WordPad: WordPad is a basic word processor. It is more advanced than the Notepad but it is simpler than the Microsoft Word. You can use the WordPad to create, edit, view and print text documents. With WordPad, you can type letters, reports, and other simple documents. You can also change the look of the text, quickly move sentences and paragraphs around, copy and paste text, insert an image in a documents. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. List the steps to switch on and shutdown a computer system. 2. What is the use of operating system. 3. What is the GUI? 4. What is the use of a file and folder? 5. List the main components of a GUI desktop. 6. Locate and open the windows of the following icons present on the desktop. Discuss your observations with teacher.: a. Computer / My computer b. Recycle Bin c. Network / My Network Places 7. Click on Start button and locater the following. Open them and discuss your observation with the teacher.: a. Help b. Search c. Documents d. All Programs 8. Open MS Paint and try out making a scenery using its various tools. Session-4 Performing Basic File Operations Ever been to a book library, a shopping mall or an online shopping website? What is common among them? Yes. The organization of content. In the library, books are arranged under various sections like genre, publication, subject, author etc. Shopping malls display all the goods in a well- organized fashion starting from floors dedicated to a particular type of trade. For example, one floor would be for grocery and garments while the other would be for furniture and footwear. Floors are divided into sections and cabinets. Online shopping mall provides catalogues and categories of items to search from. All categories, cabinets and partitions have unique names to identify them. Even your mother keeps all the stuff and utensils in the kitchen organized for easy access. 50
The purpose of this organization is to help people find what they are looking for easily and quickly. Similar kind of organisation is imperative for the data stored on your computer. For easier and quick access, we need to store our files in such a way that they are stored in appropriate disk partitions and directories (also known as folders). For example, all reports can be kept in Reports folder which has further sub-folders by the names of years or months. 1. Windows Explorer Windows operating system provides a user-friendly interface to work with files and folders. It is called Windows Explorer. Windows Exploreris divided into two panes: ¤ Left side, navigation pane: It displays the structured tree of drives and folders on your computer. A folder contains programs, files and sub-folders. ¤ Right side, content pane: It lists the contents of the drive or folder selected in navigation panel. Windows Explorer allows to: 1. Create files and folders. 2. Locate and open files. 3. Move and copy files and folders. 4. Delete files and format the disk partitions. 5. Access other storage media drives like pen drive, DVD and external hard disk drives. 6. Storage files in default locations for pictures, videos, music, downloads and common documents. 7. Accessing shared data on other computers. 8. Arranging contents into various layouts like list, small icons etc. and order (sorting). 2. Computer File and Folder File: A file is an object on a computer system that stores data, information, settings or commands of a computer program. Files vary from plain text files to complex multimedia and database files. 51
Every file has an associated format that defines the way data is stored in the file. The format in which plain text is stored will be vastly different from the format that encodes a song into a music file. Files on the computer are identified by their names. A file name is composed of two parts: Primary Name and Secondary Name or extension. Both these names are separated by a dot. Primary name is given and can be changed by the user while extension or secondary name is determined by the software using which the file has been created. For example, a presentation created in PowerPoint 2010 or above will have the extension pptx while a file containing music recorded by Audacity may have the extension mp3. Some of the common file formats are listed below: Documents : .txt, .doc/.docx, .rtf, .pdf etc. Spreadsheets : .xlsx (Excel), .sxc (Open Office Calc) etc. Images : .gif,.jpg, .png etc. Executable programs and scripts : .exe, .com, .bat Multimedia files : .wma, .mp4, .wav, .mpg, .wmv, .avi etc. When you open a file, the operating system selects an appropriate program installed on your computer to display the contents of the file based on the file format. This is called file association. Folder: A folder is a place where a collection of files or data are stored. In other words, files are placed inside a folder. A folder is also known as a directory. ¤ A collection of related files can be stored in a common folder. ¤ A folder may also contain different sub-folders (a folder within a folder is called a sub-folder) with files in them. ¤ Each file in a folder has a unique name (of the same program). 3. Basic File and Folder Operations Let us learn about routine operations which we can perform on the files as and when required. These common operations can be performed both on files and folders. Though the following steps are given for only files, these steps are same for folders also. 3.1. Creating New Folder (using a right- click) A folder can be created in a drive, folder or on the desktop. You can use the context menu (using right- click), toolbar or shortcut keys to create a new folder. Now, let us learn about these methods. This method can be used to create a new folder using the context menu by right- click of the mouse. The steps to create a new folder are: 1. Open Computer (or go to Desktop if you want to create folder on desktop) window. 2. Open the location/drive (or folder) where you want to create a folder. 3. Right- click on the blank area, the context menu appears. 52
4. Select the New option. A submenu appears. 5. Click on the Folder option. A new folder is created and appears. 6. Type a name for the folder and press the Enter key. 7. A new folder is created. Shortcut To create new folder: Ctrl + Shift + N 3.2. Rename file or folder Close the file to be renamed, if opened. Locate and Select the file. Click the right button of mouse. Select Rename. The filename will become editable – type the new name and press ENTER Key on the keyboard. OR Locate and Select the file. Click F2 key on keyboard. The filename will become editable – type the new name and press ENTER Key on the keyboard. 3.3. Delete file or folder 1. Close the file or folder to be deleted, if opened. 2. Locate and Select the folder. 3. Click the right button of mouse. 4. Select Delete. 5. Pop up will ask to confirm folder Delete – Click on Yes. OR Locate and Select the folder. Press Delete key on keyboard. Pop up will ask to confirm Delete Folder – Click on Yes. 53
3.4. Copy file or folder 1. Locate and Select the file. 2. Click the right button of mouse. 3. Select Copy. 4. Change the Drive and Folder to target location. 5. Click the right button in blank white space, 6. Select Paste. OR Note: Locate and Select the file. >Press Ctrl + C Change the Drive and Folder to target In Copy-Paste, the file will remain there in the location. original location and a copy of the same will be Press Ctrl + V. saved on the new location. 3.5. Move file or folder 1. Close the file to be moved, if opened. Locate and Select the file. 2. Click the right button of mouse. 3. Select Cut. 4. Change the Drive and Folder to target location. 5. Click the right button. 6. Select Paste. OR Locate and Select the file. Press Ctrl + X. Change the Drive and Folder to target location. Press Ctrl + V. Note: In Cut-Paste, the file will be removed from the original location and will be copied in the new location. 3.6. Selecting files in sequence We can select some of the files, which are one next to each other in a particular folder with the help of Shift and direction keys (Left, Right, Up and Down Keys). 3.7. Selecting non-continuous files We can also select some of the files, which are not in a sequence by holding CTRL key and using Left button of Mouse one by one as shown in the following picture – three files selected, which are not in sequence. 54
Lab Exercise Open Windows Explorer to expand a folder and perform the steps given below: 1. To view the Activities folder, click the Start button, and then click Documents. 2. To view the contents of the Vacation folder (for example), in the navigation pane, under the Activities folder, click the Vacation folder. 3. To view the contents of the Vacation folder as a simple list, click the Views arrow, and then click List. 4. To create a new folder in the Vacation folder, click Organize, and then click New Folder, for example. 5. To name the new folder, for the purposes of this exercise, press SPACEBAR to have the name typed for you, and then press ENTER. 6. To rename the Activities folder, in the navigation pane, click Activities, and then, for the purposes of this exercise, press SPACEBAR to have the folder right-clicked for you. 7. On the shortcut menu, click Rename, for the purposes of this exercise, press SPACEBAR to have the folder name typed for you, and then press ENTER. 8. To move a file to a new location, in the content pane, click the Insurance Agency file (for example), click Organize, and then click Cut. 9. To paste the file in the Legal folder, in the navigation pane, click the Legal folder, click Organize, and then click Paste. 10. To verify that the Insurance Agency file has been moved, in the navigation pane, click the Volunteer Activities folder (for example). 11. To copy a file, in the content pane, click the Notes file (for example), click Organize, and then click Copy. 12. To paste the file, in the navigation pane, point to the Vacation folder, click the arrow that is located to the left of the Vacation folder, and then click the Memos folder (for example). 13. Click Organize, and then click Paste. 14. To delete the Draft Garden Report file (for example), in the navigation pane, click the Volunteer Activities folder (for example). 15. In the content pane, click the Draft Garden Report file, click Organize, and then click Delete. 16. To confirm that you want to send the file to the Recycle Bin, in the Delete File message box, click Yes. Exercise A. Choose the correct answer. 1. There are different types of files in a computer. For example, a) Document b) Image file c) Music file d) All of these 2. Every file name has two parts: ____________ and ______________. a) Primary, secondary b) Main,supplementary c) First, second d) All of these 55
3. _____________ window is used to access and manage the files and folders stored in external memory devices. a) External b) Using toolbar c) Computer d) None of these 4. _____________ pane of the Computer window shows the content of a folder. a) Left b) Right c) Drives d) Address bar B. Fill in the blanks. Ctrl + X, Recycle Bin, Ctrl + Shift + N, Delete, Secondary 1. The extension of a file name is called ______________________ name. 2. Shortcut key to create a new folder is __________________________. 3. A file, that has been deleted by mistake, can be restored from _______________. 4. _______________________ shortcut key can be used to cut a file or folder. 5. When we delete a file, the ____________ File dialog box appears to confirm the deletion. C. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a file? 2. What is a folder? 3. Write the shortcut key for opening the Computer window. 4. What is the use of the F2 function key? D. Tick ( ) the correct statement and cross ( ) out the wrong one. 1. A collection of related files cannot be stored in a common folder. 2. A folder within a folder is called a subfolder. 3. We cannot use the delete key to delete a subfolder. 4. We can move a folder from one location to another. 5. Using 'Ctrl' key we can select non-adjacent files. Session-5 Internet and Its Applications Today all our networks are connected with each other over Internet - the largest network in the world. The first workable form of internet came in 1969 with the creation of Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) in USA under the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPANET allowed multiple computers to communicate on a single network. In 1990s, Internet came in wider use when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Internet is mostly used for communication. These days e-mail is at the top of the list amongst all the features used on the Internet. As we know that Internet is one of the best technologies which is widely used by everyone and it has brought the entire world very close. So, it has become very popular, easy, cost effective and sophisticated means of communication. 56
