3 fganh O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag
fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gyar dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA l oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA l ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA l nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA l ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA l var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o) l mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡l?kks\"k gSA
vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS & v O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA v Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA v blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA v nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA v Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd
fo\"k; lwph i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; 5 11 1- gekjh Hkk\"kk 17 2- o.kZ vkSj 'kCn 22 3- laKk 26 4- fyax 31 5- opu 35 6- loZuke 39 7- fo'ks\"k.k 42 8- fozQ;k 44 47 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 51 9- foykse 'kCn 54 10- i;kZ;okph 'kCn 58 11- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn 62 12- eqgkojs 66 13- vifBr xn~;ka'k 69 14- i=k&ys[ku 71 15- vuqPNsn&ys[ku 16- dgkuh&ys[ku vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2
1 gekjh Hkk\"kk lksuw] viuk (Our Language) dejk lki+ Q djksA vke p[k pic of mother talking his son to clean his room igys fp=k esa ek¡cksydj csVs dks dejk nwljs fp=k esa vè;kfidk fy[kdj cPPkksa lki+ Q djus osQ fy, le>k jgh gS vkSj csVk dks le>k jgh gS vkSj cPps i<+dj le> lqudj dejk lki+ Q dj jgk gSA jgs gSaA blh izdkj vkxs nsf[k,% Toys Toys bl fp=k esa ,d NksVk cPpk b'kkjs ls vius ikik ls xkM+h ysus ds fy, dg jgk gSA 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
vc vki le> x, gksaxs fd ge nwljksa rd vius fopkj cksydj] fy[kdj laosQrksa n~okjk igq¡pk ldrs gSaA ge vius fopkj nwljksa rd ftl lk/u ls igq¡pkrs gSa] mls Hkk\"kk dgrs gSaA eu dh ckr nwljksa rd igq¡pkus rFkk nwljksa dh ckr dks le>us dk lk/u Hkk\"kk dgykrh gSA Hkk\"kk osQ :i Hkk\"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSaµ ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk fyf[kr Hkk\"kk ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk fp=k esa ek¡eksfgr dks eq[k ls 'kCn cksydj mBk jgh gSA eksfgr ek¡dh vkok”k lqudj mB x;k gSA ;g Hkk\"kk dk ekSf[kd :i gSA laosQr Hkh Hkk\"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i esa gh vkrs gSaA tc ge cksydj viuh ckr nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSa vkSj nwljksa dh ckr lqudj le>rs gSa] rks og Hkk\"kk dk ekSf[kd :i dgykrk gSA 6 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
fyf[kr Hkk\"kk jktho oaQI;wVj ij fy[kh ckr dks i<+dj le> jgk gSA ;g Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gSA tc ge vius fopkj fy[kdj nwljksa osQ lkeus izdV djrs gSa vkSj nwljksa osQ fy[ks gq, fopkj i<+rs gSa] rks mls fyf[kr Hkk\"kk dgrs gaSA vyx&vyx Hkk\"kk,¡ gekjk ns'k cgqr fo'kky gSA ;gk¡,d ugha] vusd Hkk\"kk,¡cksyh tkrh gSaA tSlsµ ita kc eas ita kch] xtq jkr eas xtq jkrh] oQs jy eas ey;kye] rfeyukMq eas rfey vkjS vle eas va lfe;k Hkk\"kk ckys h tkrh gS vkjS fgna h fcgkj] jktLFkku] mRrj inz 's k] eè; inz 's k] gfj;k.kk] mRrjk[kMa ] >kj[kMa vkjS NRrhlx<+ eas ckys h tkrh gAS vyx&vyx ns'kksa dh Hkk\"kk,¡ ftl izdkj gekjs ns'k osQ vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx Hkk\"kk,¡cksyh tkrh gSa] mlh izdkj vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa Hkh vyx&vyx Hkk\"kk,¡cksyh tkrh gSaA tSlsµ usiky esa usikyh] phu esa phuh vkSj tkiku esa tkikuh] izQkal esa izsaQp] teZuh esa teZu Hkk\"kk cksyh tkrh gSA O;kdj.k gedks fd/j tkuk gSa\\ fp=k dks nfs [k,A ,d O;fDr nlw js ls iNw jgk g]S yfs du mlus ftl rjg dgk og luq us eas vPNk ugha yx jgk gAS bldk dkj.k v'kqn~/ Hkk\"kk dk iz;ksx gSA O;kdj.k gesa Hkk\"kk dk lgh iz;ksx fl[kkrk gSA 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
O;kdj.k n~okjk ge Hkk\"kk dks lgh&lgh cksyuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] vkSj le>uk lh[krs gSAa fyfi vkius nl] chl] ipkl] lkS osQ uksV rks ”k:j ns[ks gksaxsA uksVksa ij vyx&vyx rjhosQ ls fy[kk jgrk gSA vc le>sa_ gj Hkk\"kk dks vyx&vyx <ax ls fy[kk tkrk gSA Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus osQ <ax dks fyfi dgrs gSaA gj Hkk\"kk dh viuh fyfi gksrh gSA Hkk\"kk,¡ fganh iatkch vaxzs”kh mnZw usikyh laLo`Qr fyfi;k¡ nsoukxjh xq#eq[kh jkseu i+ Qkjlh nsoukxjh nsoukxjh vkvks nksgjk,¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 3 • Hkk\"kk eu osQ Hkko izdV djus dk lk/u gSA • ge cksydj vkSj fy[kdj vius fopkj izdV djrs gSaA • Hkk\"kk osQ nks :i gSaµ ekSf[kd Hkk\"kk vkSj fyf[kr Hkk\"kkA • O;kdj.k ls ge Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i lh[krs gSaA • Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus dk <ax fyfi dgykrk gSA 8
vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- fy[kdj vius fopkj izdV djuk Hkk\"kk dk ---------------------- :i dgykrk gSA i- ekSf[kd ii- fyf[kr iii- fyfi [k- fganh Hkk\"kk dh fyfi ---------------------- gSA i- nsoukxjh ii- xq#eq[kh iii- jkseu x- ---------------------- ls ge Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i lh[krs gSaA i- fyfi ii- O;kdj.k iii- o.kZ 2- lgh (3) ;k xyr (7) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus dk lk/u o.kZ gSA [k- xqtjkr esa iatkch cksyh tkrh gSA x- laosQr gekjs fdlh dke ugha vkrsA ?k- Hkk\"kk osQ pkj :i gSaA Ä- O;kdj.k gesa Hkk\"kk dk lgh iz;ksx fl[kkrk gSA 3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- ge --------------------- vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSa vkSj nwljksa ls lqudj le>rs gSaA [k- O;kdj.k Hkk\"kk dk --------------------- :i fl[kkrk gSA x- Hkk\"kk dks fy[kus dk <ax --------------------- dgykrk gSA ?k- fy[kdj fopkjksa dks izdV djus dh Hkk\"kk --------------------- Hkk\"kk gSA Ä- tkiku esa --------------------- Hkk\"kk cksyh tkrh gSA p- iatkc esa --------------------- Hkk\"kk cksyrs gaSA 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
4- uhps nh xbZ Hkk\"kkvksa dh fyfi;ksa osQ uke fy[kksA Hkk\"kk fyfi d- fganh --------------------- [k- mnwZ --------------------- x- vaxzst+h --------------------- ?k- iatkch --------------------- Ä- laLo`Qr --------------------- 5- uhps fp=kksa esa nh xbZ iks'kkdksa dks è;ku ls ns[kks vkSj crkvksa fd ;s fdl jkT; esa iguh tkrh gSaA mu jkT;ksa dh Hkk\"kk,¡Hkh fy[kksA d- jkT; --------------------- [k- jkT; --------------------- Hkk\"kk --------------------- Hkk\"kk --------------------- x- jkT; --------------------- ?k- jkT; --------------------- Hkk\"kk --------------------- Hkk\"kk --------------------- 10 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
2 o.kZ vkSj 'kCn (Letter and Word) ge izfrfnu vusd èofu;k¡lqurs gSa vkSj cksyrs gSaA gekjs eq[k ls Hkh vusd èofu;k¡ fudyrh gSaA tSls & ^jktk* 'kCn dh èofu gS & j~ $ vk $ t~ $ vkA bu èofu;ksa ls dksbZ u dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk gSA eq[k ls fudyh èofu;ksa dks tc fy[kk tkrk gS rc mUgsa o.kZ dgrs gSaA o.kZ Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksrh gSA blosQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrsA ftl èofu ds VqdM+s u gks ldsa] mls o.kZ ;k v{kj dgrs gSaA o.kks± osQ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA fgUnh o.kZekyk esa 44 o.kZ gksrs gSaA mPpkj.k vkSj iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij o.kkasZ osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaA o.kZ ds izdkj Loj % fganh esa 11 Loj gSaA Lojksa dk mPpkj.k fcuk fdlh o.kZ dh lgk;rk osQ fd;k tkrk gSA v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS O;atu % fganh esa 33 O;atu gSaA O;atuksa ds mPpkj.k ds fy, Lojksa dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA d [k x ?k Ä p N t > ×k V B M < .k r Fk n / u i iQ c Hk e ; j yo 'k \"k l g 11 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
la;qDrk{kj {k] =k] K vkSj Jµ ;s pkj o.kZ la;qDrk{kj dgykrs gSaA ;s nks&nks O;atuksa dks tksM+dj cus gSaA tSlsµ o~Q $ \"k ¾ {k ¾ {kek r~ $ j ¾ =k ¾ f=k'kwy t~ $ ×k ¾ K ¾ Kkuh 'k~ $ j ¾ J ¾ Jfed vU; o.kZ ia[kk ?kwe jgk gSA cPpk g¡l jgk gSA izkr% gks xbZ gSA okD;ksa esa jaxhu fpg~u ns[ksaA buosQ Hkh uke gSaA folxZ (%) izk;% vuqLokj ( a ) vuqukfld ( ¡) vr% panu pk¡n ue% ?kaVh vk¡[k oaQ?kk e¡wN fganh O;kdj.k & 3 12
'kCn i $ jh ¾ ijh i $ {kh ¾ i{kh nq $ dk $ u ¾ nqdku fp=kksa dks nsf[k,A fp=kksa osQ uhps muosQ uke fy[ks gSaA ;s uke o.kks± dks tksM+dj cus gSa_ bUgsa 'kCn dgrs gSaA o.kks± dks tksM+us ij 'kCn curs gSa] ysfdu mudk vFkZ Hkh gksuk pkfg,A blosQ fy, o.kks± dks lgh LFkku ij yxkuk pkfg, tSlsµ txkj ;dksy jeFkl oqQN le> esa vk;k\\ ugha ukA bu 'kCnksa esa o.kZ lgh LFkku ij ugha yxs gSaA vc lgh Øe esa o.kZ yxkdj fy[krs gSaµ xktj dks;y Fkjel 13 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
o.kZ vkSj ek=kk dks lgh LFkku ij fy[kdj o.kZ tksM+us ls lgh 'kCn curs gSAa 'kCn ek=kk okys] fcuk ek=kk okys] nks o.kks±] rhu o.kks± vkSj pkj&ik¡p o.kks± okys Hkh gksrs gSaA vkb,] oqQN 'kCn i<+rs gSaµ tx lM+d iu?kV 'kjcr vkx feBkbZ jsyxkM+h tkuoj okD; uhps fy[ks okD; dks è;ku ls if<+,A Ÿjksfgr lks jgk gSA es?kk viuk dk;Z dj jgh gSA fp=k esa tks fn[k jgk gS] mls geus uhps fy[kk vkSj le>kA 'kCnksa osQ bl izdkj fy[kus ds <ax dks okD; dgrs gSaA 'kCnksa osQ mfpr :i esa j[kus dh O;oLFkk dks okD; dgrs gSAa vè;kfidk i<+k jgh gSA & ;g lHkh 'kCn lkFkZd gSa vkSj feydj ,d vFkZ izdV dj jgs gSaA jgh gS vè;kfidk i<+k & bl okD; dk vFkZ le> esa ugha vk jgk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd 'kCnksa osQ lgh esy ftls i<+dj vFkZ le> esa vkrk gS] okD; dgykrk gSA 14 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fganh Hkk\"kk esa iz;qDr lcls NksVh èofu o.kZ dgykrh gSA • eq¡g ls fudyus okyh vkok”kas èofu;k¡dgykrh gSaA èofu;ksa dks tc fy[kk tkrk gS rks os o.kZ dgykrs gSaA • o.kks± dks feykus ls 'kCn curs gSa] 'kCnksa dks feykus ls