Vyakaran Shilp Class- 2

2 fganh O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag

fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gyar dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA l oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA l ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA l nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA l ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o) l mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡l?kks\"k gSA

vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS & v O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA v Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA v blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA v nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA v Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd

fo\"k; lwph i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; 5 11 1- gekjh Hkk\"kk 18 2- o.kZ] o.kZekyk 24 3- laKk 27 4- fyax 30 5- opu 33 6- loZuke 36 7- fo'ks\"k.k 39 8- fozQ;k 41 44 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 47 9- foykse 'kCn 49 10- leku vFkZ okys 'kCn 52 11- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn 55 12- fnu vkSj eghus 57 13- fp=k o.kZu 59 14- fp=k dFkk 61 15- vuqPNsn 62 16- vifBr xn~;ka'k 63 jpukRed xfrfof/ 'kCnksa dk [ksy vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2

1 gekjh Hkk\"kk (Language) lkSjHk & jeu] rqe NqfV~V;ksa esa D;k dj jgs gks\\ jeu & eSa viuh ukuh osQ ?kj tk jgk gw¡A rqe D;k dj jgs gks\\ lkSjHk & eSa vius ekrk & firk osQ lkFk f'keyk ?kweus tkm¡QxkA jeu & req ogk¡[kcw e”ks djuk vkjS Nfq VV~ ;kas oQs ckn crkuk] f'keyk eas oQS lk yxk\\ lkSjHk & rqe Hkh crkukA vPNk feyrs gSaA ;gk¡nks cPps vkil esa ckr dj jgs gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs osQ fopkjksa dks lqu] le> jgs gSaA ;gh Hkk\"kk gSA Hkk\"kk osQ fcuk ge ,d&nwljs dh ckr ugha le> ikrsA Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS] ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj cksydj ;k fy[kdj nwljs ij izdV djrk gSA Hkk\"kk osQ :Ik ekSf[kd fyf[kr 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

jksgu us ,d dfork fy[khA mlus dfork lcdks i<+dj lqukbZA ?kj esa lc mldh dfork lqudj izlUu gq,A blh izdkj cksydj oqQN dguk vkSj lqudj le>uk ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk dgykrh gSA xfjek i=k fy[k jgh gS vkSj mldh cgu mls i<+dj le> jgh gSA ;g Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gSA fy[kdj viuh ckr dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkuk vkSj fy[kh gqbZ ckr dks i<+dj le>uk fyf[kr Hkk\"kk gSA vr% ge cksydj vkSj fy[kdj eu dh ckr dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSaA 6 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

i'kq&if{k;ksa dh cksfy;k¡ vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd i'kq&i{kh rks Hkk\"kk cksyrs gh ugha] fiQj os ,d&nwljs dh ckr oSQls le>rs gksaxs\\ i'kq&i{kh tks cksyh cksyrs gSa] og mudh Hkk\"kk gSA vkb, tkusa] dkSu oSQls cksyrk gS& fcYyh & E;kÅ¡&E;kÅ¡ esa<d & VjZ&VjZ cdjh & esa&esa oqQÙkk & HkkSa&HkkSa canj & [kksa&[kksa 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

fpfM+;k & pha&pha dcwrj & xqVjxw¡&xqVjxw¡ 'ksj & ngkM+uk dkSvk & dk¡o&dk¡o ?kksM+k & fgu&fgu vkvks nksgjk,¡ • cksydj vius eu dh ckr nwljksa rd igq¡pkuk vkSj nwljksa dh ckr lqudj le>uk gh Hkk\"kk gSA • i'kq&if{k;ksa dh Hkh viuh cksyh gksrh gSA 8 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- cksydj viuh ckr dguk Hkk\"kk dk dkSu&lk :i gS\\ i. fyf[kr ii. ekSf[kd iii. nksuksa [k- fy[kdj viuh ckr dguk Hkk\"kk dk dkSu&lk :i gS\\ i. ekSf[kd ii. fyf[kr iii. nksuksa x- Hkk\"kk osQ fdrus :i gSa\\ i. ,d ii. nks iii. rhu 2- fp=k ns[kdj Hkk\"kk dk :i fy[kksA d- [k- x- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 3- lgh (3) ;k xyr (8) dk fpg~ u yxkvksA ----------------------------- d- cksyh xbZ ckr lqudj le>rs gSaA ----------------------------- [k- ge lqudj fy[kh ckr tkurs gSaA ----------------------------- x- Hkk\"kk osQ pkj :i gksrs gSaA ----------------------------- ?k- ?kksM+k fgu--- fgu--- djrk gSA 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

4- i'kq&if{k;ksa dh lgh cksfy;ksa ij (3) yxkvksA fgufgukuk d- VjkZuk [k- owQduk VjkZuk x- fgufgukuk pgpgkuk ?k- ngkM+uk VjkZuk 10 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

