhu Hksn gSa rFkk muosQ ,dopu vkSj cgqopu :i gSaA mRre i#q \"kokpd louZ ke ,dopu cgqopu (ckys us okys oQs fy,) eSa] esjk] eq>s ge] gekjk] gesa eè;e i#q \"kokpd louZ ke (luq us okys oQs fy,) rw] rsjk] rq>s rqe] rqEgkjk] rqEgsa vU; i#q \"kokpd louZ ke (ftloQs ckjs eas ckr og] ;g] mls] os] ;s] mUgsa] mldk] bldk] mudk] budk] dh tk,) bls bUgsa 2- fu'p;okpd loZuke & tks loZuke 'kCn fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dh vksj laosQr djrk gS] og fu'p;okpd loZuke dgykrk gSA tSls& ;g] og] blus] mls vkfnA 42 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
;g lksuw dh xsan gSA og esjk fon~;ky; gSA 3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke & tks loZuke 'kCn fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ ugha djkrs] os vfu'p;okpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& oqQN] dksbZ] fdlh vkfnA Ÿ nw/ esa oqQN iM+k gSA Ÿ ckgj dksbZ [kM+k gSA 4- iz'uokpd loZuke & tks loZuke 'kCn ç'u iwNus osQ fy, ç;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] mUgsa ç'uokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls&dgk¡] D;k vkfnA rqe dgk¡tk jgs gks\\ ;g migkj fdlosQ gaS\\ 5- laca/okpd loZuke & tks loZuke 'kCn okD; esa nwljs loZuke 'kCn ls lEcU/ crkrs gSa] os laca/okpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& oSlk] tks&lks] ftldh&mldh vkfnA Ÿ tSlh djuh oSlh HkjuhA Ÿ ftldh ykBh mldh HkSalA 43 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
6- futokpd loZuke & tks loZuke 'kCn drkZ vius fy, iz;ksx djrk gS] mls futokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& viuk] vki gh] Lo;a vkfnA eSa viuk dke Lo;a djrk gw¡A eSa [kqn LVs'ku vk x;kA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk osQ LFkku ij vkus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA • loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- okD;ksa esa loZukeksa dks js[kkafdr dhft, vkSj muosQ Hksn fy[kksA d- ;g jhuk dk [kjxks'k gSA --------------------------------------------------------------- [k- rqe ;gk¡oSQls vk,\\ --------------------------------------------------------------- x- ;g iz'u eSa Lo;a gy dj yw¡xkA --------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- tgk¡esjk ?kj gS] ogk¡ikoZQ gSA --------------------------------------------------------------- Ä mlosQ ikl oqQN ugha gSA --------------------------------------------------------------- 44 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
2- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fy[kksµ d- eSaus dy ckt+kj tkuk gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- rsjs firkth dc vk jgk gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ikuh esa fdls fxj x;kA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- os çfrfnu lSj osQ fy, tkrk g¡wA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- fjDr LFkku esa loZuke fy[kdj vuqPNsn iwjk djksA vfuy vkSj jkgqy firkth osQ lkFk fpfM+;k?kj x,A ogk¡------------------- cgqr ls tkuoj ns[ksA 'ksj dks ns[kdj vfuy Mj x;kA jkgqy us ------------------- le>k;k fd 'ksj fiatjs esa can gS_ ------------------ ckgj ugha vk ldrkA ------------------- lqudj vfuy dk Mj nwj gks x;kA 4- ckbZa vkSj fn, x, loZuke 'kCnksa dks muosQ Hksn ls feykvksA d- eSa] rqe] og • iz'uokpd loZuke [k- ;g] ;s] og] os • iq#\"kokpd loZuke x- dksbZ] fdlh] oqQN • futokpd loZuke ?k- dkSu] D;k] fdlls • vfu'p;okpd loZuke M-+ Lo;a] [kqn] vius vki • fu'p;okpd loZuke 45 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
9 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) uohu % vafdrk] uhyk vkleku ns[kksA uSuk % gk¡] ns[k jgh gw¡A NksVh&NksVh nks fpfM+;k¡mM+ jgh gSaA uohu % m/j vkleku esa jax&fcjaxk banz/uq\"k Hkh fudyk gqvk gSA uSuk % gjh&gjh ?kkl fdruh vPNh yx jgh gSA uohu % eSnku esa m¡Qps&m¡Qps isM+ Hkh [kMs+ gSaA uSuk % gk¡] isM+ ij yky&yky lsc yVd jgs gSaA uohu % gk¡] yky lsc cgqr ehBs gksrs gaSA Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCn laKk 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSAa 46 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
fo'ks\"k.k ftudh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] os fo'ks\"; dgykrs gSaA tSls& ehBh tysch Å¡ph bekjr fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; fo'ks\"k.k ds Hksn ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 1- xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 'kjkjrh ckyd] ehBh vkblØhe uUgh cw¡nsa] ihyk iwQy 'kjkjrh 'kCn ckyd dk LoHkko crk jgk gSk ehBh 'kCn vkblØhe dk Lokn crk jgk gSA uUgh 'kCn cw¡n dk vkdkj crk jgk gSA ihyk 'kCn iwQy dk jax crk jgk gSA tks fo'ks\"k.k fdlh laKk ;k loZuke osQ xq.k&nks\"k] :i] LoHkko] jax] vkdkj rFkk Lokn laca/h fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] os xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA 47 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkb,] oqQN vU; xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.kksa dks tkurs gSa& xq.k ß vPNk] Hkyk] bZekunkj] n;kyq] ohj] dksey] prqj nks\"k ß cqjk] csbZeku] funZ;] dk;j] dBksj] ew[kZ :i ß xksjk] dkyk] laqnj jax ß yky] uhyk] ihyk] dkyk] xqykch] li+ sQn vkdkj ß ;qok] o`n~/] LoLFk] chekj] de”kksj] rkdroj 2- la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & Vksdjh esa ik¡p vke gSaA jhek osQ ikl ckjg isaflysa gaSA ;gk¡ik¡p vkSj ckjg 'kCn vke vkSj isaflyksa dh la[;k dk cks/ djk jgs gSa] vr% ;s la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA tks fo'ks\"k.k fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh la[;k laca/h fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] os la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA laKk dh la[;k fuf'pr Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj vfuf'pr HkhA bl vk/kj ij la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k osQ nks çdkj gSa& fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k vfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k tc laKk dh la[;k fuf'pr gksA tSls& tc laKk dh la[;k vfuf'pr gksA tSls& nl larjs] lkS #i;s] nwljh d{kk] vkB FkksM+s larjs] oqQN #i;s] vusd deh”ksa] deh”ksa vkfnA cgqr oqQjfl;k¡vkfnA 48 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
3- ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k & ;g diM+k rhu ehVj gSA FkksM+k vukt gh cpk gSA rhu ehVj 'kCn diM+s dh vkSj FkksM+k 'kCn vuk”k osQ uki&rksy dks crk jgs gSa] vr% ;s ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k gSaA uki&rksy ;k ifjek.k laca/h fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCn ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dgykrs gSaA fdlh oLrq dh ek=kk ;k uki&rksy fuf'pr ;k vfuf'pr gks ldrh gSA bl çdkj la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k dh rjg ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k osQ Hkh nks Hksn gSa& fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k tc oLrq dh ek=kk fuf'pr gksA tSls& nks tc oLrq dh ek=kk vfuf'pr gksA tSls& yhVj nw/] rhu ehVj diM+k] <kbZ fdyks FkksM+k eD[ku] cgqr phuh] oqQN nkysa xqM+ vkfnA vkfnA 49 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
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