Code 402 Class 10 MS Office Base

To delete temporary files 1. In the search box on the taskbar, type disk cleanup, and select Disk Cleanup. 2. Select the desired drive and click OK. 3. Under Files to delete, select the desired file types and click OK. To delete system files 1. In Disk Cleanup, select Clean up system files. 2. Select the desired file types and click OK. Session-3 Computer Security & Viruses What is a Computer Virus? A computer virus is a harmful program which attaches itself with the computer files and infects them. It is capable of making its copies. The ability to copy itself makes virus capable of spreading from one file to other and even to other computers over a network. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 50 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Types of Virus Depending on the way they function, viruses are of following types: Boot Sector Virus Boot sector is that part of the hard disk which contains the boot sector program. This program loads the operating system in the computer’s memory. If boot sector program is corrupted then operating system will not load and computer will not be started. Boot sector virus replaces the boot sector program with its own program and activates as the computer is switched on. Modern operating systems are capable of stopping the boot sector virus and boot the computer properly however it is recommended to take care that virus does not infect your computer in the first place. Some boot sector viruses are Form, Parity boot, Disk killer, Cascade, Whale, Proud. File Virus File virus hides its code in a file and when user runs or opens that file it also loads in the memory. Then, it infects other files which load in the memory. Some file viruses are Jerusalem, Invader, Flip. Stealth Virus These viruses apply some way to avoid detection. For example, reducing the actual file size so that anti-virus does not get suspicious. Some viruses change their program structure every time they make a new copy. This makes them hard to detect. Such stealth viruses are also called polymorphic viruses. Whale, Frodo, Joshi etc. work in stealth way. Macro Virus Modern word processors and spreadsheets allow us to write short programs which are the part of the file. These programs are called macro programs. Macro virus is in the form of a macro program and it hides itself in the document or spreadsheet as a macro. When the file is opened, it gets activated. For example, Melissa, Wazzu, Crown. Virus Symptoms How will you figure out if your computer is infected with a virus? Look for following symptoms while switching on and working on your computer: ¤ Your computer is starting up slowly and/or works slower than earlier. ¤ Computer suddenly hangs or crashes so that you need to restart it abnormally. ¤ Unwanted pop-ups and notifications appear which were not there earlier. ¤ Computer restarts suddenly on its own. ¤ Hard disk indicator on your computer shows disk activity even if you are not using any program or opening/saving any file. ¤ Computer shows lesser hard disk space and memory usage is too high in Task Manager. ¤ Unwanted files are created. ¤ Files are not opening or crashing after opening. ¤ Programs taking too long to load and run. ¤ Strange error messages and dialog boxes. Other Malware Programs Viruses are not the only threat today. There are other malware programs also which infect computers and user data in different ways. Let us learn about them. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 51 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Worm Worms are another form of virus which copy themselves independently without the need of any file to infect. They spread across computers over a computer and make the data transfer slow. Some worms are capable of using email service to spread to other mail boxes. Examples: MSBlast, ILOVEYOU. Trojan Horse This computer virus looks like a useful program and once installed or downloaded, it harms the computer. User will install them thinking as a utility and when it runs the intended damage is done. For example, Zelu, Rootkit, Exploit. Spyware or Adware Spyware installs itself on the computer without user's knowledge and monitors keystrokes, takes screenshots, reads chat, collects device and user information and forwards it to the malicious owners of such program. Loss of confidential information and identity theft are the threats posed by spywares. Protection from Spyware or Adware ¤ Install an effective spyware detecting software. ¤ Keep your operating system and browser updated. ¤ Check if any unnecessary software is being installed. It is often during the installation steps and in the User Agreement. ¤ Carefully read and close any warning boxes that look like important messages. ¤ Be careful while installing free programs, games or shareware. Free programs may contain spyware. Preventive Measures Against Viruses Basic Internet Discipline 1. Don’t open unwanted email and their attachments if source is strange or unknown. 2. Use spam blocking or filtering tools to block unsolicited emails, instant messages and pop-ups. 3. Avoid easy and obvious passwords and change them regularly. Keep passwords safe. 4. Avoid downloading files and programs from untrustworthy web sites. Protect Your Computer 1. Take regular backup of your important data on a separate external disk. 2. Avoid keeping sensitive data like passwords, credit card details etc. on your computer. 3. Do not let everyone to use your computer. Use Anti-virus Software 1. Install and use a good anti-virus for regular scanning of your computer. 2. Keep the anti-virus updated regularly to safeguard against new viruses. Anti-virus Software An anti-virus software detects the virus threats, scans files for viral infection and removes the viruses. An anti-virus needs to be installed on the computer to prevent, detect and remove viruses. It is necessary to update anti-virus at regular intervals of weeks or months to keep it aware of new threats. How Anti-virus Works? An anti-virus detects viruses by their signature or behaviour. A virus signature is the unique Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 52 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