okD; curs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- ---------------------- Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksrh gSA i- Loj ii- O;atu iii- o.kZ [k- o.kZ ---------------------- rjg osQ gksrs gSaA i- nks ii- rhu iii- pkj x- ---------------------- esa fdlh o.kZ dh lgk;rk ugha yh tkrhA i- Loj ii- O;atu iii- la;qDrk{kj 2- lgh (3) ;k xyr (7) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- fganh dh o.kZekyk esa lksyg Loj gksrs gSaA [k- la;qDr O;atu rhu O;atuksa dks tksM+dj curs gSaA x- o.kZ og èofu gS] ftlosQ vkSj VqdM+s ugha gks ldrsA ?k- o.kkasZ osQ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA M-+ o.kkasZ dks tksM+us ij okD; curs gSaA 15 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- ------------------------ Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh èofu gSA [k- fganh Hkk\"kk esa 11 (X;kjg) ------------------------ gSaA x- {k] =k] K vkSj J ------------------------ O;atu dgykrs gSaA ?k- o.kZekyk esa lHkh ------------------------ fuf'pr ozQe esa gksrs gSaA Ä- ------------------------ dk fpgu ¡ gksrk gSA 4- vuqLokj (µa ) rFkk vuqukfld (µ¡) dk mfpr iz;ksx djosQ 'kCn iwjs djksA d- d?kk [k- ewN x- iwN ?k- ?kVh Ä- lqnj p- ek N- pkn t- i[kk 5- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa dks lgh Øe esa yxkdj mfpr okD; cukvksA d- Fkkyh ij j[kh esTk gSA ------------------------------------------------------------ [k- jek vkbZ ls xkM+hA ------------------------------------------------------------ x- feBkl gS esa vkeA ------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- jgk eksj gS ukpA ------------------------------------------------------------ Ä- ckyd iquhr vPNk gSA ------------------------------------------------------------ 16 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
3 laKk (Noun) uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kks vkSj okD; esa jaxhu Nis 'kCnksa dks è;ku ls i<+ksA iquhr ds ikl Vksdjh esa lsc gSA ;g ?kj lqanj gSA ,d f[kykSuk gSA Ÿiquhr ,d yM+osQ dk uke gSA Ÿf[kykSuk ,d oLrq dk uke gSA Ÿlsc ,d iQy dk uke gSA ŸVksdjh ,d oLrq dk uke gSA Ÿ?kj ,d LFkku dk uke gSA vkius ns[kk fd lHkh dk dksbZ&u&dksbZ uke gSA ;g uke budh igpku gSA uke dks gh laKk dgrs gSaA fdlh izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku ;k Hkko osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
oqQN laKk 'kCnksa dks tkfu,µ O;fDr;ksa OksQ uke lSfud] /ksch] MkWDVj] ekyh] nknk] nknh] ek¡] firk vkfnA oLrqvksa osQ uke dye] iqLrd] isafly] xsan] iyax] deh”k] ?kM+h] osQyk] lsc vkfnA izkf.k;ksa osQ uke oqQRrk] fcYyh] gkFkh] cdjh] xk;] HkSal] cÙk[k] rksrk] eNyh vkfnA LFkkuksa osQ uke cSad] [ksy dk eSnku] fpfM+;k?kj] fon~;ky;] cxhpk] ykbZczsjh vkfnA Hkkoksa osQ uke feBkl] [kV~Vkl] cpiu] tokuh] cq<+kik] xjhch] vehjh] vPNkbZ] cqjkbZ] xanxh] gfj;kyh vkfnA laKk ds Hksn O;fDrokpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk O;fDrokpd laKk% ftl laKk 'kCn ls fdlh O;fDr] izk.kh] oLrq vFkok LFkku osQ fo'ks\"k uke dk cks/ gks] mls O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls& Jho`Q\".k] fcjyk eafnj] yky fdyk] eksgu] fnYyh vkfnA 18 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
tkfrokpd laKk% ftl laKk 'kCn ls mldh laiw.kZ tkfr dk cks/ gks] mls tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls & iq#\"k] unh] xk;] ioZr] yM+dk] euq\";] 'kgj vkfnA Hkkookpd laKk% ftl laKk 'kCn ls inkFkks± dh voLFkk] xq.k&nks\"k] /eZ vkfn dk cks/ gks] mls Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls& feBkl] cpiu] eksVkik] FkdkoV] p<+kbZ vkfnA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku ;k Hkko osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA • laKk osQ rhu Hksn gSa& O;fDrokpd laKk] tkfrokpd laKk] Hkkookpd laKkA • O;fDrokpd laKk fo'ks\"k O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA • tkfrokpd laKk 'kCn iwjh tkfr dks crkrs gSaA • Hkkookpd laKk Hkkoksa dks crkus okys uke gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- laKk osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\\ i- nks ii- rhu iii- pkj iii- LFkku [k- jlksbZ?kj fdldk uke gS\\ iii- O;fDr i- izk.kh ii- Hkko x- gfj;kyh ---------------------- dk uke gSA i- Hkko ii- LFkku 19 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
2- lgh (3) ;k xyr (7) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- fdlh izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku ;k Hkko osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA [k- laKk osQ ik¡p Hksn gSaA x- izkf.k;ksa dk uke laKk ugha gksrkA ?k- dkj ,d oLrq dk uke gSA Ä- cq<+kik ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSA 3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djksA d- ------------------------ ns'k dh j{kk djrk gSA [k- jk?ko ,d ------------------------ ijarq esgurh O;fDr gSA x- ------------------------ ,d fo'kky tkuoj gSA ?k- le; dk irk ------------------------ ls pyrk gSA Ä- ---------------------- dh ges'kk gkj vkSj ---------------------- dh ges'kk thr gksrh gSA p- ykyfdyk ------------------------ esa fLFkr gSA 4- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa ls laKk 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj lkeus fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kksA okD; laKk d- eNyh ikuh ds fcuk thfor ugha jg ldrhA ------------------------------------- [k- xka/h th ges'kk lR; cksyrs FksA ------------------------------------- x- jlxqYyksa esa cgqr feBkl gksrh gSA ------------------------------------- ?k- nks fcfYy;ksa dh fe=krk cgqr iqjkuh gSA ------------------------------------- Ä- esjs ?kj osQ pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh gSA ------------------------------------- 20 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