2 o.kZ] o.kZekyk (Letter, Alphabet) tc ge cksyrs gSa rks gekjs eq[k ls oqQN èofu;k¡fudyrh gSaA budk oqQN&u&oqQN vFkZ gksrk gSA buesa lcls NksVh èofu dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA o.kZ dks v{kj Hkh dgrs gSaA èofu;ksa ls feydj gh 'kCn curs gSa vkSj 'kCnksa ls okD;A vkb, le>saµ [kr isM+ [k~ $ v $ r~ $ v i~ $ , $ M+ $ v bu èofu;ksa dks vkSj NksVk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA o.kZekyk fganh dh o.kZekyk dh 33 èofu;k¡gSaA tc bu èofu;ksa dks fuf'pr Øe esa yxk fn;k tkrk gS rks bUgsa o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA o.kkasZ dk lewg o.kZekyk dgykrk gSA 11 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

o.kZ osQ nks Hksn gSa & 1- Loj o.kZ osQ Hksn 2- O;atu Loj Loj fcuk fdlh o.kZ dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkrs gSaA fganh esa X;kjg (11) Loj gSaA v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS v;ksxokg % va] v% ^v* dh dksbZ ek=kk ugha gksrhA O;atu O;atu Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkrs gSaA budh la[;k rSarhl (33) gSaA tks bl izdkj gSaµ d [k x ?k Ä p N t > ×k 12 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

V B M < .k r Fk n / u i IkQ c Hk e ; jyo 'k \"k l g vfrfjDr O;atu M+ <+ J la;qDr O;atu {k =k K fganh O;kdj.k & 2 la;qDr O;atu nks O;atuksa osQ esy ls curs gSaA {k ¾ o~Q $ \"k~ $ v ¾ {kf=k; =k ¾ r~ $ j~ $ v ¾ f=kus=k K ¾ t~ $ ×k~ $ v ¾ Kkuh J ¾ 'k~ $ j~ $ v ¾ Jfed 13

izR;sd O;atu esa ^v* feyk gqvk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh O;atu dks Loj osQ fcuk fy[kus osQ fy, gyar ( ~ ) yxkuk iM+rk gSA tSls & o~Q] [k~] x~] ?k~ vkfn& ;s o.kZ feydj 'kCnksa dks cukrs gSaA tSlsµ o~Q $ v $ y~ $ v $ 'k~ $ v x~ $ b $ y~ $ vk $ l $ v cPpks! lHkh Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡gksrh gSaA tc ge O;atu osQ lkFk Loj dks tksM+us osQ fy, fpg~u yxkrs gSa] mls ek=kk dgrs gSaA Loj ek=kk,¡ O;atu (ek=kk osQ lkFk) 'kCn v dksbZ ek=kk ugha o~Q $ v ¾ d dy'k vk k o~Q $ vk ¾ dk dke bf o~Q $ b ¾ fd fdrkc bZ h o~Q $ bZ ¾ dh dhy mq o~Q $ m ¾ oqQ oqQy Åw o~Q $ Å ¾ owQ owQi ½` o~Q $ ½ ¾ o`Q o`Qf\"k , µs o~Q $ , ¾ osQ osQyk ,s µS o~Q $ ,s ¾ oSQ oSQejk vks ks o~Q $ vks ¾ dks dksuk vkS kS o~Q $ vkS ¾ dkS dkSvk 14 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

fo'ks\"k j~ osQ lkFk ^m* vkSj ^Å* dh ek=kk bl izdkj yxkrs gSa& j~ $ m ¾ # ¾ #i;k j~ $ Å ¾ : ¾ :Buk va dk fpg~u (µa ) vkSj panzfcanq (µ¡) dk iz;ksx o.kZ osQ Åij fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& o~Q $ va ¾ oaQ ¾ da ?kk p~ $ v¡¾ p¡¾ pk¡n 'kCn tc ge o.kkasZ dk lgh txg iz;ksx djrs gSa] rks og 'kCn cu tkrk gSA tSls& m $ i $ o $ u ¾ miou ;g lgh 'kCn gS D;ksafd blesa o.kkasZ dks lgh LFkku ij j[kk x;k gSA ij ;fn ge bUgha o.kkasZ dks bl izdkj fy[ksa (u $ o $ i $ m)rks bl 'kCn dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha fudyrkA okD; ftl izdkj o.kkasZ osQ lgh esy ls 'kCn curs gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj 'kCnksa osQ lgh esy ls okD; curs gSaA tSls& [kkuk gS cuk jgh jk/k ;s lHkh 'kCn lgh rks gSa ij ge bUgsa okD; ugha dg ldrs D;ksafd bu 'kCnksa dk ozQe Bhd ugha gSA vc bUgha 'kCnksa dks lgh ozQe ls yxkdj i<+saxs rks ;g lkFkZd okD; cu tk,xkA jk/k [kkuk cuk jgh gSA 15 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • lHkh Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡gksrh gSaA • lHkh O;atuksa esa ^v* Loj feyk gksrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- gekjs eq[k ls fudyus okyh èofu;k¡D;k dgykrh gaS\\ i. 'kCn ii. okD; iii. o.kZ [k- lHkh O;atuksa esa dkSu&lh èofu feyh gksrh gS\\ i. v ii. vk iii. vks x- ^,* dh èofu dk fpg~u -------------------------- gSA iii. µS i. kS ii. µs 2- lgh o.kZ pqudj fp=k dk uke iwjk djksA d- [k- x- V---- ?k---- j---- dc ji d Fk 16 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