structure of a virus program which anti-viruses are aware of. Anti-viruses have a list of known virus signatures with which they can identify the possible virus. That is why anti-viruses need regular updates. Anti-viruses also detect behaviour of the programs on the computer to detect any unusual action such as accessing a file which is not meant for them. In case of any suspicious activity, it scans the program for virus. Some popular anti-viruses are given here: Using an Anti-virus Let us see how to use one of the popular and powerful anti-viruses - McAfee. Scan the Computer for Virus 1. Open McAfee Security Scan Plus from Start menu. 2. Click on Scan. button. 3. Select the type of scan you want to run. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 53 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

The scan options are: A. Full - Scans your entire computer for known threats. B. Quick - Scans only the most susceptible parts of your computer for known threats. C. Custom - Allows you to manually select the drives, folders, and other locations you want to scan. To see the results for any suspicious files, click View Results. If View Results is not available that means Virus Scan did not detect any threats. Click OK. Scheduling and Updating Antivirus ¤ Click on Settings. ¤ Make your choices for next scan date and daily, weekly or monthly scan schedule. ¤ Select the checkbox for auto-update. ¤ Click on Apply button. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 54 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Spyware or Adware Spyware installs itself on the computer without user's knowledge and monitors keystrokes, takes screenshots, reads chat, collects device and user information and forwards it to the malicious owners of such program. Loss of confidential information and identity theft are the threats posed by spywares. Protection ¤ Install an effective spyware detecting software. ¤ Keep your operating system and browser updated. ¤ Check if any unnecessary software is being installed. It is often during the installation steps and in the User Agreement. ¤ Carefully read and close any warning boxes that look like important messages. ¤ Be careful while installing free programs, games or shareware. Free programs may contain spyware. Spam Spam is unsolicited or undesired junk email usually a promotional material. Senders of such emails are called spammers. Spams have a link that lures the user into clicking it. This confirms user's email ID and that brings in more spam in future. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 55 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Protection ¤ Use spam filtering settings in the email service. ¤ Share your personal email ID only with those you trust. ¤ Do not display your email ID online for everyone to access. ¤ Create separate email accounts for public use. ¤ Look out for spelling mistakes and bad grammar in the mail. These mistakes are done by spammers to pass through the spam filter. Phishing and Pharming Phishing Fraudulently acquiring sensitive information from the users by impersonating trusted websites like banks and e-commerce merchants etc. is called Phishing. Phishers target the details like pins, passwords and answers to security questions. Phishing occurs generally in the form of an email or through a legitimate sounding phone call. Pharming When website's traffic is redirected to another unauthorized fake URL then it is called pharming. Hackers somehow get access to the website's servers and manipulate the configuration files which identify the server as host website on Internet. Protection ¤ Install anti-phishing software. ¤ Never give away any sensitive information related to finance and security like pins, passwords, bank balance, transaction details, identification numbers etc. in reply to undesired emails and never on phone. ¤ Always cross check the source of email and phone call with the concerned agency. ¤ Today, all authentic agencies like banks and merchants have their own secured apps for transactions. Download and use them on your mobile phones instead of unknown third- party apps. ¤ Phishers address their targets with fancy terms like “valued customer” but genuine agency will address you by your correct name, username, customer ID etc. ¤ Regularly check your financial statements and account details. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 56 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