5- cw>ks rks tkusa — d- nsrh gw¡lcdks Kku] crykvks D;k dgykrh Jheku\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- xjeh gks ;k gks ljnh] cq>krk gw¡lcdh I;kl] j[krs le>nkj eq>s vius iklA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- dHkh nhokj ij V¡xh] dHkh gkFk esa c¡/h] j[krh eSa lcdk è;ku djkrh lcdks le; dk KkuA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- yach&pkSM+h pyrh tk,] cl ;k ?kksM+k ikj u ik,A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6- uhps fn, x, fp=k esa laKk 'kCn <w¡<+ks vkSj fy[kksA ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- 21 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
4 fyax (Gender) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks è;kuiwoZd i<+ksA yM+dk nkSM+ jgk gSA yM+dh nkSM+ jgh gSA nknkth lSj dj jgs gSaA nknhth dgkuh lquk jgh gSA Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa yM+dk vkSj nknkth iq#\"k tkfr osQ gSa rFkk yM+dh vkSj nknhth L=kh tkfr osQ gSaA 22 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
'kCn ds ftl :i esa fdlh ds iq#\"k vFkok L=h tkfr ds gksus dk cks/k gksrk gS] og fyax dgykrk gSA fyax ds izdkj % fyax nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& • iqfYyax • L=khfyax iqfYyax% ftl laKk 'kCn ls iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls iqfYyax dgrs gSaA tSls& jktk] ?kksM+k] yM+dk] cdjk vkfnA L=khfyax% ftl laKk 'kCn ls L=kh tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls L=khfyax dgrs gSaA tSls& jkuh] ?kksM+h] yM+dh] cdjh vkfnA vkb,] oqQN iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax 'kCnksa dks tkusa& iqfYyax L=hfyax iqfYyax L=hfyax firk ekrk iafMr iafMrkbu nknk nknh ekyh ekfyu ukuk ukuh oj o/w pkpk pkph /ksch /ksfcu ekek ekeh uk;d ukf;dk yM+dk yM+dh 'ksj 'ksjuh HkkbZ cgu eksj eksjuh vè;kid vè;kfidk gkFkh gfFkuh ys[kd ysf[kdk ?kksM+k ?kksM+h ;qod ;qorh pwgk pqfg;k jktk jkuh m¡QV m¡QVuh ukSdj ukSdjkuh cSy xk; cq<+k cqf<+;k cdjk cdjh 23 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
fo'ks\"k oqQN 'kCnksa osQ fyax ugh a cnyrsA tSls& jk\"Vªifr] iz/kuea=kh vkfnA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • L=kh ;k iq#\"k tkfr dk Kku djkus okys 'kCn fyax dgykrs gSaA • fganh esa nks fyax gksrs gSa& L=khfyax vkSj iqfYyaxA • dqN 'kCnksa osQ fyax ugha cnyrs] tSls& jk\"Vªifr] ç/kuea=kh vkfnA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa ds fyax cnyksA [k- /ksch = ------------------------ d- firk = ------------------------ ?k- csVk = ------------------------ x- ysf[kdk = ------------------------ p- fgju = ------------------------ Ä ;qod = ------------------------ 2- jaxhu 'kCnksa dk fyax igpkudj fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kksA d- ys[kd fdrkc fy[k jgk gSA -------------------------------- [k- ukukth ckTk+kj x, gaSA -------------------------------- x- xkf;dk xkuk xk jgh gSA -------------------------------- ?k- 'ksj f'kdkj dj jgk gSA -------------------------------- 3- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj okD; iwjs djksA d- cxhps esa ckfydk vkSj --------------------------- [ksy jgs gSaA 24 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
[k- pwgk vkSj --------------------------- fcy dh vksj nkSM+sA x- xfjek vius HkkbZ vkSj --------------------------- osQ lkFk ck”kkj tk jgh gSA ?k- ukuk vkSj --------------------------- eq>s cgqr I;kj djrs gSaA Ä- Å¡V vkSj --------------------------- ?kwe jgs gSaA 4- lgh tksM+s ij (ü) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- vkneh & vkSjr vkneh & ukjh [k- csVk & cqf<+;k csVk & csVh x- flag & 'ksjuh cw<+k & cqf<+;k ?k- flag & flagh flag & flaguh Ä- yksVk & yksVh yksVk & yqfV;k 5- ^uh* ls igys iqfYyax 'kCn tksM+dj L=khfyax 'kCn cukvksA --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- 'ksj --------------------------- uh --------------------------- 25 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
5 opu (Number) uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj lef>,A ;g ,d iqLrd gSA cPpk [ksy jgk gSA ;s vusd iqLrosaQ gSaA cPps [ksy jgs gSaA Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa iqLrd vkSj cPpk 'kCnksa ls la[;k osQ ,d gksus dk irk py jgk gSA ;g ,dopu gS tcfd iqLrosaQ vkSj cPps 'kCnksa ls la[;k osQ ,d ls vf/d gksus dk irk py jgk gS] blfy, ;s 'kCn cgqopu gSaA 26 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