Internet is a network of networks. It connects millions of computers of the world with each other. Internet helps us to access and share information on any topic. Information on Internet ranges from various types such as text files, music files, video clips, software, etc. The most important feature of the Internet is that it is easier for people to communicate with one another. Internet Terminology World Wide Web (www): World Wide Web (www) is the largest information system on internet. It contains millions of web sites that provide information in the form of text, animations, pictures and videos. Website & Web pages: A website is a collection of related web pages that are linked together. A web page generally consists of text, images, audios, videos, links, animations etc. Homepage: The homepage is the first web page of a website. It provides introductory information and the links to the other pages of the website. Hyperlink: A hyperlink is the text or image that links one web page to another. If you move the mouse over a hyperlink, the pointer will change to the shape of a hand. Notice the hyperlinks in this image of the wikipedia website. Web Browser: A browser/web browser is an application software that is used to access the information (websites) on the web. Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera are some commonly used browsers. Protocol: A set of rules form computers to exchange information online is called protocol. It determines how the communication between the two device over internet must take place. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is the set of rules to transfer information ove world wide web in the form of text, images, audio and video etc. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A URL is the unique address of a website that is accessible on the Internet. For example, http://www.mywebsite.com/downloads/menu.html. Here, http is protocol, www.mywebsite.com is the domain name, menu.html is the resource and downloads is the path to the resource. Chatting: Communication in real time over internet usually in text form between two persons is called chatting. This is done by some chat software or service. Now a days, video chats are more popular. Video Conferencing: Visual communication over internet among multiple people using suitable communication technology is called video conferencing. Social Networking: Connecting and interacting with people online over social media platforms is called social networking. E-Learning: Learning online through digital content and online demos is called E-Learning. E-Shopping: Buying products and services and paying for them online through secured means anytime is called E-shopping. This saves a lot of time otherwise wasted in traditional shopping. E-Reservation: Booking tickets online for trains, flights, buses and other modes of travel as well as for booking hotels and tour services, taxis and events is called E-Reservation. Blog: A personal simple website maintained by someone on a particular topic is called a blog. Blogging is a popular and lucrative hobby today. 42 57
Electronic Mail The most widely used Internet-based communication tool is an e-mail. The term e-mail refers to Electronic Mail. E-mail is a communication system that sends and receives messages through the internet by using specific e-mail addresses or e-mail IDs. It identifies the receiver with an address similar to the postal mailing system. [email protected] is an example of an e-mail address. E-mail system is managed by Mail Servers. There are so many mail servers available on the internet, such as Yahoo mail, Gmail, Hotmail, Rediffmail and so on. Through e-mail we can send any type of information such as text messages, [email protected] is an example of an e-mail address. E-mail system is managed by Mail Servers. There are so many mail servers available on the internet, such as Yahoo mail, Gmail, Hotmail, Rediffmail and so on. Through e-mail we can send any type of information such as text messages, music files, video files, images, etc. It stores the mails in the inbox and allows the user to read them at any time and any place or location. Advantages of e-mail E-mail offers many advantages over traditional mailing system listed below: 1. Sending and receiving e-mail is very fast. It is received and delivered within seconds across the world. 2. E-mail is an affordable means of communication as compared to other systems. 3. Sending and receiving e-mail is very easy and convenient. Any type of files can be sent as an attachment through e-mail. Creating an e-mail account 1. Open any browser i.e. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox or Chrome etc. 2. Type any of the e-mail service provider’s names in the address bar of the browser. For example you can type http://www.gmail.com. 3. Now click on Create account option. 4. A registration form will appear. Fill the registration form carefully and submit it. 5. A congratulation message will appear. Now go to your email account and login. 6. Your email account window appears (containing three mails from Gmail Team). 58
Using an e-mail account After creating an e-mail account, you can use it to send and receive e-mails. To use the e-mail account, you must login or sign in using your e-mail id/user name and password. The login/sign in system of different e-mail accounts may differ, but they all offer some of the common features which are explained in following sections: Important Components of Gmail Window Inbox The Inbox consists of all received e-mails. Each e-mail has its message header which shows you who has sent the mail, subject line, time and date when the mail was sent. By clicking it, the contents will appear. Compose Mail The steps to compose or create a new mail and send are: 1. Click on Compose button located on the left side pane. A Compose mail frame appears. 2. Type the e-mail addresses of main recipients in the To box and related recipients in CC. 3. Type the subject name in the Subject box to send it with message. 4. Type your message in the message box. 5. Click on the Attachment if you wish to attach any file. (The File Upload dialog box appears after clicking on Attachment option to select the attachments). 6. Click on Send button. In addition to main recipients, other recipients' email IDs are entered in CC box which stands for Carbon Copy. In this case, all recipients know all other recipient email IDs but if you need that recipients should not see who other recipients are there then the email IDs should be mentioned in the field BCC box which stands for Blind Carbon Copy. 59
Reply Mail Reply Mail is used to reply to the mail at the time when you receive and read it. Steps to reply the mail are: 1. Click on mail, which you want to reply. 2. Now, click on Reply option. 3. A new frame appears below the mail details, to type your reply . 4. Click on Send button. Cyber crime Any crime done online over internet using any electronic device such as computer or smart phone is referred to as Cyber crime. Some known form of cyber crimes are: Spamming: Spam refers to unsolicited messages and emails sent frequently to someone. Hacking: Accessing someone's computer or network with malicious intentions is called hacking. The purpose could be to steal or corrupt data and other sensitive information. Such a person who performs the act of hacking is called a hacker. Phishing and Pharming: Phishing is the way to acquire sensitive data such as username, password, etc. from someone by impersonating the original website or web page. Pharming is an advanced fraud technique to redirect the original url of a web page or website to another fake url by making changes in the web server configuration. Cyber Stalking: It is harassing someone or intruding into someone's privacy over internet. For example, sending unsolicited message to someone, visiting someone's profile secretly, trying to access someone's profile by improper means and trying to get in touch with someone online against the other person's will or permission. Cyber Bullying: It refers to harassing, threatening and embarrassing someone online through messages, images, videos, gossips, fake facts with an intention to assassinate someone's image or humiliate in social media. Children are an easy target of this menace and are prone to indulge in this menace also to seek attention, for fun or revenge, or due to jealousy, ego and many times, due to peer pressure. Cyber bullying is more harmful psychologically and sometimes up to an extent of victim committing suicide due to lowered confidence, public shame and mental torture. In case of cyber bullying, children must always remember that their parents and teachers are their best support and they should report such incidents immediately to their parents first. Cyber Addiction: Too much of everything is harmful. Same is true for internet. Spending longer hours over internet and being not able to resist the urge to check updates every now and then is called cyber addiction. This leads to compulsive behaviour, lack of personal interaction with real family and friends, too much of online work and spending time in private. This may also affect mental health especially of children. The ill effects of cyber addiction are depression, anxiety, lack of concentration, short temper, psychological distress, physical ill effects such as dry, red eyes, lack of sleep etc. and negatively affected personality. In severe cases cyber addiction may push someone to that extent of mental disorder as to commit some cyber crime. 60
Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. What do you mean by the terms Homepage and Web page? 2. What is the role of browser in accessing internet? 3. What is electronic mail? What are its advantages over traditional mail? 4. Write the steps to compose and send a simple mail without any attachment. 5. What is the difference between replying a mail and forwarding a mail? Social Media Platform World Wide Web over the internet has shrunken the world onto a laptop and smart phone. Instant, fast and affordable access to all kind of information has enable people to get in touch online easily. A person can use WWW to reach millions of people online. Social media platform has greatly transformed the way we interact with people and socialise with those whom we hardly or probably never meet. An online platform that enables people to network with others over internet, interact with them by means of various communication modes and develop social relation for a variety of purposes like entertainment, business, friendship and for any social cause is called social media platform. Blog Blog, earlier known as Weblog, is an online platform which allows a person to post his/ her views on a particular topic or issue in the form of an online article for other people to visit and go through. Readers can post their comments on the article and this way threads of interaction and dialogues begin. Blog is an excellent way to showcase your writing and reporting talents or just to share your thoughts and views in an structured way. A person who writes and maintains a blog is called blogger. Blogs are in the form of a simple website for which blogger does not need to know any markup language or programming language. It is very easy to operate and any person who has basic computer knowledge and has drafting skills can create a blog. Some popular blog services are Wordpress, Blogadda, Blogger, Tumblr etc. They all provide free as well as premium blogging services. People can use them to create personal or business blogs. Today blogs have a new look called Video Blog or Vblog ican be maintained by someone who has the basic knowledge of preparing videos and uploading them to the blog. Today blogs are a means to publish personal views, promote products and companies (corporate blogs), hobby or home business, socio-political issues, educational blogs, entertainment, review and customer information blogs. Facebook One of the most popular social website that allows people to register for free and interact with each other. To meet with people over Facebook, one should first create an account on it and then 61
search for friends. One can send the friend requests to other people and once the request is accepted they become online friends. Facebook has following salient features: Free: As long as you are using it for networking with people, it is free. You can even promote your products and services for free however, Facebook provides premuim schemes of promotions too. Wall: After registering with Facebook, you have your own profile page called Wall. What ever you post, goes to your wall. Other people can also post at your wall or comment on your posts provided they have permission given by you. Pages: One can create pages on specific issues or topics and maintain information related to that topic on that page. Pages can be shared with others through an invite and people are given option to visit and like them. Events: You can create events and send invites to people. Event reminder feature sends timely reminder to all the people concerned. Photo Albums: You can upload and organise the pictures and videos in separate albums. News Feed: In the middle of your page, status updates, new stories, events and activities of other people are updated through this feature. Privacy Settings: Facebook has excellent security options which allow you to setup the access to your wall and other updates. You can decide who should be able to write on your wall, access your updates, pictures and pages. Who can see and comment your posts etc. By default, all the activities, posts, uploads and updates are public which means evey one can access them. Profile picture and Cover Picture: On your wall, you can setup a small profile picture of yours and in the background a large cover picture can also be setup. Youtube Youtube is a great offering from Google. It is an online platform dedicated to video sharing. People can shoot videos and upload them on Youtube. One needs to have a Google account to do so. Millions of videos are uploaded daily. Videos include personal hobby videos, funny videos, education videos, recipes, how-to-do-it type videos, tips and tricks, short movies etc. After creating your account when you access Youtube, it lists the most trending or popular videos. You can search videos or click on the video thumbnails to watch them. Viewers can comment, like and share the videos. Depending on the videos you visit, on next logon, Youtube will list the videos which you might be interest in. Youtube Channel: People who are regular users of Youtube and upload videos on it are recommended to create a channel. Channel is simple a series or collection of related vidoes. The advantage of having a channel for creator is that popularity of multiple videos can analysed as one channel. It is easier to manage a channel as compared to individual videos. For users, it is easier to subscribe the channel so that they get reminder about any new video updated by the channel owner. Youtube provides various security setting to prevent your videos being downloaded by unauthorised 62