¤ Secured Socket Layer Certification is done for web sites by authorised Certification Authorities (CA). CAs do not issue SSL certificates to any agency that is not properly identified and cleared. Check the website's certificate icon of a padlock in the address bar. All secured web sites have SSL certificates. If padlock icon is of open lock then web site is not secured and must be left immediately. ¤ Never ignore operating system, anti-virus and browser upgrades. Do them as and when prompted or required. ¤ Web sites should deploy effective firewalls with suitable settings to keep away unauthorized access and intrusion. Let us understand what a firewall is and what does it do. Firewall A firewall is a security combination of hardware and software that is used to protect a server and network resources from unauthorized access and intrusion. Firewall checks the incoming data packets over the networks and filters out which do not have suitable and sufficient permission to access the network. This way an extra level of protection is created right at the gates of the network. Internet Frauds and Scams Today we virtually live and shop on Internet. Scammers send the users tempting newsletters and prompts of getting rich quick through online gambling, lottery or games alluring them to click the link. Once you accept the offer they attempt to take sensitive information like credit card numbers, pins etc. Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 57 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Protection ¤ Ignore and do not fall for online offers that seem too exciting to be true. ¤ Ask yourself: Do I really need it? Does it really concern me? ¤ Avoid individuals asking for donations. ¤ Avoid accepting or vouching for any financial transaction with online friends whom you have never met especially those in known notorious regions of the world. ¤ Avoid charity involvement offers, placement schemes with instant visas, medical claims of quacks to cure certain disease instantly. Assessment 1. Define the term operating system. List its 3 major functions. 2. List some major operating systems of different types. 3. What do you mean by the terms Icons, Desktop and Taskbar? 4. What is the use of Computer icon and Recycle Bin. 5. How do you move or copy a computer file from one location to another? 6. How is a file different from a folder? 7. What is the difference between moving and copying a folder? 8. Why is it necessary to maintain your computer system regularly? 9. What is the use of disk defragmenter and disk clean up utilities? 10. Why are regular backups of data important? 11. What preventive measures should we take against computer viruses? 12. List any 5 symptoms of a computer virus. 13. List any 4 practices to keep your computer work smoothly for a longer time. 14. List 3 types of viruses. 15. How can you say that a computer is infected by some virus without running any anti-virus? Information and Communication Technology Skills-II 58 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

4 Entrepreneurial Skills - II Session-1 Characteristics of an Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship means creating a business and gradually scaling it to generate a profit. An entrepreneur is one who sets up a the business this way. Entrepreneurs are some of the world's most powerful transformers. Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs are entrepreneurs who imagine the world differently. Qualities of An Entrepreneur Planners and Confident: Entrepreneurs know what they wish to achieve and they have a plan (anticipating risks, threats, opportunities, resources, infrastructure required) to achieve it. This brings confidence in what they do. Confidence is a trait that can be developed. So, if someone aspires to be an entrepreneur, can develop self-confidence. Creative: Right from identifying a problem and then devising a solution for it, creativity entrepreneurs works in the background. Creativity causes innovations. Innovative ideas come out of the box thinking and the base of it is creativity. Risk-takers: Introducing an innovative solution among masses and then promoting it to be accepted is a challenging task. It is difficult to predict whether it will be liked by the targeted customers or rejected. Meanwhile, competition also works on the same ideas which makes it all a risky proposition to begin something new. Professional: While dealing with team members, service providers and other stake holders, entrepreneurs follow a code of profession. Being highly professional is very much necessary to become and entrepreneur. Professionalism is the combination of major traits like self-management, discipline and keeping your commitments. Skillful in Social Interactions: Entrepreneurs must be good at interpersonal skills to develop rapport and longer, fruitful relationships with all the people involved on the business processes like hiring the team, arranging resources, developing relationship with prospective clients, developing goodwill with vendors etc. Open to knowledge, learning and failures: Entrepreneurs must be aware of advances occurring in the field and how market dynamics is changing. They also carry an attitude of facing the failures, taking responsibility to own the outcomes if any plan falls flat. They analyse their failures to take learning out of it for further improvements in strategies. Empathetic: Entrepreneurs like to work with democratic teams. There is, of course, hierarchy in the team but that serves the purpose of monitoring and controlling the deadlines. On