laKk 'kCn ds ftl :i ls mlds ,d ;k vf/d gksus dk cks/ gksrk gS] mls opu dgrs gSaA fganh esa opu osQ nks Hksn gSa& ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA ,dopu% 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls fdlh oLrq dh la[;k osQ ,d gksus dk cks/ gks] mls ,dopu dgrs gSaA tSls& ekyk ia[kk isafly cgqopu% 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mldh la[;k osQ ,d ls vf/d gksus dk cks/ gks] mls cgqopu dgrs gSaA tSls& ekyk,¡ ia[ks isaflysa ;g Hkh tkusa& fganh O;kdj.k & 3 Ÿvknj nsus ds fy, lnk cgqopu dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA firkth vk x, gSaA iz/kuea=kh Hkk\"k.k ns jgs gSaA ŸoqQN 'kCn lnk cgqopu osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA gLrk{kj] cky] n'kZu] vk¡lw vkfnA 27
ŸdqN 'kCn lnk ,dopu ds :i esa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA turk] lksuk] HkhM+] ikuh] cjlkr vkfnA Ÿopu ds vuqlkj okD; Hkh cny tkrk gSA yM+dk tk jgk gSA yM+osQ tk jgs gSaA Ÿopu cnyrs le; var esa yxh ^bZ* rFkk ^Å* dh ek=kk,¡cnydj ^b* rFkk ^m* gks tkrh gSaA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu cPpk cPps ekyk ekyk,¡ osQyk osQys ckyk ckyk,¡ yM+dk yM+osQ ekrk ekrk,¡ jkr jkrsa o/w o/q,¡ ckr ckrsa vè;kfidk vè;kfidk,¡ iqLrd iqLrosaQ pkjikbZ pkjikb;k¡ vk¡[k vk¡[ksa nokbZ nokb;k¡ vkSjr vkSjrsa feBkbZ feBkb;k¡ oLrq oLrq,¡ fpfM+;k fpfM+;k¡ vkvks nksgjk,¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 3 • opu laKk 'kCnksa dh la[;k crkrs gSaA • opu osQ nks Hksn gSa& ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA • opu ds vuqlkj okD; dk :i cnyrk gSA 28
vH;kl dk;Z 1- fp=kksa ds uhps mudh la[;k ds vuqlkj ,odpu ;k cgqopu fy[kksA d- [k- x- ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ?k- Ä p- ------------------------ ------------------------ ---------------------- 2- [kkyh LFkkuksa esa mfpr 'kCn Hkjdj okD;ksa dks iwjk djksA fganh O;kdj.k & 3 d- ------------------------- ikoZQ esa [ksy jgh gSaA (yM+dh@yM+fd;k¡) [k- ------------------------- mM+ jgs gSaA (iRrk@iRrs) x- ½pk osQ ikl pkj ------------------------- gSaA (iqLrd@iqLroasQ) ?k- nks ------------------------- yky jax dh gSaA (oqQlhZ@oqQflZ;k¡) Ä- ------------------------- py jgk gSA (ia[kk@ia[ks) 29
3- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa osQ opu cnydj okD; iqu% fy[kksA okD;ksa esa vko';d cnyko Hkh djsaA d- ckx esa eksj ukp jgk gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- cPps us [kkuk [kk fy;kA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- dejs esa pkch j[kh gqbZ gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ekyh us ikS/k yxk;kA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- cPpk irax mM+k jgk gSA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- uhps oqQN 'kCn fn, tk jgs gSaA izR;sd esa ,d ,slk v{kj tksM+ks ftlls mldk cgqopu 'kCn cu tk,A cgqopu 'kCnksa dks uhps fy[kksA cdjh L=kh unh xkM+h pkch ;k¡ -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- 30 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
6 loZuke (Pronoun) uhps fn, x, fp=k dks è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj lef>,A jksfgr vkSj ueu fe=k gSaA os ,d lkFk [ksyrs gSaA muosQ ekrk&firk Hkh muls [kq'k jgrs gSaA jksfgr vius fe=kksa dh lnk enn djrk gSA og ,d vPNk ckyd gSA ueu i<+kbZ esa gksf'k;kj gSA og d{kk esa izFke vkrk gSA vkius ns[kk fd Åij fn, okD;ksa esa jksfgr rFkk ueu ds uke ckj&ckj u fy[kdj muosQ LFkku ij dqN vU; 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA tSls & os] muds] muls] vius vkSj ogA ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx laKk osQ LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gS] os 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA tSls & eSa] ge] rqe] vki] ;g] og vkfnA 31 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
loZuke dk iz;ksx djus ls Hkk\"kk lqanj yxrh gSA laKk dh rjg gh blesa Hkh ,dopu vkSj cgqopu gksrs gSaA oqQN loZuke 'kCn ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu eSa ge rqe vki ;g ;s og os bls bUgsa mls mUgsa loZuke ds Hksn iq#\"kokpd fu'p;okpd vfu'p;okpd iz'uokpd laca/okpd futokpd Ÿi#q \"kokpd% tks louZ ke ckys us oky]s luq us okys ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr dk ck/s djkrs g]aS mUgas i#q \"kokpd louZ ke dgrs gAaS ;s rhu idz kj oQs gkrs s g&aS 1- mRre iq#\"k 2- eè;e iq#\"k 3- vU; iq#\"k mRre iq#\"k& dgus okyk vius fy, ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS] mUgsa mRre iq#\"k dgrs gSaA tSls& ge] esjk] gekjkA eè;e iq#\"k& ftlls ckr dh tkrh gS] mlosQ fy, ftl loZuke dk iz;ksx gks] mls eè;e iq#\"k dgrs gSaA tSls& rqe] rqEgkjk] rqEgsa] rq>sA vU; iq#\"k& ftl O;fDr osQ ckjs esa ckr dh tkrh gS] mls vU; iq#\"k dgrs gSaA tSls & ;g] og] budk] ;s] osA 32 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