x- ?k- Ä ----eyh ----Nyh ----ekVj bm de Vc 3- fp=k ns[kdj lgh ek=kk yxkdj 'kCn iwjs djksA x- d- [k- ---rry--- cdj dej ?k- Ä- p- 'kj l---i >y 4- uhps nh xbZ Vksdjh esa ls Loj vkSj O;atuksa dks <w¡<+dj lgh txg ij fy[kksA Loj [k v vkS iQ O;atu -------------------- e b i Å t ,s -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

3 laKk (Noun) cPpks! fiNyh d{kk esa rqeus uke okys 'kCnksa osQ ckjs esa tkukA lalkj esa izR;sd O;fDr] izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku ;k tkfr dk uke gksrk gSA viuh d{kk esa pkjksa rjiQ u”kj nkSM+kdj ns[kks fd rqEgsa D;k&D;k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Nk=k&Nk=kk,¡ vè;kfidk ';keiV~V est oqQlhZ iqLrosQa vyekjh ia[ks f[kM+dh gj oLrq dk dksbZ&u&dksbZ uke gksrk gS] pkgs og ltho gks ;k futhZoA uke okys 'kCn dks gh laKk dgrs gSaA 18 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

uke dbZ rjg osQ gksrs gSaA tSls%& O;fDr;ksa osQ uke laKk vè;kid ekyh MkWDVj i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ uke xk; cdjh cr[k oLrqvksa osQ uke est fdrkc pEep 19 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

LFkkuksa osQ uke [ksy dk eSnku xk¡o ikB'kkyk blosQ vfrfjDr ftUgsa ge eglwl dj ldrs gSa] os uke Hkh laKk dgykrs gSaA tSls& cq<+kik eerk Hk; R;ksgkjksa osQ uke nhikoyh n'kgjk j{kkca/u fnuksa osQ uke lkseokj] eaxyokj] cq/okj] xq#okj] 'kqozQokj] 'kfuokj] jfookjA eghuksa osQ uke tuojh] iQjojh] ekp]Z viySz ] eb]Z tuw ] tyq kb]Z vxLr] flrca j] vDVcw j] Ukoca j] fnlca jA 20 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

ufn;ksa osQ uke xaxk] ;equk] xksnkojhA [ksyksa osQ uke fozQosQV] gkWdh] VsfulA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • gj O;fDr] i'kq&i{kh] oLrq] LFkku dk ,d uke gksrk gSA • uke dks gh laKk dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- uke okys 'kCnksa dks -------------------------- dgrs gSaA i. laKk ii. oLrq iii. LFkku [k- enj Vsjslk] Hkxr flag -------------------------- osQ uke gSaA i. txg ii. O;fDr;ksa iii. oLrqvksa x- tuojh] iQjojh vkSj ekpZ -------------------------- osQ uke gSaA i. eghuksa ii. fnuksa iii. R;ksgkjksa 2- i<+ks vkSj uke okys 'kCn dks js[kkafdr djksA d- vafdr i<+ jgk gSA [k- vkt eSaus irax mM+kbZA x- lk¡i Mj x;kA ?k- og Mkd?kj tkrk gSA Ä- ;g iqLrd esjh gSA 21 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

3- uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks muosQ lgh ukeksa ls feykvksA laKk oLrq LFkku O;fDr 4- uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks ns[kdj mfpr laKk 'kCn fy[kksA d- [k- x- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ?k- Ä p- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- 22 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

5- fp=k ns[kdj okD; iwjs djksA N ------------- 1- ---------------------- mM+ jgh gSA vk ------------- 2- lC”khokyk ----------------- csp jgk gSA fr ------------- 3- jksfgr ----------------- ih jgk gSA rkt ------------- 4- ----------------- iwQy ij cSBh gSA gok ------------- 6- le>dj uke fy[kksA 1- nknkth bls idM+dj pyrs gSaA 2- ;g feBkl ls Hkjk gS] xehZ esa bls lHkh [kkrs gaSA 3- ;g iwQyksa ij eaMjkrh gSA 4- ;g vkxjk esa fLFkr gSA 5- blesa cSBdj ge gok esa mM+rs gSaA 23 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