viewers. Owner of the video can set the video as unlisted which means the people having the link to the video can only watch it. Users can create a playlist of their favourite videos and channels dependiing on their interests like education, sports, cookery etc. Youtube also provides some basic video editing tools to let you give an attractive professional appeal to your videos. Youtube also provides feature of restricted viewing by applying parental; control and safety mode. Twitter Twitter is another social media website but it is distinct in the following: Users can post short messages including videos, links and text called Tweets. They have a limitation of 280 characters. Sharing somebody’s tweet is called Retweeting. The user account name is called Twitter handle. Username is preceded by @ sign. In the Tweets, keywords can be marked by preceding them with a hash sign (#). They are called hashtags. They are useful in making the Tweet easily searchable by others. A popular Tweet is identified by its hashtags. After creating account on Twitter, one can access others’ Tweets and follow them by clicking Follow link. People can also unfollow the tweets. Twitter timeline displays all the Tweets which are updating amongst your connections. This is called Twitter feed. Whatsapp WhatsApp is a messaging application that you can download to your smartphone and use to easily send messages to other people's mobile phones freely. It also allows video calls freely by using your phone's data connection. WhatsApp can be easily downloaded and installed from any app store like Google marketplace or iPhone App Store. People already using WhatsApp in your contacts will be automatically available once the app is installed and those who are not can be invited to come over on WhatsApp. They will get a text message of your invitation along with the app's download link. WhatsApp allows creating groups of your contacts. Messages sent by group members are seen by and can be responded by all the other members in that group. The messages sent are denoted by single tick mark. Messages received on recipient device are denoted with double tick marks and the same double tick marks turn blue denotes that recipient has seen your messages. WhatsApp allows video calling too for all Android versions 4.1 and above. To make a video call simply tap on the contact, tap on phone icon at the top and select video call. Digital India To ensure that government services and government schemes’ information reaches to masses online easily, government of India (GoI) launched Digital India campaign in July 2015. Connecting rural areas over high speed internet connection to bring the remote areas of the country into mainstream and improve digital literacy is the ambitious objective of the campaign. 63
Under this campaign the National e-Governance Plan is aimed at brining various digitised service to the masses. Some of the common services are digilocker, e-Health, e-Education, e-Sign and e-Shopping. Other platforms which are the part of this campaign are as follows: ¤ Access to mygov.in portal that lists details of all the government services and schemes. ¤ Multi channel, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance (UMANG) to access all government services over handheld devices. ¤ Adhaar number has enable to access digital signature service e-Sign. ¤ Access to mygov.in portal that lists details of all the government services and schemes. ¤ Multi channel, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance (UMANG) to access all government services over handheld devices. ¤ Adhaar number has enable to access digital signature service e-Sign. ¤ People can keep digital copies of their important documents over DigiLocker. ¤ e-Hostpital application to for enquiring about blood donation services, appointments for checkup diagnostics, registration and payment for fees of the service availed. ¤ Biometric Attendance System for government employees. ¤ Swachh Bharat Mission app tp promote cleanliness as a nationwide mission. ¤ Technology initiatives for black money eradication. ¤ e-Sampark application to promote communication in regional language. ¤ Job growth though BPOs. ¤ Pradhanmantri Digital Saksharta Abhiyan to make rural households digitally literate. 64
Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is the difference between a blog and a standard web site? 2. How a Facebook post different from a Tweet? 3. Describe the features of Twitter and Whatsapp. 4. Go to a blogging website and create a simple blog telling about yourself. 5. List salient features of FaceBook and Youtube. 6. What do you mean by a Youtube channel? 7. What is Digital India campaign? List its 4 main intiatives. 8. Go to www.mygov.in and find out various schemes launched by government. 9. How Whatsapp is different from Twitter? Describe briefly. Assessment 1. In what ways do we deal with information. Explain very briefly. 2. Explain any 2 roles of ICT in our personal daily life. 3. In which 2 industrial or business areas ICT is playing an important role and how? 4. Why is keyboard called standard input device? 5. What is swift triple mouse click? 6. How do ALU and CU aid in data processing by computer? 7. List any 2 main functions of CPU. 8. Why ROM and RAM called primary memory? 9. How is ROM differemt from RAM? 10. Why printer is called a peripheral device while not the keyboard? 11. Explain any 2 srtorage devices. 12. Explain the optical disks briefly. 13. What is the basic difference between a printer and a plotter? 14. What is operating system? List any 2 functions of operating system. 15. Describe any 4 types of operating system. 16. How is application software different from an operating system? 17. Why operating system needs to be loaded first in computer's memory when it is switched on? 18. List any 4 parts of a GUI. 19. What do you see on a desktop generally? 20. What is the role of folders? 21. Describe the use of taskbar in Windows. 22. List the advantages of email over traditional mail. 65
23. What is the structure of an email address? Give an example. 24. How will you forward an email along with an attachment? 25. What is a blog? 26. How is facebook a popular social media platform? 27. In what manner can you interact with people on Facebook/ 28. What is tweeting and re-tweeting? What do you mean by #savetreescampaign 29. Explain Youtube channel and its advantage. 30. How is Whatsapp different from Twitter? 31. What are various Digital India initiatives taken by Indian government? 32. How Digital India campaign will help in rural digital literacy and how will it help in serving masses in a better way? Give your general idea citing some examples. 33. How operating systems performs data and storage management? 34. How can you say that operating system functions as an interface between the user and computer system? 35. Briefly describe the basic components of Windows GUI like Desktop, Start menu, icons and taskbar. 36. How will you move a file in drive D to drive F. 37. Write the steps to copy a file on A CD Drive inserted in Drive F to a folder named Reports on drive D. 38. You are on the desktop. (No window is opened). From here, write the steps to go to D drive and create a folder in it. 39. You have 100 files in a folder. You need to delete only first, fifth, twentieth and ninetieth file. How will you do this? 40. You have 100 files in a folder. You need to delete first 30 files. How will you do this? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. We can ______________ information. a. Access and create b. Share c. Store d. All of these 2. Which of the following is a tool to store and manage information? a. disks b. audio c. Both a) and b) d. video 66
3. Which of the following is not a means of online communication? a. Chat b. Video conferencing c. Email d. All of these 4. RTI stands for ___________________________________. a. Right Time Information b. Real Time Internet c. Right to Information d. Right to Internet 5. A swift ________ click with mouse selects the whole paragraph. a. Single click b. Double click c. Right click d. Triple click 6. Controlling the sequence of operations in a computer is done by: a. CU b. CPU c. ALU d. ROM 7. Which part of primary memory stores the data permanently? a. Hard disk b. RAM c. ROM d. CD-ROM 8. Find the odd one out: a. CD-RW b. Hard disk c. Pen drive d. External hard disk 9. Which of the following is false about secondary memory? a. It stores huge amount of data. b. Computer uses it to complete its tasks. c. It is non-volatile d. It can be external to computer system also 10. Find the odd one out: a. Inkjet printer b. Plotter c. Scanner d. Laser printer 67
11. Which of the following is false about secondary memory? a. It stores huge amount of data. b. Computer uses it to complete its tasks. c. It is non-volatile d. It can be external to computer system also 12. Find the odd one out: a. Inkjet printer b. Plotter c. Scanner d. Laser printer 13. When computer is switched on, the instructions in the _____ are executed first. a. Hard disk b. ROM c. RAM d. Any of these 14. Operating loads very _________ when a computer is switched on. a. fast b. slow c. first d. last 15. Find the odd one out: a. Linux b. MS Office c. Corel Draw d. MS Paint 16. User can double click on the _________ to open the program associated with it. a. Menu option b. Start menu c. Icon d. Wallpaper 17. Start button in Windows helps in __________________. a. Restarting a computer. b. Shutting down a computer c. Both a) and b) d. None of these 18. An operating system manages: a. Hardware b. Software c. Data d. All of these 68
19. Backing up the files on a computer comes under: a. Software management b. Data management c. Memory management d. All of these 20. If computer needs any additional input, it shows a/an _______________. a. Dialog box b. Menu c. Window d. Error 21. MS Paint is a/an ____________________. a. Windows accessory b. Simple drawing program c. Both a) and b) d. Only b 22. Files deleted from _______________ are not restored. a. Hard disk b. RAM c. ROM d. Recycle Bin 23. / button on the Calculator performs ________________. a. Comparison of two numbers b. Division of two numbers c. Scientific calculation d. Subtraction 24. Right side pane of Windows Explorer or File Explorer is to see the __________. a. Folders and drives b. Contents of the drive or folder selected in left pane. c. Software d. Programs 25. Find the odd one out: a. .exe b. .jpg c. .pdf d. rep 26. Which of the following is false for a folder: a. It can store other folders b. It can store files c. It cannot be renamed d. Deleting it will delete all its content. 69
27. Find the odd one out: a. Computer (or This PC) b. Recycle Bin c. Calculator d. Windows Explorer (or File Explorer) 28. Find the odd one out: a. Recycle Bin b. MS Paint c. Calculator d. Wordpad 29. To rename a file or folder, press ______ key. a. F1 b. F2 c. Shift d. Ctrl 30. Which of the following parts of Taskbar shows system time? a. Quick launch bar b. Middle section c. System tray d. Clock 31. ____________ shows the list of programs installed on the computer. a. Start menu b. Desktop c. Taskbar d. Shortcut menu 32. Find the odd one out: a. Windows b. Linux c. Android d. MacOS 33. All the components of GUI appear on the ______________. a. Start menu b. Dialog box c. Wallpaper d. Desktop 34. ______________ perform variety of tasks in various fields. a. Application software b. Operating Systems c. GUI d. Accessories 70
35. Internet is also called ________________________. a. Network of networks b. Intranet c. Internet of networks d. All of these 36. [email protected] is an example of a/an________________. a. Web site b. URL c. Email address d. Hyperlink 37. Blogs are in the form of simple _________________. a. Web sites b. Report c. File d. Email message 38. #LearnMore is an example of a _________________. a. Hashtag b. Hyperlink c. URL d. Email address 39. @info_mycompany.com is an example of a _________________. a. Hashtag b. Hyperlink c. Twitter handle d. Email address 40. Double tick marks turning blue in Whatsapp means that ______________. a. Message has been delivered. b. Message has been read. c. Message has been blocked. d. Message has been deleted. 41. Youtube is owned by __________________. a. No one b. Google c. Facebook d. Internet 42. Sharing someone’s tweet on Twitter is called _________________. a. Crosstweet b. Retweet c. Uptweet d. Downtweet 71