Ÿfu'p;okpd% ftl loZuke 'kCn ls fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ gks] mls fu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& ;g] ;s] og] osA Ÿvfu'p;okpd% ftl loZuke 'kCn ls fdlh fuf'pr O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ u gks] mls vfu'p;okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& dksbZ] oqQNA Ÿiz'uokpd% ftl loZuke 'kCn ls fdlh iz'u dk cks/ gks] mls iz'uokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls & dkSu] D;k] fdlsA Ÿlaca/okpd% ftl loZuke 'kCn ls ,d O;fDr ;k oLrq dk nwljs ls laca/ dk irk pyrk gS] mls laca/okpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls& tks&lks] tgk¡&ogk¡] tSlk&oSlkA Ÿfutokpd% tks loZuke 'kCn drkZ osQ Lo;a osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrs gSa] mUgsa futokpd loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls & Lo;a] viu&vki vkfnA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx fd, tkus okys 'kCnksa dks loZuke dgrs gSaA • loZuke osQ N% Hksn gksrs gSa & iq#\"kokpd] fu'p;okpd] vfu'p;okpd] iz'uokpd] laca/okpd vkSj futokpdA vH;kl dk;Z --------------------------- --------------------------- 1- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa ls loZuke 'kCn Nk¡VksA --------------------------- d- vkvks] ge lc ck”kkj pysaA --------------------------- [k- eq>s vkt ukuh osQ ?kj tkuk gSA --------------------------- x- ;g esjk lPpk fe=k gSA ?k- eSa ;g dke Lo;a dj yw¡xkA fganh O;kdj.k & 3 Ä- rqe Hkhrj vk tkvksA 33
2- fjDr LFkkuksa esa mfpr loZuke 'kCnksa dks HkjksA d- --------------------------- ikS/k rksM+ jgk gS\\ (dkSu@fdlus) [k- --------------------------- dgk¡jgrs Fks\\ (rqe@rqEgkjs) x- ;g ?kj --------------------------- gS\\ (dkSu@fdldk) ?k- nw/ esa --------------------------- iM+k gSA (oqQN@D;k) Ä- --------------------------- isafly [kks xbZ\\ (dkSu@fdldh) 3- mfpr loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djosQ okD; nksckjk fy[kksA d- fiz;k ds HkkbZ us fiz;k dks cqyk;k gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- ehuk{kh us ehuk{kh dk dke iwjk dj fy;k gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- firk th] firk th dgk¡tk jgs gSas\\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- jek olar fogkj eas jek osQ ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgrh gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ä- v{k; dh ek¡us v{k; ls iwNk & ¶v{k; dk eq¡g oSQls lwt x;k\\¸ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
7 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks if<+, vkSj lef>,A vafdr us gjh isaV iguh gSA ;g yM+dh lqanj gSA cxhps esa jax&fcjaxs iwQy f[kys gSaA uhys vkdk'k esa i{kh mM+ jgs gSaA Åij osQ okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCn laKk 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSaA ^gjh*& isaV osQ fy,] ^lqanj*& yM+dh osQ fy,] ^jax&fcjaxs*& iwQy osQ fy,] rFkk ^uhys*& vkdk'k osQ fy, iz;ksx gqvk gSA laKk vkSj loZuke ds xq.k] nks\"k] la[;k] ifj.kke vkfn crkus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSAa 35 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
dqN fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn jax&:i — xksjk] dkyk] lqanj] oqQ:i vkdkj — NksVk] cM+k] Å¡pk] uhpk] eksVk] iryk eki&rksy — nwljk] rhljk] pkj ehVj] ,d pEep xq.k&voxq.k — cgknqj] dk;j] vPNk] cqjk voLFkk — xjhc] vehj] cw<+k] ;qok] cpiu fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn ftl 'kCn dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa fo'ks\"; dgrs gSaA fiNys i`\"B ij fn, x, okD;ksa esa isaV] yM+dh] iwQy rFkk vkdk'k 'kCn fo'ks\"; gSaA oqQN fo'ks\"k.k&fo'ks\"; 'kCn& fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; cM+k eSnku uhyk vkleku I;kjh ek¡ dkys ckny Å¡ps igkM+ nq\"V jk{kl oqQN yksx lrajxh banz/uq\"k yEch lM+d gjs&Hkjs esgurh fdlku xje isM+ pk; vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn laKk vkSj loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSaA • fo'ks\"k.k ftu laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa fo'ks\"; dgrs gSaA • laKk vkSj loZuke osQ xq.k] nks\"k] la[;k] ifj.kke vkfn crkus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA 36 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa ls fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fo'ks\"; Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA d- reUuk ,d cgknqj yM+dh gSA fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; [k- ykseM+h pkykd gksrh gSA --------------------- --------------------- x- oqQN iqLrosaQ esTk ij j[kh gSaA --------------------- --------------------- ?k- nks fdyks lsc ys vkvksA --------------------- --------------------- Ä- ioZr cgqr Å¡pk gSA --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- 2- uhps fy[ks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa dks muds lkeus fy[ks mfpr laKk 'kCnksa ls feykvksA fo'ks\"k.k laKk d- ohj i. ioZr [k- dkyk ii. ?kksM+k x- papy iii. phuh ?k- ,d pEep iv. lSfud Ä- uhyk v. vkleku p- esgurh vi. yM+dh N- Å¡pk vii. yM+dk 3- uhps fy[ks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa osQ mYkVs fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fy[kksA iqjkuh xank dM+ok dk;j cqjk >wBk d- vPNk & --------------------------- [k- ehBk & --------------------------- x- ubZ & --------------------------- ?k- ohj & --------------------------- Ä- lki+ Q & --------------------------- p- lPpk & --------------------------- 37 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