4 fyax nsf[k,] if<+, vkSj lef>,A (Gender) yM+dk firk nknk jktk eksj bu 'kCnksa ls iq#\"k tkfr dk irk pyrk gSA yM+dh ekrk nknh jkuh eksjuh bu 'kCnksa ls L=kh tkfr dk irk pyrk gSA ftu 'kCnksa ls iq#\"k ;k L=kh gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa fyax dgrs gSaA fyax osQ izdkj fyax nks rjg osQ gksrs gSa & iqfYyax rFkk L=khfyaxA ftu 'kCnksa ls irk pyrk gS fd os iq#\"k tkfr osQ gSa] mUgsa iqfYyax dgrs gSaA ftu 'kCnksa ls irk pyrk gS fd os L=kh tkfr osQ gSa] mUgsa L=khfyax dgrs gSaA 24 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

oqQN iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax 'kCn iqfYyax L=khfyax iqfYyax L=khfyax yM+dk yM+dh vkneh & vkSjr csVk & csVh ckyd & ckfydk lsB & lsBkuh vè;kid & vè;kfidk pkpk & pkph ekek & ekeh lqukj & lqukfju ekSlk & ekSlh eksj & eksjuh jktoqQekj & jktoqQekjh ekyh & ekfyu pwgk & pqfg;k nkl & nklh cSy & xk; iafMr & iafMrkbu nwYgk & nqYgu ifr & iRuh /ksch & /ksfcu nsoj & nsojkuh & tsB & tsBkuh x/k & x/h flag & flaguh gkFkh & gfFkuh uj & ukjh ukSdj & ukSdjkuh fpM+k & fpfM+;k vkvks nksgjk,¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 2 • iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn iqfYyax dgykrs gSaA • L=kh tkfr dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn L=khfyax dgykrs gSaA 25

vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEu 'kCnksa dk fyax osQ vk/kj ij feyku djksA iqfYyax L=khfyax d- eksj i. pkph [k- ekSlk ii. lqukfju x- pkpk iii. eksjuh ?k- cw<+k iv. cqf<+;k Ä- lqukj v. ekSlh 2- fp=kksa osQ uke fyf[k, rFkk muosQ fyax cnydj Hkh fyf[k,A d- [k- x- ?k- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- 3- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks i<+ks vkSj fyax cnydj okD; fy[kksA okD;ksa esa vko';d cnyko Hkh djsaA ------------------------------------ d- HkkbZ [kkuk [kk jgk gSA ------------------------------------ [k- 'ksjuh taxy esa jgrh gSA ------------------------------------ x- firkth vk x,A ------------------------------------ ?k- nknkth vki dgk¡tk jgs gSa\\ ------------------------------------ Ä- vè;kid i<+k jgk gSA 26 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

5 opu (Number) nsf[k,] if<+, vkSj lef>,A ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,d yM+dk nks yM+osQ ,d osQyk dbZ osQys ,d xqCckjk nks xqCckjs ,d iasfly nks iasflysa lKa k 'kCn oQs ftl :i ls irk pyrk gS fd og ,d gS ;k vuds mls opu dgrs gAaS opu osQ izdkj%& opu nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ ,dopu rFkk cgqopuA ,dopu % 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls fdlh ,d la[;k dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls ,dopu dgrs gSaA tSls& cPpk] rkyk] osQyk] xeyk] pwgk vkfnA 27 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

cgqopu % 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls vusd gksus dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls cgqopu dgrs gSaA tSls& cPps] rkys] osQys] xeys] pwgs vkfnA opu osQ vk/kj ij fuEu 'kCnksa dks è;kuiwoZd i<+ksA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ekyk ekyk,¡ cPpk & cPps ekrk & ekrk,¡ ckfydk & ckfydk,¡ diM+k & diM+s lHkk & lHkk,¡ f[kM+dh & f[kM+fd;k¡ rkyk & rkys xqfM+;k & xqfM+;k¡ lkM+h & lkfM+;k¡ pwgk & pwgs unh & ufn;k¡ eD[kh & efD[k;k¡ dejk & dejs dVksjh & dVksfj;k¡ Fkkyh & Fkkfy;k¡ cksry & cksrysa feBkbZ & feBkb;k¡ & fdrkc & fdrkcsa vk¡[k & vk¡[ksa xsan & xsansa xk; & xk,¡ uko & ukosa pknj & pknjsa vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tc 'kCn ,d gksus dk cks/ djk, rks og ,dopu gksrk gSA • tc 'kCn vusd gksus dk cks/ djk, rks og cgqopu gksrk gSA 28 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