Unit Entrepreneurial Skills- I 4 Session-1 Types of Businesses and Business Activities In today’s world of stiff competition in career opportunities, there is a very viable option of growth for educated and trained individuals - self employment. Self employment opens the doors of opportunities for personal and professional growth as well as it provides chances ofr improving employment and contribution to economy. But being self employed demands a great deal of preparation in terms of getting suitable educated and trained in the field of interest. Various Forms of Business Ownership Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship business is owned by only one person. It is suitable for small businesses and least costly among all forms of ownership. The liabilities of entire business are faced by the owner. Creditors can claim over personal assets of the owner if business suffers losses. Creditors are the people who provide resources like finance, raw material to the business on credit. Partnership A partnership is a business owned by two or more persons. The profits or losses are divided among the partners as per the agreed terms while initiating the business. The liabilities of the business are bourne by all the partners. In limited partnerships, creditors cannot claim for the personal assets of the limited partners in case business suffers heavy losses. Corporation A corporation is a business organization that has a separate legal personality from its owners. Ownership in a stock corporation is represented by shares of stock. The owners (stockholders) enjoy limited liability but have limited involvement in the company's operations. The board of directors, an elected group from the stockholders, controls the activities of the corporation. Limited Liability Company Limited liability companies (LLCs) have characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership. An LLC is not considered a corporation but the owners enjoy limited liability like in a corporation. An LLC can decide how it will be taxed as a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation. Cooperative A cooperative is a business organization owned by a group of individuals and is operated for their mutual benefit. The persons making up the group are called members. Some examples of cooperatives are: water and electricity (utility) cooperatives, cooperative banking, credit unions, and housing cooperatives. 72
Types of Business There are three major types of businesses: Service Business A service type of business provides intangible products (products with no physical form). Service type firms offer professional skills, expertise, advice, and other similar products. Examples of service businesses are: salons, repair shops, schools, banks, accounting firms, and law firms. Merchandising Business This type of business buys products at wholesale price and sells the same at retail price. They are known as \"buy and sell\" businesses. They make profit by selling the products at prices higher than their purchase costs. A merchandising business sells a product without changing its form. Examples: grocery stores, convenience stores, distributors, and other resellers. Manufacturing Business Unlike a merchandising business, a manufacturing business buys products with the intention of using them as materials in making a new product. Thus, there is a transformation of the products purchased. A manufacturing business combines raw materials, labor, and factory overhead in its production process. The manufactured goods will then be sold to customers. Hybrid Business Hybrid businesses are companies that may be classified in more than one type of business. A restaurant, for example, combines ingredients in making a fine meal (manufacturing), sells a cold bottle of wine (merchandising), and fills customer orders (service). Nonetheless, these companies may be classified according to their major business interest. In that case, restaurants are more of the service type – they provide dining services. Business Activities A business is run successfully and managed through a variety of activities executed in collaborative fashion. Following are some major activities that make a business a functional unit: Human Resources Even in well-ordered businesses, a number of human resource tasks need attention. If you lack a dedicated HR person in your business, that leaves employee acquisition in your hands or those of of your managers. You must conduct interviews, hire applicants and determine what benefit packages, if any, your company will offer. You will also need to address any interpersonal conflicts that crop up in the normal course of business. Customer Service No matter what product or service your business provides, good businesses live and die on customer service. Customer service helps to secure new clients and promotes referrals from your existing clients. Customer-service departments, unlike front-line staff, provide existing customers with a direct contact that offers solutions to issues with bills, faulty products or shipping errors. In smaller businesses, you and your management team may provide these services personally. 73
Accounting In essence, accounting boils down to tracking the money you take in and the money you spend. For businesses that deal in a small number of transactions per week or month, periodic data entry may be sufficient. Retail businesses with a high number of transactions typically call for daily accounting. Keeping up to date on expenditures and income allows you to see where you make the most and where your business loses money. Budgets and Finance As a part of managing your finances, implementing a budget can help you keep costs down. For smaller businesses, budgets may consist of little more than a monthly allotment to cover overhead, insurance and payroll. In larger businesses, where multiple departments may engage in long-term projects, you may need to set out fairly complicated allotment on an annual basis. Your budget should include expected revenue and costs that you update monthly or more often, based on any new information. Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. Sales Sales are the heart of all businesses. Depending on the industry you work in, sales may hinge on a dedicated sales team that develops prospects into clients, performs demonstrations and maintains contact with your existing client base. In some cases, you may fill the role of primary salesperson for your business by dealing with new client acquisition. As with the other aspects of business, this is best handled by scheduling an allotted amount of time each day or week to specifically handle sales-oriented tasks. Marketing Very few businesses can survive without marketing. A good marketing plan should seek to maximize exposure of your business to the target market. This may mean mass marketing via television commercials or specifically targeting clients via trade magazines. You should review your marketing efforts regularly to see which elements produce the best results. Research and Development Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation. Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product. Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. Manufacturing and Production Assembling, synthesizing, developing or manufacturing product is core part of a business. It could be a tangible product manufactured through a well-defined process like cars, house, any appliance etc. or a service planned and designed to cater to the customers like education, training, electronic content, customer care, maintenance services etc. 74
Activity Perform group discussions on the following topics in the classroom: 1. It is important to consider the nature and size of business in deciding its ownership. 2. A manufacturing business is difficult to manage as compared to merchandising. 3. How does a service business differ from manufacturing business? 4. Sales and marketing drive the business forward or backward depending on their performance. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between corporation and cooperative? 2. List any 4 essential business activities. 3. Describe any 3 business activities necessary to run the business briefly. Session-2 Entrepreneurship: Meaning and Characteristics Entrepreneurship means creating a business and gradually scaling it to generate a profit. An entrepreneur who sets up a the business this way. Entrepreneurs are some of the world's most powerful transformers. Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs are entrepreneurs who imagine the world differently. Entrepreneurs see possibilities and solutions where the average person only sees challenges and problems. Entrepreneurs create jobs: Entrepreneurs, create opportunities for jobs. They take risks of self employment. As their business grows, opportunities for more jobs are created. This greatly contributes to the eradication of unemployment problem in the nation. Entrepreneurs create change: Entrepreneurs always look for the ideas to transform the world around us. They look at the problems with different perspective and come up with revolutionary ideas which triggers remarkable positive changes in the society and in the lives of people. They explore new vistas to do better and in innovative ways to create products and services which address some burning problem. Entrepreneurs give to society: Entrepreneurs often do more for the greater good than the average person. They make honest money with great struggle and pay for taxes and public services thereby contributing and returning to the economy. Many of them take green initiatives for environment and contribute to the charities for social causes. Process of Entrepreneurship Development Entrepreneurship development involves various means, programs and processes of enhancing the skills and awareness level of the entrepreneurs. This is achieved by deploying various methods like traditional training programs focusing on the means to develop and add to entrepreneurial acumen. The process of entrepreneurship development aids the entrepreneurs to develop their skills by applying the what they learn in the training for improved business activities. Let us have a look at various steps involved in Entrepreneurship development process. 75
Setting up Concrete Objectives of the Development Program: Before you get into training the prospective entrepreneurs, it is very important to have a clear objective and plan in mind about what the program is going to encompass. Without a proper plan and direction, the training would not yield the desired results. This would lead to a loss of time, money, effort and most of all, valuable potential. Identifying and nominating valid and genuine candidates: It is important to select the potential targets who are willing to enhance their skills and who can be identified as the people who have some amount of business acumen. Candidates can be educated or uneducated. Educated candidates would show greater motivation while uneducated ones may emerge as potential entrepreneurs. Given the right training and support they can be better future entrepreneurs. Program Designs Focus on Local Talents and Markets: The process of entrepreneurship development program can be seen as most effective and efficient when it is applied in the local markets and on the local entrepreneurs who know about it. These people understand and absorb the knowledge way more quickly and can apply it in the current scenario because of which the results of the program can be seen more quickly and effectively. Choosing the Right Location: Development programs should not be launched only where support institutions and resources are available, but also in the areas where most people are interested and willing to take advantages of the development programs. This will ensure effective use of opportunity and impact of the program would be optimum. Development Program should Meet the Requirements: People and their skill sets are different and develop over time. Thus, it is very important to keep developing the programs to suit the needs of the people enrolled in it. Moreover, the focus must be on harnessing their strengths and working to minimize their weaknesses. Program Impact Analysis for Future Programs: This final step is very much necessary in entire development program for entrepreneurship. After the program is completed, its impact and effectiveness should be analyzed through proper feedbacks and surveys. This is necessary to ensure that in future more effective programs can be developed. For this one has to minimize the shortcomings of the existing program. Characteristics of Entrepreneurship Economic and dynamic activity Entire entrepreneurship approach is focused on economic activities since all the activities are centrally focused on creation of wealth and value for organisation. All operations are planned in such a way that ensures optimum utilisation of all available resources. Since entire system works on the foundation of uncertainty and adapting to constant challenges, entrepreneurship is regarded as a dynamic force. Continuous innovations Entrepreneurship, in its core, has the process of looking for new, viable ideas. Working environment of an entrepreneur entity encourages regular reviews and analyses of the processes and their outcomes. Such constant evaluations lead to the birth of innovative ideas and improvements in the existing modes of business operations. 76