4- fp=kksa dks ns[kdj muds lkeus mudh nks&nks fo'ks\"krk,¡fy[kksA d- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- [k- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- x- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 5- fo'ks\"k.k & laKk osQ lgh tksM+s ij (ü) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- dkyk nw/ eksVk nw/ li+ sQn nw/ [k- eksVh cdjh fo'kky cdjh jax&fcajxh cdjh x- ukVh jLlh yach jLlh cM+h jLlh ?k- pkSdksj xsan frdksuh xsan xksy xsan M+ gjk rksrk dkyk rksrk xksy rksrk 38 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
8 fØ;k (Verb) fp=kksa dks è;ku ls ns[kdj muds uhps fy[ks gq, okD;ksa dks if<+,A ek¡[kkuk cuk jgh gSA fodkl nkSM+ jgk gSA fuf/ lks jgh gSA jsyxkM+h pyh xbZA o\"kkZ gks jgh gSA Nk=k 'kksj epk jgs gSaA jaxhu 'kCnksa ls [kkuk cukus] nkSM+us] lksus] tkus] o\"kkZ gksus rFkk 'kksj epkus tSls dkeksa osQ djus ;k gksus dk irk py jgk gSA ,sls dke crkus okys 'kCn fØ;k 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ftu 'kCn ls fdlh dke osQ djus ;k gksus dk irk pys] mUgsa fØ;k dgrs gSAa 39 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
w fØ;k osQ fcuk okD; v/wjk gksrk gSA tSls& og jsyxkM+h ls (^vk;k* ;k ^x;k*& bldk irk oSQls pys\\) og jsyxkM+h ls vk;k (fØ;k 'kCn us okD; iwjk fd;kA)
w fØ;k okD; osQ var esa vkrh gSA tSls& fpfM+;k ?kksalys esa gSA FkksM+k bar”kkj djksA og vHkh ckgj vk,xhA fiQj mldk jax ns[kukA w okD; esa ,d fØ;k Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj vusd HkhA tSls& vafdrk xkrh gSA (,d fØ;k) og cSBdj ek¡ls i<+ jgh gSA (nks fØ;k) vkb,] oqQN vU; fØ;k 'kCnksa dks tkusa& p<+uk djuk lksuk jksuk lkspuk mrjuk cksyuk ykuk g¡luk fy[kuk lquuk >wyuk tkxuk [ksyuk [kkuk mBuk dkVuk ugkuk i<+uk idkuk vkvks nksgjk,¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 3 • dke dk gksuk ;k djuk fØ;k dgykrk gSA • fØ;k osQ fcuk okD; v/wjk gksrk gSA • ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/d fØ;k,¡gks ldrh gSaA 40
vH;kl dk;Z 1- fp=kksa dks ns[kdj muosQ uhps muosQ fØ;k 'kCn fy[kksA d- [k- x- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 2- mfpr fØ;k 'kCn Hkjdj okD; iwjk djksA d- vè;kid Nk=kksa dks --------------------------- jgs gSaA (lqyk@i<+k) [k- euh\"k tYnh&tYnh --------------------------- jgk gSA (lks@[kk) x- cxhps esa iwQy --------------------------- jgs gSaA (f[ky@fey) ?k- dks;y vke osQ isM+ ij --------------------------- gSA (lksrh@cSBh) 3- fuEu okD;ksa esa fØ;k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djksA d- dejs esa cYc ty jgk gSA [k- nknh iyax ij vkjke dj jgh gSaA x- [ksr esa i+ Qly mx jgh gSA ?k- vkuan ikS/ksa dks ikuh ns jgk gSA Ä Hkkyw ukp jgk gSA 4- uhps fn, x, fØ;k 'kCnksa ls okD; cukvksA d- [ksyuk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [k- [kkuk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x- owQnuk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?k- g¡luk & ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 (ikB & 1 ls 8) 1- [kkyh LFkku HkjksA d- Hkk\"kk osQ nks Hksn ---------------------- vkSj ---------------------- gSaA [k- Hkkjr dh jk\"VªHkk\"kk ---------------------- gSA x- fganh dh fyfi ---------------------- gSA ?k- ---------------------- ls ge Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i lh[krs gSaA 2- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa dks lgh ozQe esa yxkdj mfpr okD; cukvksA d- jek vkbZ esa xkM+hA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ukp Hkkyw gS jgkA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- feBkl gS esa vkeA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa ls laKk 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj lkeus fn, x, LFkku ij fy[kksA d- eNyh ikuh osQ fcuk thfor ugha jg ldrhA -------------------------- [k- xka/hth ges'kk lR; cksyrs FksA -------------------------- x- nks fcfYy;ksa dh fe=krk cgqr iqjkuh gSA -------------------------- 4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnyksA d- firk & -------------------------- [k- /ksch & -------------------------- 42 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
x- ysf[kdk & -------------------------- ?k- csVk & -------------------------- Ä- ;qod & -------------------------- p- fgju & -------------------------- 5- [kkyh LFkkuksa esa mfpr 'kCn Hkjdj okD;ksa dks iwjk djksA d- -------------------------- mM+ jgs gSaA (iRrk @ iRrs) [k- ½pk osQ ikl pkj -------------------------- gSA (iqLrd @ iqLrosaQ) x- -------------------------- py jgk gSA (ia[kk @ ia[ks) 6- loZUkke 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djksA d- vkvks] ge lc ck”kkj pysaA [k- eSa ;g dke Lo;a dj y¡wxkA x- rqe Hkhrj vk tkvksA 7- uhps fy[ks fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa osQ myVs fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn fy[kksA d- vPNk × -------------------------- [k- ohj × -------------------------- x- lki+ Q × -------------------------- ?k- lPpk × -------------------------- 8- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa ls okD; cukvksA d- [ksyuk & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- g¡luk & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- mBuk & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- i<+uk & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä- f[kyuk & -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