practical grounds teams work in unison. Entrepreneurs resolve conflicts and recognise the good achievements in the team and reward them to boost the morale of the team. 52Entrepreneurial Skills - II 59 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Customer oriented: Customer is the source of revenue. Customer can only pass the verdict of rejection or selection of the innovative product. On a slight deviation from the commitment made to the customers, they can go to the competitor. Entire plan made by entrepreneurs is customer focused. Passionate: No matter how rosy or dark the things are, an entrepreneur’s passion never dampens. They look into the eyes of the challenge and with great passion, set on to win over it. If they meet the failures, they look for what had gone wrong and how it could be corrected. Then, they set on with even more passion to retry. Excellent communicators: Entrepreneurs connect with people using their verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Inculcating trust among customers, good relationships with the vendors and service providers and making a good team work for them needs high level of communication skills. These skills help them deal with people and situations in adequate manner. Leaders: People look at entrepreneurs as an innovative solution provider. They admire his/ her position. An entrepreneur is in the clear view of his/ her team and the customers so he must demonstrate his/ her leadership skills where ever persuasion and motivation is required. For team, an entrepreneur leads by example and for customers he demonstrates a code of ethics which are qualities of a leader. Functions of An Entrepreneur An entrepreneur is more than what meets the eye. He/ she works in following major areas: this area, an entrepreneur exhibits all the functions that map his/ her main characteristics we have seen above especially taking risks, innovation, planning and organising. Management: Predicting, planning, organising, coordinating and controlling the team, functions and interactions is also looked into by an entrepreneur. Major managerial activities are: 1. Planning at every level including initiating the processes, anticipating the risks and identifying resources. 2. Organising by providing a process to ensure that everything works as planned. Managing team functions, interactions with external entities like vendors and organising promotional activities. 3. Recruitments and team building to have right kind of talent and professionals to convert the vision into desired product or service. 4. Giving directions and guidance where ever needed by the team to keep the progress on track. 5. Controlling the proceedings to keep them going as planned and improvising in strategy wherever needed. Sales and Promotion: This is the most curious and interesting area for an entrepreneur since this influences the processes of bringing in revenues and developing business relations. Addressing the customer segment and promoting the innovative product, devising promotional strategy and activities are one of the prime concerns of an entrepreneur. Finance and Commerce: Funds are the fuel of entire entrepreneur project. Identifying sources of funding, getting prospective investors interested in the project and mobilising the funds are the activities which entrepreneurs manage. Commercial functions include looking into production and manufacturing process or the processes related to service delivery. Involving into financial transactions, analysing the financial figures and plan ahead. 56Entrepreneurial Skills - II 60 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Some Inspiring Entrepreneurs John Paul DeJoria: John Paul DeJoria has accomplished feats of entrepreneurship and business management such as starting as a newspaper courier, and working as a janitor and tow truck driver. He finally started working at a hair care company, where he met Paul Mitchell. With a loan of just $700, the two of them started a business that turned into the conglomerate now known as John Paul Mitchell Systems. DeJoria also co-founded Patron Spirits, and was a founding partner of the House of Blues chain. Today, he's worth more than $3.1 billion. Kevin Plank: The CEO of the fitness apparel company Under Armour, he was almost broke when he started selling signature clothing under the Under Armour brand. He saved, about $20,000, and took loan of $40,000 to fund the company. Soon after, he made a landmark sale of $17,000 to Georgia Tech University, and in a wave of momentum, made sales to two dozen NFL teams. Today, Under Armour does nearly $2 billion in retail sales, and has 5,900 employees. Jan Koum: He is the founder of WhatsApp. He was born in a small village near Kiev in Ukraine. Koum's family emigrated to California, and he started learning about computers in his spare time. By the time he was 18, he had developed impressive skills, and in 1997, he was hired by Yahoo! as an infrastructure engineer. He spent a decade in that industry and then in 2009 he set on to start WhatsApp Inc. By 2014, WhatsApp had become enormously popular. Facebook bought the app for a staggering $19 billion. Sam Walton: Sam Walton, Walmart's founder, had almost nothing to his name himself when he started his first general store back in 1945. He relied on a $25,000 loan from his father-in-law to fund that initial purchase, and was an instant success in the retail industry. The