Opportunities and potential for growth an profits Due to constant innovations and improvements in the process, accepting more challenges and delivering in better ways and dynamically learning with the ongoing process and outcomes, entrepreneurial entity has more potential for further growth and return on investments as compared to traditional businesses. Taking and tolerating risks Being ready to take risks and looking at them potential opportunities in the guise of challenges is the essence of entrepreneurship. Willingness to tolerate the problems posed by risks, finding the ways to overcome them with new ideas and implement the learning in the growth of the business is the basic strategy of every entrepreneurial entity. An entrepreneur is always poised and patient in working on the ideas and in waiting for the expected results of the efforts. He/ she is always enthusiastic yet careful in the time gap between the conception and implementation of his/ her idea and the results of it. This is where an entrepreneur anticipates and bears risk. This is the key to success. Activity Class Room Presentation Identify a renowned entrepreneur like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs or Elon Musk and prepare a 10 minutes talk on the following: ¤ His/ Her brief life story. ¤ Challenges faced by him/ her. ¤ Inspiration drawn. Group Discussion on: An entrepreneur has the power to change the world. Role of Entrepreneurship Mobilisation of public wealth: By establishing the business entity, entrepreneurs invest their own resources and arrange for capital and investments. The source of funding may be investors, lenders and the public. This mobilizes public wealth and benefits people as well as all stakeholders in the form of the success of the growing business. This kind of contribution of funds from different sources makes the foundation on which the business entity is erected. Creation of employment opportunities: By their nature and motivation entrepreneurs are job creators rather than being to job seekers. When someone decides to become self employed, he/ she is no more a job seeker in the economy, he/ she provides employment to multiple other job seekers. This kind of job creation by new businesses is very rewarding for nation’s economy as it addresses problem of unemployment up to some extent. Contribution to Industrial Development: Entrepreneurs setting up new businesses and industrial units help with regional development by locating in less developed and backward areas. The growth of industries and business in these areas leads to infrastructure improvements like better roads and rail links, airports, stable electricity and water supply, schools, hospitals, shopping malls and other public and private services that would not otherwise be available. Contribution in economical growth: India's MSME sector, accounts for over 35% of the country's GDP by making use of resources like land, labor and capital that add to the national income, national product and per capita income of the country. Enhancing living standard of people: Entrepreneurs play a key role in increasing the standard of living in a community. They create jobs and also develop and adopt innovations leading to improved quality of life of their employees, customers, and other stakeholders in the community. 77
Community Growth: Economic development doesn't always translate into community development. Community development requires infrastructure for education and training, healthcare, and other public services. For example, you need highly educated and skilled workers in a community to attract new businesses. If there are educational institutions, technical training schools and internship opportunities, that will help build the pool of educated and skilled workers. A good example of how this kind of community development can be promoted is Azim Hashim Premji, Chairman of Wipro Limited, who donated Rs. 27,514 crores for promoting education through the Azim Premji Foundation. So, there is a very important role for entrepreneurs to spark economic development by starting new businesses, creating jobs, and contributing to improvement in various key goals such as GDP, exports, standard of living, skills development and community development. Activity Group Discussions In a group of 4 students each, discuss on all or any of the following and reach to a conclusion. [Note: A brief study through online resources and school library may be required for preparation] ¤ Characteristics of an entrepreneur. ¤ Basic difference between a traditional business and entrepreneurial entity. ¤ Why entrepreneurial development programs are needed in India? Rewards of Entrepreneurship Growth opportunities: The approach of risk-reward opens new doors of growth in the form of opportunities and new, mutually beneficial business relations with other similar or diverse entities. Independence and greater control: Despite responsibilities there is greater independence since entrepreneurship invites abilities to work independently yet in coordination with flexible decision making system. Engaging work ethics: More democratic teams, like-minded team mates, excitement of rewards after hard work and risks promote better work ethics. Other rewards: ¤ You are the captain of your business with full independence. ¤ Flexible schedules and processes. ¤ Do what you believe. ¤ Lead enthusiastic teams ¤ Stay creative and productive. ¤ Recognition and fame. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. How entrepreneurs positively contribute to society? 2. How is an entrepreneur different from businessman? 3. List the steps of entrepreneurship development program. 4. List main characteristics of entrepreneurship. 5. Write a short note explaining rewards of entrepreneurship. 78
Assessment 1. List the various forms of business ownership. 2. How sole proprietership is different from Corporation? 3. What do you mean by LLC? 4. How cooperative is different from corporation? 5. How is manufacturing different from Merchandising? 6. What do you mean by hybrid business type? 7. Describe any two business activities. 8. What do you mean by human resource? 9. How customer service is important for business? 10. What do you mean by sales and marketing? 11. What do you mean by a service and a product. Explain with an example. 12. Why entrepreneurship development program required? 13. How do entrpreneurs aid in promoting nation's economy? 14. List the features of an entrepreneurship development program. 15. Describe any 4 charatceristics of entrepreneurship. 16. How entrepreneurs benefit from taking risks in business? 17. Discuss the roles of entrepreneurship in brief. 18. List any 6 rewards of entrepreneurship. 19. How do entrepreneurs contribute to industrial and social development? 20. How can you say that entrepreneurs are innovative and independent? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. Which of the following business types has characteristics of corporation and partnership? a. Sole proprietorship b. LLC c. Cooperative d. None of these 2. Which type of business buys products at wholesale price and sells them in retail? a. Service b. Manufacturing c. Merchandise d. Hybrid 3. ____________ is the field that deals with the study of investments. a. Accounting b. Budgeting c. Sales d. Marketing 4. Which statement relates to entrepreneurs creating changes? a. They imaging the world differently. b. They come up with revolutionary ideas to solve problems. c. Both a) and b) d. They do more for the society than average person. 79
5. “Looking for opportunities in the guise of challenges” - refers to which characteristic of entrepreneurship? a. Economic and dynamic entity b. Taking risks c. Potential for growth d. Continuous innovations 6. In entrepreneurship development what is kept in consideration? a. Concrete objectives b. Local market c. Right location d. All of these 7. Which of the following roles of entrepreneurship contributes to the GDP of the country? a. Contribution in economical growth b. Contribution in public wealth c. Contribution in industrial development d. All of these 8. Community development requires infrastructure for: a. Education b. Healthcare c. Homes d. All of these 9. Which of the following is not a reward of entrepreneurship? a. Flexible schedule b. Do whatever you like c. Stay creative d. Recognition and fame 10. “Creating a business and gradually developing it to generate a profit” refers to ____________. a. Social development b. Marketing c. Entrepreneurship d. Research and development 11. A fresher joining a company is called its ___________________. a. Share holder b. Entrepreneur c. Liability d. Human resource 12. Which of the following promotes better work ethics? a. Like-minded team mates b. Excitement of reward for hard work c. Democratic teams d. All of these 80
Unit 5 Green Skills- I Session-1 Environment, Natural Resources and Conservation In its most literal sense, 'environment' simply means 'surroundings' (environs); hence the environment of an individual, object, element or system includes all of the other entities with which it is surrounded. However, in reality, individuals, objects, elements and systems rarely exist in isolation; instead, they tend to interact to varying extents with their surrounding entities. Therefore, it is not particularly helpful to conceptualise the 'environment' without including in that conceptualisation some notion of relationship. Individuals, objects, elements and systems influence - and are in turn influenced by - their surroundings. Natural Environment Our environment is everything that surrounds us- from the trees, mountains, roads, buildings, things and even people. It is a combination of both natural and human-made elements. These elements are divided into two types: Biotic and Abiotic. Biotic elements are all the living organisms. Abiotic elements include all the non-living things. Land, air, water, plants and animals all comprise the natural environment. Let us learn about the different domains of the natural environment. These are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere The lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thin layer of soil. The lithosphere is an irregular surface with mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, landforms, etc. It is the domain that provides us with forests, grasslands for grazing, land for agriculture and housing. It is also a source of minerals. The hydrosphere is the domain of water. It comprises of the various sources of water and different types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, estuaries, etc. It is essential for all living organisms. The atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth. It is held by the gravitational force of the earth. The Atmosphere protects us from the harmful UV rays from the sun by blocking them out. It contains a number of gases like oxygen, which is essential for life, dust and water vapour. Changes in atmosphere bring changes in weather and climate. The biosphere includes all life. It is the zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life. Ecosystem Community of living and non-living organisms living interdependently with each other is called ecosystem. like, Forest, Pond etc. An ecosystem is a dynamic entity with constant interactions occurring among the organisms and with the surroundings. Plants release oxygen after photosynthesis and absorb carbon dioxide released by animals. Animals die and degenerate into fertile organic matter useful for plants. In a garden various plants, insects like bees and butterflies, microorganisms in soil and air together constitute the ecosystem of the garden. 81
In a river, members of ecosystem are fish, aquatic plants, insects, insect eating birds, amphibians like frog, microorganisms of soil and water etc. Relationship Between Society and Environment Man had been very closer to the environment ages ago. Man was living in much compliance to the command of the nature. Nature was man’s haven. As man advanced in knowledge and technology, this relationship was severed with a gap between the two. As various phenomenon of environment like weather, different terrains etc. influence our life, our actions too put a great impact on the environment. With the advancement of technology, industrialisation and ambitious advancements in the direction of development of luxury and comfort the exploitation of the environment began. Gradually, it turned into rampant over exploitation of natural resources thereby leading to the following disastrous effects: ¤ Rapid endangerment of rare animals and plants species due to extensive poaching. ¤ Greater demand for precious animal parts and ornamental goods made from them. ¤ Erosion of soil and deterioration of soil fertility. ¤ Water pollution due to fertilisers, pesticides, domestic and industrial waste. ¤ Air pollution due to toxic industrial emission and fuel combustion. ¤ Deforestation, floods, forest fires, volcanic eruptions, drought, global warming, radioactive wastes and ozone depletion. ¤ Drastic negative effect on human health especially child health. Deforestation Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Trees are cut down (deforestation) for many reasons including ¤ To be used, sold or exported as timber, wood or fuel (charcoal). This is called logging. ¤ To be used for farming purposes (grazing fields for livestock, or large-scale farming activities). ¤ To make room for human settlement and urbanization (these include making space for shelter, industries, and roads). ¤ To make room for mining. Pollution The contamination of the surrounding environment by the addition of foreign/unwanted substances is known as pollution and anything which makes the surrounding environment unhealthy/unfit for the living is known as the pollution. 82