9 foykse 'kCn (Antonyms) BaMk ikuh iwjk lsc fnu xje ikuh vk/k lsc jkr Åij fn, x, fp=kksa osQ uhps dqN 'kCn fy[ks gq, gSa & BaMk&xje] iwjk&vk/k] fnu&jkrA ;s 'kCn ,d&nwljs osQ foijhr gSaA bu 'kCnksa dks foykse 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA ,d&nwljs dk foijhr ;k mYVk vFkZ crkus okys 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSAa oqQN vU; foykse 'kCn if<+, vkSj ;kn dhft,A 'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse lw[kk × xhyk 'kq: × var mYVk × lh/k mn; × vLr Åij × uhps vPNk × cqjk p<+uk × mrjuk vanj × ckgj fganh O;kdj.k & 3 44
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse lq[kh × nq[kh ,d × vusd cqn~f/eku × ew[kZ eksVk × iryk dM+ok × ehBk mnkl × [kq'k u;k × iqjkuk LoxZ × ujd xq.k × voxq.k lp × >wB ysuk × nsuk iz'u × mRrj iki × iq.; thr × gkj viuk × ijk;k ifjJeh × vkylh ns'k × fons'k dk;j × ohj vkvks nksgjk,¡ • mYVk vFkZ crkus okys 'kCn] foykse 'kCn gksrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fn, x, 'kCnksa ds foykse 'kCn fy[kksA & ------------------------ d- dM+ok & ------------------------ [k- thr & ------------------------ x- lp & ------------------------ ?k- ykHk & ------------------------ Ä LoxZ & ------------------------ p- u;k & ------------------------ N- mRrj & ------------------------ t- vPNkbZ 45 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
2- mfpr foykse 'kCn Nk¡Vdj mlosQ Åij xksyk yxkvksA d- vkdk'k ß ijyksd] ikrky] ”kehu [k- mtkyk ß v¡/dkj] v¡/sjk] izdk'k x- prqj ß cqn~f/eku] csodwi+ Q] ew[kZ ?k- dk;j ß Mjiksd] cgknqj] ohj Ä iz'kalk ß rkjhi+ Q] fuank] cqjkbZ 3- js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ foijhr vFkZ nsus okys 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkku HkjksA d- lwjt iwoZ fn'kk esa mn; gksrk gS vkSj if'pe esa ------------------------ gks tkrk gSA [k- Vksdjh esa j[ks dsys iosQ gq, gSa] ysfdu iihrs ------------------------ gSaA x- lkfgy cgknqj yM+dk gS] ijarq mldk HkkbZ izkaty ------------------------ gSA ?k- ekfs gr njs ls ikB'kkyk igp¡q k] D;kfas d og lcq g ------------------------ ugha mBrk gAS Ä panzek ,d gS] ysfdu rkjs ------------------------ gSaA 4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dks muosQ foykse 'kCnksa ls feyku dhft,A 'kCn foykse 'kCn d- dM+ok i. gkj [k- lw[kk ii. nsuk x- viuk iii. ehBk ?k- thr iv. ijk;k Ä- ysuk v. xhyk 46 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
10 i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonyms) nsf[k,] if<+, vkSj lef>,A Hkxoku i{kh [kx fogx izHkq bZ'oj losjk ek¡ Hkksj izkr% vack tuuh ;gk¡fn, x, izR;sd fp=k osQ vusd uke gSaA i{kh] Hkxoku] losjk] ek¡osQ fy, oqQN vkSj 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;s lHkh 'kCn ,d gh vFkZ crkrs gSaA leku vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph ;k lekukFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSAa 47 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
vkb, oqQN i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks tkusa& 1- vk¡[k & us=k] u;u] ykspu 12- lalkj & tx] nqfu;k] fo'o 2- taxy & ou] dkuu] vj.; 13- izdk'k & jk's kuh] mtkyk] vkykds 3- 'kjhj & ru] nsg] dk;k 14- lSfud & flikgh] j{kd] ;ksn~/k 4- vkneh & euq\";] uj] ekuo 15- iwQy & oqQlqe] iq\"i] lqeu 5- vkdk'k & xxu] uHk] vkleku 16- oqQ'ky & ;ksX;] prqj] fuiq.k 6- ty & ikuh] uhj] okfj 17- csVk & iq=k] yM+dk] lqr 7- ckny & es?k] ?ku] ty/j 18- lwjt & lw;Z] jfo] fnudj 8- /jrh & i`Foh] Hkwfe] /jk 19- pk¡n & panz] 'kf'k] panzek 9- nhid & fpjkx] nhi] nh;k 20- jkr & jkf=k] fu'kk] jtuh 10- diM+k & oL=k] phj] iV 21- isM+ & r#] foVi] o`{k 11- ok;q & gok] iou] lehj 22- ?kj & vky;] fuosQru] lnu vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ,d gh lKa k 'kCn (oLrq ;k ikz .kh) dks vyx&vyx ukekas ls Hkh idq kjk tkrk gAS • leku vFkZ crkus okys vyx&vyx 'kCn i;k;Z okph o lekukFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gAaS 48 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
vH;kl dk;Z 1- fp=kksa osQ uhps muds nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kksA d- [k- x- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- 2- vyx vFkZ okys 'kCn ij xksyk ( ) yxkvksA d- vkdk'k uHk xxu ykspu lwjt [k- vkx lw;Z jfo u;u v'o x- vk¡[k ykspu mtkyk ?k- dey uhjt jktho 3- lgh lekukFkhZ 'kCn ls feyku djksA i. iq=k d- i{kh ii. Hkkuq [k- oqQ'ky iii. iaNh x- 'kjhj iv. nsg ?k- lwjt v. ;ksX; Ä csVk 49 fganh O;kdj.k & 3
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