first official Walmart was opened in 1962, in Rogers, Ark.; and by 1976, Walmart was worth more than $176 million. At one point, Walton was considered the wealthiest man in the United States. George Soros: There are few better rags-to-riches stories than that of George Soros. When Soros was a teenager in Hungary in 1947, he fled Nazi persecution to live in England. Despite having little money to fund his efforts, he attended the London School of Economics, working his way through university to obtain his degree. He then moved to the United States in the 1950s, and became an investment manager for a number of major firms, eventually starting his own hedge fund and building his own company. His most famous move was shorting the British pound in the early 1990s, which made him $1 billion in a single day. Note: The above details are taken from the article at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/305990. Some other known entrepreneurs are: Mark Zukerberg (Facebook), Jeff Bezoz (Amazon), Elon Musk (SpaceX), Shiv Nader (HCL), Bhavish Aggarwal (OLA), Binny Bansal, Sachit Bansal (Flipkart). Entrepreneurial Skills - II 61 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. How entrepreneurs positively contribute to society? 2. List main characteristics of an entrepreneur. 3. What are the main functions of an entrepreneur? Session-2 Role and Significance of an Entrepreneur Entrepreneurs contribute in economic growth of the nation. They bring together best skills and ideas to create innovative product and services to revolutionise the lives of the people. They help in empployment generation and growth of the people. Let us see some significant roles played by entrepreneurs: Mobilisation of public wealth: By establishing the business entity, entrepreneurs invest their own resources and arrange for capital and investments. The source of funding may be investors, lenders and the public. This mobilizes public wealth and benefits people as well as all stakeholders in the form of the success of the growing business. This kind of contribution of funds from different sources makes the foundation on which the business entity is erected. Creation of employment opportunities: By their nature and motivation entrepreneurs are job creators rather than being to job seekers. When someone decides to become self employed, he/ she is no more a job seeker in the economy, he/ she provides employment to multiple other job seekers. This kind of job creation by new businesses is very rewarding for nation’s economy as it addresses problem of unemployment up to some extent. Contribution to Industrial Development: Entrepreneurs setting up new businesses and industrial units help with regional development by locating in less developed and backward areas. The growth of industries and business in these areas leads to infrastructure improvements like better roads and rail links, airports, stable electricity and water supply, schools, hospitals, shopping malls and other public and private services that would not otherwise be available. Contribution in economical growth: India's MSME sector, accounts for over 35% of the country's GDP by making use of resources like land, labor and capital that add to the national income, national product and per capita income of the country. Enhancing living standard of people: Entrepreneurs play a key role in increasing the standard of living in a community. They create jobs and also develop and adopt innovations leading to improved quality of life of their employees, customers, and other stakeholders in the community. Entrepreneurs create jobs: Entrepreneurs, create opportunities for jobs. They take risks of self employment. As their business grows, opportunities for more jobs are created. This greatly contributes to the eradication of unemployment problem in the nation. Entrepreneurs create change: Entrepreneurs always look for the ideas to transform the world around us. They look at the problems with different perspective and come up with revolutionary ideas Entrepreneurial Skills - II 62 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

which triggers remarkable positive changes in the society and in the lives of people. They explore new vistas to do better and in innovative ways to create products and services which address some burning problem. Entrepreneurs give to society: Entrepreneurs often do more for the greater good than the average person. They make honest money with great struggle and pay for taxes and public services thereby contributing and returning to the economy. Many of them take green initiatives for environment and contribute to the charities for social causes. What does Society Give to an Entrepreneur? Entrepreneurs belong to the same society they serve. The view of society about entrepreneurship is crucial since it makes a conducive environment for this idea to grow. Many problems addressed by entrepreneurs can successfully be done so through society’s initiatives. Social awareness creates a positive view about entrepreneurs and youth are influenced by it. Social ecosystem has great youth power which can encourage youth to take up entrepreneurship as a career option. Social awareness can sensitise people in buying and using products and solutions provided bu local entrepreneurs thus encouraging them in their efforts. Rural areas and extreme interior regions of the country are welcoming entrepreneurship initiatives by government and social organisations. This improves local employment, makes people self-reliant and strengthens the social fabric. People involving in entrepreneurship drive improves the local economy. Prosperous people become happier and confident. Educational institutes can play a key role in encouraging and supporting entrepreneurship. Crowd funding is one such example. Groups of people can come together to encourage entrepreneurship drive. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. How do entrepreneurs enhance living stavdard of people and create jobs? 2. How do entrepreneurs contribute to industrial development and economical growth? 3. How do entrepreneurs mobilise public wealth and contribute to society? 4. How can society contribute to entrepreneurship drive? Session-3 Myths Related to Entrepreneurship Now we know that entrepreneurship demands a great deal of skills. An entrepreneur is more than a businessmen as far as versatility is concerned. An entrepreneur is a leader, innovator, risk-taker and enerprising person. Let us have a look at certain assumptions people do while considering entrepreneurship as a career option. Myth: Entrepreneurship is easy to do Fact: Entrepreneurship involves greater risks. Conceiving an innovative service or product is challenging in itself. Then convincing people of your idea and mobilising funds also needs a lot of efforts. Making the service/ product reach the masses and get accepted is another barrier to scale. At every step there are new kind of challenges. Entrepreneurial Skills - II 63 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Myth: You have more freedom in entrepreneurship Fact: An entrepreneur walks, talks, eats and sleeps his/her dream. They do not have the time-bound schedule of an employee. They also do not have luxury to hire a big team that works for them. They are actively involved in all processes of their venture so there is no time-bound schedule for them. They have luxury of flexibility but idea of freedom is a big myth. Myth: You need to create an entirely new product or service to sell. Fact: Entrepreneurs do the things differently or innovatively. Uber, Ola are taxi services but they have revolutionised the way these services are provided. Innovative part is that they do not own the vehicles and drivers still people associated with them have flexibility of working and chances of earning handsomely. As an entrepreneur if you have a new product to offer, ut is good but most start- ups have found innovative and creative ways in offering the same products and services. This is called disruption. Paytm, Uber, Ola, Netflix, Savn, Olx etc. are disruptions. Myth: Lot of funding is required to start the business Fact: One aspect of innovation is thinking of an idea which can be launched at a smaller scale that can start with a small amount. At later stages, it can be scaled up to bigger product and using more funds as it would be easier to do so once brand is established in the market. Most of the start ups begin at small scale, home based ventures. Google had begun in a garage. So did other current giants like Apple and Disney. Myth: It is difficult to get loans for a start-up from banks Fact: It is not difficult at all, rather, it is easier now. Make in India initiative of the government and various other loan schemes for small and medium enterprises (SME) are there. All the public sector banks and most of the private banks provide SME loans at very attractive interest rates. Government is still doing amendments in making the funding process for start-ups easier and more flexible. Myth: Success is quick if we start small Fact: Size of the start-up in the beginning may make a difference in managing the business but it has nothing to do with success directly. Success depends on the acceptance of the product in the market and how it is promoted among masses. The kind of hard work put into this process will also make a big difference but many small start-ups fail too not because of their size or finance but due to the flaws in the vision of the start-up. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. Do you think entrepreneurship is easy? Why/ Why not? 2. Entrepreneurs have a time-bound schedule. Do you think this statement is true? Why/ Why not? 3. Is it a myth that every start-up should begin with a new product or service? 4. Do start-ups need a huge amount of funds to begin? Explain. Session-4 Entrepreneurship As A Career Option Entrepreneurship is a vast field providing several opportunities and choices to make from. You can begin your own start-up with an innovative idea or your can associate with an existing start-up and contribute to its growth. Entrepreneurial Skills - II 64 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