Air Pollution The contamination of air thus making it unfit for breathing is known as Air Pollution. It is measured in terms of the particulate matter concentration present in the air i.e. PM2.5 AND PM10, which means particles smaller than 2.5 and 10 micrometers, respectively, which must be less than the WHO recommendation for the healthy consumption. Smoke from vehicles, chimneys, industries, burning of wood, plastic, coal, natural gas etc which causes the release of harmful toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides etc in the environment. Effects: Air Pollution is posing a serious threat to both flora and fauna. Air pollution is believed to end lives of over 20 lakh people every year. Incurable respiratory diseases among animals, aorist rainfall, acid rain, global warming, depletion of ozone layer, the rise in temperature, withering of plants, drought-like conditions, the grimy appearance of buildings etc. are only because of air pollution. If you have observed the haze in summers and smog in winters then you can better understand what really air pollution is leading to and if the rate at which pollution is increasing right now continues then soon quality air for breathing will cease to exist and the whole ecosystem will be disturbed. Solution: The industries should be set up far from residential areas and proper filters should be used to check out toxic emissions from the industries. Deforestation should be stopped and afforestation should be promoted. Power Plants emissions should be controlled. Migrating towards cleaner sources of energy like solar and wind energy. Water Pollution Contamination of water bodies thus making it unfit for consumption/use is known as water pollution. It is majorly caused due to the discharge of harmful chemical waste by industries directly into the water bodies. Improper sanitation, spraying insecticides and pesticides on crops, bathing and washing clothes near rivers or ponds i.e. eutrophication etc also add to the water pollution causing a rise in water pollution. Effects: Sooner or later, if the misuse of water is not stopped then pure drinking water won’t be available of consumption. Right now as well, just because of pollution and misuse of resources water table has already depleted from its normal level and the water which is available is again in impure from which can cause serious diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, retarded growth and stomach/peptic ulcers etc. Solution: The domestic and sewage water should be recycled by correctly mixing it with soil which increases the fertility of the soil. The industrial toxic waste, on the other hand, should not be disposed of directly in the water bodies at all. Alternative disposable techniques should be developed or should be disposed of after proper treatment. The use of pesticides and insecticides should be minimized. Global Warming and Green House Effect Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants (Chloro Fluoro Carbons) and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space—but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse effect. 83
Ozone later depletion is done by CFCs. Extreme heat waves have caused tens of thousands of deaths around the world in recent years. And in an alarming sign of events to come, Antarctica has been losing about 134 billion metric tons of ice. Melting glaciers and severe droughts cause water shortages and increase the risk of wildfires. Rising sea levels will lead to flooding in coastal areas. Kerala is recent example. Forests, farms, and cities face heat waves, heavy downpours and floods. All these damage and destroy agriculture and fisheries. Diseases like allergies, asthma and infections outbreaks are becoming more common. Endangered Species and Habitat Humans are largely responsible when animals become extinct, endangered or threatened. Humans destroy precious habitat--the natural environment of a living thing--when they fill swamps and marshes, dam rivers and cut down trees to build homes, roads and other developments. Oil spills, acid rain and water pollution have been devastating for many species of fish and birds. Humans have over hunted and over harvested species, leading to their endangerment, and often, extinction. Habitat loss due to forest fires, deforestation, pollution, over killing and poaching has lead to the extinction of rare animal species. Some endangered species are: giant panda, tiger, whooping crane, blue whale, Asian elephant, sea otter, snow leopard, gorilla and many more. Radioactive Waste and E-Waste Radioactive waste is nuclear fuel that is produced after being used inside of a nuclear reactor. It is the radioactive material and is very dangerous to anyone. This is very dangerous and remains this way for not just a few years but for thousands of years. It must be handled in the right manner so not to cause a ton of devastation in the world. industries like mining, defense, medicine, scientific research, nuclear power generation which produce by-products that include radioactive waste. Electronic wastes included discarded electronic devices like old cell phones, computers, batteries etc. They degenerate very slow and are hazardous. Waste recycling, renewable energy sources, stringent laws for the safe use of nuclear energy are some means to control this menace. Adequate treatment, conditioning, storage and disposal of waste is very much required to be taken as serious initiative. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. Define the terms environment and ecosystem. 2. How does pollution affect environment? 3. What are the ill effects of deforestation and global warming? 4. How can we prevent ill effect of man’s actions on environment? 84
Activity Debate: Prepare a 3 min. writeup for or against the following topic & present in the class: 1. Man is more of a natural enemy than being a natural resource himself. Group Discussion: 1. Effect of pollution and deforestation on various species of plants and animals. 2. E-Waste policy of India. Session-2 Green Economy Human greed, heavy industrialisation, rampant over exploitation of natural resources has brought the humans and environment to the brink of destruction. As economies struggle to recover, many are taking a closer look at the broad concept of a \"Green Economy,\" one that simultaneously promotes sustainability and economic growth. A Green Economy is looked upon as an alternative vision for growth and development. It can generate growth and improvements in the life of people and sustain development. Green Economy can promote safer economic, environmental and social well-being. The prevailing poverty and environmental degradation can be attributed to market and institutional failures that render the functioning economic model less effective instead of being advancing. Importance of Green Economy Green economy addresses low carbon emissions, efficient use of resources, and social benefits. Better and steady growth in income, proper employment opportunities and related activities need to be more public oriented promoting private investments to reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy efficiency, and prevent the damage to biodiversity and ecosystem. Green economy could be a challenging goal in achieving all this. While the concern of the developed countries is how to reduce environmental risks and keep the economy green, the concern of the developing nations is how growth can be promoted without degrading the natural resource base. The clean energy sector has the potential to achieve objectives of the green economy. Clean energy’s long- term benefits—improved energy security and environmental and public health — have greater scope to implement green initiatives. An inclusive green economy improves social well-being, equity and reduces environmental risks. It is a viable alternative to today's dominant economic structures, which encourages waste, cause resource scarcities, and which are threats to the environment. The concept of the green economy is emerging as a priority for government. By altering the nature of economy into driver of sustainable development, nation can take on the challenge of urbanization and resource scarcity. Activity Group Discussion What can we do personally to promote green initiatives in our school and in neighbourhood? Do a research on the following topic and present the findings in the classroom: Green intiatives by Indian Government. Achieving Green Economy Green economy initiatives are imperative in the prevalent conditions of man-environment relationships. Though a challenging task, it is becoming imperative to take tangible steps towards 85
having a green economy policy. Certain general steps that can be taken to achieve this daunting goal are discussed here: Political commitment Political parties and strategy devising government bodies should commit to the green growth path for economy. This could include better research and development, resorting to innovative renewable technologies in industry. We can learn from Finland, Netherlands & South Korea how they have innovated in technology and renewable energies. Legal and regulatory framework Policies need to include a binding and enforceable framework for green regulatory systems to prevent climate change challenges. Laws must be enforced with heavy hand to eliminate the damages to environment. Countries like Denmark is an example that demonstrates that wise planning can generate income and economic growth without adding environmental pressures. Green Policies Policy makers should put proper mechanisms in place to prevent natural resource use and abuse. Secondly, government bodies need to reevaluate subsidy provisions and promote funding for entrepreneurs that provide innovative solutions to energy issues. Government need to promote and support private green investment, R&D support and increase the efficiencies of existing systems. Technology viability Use public funds to support renewable technology for geopolitical and climatic conditions. Government funding for resource-gap assessments. Finding solutions for resource-gaps. Institutional setup Institutional adjustments are required which will adopt and adapt to innovative solutions and attract new investments for solar energy, biogas, windmills etc. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. What do you mean by green economy? Explain briefly. 2. Describe the importance of green economy in the modern world in brief. 3. Listr the steps we can deploy to achieve green economy. 4. How green policies and political commitments achieve green economy? Assessment 1. What do you mean by environment? 2. Which compnents is our envirnoment made of? 3. What is Ecosystem? 4. Give an example of an ecosystem and briefly explain it. 5. List any 5 disastrous effects on environment caused by human activities. 6. What do you mean by defirestation? What are its causes and effects? 86
7. What are the effects of air pollution and possible solutions? 8. What are the effects of water pollution and possible solutions? 9. What is global warming? 10. How have human activities endangered animal species? 11. Name a few endangered species. 12. How is radioactive waste and Electronic waste dangerous for environment? 13. What do you understand by the concept of green economy? 14. Which problems does green economy address? 15. Explain briefly how we can achieve green economy? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. Living organisms belong to _____________ element of environment. a. Biotic b. Abiotic 2. Land, air and water belong to _____________ element of environment. a. Biotic b. Abiotic 3. ________________ saves us from harmful UV rays. a. Lithosphere b. Atmosphere c. Hydrosphere d. Biosphere 4. Which of the following is an example of ecosystem? a. Forest b. Orchard c. Pond d. All of these 5. Endangered species of animals and plants are due to: a. Rapid industrialisation b. Extensive poaching c. Deforestation d. All of these 6. Farming, logging and mining have lead to __________________. a. Deforestation b. Air pollution c. Over-population d. Unemployment 7. Size of particulate matter in air is measured in _____________. a. Macrometers b. Micrometers c. Millimeters d. PM 8. Global warming is associated with which of the following gases? a. Carbon dioxide b. CFC c. Both a) and b) d. Nitrogen 9. Ozone layer depletion leads to: a. Melting of glaciers b. Skin diseases c. Both )a and b) d. Floods 10. Which of the following is hazardous waste? a. sewage water b. Electronic waste c. CFC d. Acid rain Watch www.eduitspl.com le&arn www.youtube.com/edusoftknowledgeverse 87
PART B: SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS Unit Introduction to IT-ITeS Industry 1 Session-1 Introduction Today, Information and communication technology (ICT) is an indispensable part of the modern society. This is digital era, in which, we use mobile devices to perform most of our daily tasks. It is difficult to think of any routine task without the use of digital devices. Information Technology (IT) has been one of the world’s fastest growing economic activities, which facilitates faster transmission of information in various fields catering to our requirements. Based on IT is the Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS) sector which has not only changed our impression as technology people on the international front but has also contributed to our nation’s economy significantly. In this session, we shall explore the fundamentals of Information Technology (IT) and IT enabled Services (ITeS). Information Technology Information Technology (IT) encompasses 4 basic operations: 1. Creating information. 2. Managing information. 3. Storing information. 4. Exchanging information. IT includes all types of technology used to manage information, such as computer hardware technology and various software applications used to create, store and transfer information. Computers take data and instructions as input, process the data as per the instructions given and produce the meaningful results as output. This output is information.. Data refers to the facts or raw material, which are processed to get the information. Number of items sold, unsold and returned in a shop is factual data of the stock in that shop. We can draw various conclusions out of this data- set. This conclusion is information. Analysis of data and information make the basis for making decisions, plans and predictions for future. This helps in making further business strategies. 88 1