vH;kl dk;Z xsanksa fdrkcsa 1- fp=k ns[kdj lgh opu okys fMCcs esa jax HkjksA pkch;k¡ d- xsan xsansa pqfg, ekyk,¡ [k- fdrkc fdrkcksa x- pkfc;k¡ pkch ?k- pqfg;k¡ pqfg;k Ä- ekyk ekys 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ opu cnydj okD;ksa dks iqu% fy[kksA okD;ksa esa vko';d cnyko Hkh djsaA ------------------------------------ d- yM+dh [ksy jgh gSA ------------------------------------ [k- i{kh mM+ jgk gSA ------------------------------------ x- xk; ?kkl [kk jgh gSA ------------------------------------ ?k- isM+ ls iRrk fxjkA 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ opu cnyksA d- iqLrd & ------------ [k- unh & ------------ x- cksry & ------------ ?k- cdjh & ------------ Ä- iRrk & ------------ p- dVksjh & ------------ 29 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

6 loZuke (Pronoun) vjs! fleju eSa jk\"Vªh; jsy laxzgky; rqe dgk¡tk jgh gks\\ tk jgh gw¡A D;k rqe Hkh ugha] eq>s viuk pyksxs\\ x`gdk;Z djuk gSA Bhd gSA eSa pyrh gw¡A ns[kk vkiusA ;gk¡fleju vkSj mldk fe=k ckj&ckj viuk uke ugha ys jgs gSa cfYd vius uke dh txg rqe] eq>s] eSa 'kCn cksy jgs gSaA ;gh 'kCn loZuke gSaA laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls& ge] rqe] og] ;g] os] blus] mls] oqQN] eSaus] mUgksaus] mls] rqeus] mu] ;s] vki] oQkSu] mldk] mldh bR;kfnA 30 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

oqQN vU; loZuke 'kCn eSa] ge] rqe] rw] vki] ;g] og] ;s] os] eSaus] mlus] rqEgsa] rqEgkjk] oqQN] dkSu] D;k] fdlus] ;gk¡] ogk¡vkfn fganh Hkk\"kk esa iz;ksx gksus okys loZuke 'kCn gSaA loZuke 'kCnksa osQ ,dopu vkSj cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu eSa & ge rqe & rqe] vki ;g & ;s og & os mls & mUgksaus esjk & gekjk vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tks 'kCn laKk dh txg cksys tkrs gSa] os loZuke dgykrs gSaA • vius fy, ^eSa* vkSj ^ge* dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA • vius ls cM+ksa osQ fy, ^vki* dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z fganh O;kdj.k & 2 1- loZuke 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djksA d- og cgqr vkylh gSA [k- ge vPNs rSjkd gSaA 31

x- dejs esa dkSu gS\\ ?k- og esjh iqLrd gSA M+- mls lsc f[kykvksA p- nky esa oqQN gSA (ge @ eSa) (gekjk @ esjk) 2- lgh 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djksA d- dy ---------------------- fon~;ky; tkÅ¡xkA (os @ og) [k- vkt ---------------------- tUefnu gSA (rqe @ ge) x- ---------------------- irax mM+k jgh gSA (ge @ eaS) ?k- ---------------------- esjs ?kj vkukA M+- ---------------------- nksuksa ljdl ns[kus pysaxsA 3- uhps laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCn fey x, gSaA laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA ge] vafdr] jktk] loZuke laKk ------------------ -------------------- es”k] eksgu] ------------------ -------------------- gekjk] rqEgkjk] ------------------ -------------------- ------------------ -------------------- fon~;ky;] mls] vki ------------------ -------------------- 32 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

7 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) esjs ikl ,d [kjxks'k gSA mldk jax li+ sQn gSA mlosQ cM+s&cM+s dku gaSA muosQ cky eqyk;e gSaA og cgqr rs”k nkSM+rk gSA [kjxks'k dk jax oSQlk gS\\ & li+ sQn dku oSQls gSa\\ & cM+s cky oSQls gSa\\ & eqyk;e nkSM+rk oSQlk gS\\ & rs”k Åij fn, x, jaxhu 'kCn laKk dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA ;s lkjs fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gSaA tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gS] mUgsa ^fo'ks\"k.k* dgrs gSaA fo'ks\"krk crkus okys oqQN vU; 'kCn fganh O;kdj.k & 2 & uhyk] ihyk] gjk] xqykch] ukjaxh vkfnA & eksVk] yEck] iryk] Å¡pk vkfnA & vehj] xjhc] vkylh] 'kSrku] nkuh vkfnA & [kV~Vk] ehBk] Lokfn\"V] dksey] rh[kk vkfnA 33