IT is an integral part of almost all modern businesses. Modern businesses run on computers, networks, communication technology and information systems are essential parts of every business today. Every business, large, medium or small, needs to invest in technology to compete. IT brings a variety of benefits to a business, like automating most business operations, enhancing the customer relations, developing a business a relationship with potential customers. This helps in reducing costs, improving efficiency, maximising profit, minimising waste, providing better service to customers, supporting better relationships with key partners, and allowing customers to better guide the business. Information Technology enabled Services (ITeS) Business services whose quality is improved by incorporating Information Technology in the business systems are called IT enabled Services (ITeS). ITeS is also called web-enabled services or remote services that cover the entire operations which exploit Information Technology for improving efficiency of an organisation. When business services are enabled, they provide a wide range of career options that include opportunities in all enterprises and companies. Such opportunities include call centres, payrolls, logistics management, revenue claims processing, medical billing, coding, medical transcription, legal databases, back office operations, content development, GIS (geographic information system), web services and HR services, etc. ITeS is defined as outsourcing of processes that can be enabled with information technology and covers diverse areas like finance, HR, administration, health care, telecommunication, manufacturing, etc. IT-enabled services reduce the costs and expenses radically and improve service standards by many degrees. In this process, Internet service provider plays a vital role in providing B2B e- commerce solutions. ITeS offers different services integrated in a single delivery mechanism to end users. The services may include: Medical Transcription, Customer Relationship Management, Data Entry and Data Processing, Software development, Data Warehousing, IT Help Desk Services, Enterprise Resource Planning and Telecommunication Services. BPO services Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services allow executing business operations through an external service provider who is not the part of the business system. BPO also comes under IT services as IT plays a very useful role in optimising the business performance. The BPO industry is highly organised and hence various kinds of jobs are outsourced in India. India has proven its expertise in last many years by reducing costs with firm control on the quality of the service. Some of the BPO services are as follows: 1. Financial & Accounting Services. 2. Taxation and Insurance Services. 3. E-Publishing and Web Promotion. 4. Legal Services and content Writing. 5. Multimedia & Design Services. 6. Document Management Services. 7. Software Testing Services. 8. Health Care Services. BPM industry in India The IT BPM (Business Process Management) industry has also been fueling India’s growth. In addition to contributing towards the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and exports, the 2 89
growth of the IT BPM industry has provided India with an entire range of various economic and social benefits such as creation of new employment, raised levels of incomes, promoting exports. It has brought India on the international horizon as one of the technologically advanced countries and knowledge-based economy. IT being the enabling factor, this sector attracts most of the largest investments by venture capitalist and has been credited for being an enabling factor for the entrepreneurial ventures of many in the country. The IT BPM industry has almost doubled in terms of revenue and contribution to India’s GDP over the last decade (2008–18). BPO Service Industry is doing exceptionally well in India because of the following advantages: 1. BPO service providers in India invest in hi-tech hardware and software to deliver the best of services. They follow quality checks to ensure error free and exceptional service. 2. Government of India is encouraging BPO Industry in India by providing necessary infrastructure and logistical support. 3. BPO Industry in India is highly developed and capable of delivering numerous types of BPO services in exceptional quality. Structure of the IT-BPM Industry The organisations within the IT-BPM industry are categorised along the following parameters: ¤ Sector which the organisation is serving. ¤ Type & range of offerings the organisation is providing. ¤ Geographic spread and size of operations. ¤ Revenues from the operations. Multinational Companies (MNCs): MNC organisations have their headquarters outside India but operate in multiple locations worldwide including those in India. They cater to external clients (both domestic and/or global). Indian Service Providers (ISP): ISPs are started with their operations in India. Most of these organisations have their headquarters in India while having offices at many international locations. While most have a client base, which is global as well as domestic, there are some that have focused on serving only the Indian clients. Global In-house Centers (GIC): GIC organisations cater to the needs of their parent company only and do not serve external clients. This model allows the organisation the option to keep IT Operations in-house and at the same time take advantage of expanding their global footprint and offering opportunities for innovation in a cost-effective manner. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. What is Information Technology? How does it help in enabling various business services. 2. What is BPO? List any of its 5 application areas. 3. How is BPO different from BPM? 90
Session-2 IT Applications In technologically developed nations, Information Technology has become an integral part of daily life. For people, computers are more of a tool that provide the desired information as and when needed. If we look around, we can observe the use of computer and Information Technology in various areas such as homes, workplaces, in the modern service industries and in many other aspects our life. Personally we use IT for entertainment or amusement like listening to music, watching videos, playing games, doing office work and assignments, video chatting and exchanging messages, managing daily plans, reading online books, paying utility bills, booking ticket for traveling, hotels, shows, conducting bank operations, etc. The various application areas are business, banking, insurance, education, marketing, health care, engineering design, military, communication, animation, research, agriculture and government. IT in home computing A personal computer (PC) or a laptop is used to work at home along with entertainment such as to do household accounts, play games, surf the web, use e- mail, create music, and pursue a range of other hobbies. They are also used to play games. It includes action games, role playing games, puzzles and many more. A PC with a CDROM drive, sound card, and speakers can play audio CD. A computer can be used from home to study a wide range of online training courses. Computers and digital devices are now used for online shopping and e-commerce. IT in everyday life In our daily life, we use air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens and many other appliances using software. We can store and manage all the information about our important tasks, appointments, schedules and list of contacts in a computer. Computer is, therefore, playing a vital role in our lives and we cannot imagine the world without computers. IT at workplace In offices, computers and software applications help in accomplishing a wide variety of tasks more effectively. In the industries, where attention to detail, speed, and efficiency are important, such as assembly-line, automation is an essential need and has become common. Web services and Office productivity applications form the basis of modern business. IT in library Nowadays, many libraries are computerised. Each book has a bar code associated with it. This makes it easier for the library to a keep track of library members, books and the availability of a specific book. Library management software is used to issue and return the book. Each book in the library has a magnetic strip attached to it that is deactivated before the book can be borrowed. 4 91
IT in education Computers and Information Technology are extensively used in education for teaching-learning and assessment. The software and hardware technology is used for creation and transmission of information in various forms including still pictures, audio, video and animation to the learners. The learning becomes easier and accessible through IT. A lot of teaching resources are available for teachers to teach in a better way. Online assessment helps to assess the students without any bias. The students, teachers and educational administrators and every stakeholder in the education sector has been benefitted by integration of IT in education. ICT in the classroom: There are many ways in which the ICT is used for education in the classroom, such as: 1. E-learning classrooms with digital learning content. 2. Smart-board presentations. 3. Videos on science experiments and places difficult to reach like marine life, physiology of the body, space etc. 4. Image and video processing (creation and editing). 5. Desktop publishing of magazines and other documents. 6. Educational games and activities. 7. Computer based learning through educational disks. 8. Information search and analysis on the Internet. Education — anywhere anytime: Any student in India can access the NCERT books online through the website www.epathshala.nic.in or mobile app. Apart from this there are a variety of websites and mobile apps to access educational resources on any topic. You can also contact a teacher/trainer via Internet to use WBT (Web-based Training). In this way education has reached the far flung areas by reaching the unreached. Teaching aids and media: ICT is used mostly as a teaching aid in schools to: 1. Use multimedia (pictures, animations, audio-visuals) to explain topics difficult to explain. 2. Make the lessons more engaging and interesting through interactive & animated presentations. 3. Organise lessons, lesson plans, worksheets etc. using the computer. 4. Collect and organise the information relevant to the subjects. Learning Management System (LMS): Learning Management Systems (LMS) are used by several institutions to train students and enterprises to train their man power. A trainees can register themselves on the official website to access LMS and can get many services from LMS. The student can be benefited by using LMS, as it can be used to: 1. Follow lessons anytime, anywhere and by using any device. 92
2. Submit queries seeking clarity on any topic, getting replies, submit comments through forums. 3. Take part in the co-curricular activities via video. 4. Monitoring the progress and academic performance (usually by parents through parent login). IT in entertainment Information Technology has had a major impact on the entertainment industry. Internet is a major source of entertainment. One can download and view movies, play games, chat, use multimedia, incorporate visual and sound effects using computers, etc. Digital broadcasting has changed the way we experience television, with more interactive programming and participation. The online video or movie watching is called binge watching. IT in communication Communication is used to convey messages and ideas, pictures, or speeches. A person who receives this must understand clearly and correctly. Modern communication makes use of computer system, handheld devices and communication network. We use computers for email, chatting, FTP, telnet and video conferencing. IT in business Computers are used in various business enterprises for various operations such as payroll calculations, preparing budgeting, sales analysis, financial forecasting, managing inventory and maintaining stocks. Transactions are done through the internet (e- commerce). IT facilitates marketing, customer visit, product browsing, shopping basket checkout, tax and shopping, receipt and process order. E-commerce offers services pertaining to processing inventory management, transactions, documentation, presentations, and gathering product information. Smart cards, such as credit cards and debit cards are used in shops. These cards have a metallic strip on which the user’s Personal Identification Number (PIN), and account number is stored and can be read when it is passed through a special reader. Airlines use large- scale computer applications for their reservations system, both in the airports and in central reservations call-centers. Other businesses that have large-scale computing requirements are insurance claims systems and online banking, which both have large numbers of users and operators interacting across a sophisticated system. IT in science and engineering Scientists and engineers use computers for performing complex scientific calculations, CAD/CAM applications are used for plotting, drawing, designing and for simulating and testing the designs. Mainframe computers are used for storing large amount of data, performing complex calculations and for visualising 3-dimensional objects. Super computers make use of complex scientific applications like rocket launching, space exploration, etc. IT in banking Modern banking systems run on computers. Every activity of bank is now online. The customer’s data and transactions are recorded by computers. Recurring deposits (e-RD), Fixed deposits (e-FD), money transfers (NEFT, RTGS), etc,. are done using Internet. Capital market transactions, financial analysis and related services are available in online platforms. Bank customers use Automated Teller Machines (ATM) for cash deposits and withdrawal, or to view current balance. 6 93