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk izdV djrs gSa] mUgsa fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA • bu 'kCnksa ls oSQlk ;k fdruk irk pyrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa ls fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn Nk¡VksA d- esjs ikl nl #i, gSaA [k- d{kk esa cgqr de Nk=k mifLFkr gaSA x- ek¡us vkt yky lkM+h iguh gSA ?k- jax&fcjaxh frrfy;k¡IkwQyksa ij cSBh gSaA 2- fn, x, fp=kksa dks ns[kdj mfpr fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fy[kksA d- [k- ------------vke ------------xqykc x- ?k- -----------vkneh ------------gkFkh 34 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

3- mfpr fo'ks\"k.k dks mlosQ laKk 'kCn ls feyku djksA fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn gjh beyh dkyk vkneh xje eVj [kV~Vh dkSvk eksVk pk; 4- lgh 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djksA d- esjs ikl ------------------------------- iqLroasQ gSaA (jax @ rhu) [k- ek¡us vkt ------------------------------- [khj cukbZ gSA (rhu @ Lokfn\"V) x- jeu us ------------------------------- deh”k iguh gSA (lPph @ ubZ) ?k- cxhps esa ------------------------------- iwQy f[kys gSaA (jax&fcjaxs @ ehBs) Ä- eq>s ------------------------------- nw/ nksA (xje @ ehBs) 5- uhps fn, x, fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx djksµ d- laqnj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- /uoku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- ehBk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vPNk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

8 fdz ;k (Verb) bu fp=kksa dks è;kuiwoZd nsf[k, fd buesa D;k&D;k gks jgk gSA nknkth Vgy jgs gSaA vafdr nkSM+ jgk gSA cr[k rSj jgh gSA xfjek lks jgh gSA Vgyuk] nkSM+uk] rSjuk rFkk lksuk dke dks crkus okys 'kCn gSaA ftl 'kCn ls fdlh dke osQ djus ;k gksus dk cks/ gks] mls fØ;k dgrs gSA oqQN vU; fozQ;k 'kCn [kkuk ihuk lksuk jksuk vkuk tkuk fy[kuk iguuk [ksyuk i<+uk owQnuk g¡luk 36 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

Mjuk mNyuk Hkkxuk cksyuk cguk mM+uk tc fozQ;k 'kCnksa ls okD; curs gSa] rc mudk :i cny ldrk gSA xfjek xkrh gSA ?kksM+k ?kkl [kk jgk gSA yM+dk [ksyrk gSA xfjek xk jgh gSA ?kksM+s ?kkl [kk jgs gSaA yM+dh [ksyrh gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ftu 'kCnksa osQ n~okjk dke dk djuk ;k gksus dk cks/ gks] mUgsa fozQ;k dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z fganh O;kdj.k & 2 1- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls fozQ;k 'kCn dks js[kkafdr djksA d- cPps ckfj'k esa ugk jgs gSaA [k- lw;Z mn; gks jgk gSA x- uhrk i<+ jgh gSA ?k- lhek lkbfdy pyk jgh gSA M-+ canj isM+ ij mNy jgk gSA 37

2- fozQ;k 'kCn pqudj okD; iwjs djksA (tk@pqdk) (nkSM+rk@pyrk) d- jeu fon~;ky; ------------------------ jgk gSA [k- phrk rs”k ------------------------ gSA ([kk@xk) x- gkFkh xUus ------------------------ jgk gSA ([ksy@esyk) ?k- iwue ------------------------ jgh gSA M-+ cPps ------------------------ jgs gSaA (lks@mM+) 3- bl fp=k dks è;ku ls ns[kks vkSj fy[kks fd blesa D;k&D;k gks jgk gSA d- ckfj'k ------------------------ A (gks) [k- eksj ------------------------ A (ukp) x- fctyh ------------------------ A (ped) ?k- yM+dh ------------------------ A (g¡l) Ä- esa<d ------------------------ A (owQn) 38 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 x- (ikB & 1 ls 8) 1- lgh o.kZ puq dj fp=k dk uke ijw k djkAs d- [k- -----y -----xr -----u?kV iQ u e y Hk u pyi 2- o.kkasZ dks lgh txg j[kdj 'kCn Bhd djksA ------------------- d- jldl ------------------- ------------------- x- rkfdc ------------------- [k- ykjsd ?k- ukvj 3- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj vyx djksA d- esjs firkth vkt vkxjk tk,¡xsaA laKk loZuke [k- lquhy vius fe=k dk bar”kkj dj jgk gSA -------------- -------------- x- eSa jks”k O;k;ke djrk gw¡A -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- 4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj okD; fy[kksA okD;ksa esa vko';d cnyko Hkh djsaA ----------------------------------------------------- d- jktk flagklu ij cSBk gSA ----------------------------------------------------- [k- canj isM+ ij cSBk gSA ----------------------------------------------------- x- /ksch diM+s /ks jgk gSA 39 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

5- lgh opu ij (ü) dk fu'kku yxkvksA x- d- [k- ,dopu ,dopu ,dopu cgqopu cgqopu cgqopu 6- 'kCn osQ lgh :i dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fjDr LFkku HkjksA d- esjs ikl rhu ------------------------- gSaA(iqLrd @ iqLrosaQ) [k- esjk HkkbZ izfrfnu nks ----------------------- [kkrk gSA(osQyk @ osQys) x- esjs ikl ,d ----------------------- gSA(pkch@pkfc;k¡) 7- mfpr loZuke 'kCn HkjksA d- ------------------------- fnYyh esa jgrk gw¡A [k- ------------------------- ikl ,d tknqbZ isafly gSA x- ------------------------- dgk¡jgrs gks\\ ?k- ------------------------- nksuksa >hy ns[kus pysaxsA 8- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k dks js[kkafdr djksA d- esjk HkkbZ esgurh gSA [k- vkleku uhyk gSA x- cjru esa FkksM+k ?kh gSA ?k- djsyk dM+Okk gksrk gSA Ä- yky xqykc cgqr lqanj gSA 40 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

9 foykse 'kCn (Antonyms) izR;sd fp=k dks è;kuiwoZd nsf[k,A gj fp=k osQ uhps fn, x, 'kCn dks Hkh è;kuiwoZd if<+,A NksVk & cM+k xje & BaM+k vanj & ckgj g¡luk & jksuk fnu & jkr Åij fn, fp=kksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A bu fp=kksa osQ uhps fn, 'kCn ,d&nwljs osQ mYVs vFkZokys 'kCn gSaA foijhr vFkZ crkus okys 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSaA 41 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

vkb,] oqQN vkSj foykse 'kCnksa dks tkfu,A 'kCn 5 foykse 'kCn 5 foykse 'kCn 5 foykse vPNk 5 cqjk viuk 5 ijk;k vehj 5 xjhc vlyh 5 udyh lqcg 5 'kke vkxs 5 ihNs vk'kk 5 fujk'kk vanj 5 ckgj Åij 5 uhps dM+ok 5 ehBk tUe 5 e`R;q lksuk 5 tkxuk vkvks nksgjk,¡ ,d&nwljs dk foijhr vFkZ crkus okys 'kCnksa dks foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- js[kk [khapdj foykse 'kCnksa dk lgh feyku djksA d- vanj i. ihNs [k- lh/k ii. nsuk x- vkxs iii. ckgj ?k- xksjk iv. mYVk Ä- ysuk v. dkyk 2- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[kksA d- gkj 5 ------------------ ------------------ x- Åij 5 ------------------ [k- gYdk 5 ------------------ ?k- vkuk 5 42 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

Ä- fnu 5 ------------------ Pk- xjhc 5 ------------------ N- vPNk 5 ------------------ Tk- Kkuh 5 ------------------ >- vkxs 5 ------------------ ×k- >wB 5 ------------------ 3- fn, x, fp=kksa dks ns[kdj foykse 'kCn fy[kksA d- [k- x- eksVk @ ------------ dM+ok @ ------------ lksuk @ ------------ 4- mYVs vFkZ okys lgh 'kCn pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- isM+ cM+k gS vkSj ikS/k ------------------- A i. yaCkk ii. NksVk [k- diM+k xhyk gS] ij iQ'kZ ------------------- gSA i. lw[kk ii. Hkhxk x- og vehj ugha gS] ------------------- gSA i. xjhc ii. vehj ?k- gal li+ sQn gksrk gS vkSj dkSvk ------------------- A i. ihyk ii. dkyk Ä- ikuh BaMk gS vkSj pk; ------------------- gSA i. xje ii. [kV~Vh 43 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

10 leku vFkZ okys 'kCn (Synonyms) isM] o`{k okuj [kx fogx canj igkM+ ioZr gkFkh xt unh] lfjrk 'ksj] flag e`x] fgju iq\"i] iwQy Åij fn, x, fp=k dks nsf[k,A gj oLrq osQ lkeus nks&nks uke fy[ks gSaA unh] lfjrk ioZr] igkM+ 'ksj] flag iwQy] iq\"i canj] okuj e`x] fgju xt] gkFkh [kx] fogx isM] o`{k blls irk pyrk gS fd fdlh oLrq] LFkku] i'kq] i{kh vkfn osQ ,d ls vf/d uke Hkh gks ldrs gSaA ,sls 'kCn leku vFkZ okys 'kCn gksrs gSaA leku vFkZ okys 'kCn lekukFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA 44 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