IT in insurance Insurance companies manage all the records of policies, customers and related transactions with the help of computer databases. Procedures for continuation of policies, starting date, date of next installment, maturity date, interest dues, survival benefits, and bonus are declared by using computer in insurance companies. Today we can choose from and purchase a variety of policies available online on concerned insurance company web sites.. IT in marketing In marketing, computers are used for creating advertisments of products. This is done by using arts and graphics applications which help create interesting advertisements of various products so that the goal of selling can be achieved. Using e-commerce websites, people can purchase items even sitting at home. Digital marketing analyses customer’s buying behaviour and targets the customers selectively for particular products. IT in health care ICT has revolutionalised the health sector great deal. Patient Management Sub-System is used to maintain and manage patients’ records. Hospital Management Module takes care if various activities pertaining to hospital administration. The computerised machines are used for ECG, EEG, Ultrasound and CT Scan. The variety of measuring instruments and surgical equipment are used to monitor patients’ conditions during complex surgery. Expert systems help in diagnosis. Health care manufacturing companies use computers to aid the production of diagnostic tools and instruments. Laboratory and dispensaries are equipped with advanced computerised machines. They are used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. Use of ICT in diagnosis With the advancement in computer hardware and software technology, various high-tech machines are used in the diagnosis and treatment of critical diseases. Using expert system, diseases can be diagnosed at the early stages and the patients can be given treatment accordingly. Some of these machines are: Computerised axial tomography Machine (CAT): CAT machine produces three-dimensional (3D) images of different parts of the body. These images are helpful in the diagnosis of diseases. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging Machine): MRI machines are used to produce the digital impression of internal organs of the body by using strong magnetic fields and radio waves. The digital images are very helpful in the detection and in deciding the treatment of diseases. ECG—Electrocardiogram Machine: The ECG machine is used to monitor the heartbeat. When the heart pumps blood to different parts of the body some electrical impulses are produced. This machine records the electrical impulses and shows it in the form of a graph. 94
Cardiac Screening Machine: This machine displays the physiology of the heart and it displays the movements inside the heart. Through this machine it is possible to diagnose problems of the heart, such as thinning of veins and then recommend treatment. EEG (Electroencephalography): This machine is used to record the activities of the brain. The small electrical probes attached to the head receive the electrical impulses of the brain and display them on a computer screen. This device can retrieve the data in both states where a patient is awake or asleep. Blood Sugar Testing Machine: This device analyses a sample of blood and determines the blood glucose level. Blood Pressure Measuring Machine: This device which is worn as a wrist band can measure the blood pressure of a person at rest or when he/she is involved in some physical activity. IT in the Government and Public Service The government makes use of advanced communication technology and large-scale computer applications in its daily operations thus encouraging G2C (Government to Customer) e- governance practices. Digital India and e-governance initiative of Government of India are best examples of this. Government and non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). In addition to this, International Government Agencies use ICT applications to communicate and provide various services to the people and is called as e-governance. There are various official web portals of the Government of India for e-governance. There are various advantages of e-governance. The Income tax department, sales tax department, preparations of voters list, preparation of PAN card makes use of the computer system. Many government services are available online. Electricity bills can now be paid online. The government uses electronic voting for elections, by replacing the traditional voting slip and ballot box. People can enroll themselves in the electoral roll through the State Election Commission portal. Computers are common-place in modern society, and tend to make previously laborious manual tasks of data entry much simpler and quicker. 95
IT in Publishing Computers have added a completely new chapter to the history of books and publishing. Without computers publication industry cannot think of its existence today. From the very initial stage of publishing till the release of the final product and its distribution, computers are involved. Be it a simple, single page newsletter or a detailed daily magazine, computers are used to design, draft, typeset, page layout, print, collate printed material, organize and distribute. All popular publications provide online access through their websites. The digital versions of newspapers can be subscribed to through the websites of the publications. They can also be accessed on mobile device through their mobile apps. All kinds of books have their digital versions for instant and anytime access. The marketing materials, books, or newspapers. Most of the publishers also have an electronic version of their magazines and newspapers. E-books have become widely prevalent. Universal Product Codes (UPC) and International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) have their digitized versions today which help identify online versions of the publications. Mobile Computing When the computing device can be carried along during the human–computer interaction then the process refers to mobile computing. Since 1990, the advent of wireless telephony and technology began a new era in digital communication. Mobile computing comprises 3 major components: ¤ Mobile Hardware or device: This is a hand held, light weight device, ergonomically designed to be operated while holding it in palm and on move. Mobile phones and palm tablets and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) are the common examples. ¤ Mobile Software: Mobile phone operating system and various mobile applications popularly known as “Apps” include mobile software family. Mobile apps are available for download from a common repository. Once downloaded, the mobile operating system installs them in mobile device. Mobile applications are designed to make efficient and optimum use of compact hardware system, limited battery life and limited memory of the device. ¤ Mobile Communication Infrastructure: Mobile devices need cellular wireless network to connect with Internet and access information, data and apps. The wireless network access is made available by various service providers in the market through compact SIM Cards and a mobile number allocated to the subscriber. Mobile applications are designed to make efficient and optimum use of compact hardware system, limited battery life and limited memory of the device. 96
Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. How has IT influenced our daily life and work place? 2. How are computers help in managing a library? 3. Write a not how IT has impacted education sector positively? 4. Write a brief note on LMS. 5. Discuss how IT has revolutionalised health care sector. 6. What is E-Governance? How IT has realised the vision of E-Governance? Assessment 1. What is the basic difference between IT and ITeS? Which 4 operations does IT encompass? 2. How is data different from information? Explain with an example. 3. Explain ITeS. 4. What are BPO services? How are they different from BPM? 5. Discuss the advantages of BPO services. 6. What is a BPM industry? 7. Discuss IT applications in certain major areas. 8. What is the role of IT in education and medical field? 9. How is LMS different from traditional way of training and learning? 10. How do businesses and banks harness the power of IT? 11. Discuss the role of government in serving the masses using IT. 12. Write a note on IT applications in general in our daily lives. 97
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. In the term ITeS, what does letter ‘e’ stand for? a. enabled b. ethical c. electronic d.efficient 2. IT encompasses which basic operations? a. Create and manage information b. Store information c. Exchange information d. All of these 3. The processed output given by computer is also called __________________. a. Data b. Instruction c. Information d. All of these 4. The benefits of IT to the businesses are: a. Automated business operations b. Enhancement of customer relationships c. Developing business relationships d. All of these 5. ITeS is defined as outsourcing processes that can be enabled by _________________. a. Information technology b. Human resource c. Networking d. Communication technology 6. The basic difference between BPO and BPM is: a. BPO is concerned with execution of outsourced processes while BPM is management of outsourced processes. b. BPM is concerned with execution of outsourced processes while BPO is management of outsourced processes. c. BPM contributes to GDP while BPO does not. d. All of these 7. Which country is the leader today in global BPO market? a. America b. China c. India d.France 8. What is the characteristic of an MNC? a. They have their headquarters in one country and operate in other countries also. b. They are just like ISPs. c. They cater to their parent companies only and do not serve external clients. d. They have their headquarters in India. 9. Which of the following is not a part of home computing? a. Watching movies b. Developing games c. Playing games d. Pursue online hobby 10. WBT stands for: a. Web Building Technology b. Web Based Training c. Web Bluetooth d. World BPO Tribunal Watch www.eduitspl.com le&arn www.youtube.com/edusoftknowledgeverse 98
Unit Data Entry and Keyboarding Skills 2 Session-1 Getting Familiar with the Keyboard The keyboard is an input device that you can use to type commands or text into a computer. Different keyboards have different key layouts. In addition, the functions of some keys such as DELETE, BACKSPACE, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN may vary from program to program. 1. Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. The are used to perform specific functions that differ from program to program such as F1 key mostly accesses the help file associated with a program. 2. Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK, and TAB, are special keys. The special keys perform special functions depending on where they are used. Keyboards also contain a Windows key or OS key between the CTRL key and the ALT key. This is used to open the Start menu, or in combination with other keys. 3. There are keys which are used for entering letters and numbers. 4. Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (' '), and double quotation marks (“ ”). 5. The label on enter key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand of computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the beginning of a new line. In some programs, it is used to send commands and to confirm a task on a computer. 6. Keys such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the cursor. When the INSERT key is OFF, it helps you enter text or characters to the right of cursor, without overwriting this text or characters. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE key are used to remove typed text, characters, and other objects on the right and left side of the cursor, respectively. 7. Keys such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are navigation keys. You use the arrow keys to move the cursor up, down, right, and left. The HOME key moves the cursor to the left end of a line of text. The END key moves the cursor to the end of a line. The PAGE UP key is used to move one page up and the PAGE DOWN key is used to move one page down while viewing a document. 8. Numeric keypad, if available, is a separate set of keys with numbers from 0 to 9, the decimal point, special characters, and navigation symbols. The NUM LOCK key on this keypad allows you to switch between the numeric and the navigation keys. 99
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