vkb,] oqQN vkSj i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks tkfu,& 'kCn i;kZ;okph 'kCn i;kZ;okph vkdk'k & uHk] xxu] vkleku iwQy & iwQy] lqeu] oqQlqe pj.k & in] ix] ik¡o nkl & los d] ukdS j] pkdj lw;Z & HkkLdj] fnudj] lwjt ?kksM+k & v'o] g;] rqajx pk¡n & panzek] 'kf'k] banq diM+k & phj] olu] iV i{kh & [kx] fogx] uHkpj xk; & xkS] èksuq] xÅ lksuk & Lo.kZ] oaQpu] dud fe=k & l[kk] lgpj] lkFkh 'k=kq & fjiq] nq'eu] vfe=k lewg & ny] >qaM] x.k isM+ & o`{k] r#] foVi jktk & u`i] ujs'k] Hkwifr f'k{kd & x#] vè;kid] vkpk;Z gok & ok;q] lehj] iou 'kjhj & nsg] cnu] dk;k lalkj & txr] nqfu;k] fo'o vkvks nksgjk,¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 2 ,d leku vFkZ nsus okys 'kCn lekukFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA 45

vH;kl dk;Z 1- vyx vFkZokys 'kCn ij (3) yxkvksA d- u`i ujs'k lqr [k- uHk uHkpj [kx x- pk¡n lw;Z lwjt ?k- v'o rqjax xt 2- fp=k ns[kdj nks&nks lekukFkhZ 'kCn fy[kksA d- & -------------------------- -------------------------- [k- & -------------------------- -------------------------- x- & -------------------------- -------------------------- ?k- & -------------------------- -------------------------- 46 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

11 vusd 'kCnksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn (One–Word Substitution) Hkk\"kk dks lqanj :i nsus osQ fy, vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& tks [ksr esa vUu tks fp=k tks i=k ck¡Vrk gS & Mkfd;k mitkrk gS & fdlku cukrk gS & fp=kdkj tks ydM+h dk tks feV~Vh osQ crZu tks chekjh dk bykt dke djrk gS & c<+bZ cukrk gS & oqQEgkj djrk gS & MkWDVj 47 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

oqQN vU; vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn bl izdkj gSaA vusd 'kCn ,d 'kCn vusd 'kCn ,d 'kCn tks dHkh u ejs & vej tks i<+k&fy[kk u gks & vui<+ tks vkKk dk ikyu djs & vkKkdkjh tks diM+s /ksrk gS & /ksch tks feBkbZ cukrk gS & gyokbZ tks ewfrZ cukrk gS & ewfrZdkj tks i<+krh gS & vè;kfidk tks diM+s flyrk gS & nthZ tkuus dh bPNk j[kus okyk & ftKklq tks cgqr ifjJe djrk gS & ifjJeh tks xkuk xkrk gS & xk;d tks 'kkd&lC”kh [kkrk gS & 'kkdkgkjh tks lkFk i<+rk gS & lgikBh tks ekla&eNyh [kkrk gS & ekalkgkjh vH;kl dk;Z 1- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, mfpr ,d 'kCn ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- tks diM+s flyrk gSA nthZ pijklh [k- tks dHkh u ejsA vtj vej x- tks fp=k cukrk gSA fp=kdkj xk;d ?k- tks lsuk esa dke djrk gSA ekyh lSfud 2- uhps fn, vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kksA d- vkKk dk ikyu djus okyk & -------------------------------------------- & -------------------------------------------- [k- tks i<+k&fy[kk u gks x- tks cgqr ifjJe djrk gS & -------------------------------------------- ?k- tkuus dh bPNk j[kus okyk & -------------------------------------------- M-+ ges'kk lR; cksyus okyk & -------------------------------------------- 48 fganh O;kdj.k & 2

12 fnu vkSj eghus (Days and Months) ,d lIrkg esa lkr fnu gksrs gSaA gj fnu dk ,d uke vkSj lgh ozQe gksrk gSA vkb,] lIrkg osQ fnuksa osQ ckjs esa tkusaA fganh esa fnuksa osQ uke vaxzs”kh esa fnuksa osQ uke lkseokj Monday eaxyokj Tuesday cq/okj Wednesday xq#okj@c`gLifrokj Thursday 'kqozQokj Friday 'kfuokj Saturday Sunday jfookj eghuksa osQ uke ,d lky esa ckjg eghus gksrs gSaA ;s lHkh eghus vyx&vyx ukeksa ls tkus tkrs gSaA budk Hkh ,d lgh ozQe gksrk gSA vkb,] ns[ksa] lky esa dkSu&dkSu ls eghus gksrs gSaA tuojh iQjojh ekpZ vizSy ebZ twu tqykbZ vxLr flracj vDVwcj uoacj fnlacj 49 fganh O;kdj.k & 2