As a career it is suitable for people who work independently. They do not want to spend life as 9 hours job cycle. They are passionate and ambitious. They want to win the rewards hidden behind the challenging rocks of risks and challenges. They believe in their ability to generate wealth for self and opportunities to earn and grow for others. They want to enjoy the success carved by themselves. Learning Entrepreneurship: Today various short-term and ful time entrepreneurship courses are available which can be pursued to prepare yourself before actually starting with a start-up. Universities and private management institutes provide a range of diploma, certificate, professional, undergraduate, post graduate and management courses to choose from. These courses prepare you with necessary skills and knowledge required to become an entrepreneurship. Becoming a Franchisee: Many business follow up franchising framework to grow their business. Advantages of taking a franchisee of a business that you save a lot of time and effort in establishing the business. As a franchisee you get a ready setup with facilities like training, sales support, branding and guidance with flexible payment options. Buying a Business: Instead of thinking and deploying a new idea, an existing business can be bought which has growth potential in future and then innovations can be added to it to give it a new shape. Pros and Cons of Entrepreneurship As a Career If you are passionate enough to work on risk-reward model then entrepreneurship is your domain. Some common advantages of having entrepreneurship as career are: 1. Control: You plan, chose and design the things the way you need or like. 2. Excitement: Each day brings its own challenges, opportunities, risks and rewards. 3. Flexibility: Working hours can be planned as per the required work and commitments. 4. Freedom: In terms of location, timings and team building there is comparatively more freedom. 5. Recognition: Once business grows, people begin to recognise you and get inspired by you. 6. Growth: You can determine the pace of start-up’s growth as you require. Some common disadvantages of having entrepreneurship as career are: 1. Competition: You need to be on constant lookout to update yourself on the competition in market. 2. Lone struggling: Entrepreneurs are normally a small team. Struggle is not contributed by many stakeholders. Mostly risk taking lies on the entrepreneur him or herself. 3. No regular income: Income in business is not predictable. It directly relates to your efforts and revenues earned. 4. Greater responsibilities: As an entrepreneur you own everything so you shoulder the bigger responsibility of all the processes and functions in your business. 5. Longer working hours: There are no fixed hours and days for an entrepreneur. He/ she eats and sleeps the business. They always think what new can be added for further growth. 6. Funding and finances: If business goes down, managing new finances could be difficult. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. Find some good entrepreneurship course on internet. Make a small write up about them and the institutes that provide these course. 2. Go to entrepreneur.com, business.com and franchise.com and spend some time there to find out what sorts of business opportunities are there for youth. Entrepreneurial Skills - II 65 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

3. List a few advantages of entrepreneurship. 4. List a few disadvantages of entrepreneurship. Assessment 1. What do you ean by Describe any 4 charatceristics of an entrepreneur. 2. How can you say that ‘innovation’ sets the entrepreneurs apart from businessmen? 3. List the functions of an entrepreneur. 4. Discuss in brief any 3 major functions of entrepreneur. 5. How does entrepreneurship influence society and nation’s growth? 6. List any 4 major myths about entrepreneurship. 7. Discuss about any 3 myths related to entrepreneurship. 8. Write a brief note on how entrepreneurship can be a good career option. Entrepreneurial Skills - II 66 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

5 Green Skills - II Session-1 Understanding Sustainable Development In simple terms, sustainable development means the economic development that is achieved without harming and depleting natural resources. Looking more closely into the term “sustainable”, it is defined as something that is “able to be upheld or defended” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2005). Sustainability is development that takes care of the needs of the present while being concerned about future generations, balancing between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being. Today, sustainable development is not an option but necessity. It is necessary due to the concerns for preserving and enhancing the environment and its biodiversity to ensure a healthy and productive world. Growth and environmental maintenance are simultaneously possible and we are capable of achieving it. Thus, sustainable development demands growth that is environmentally sound to reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity for all and meet the needs of future generations. The three fundamental components to sustainable development are Economic development, Social development and Environmental protection. Economic development is about providing incentives for businesses and other organizations to adhere to sustainability guidelines. Social development is about awareness and protection of the health of people from pollution and other harmful activities of business. Environmental protection is the need to protect the environment, whether the concept of 4 Rs (reduce, recycle, recover, and reuse) are being achieved or not. Sustainable development encompasses 4 Ps: People who represent the socio-cultural issues. Planet which represents the environmental issues. Profit that represents the economic issues. Policy which refers to visionary political leadership and implementation of policies needed to make sustainable development a reality. Today, countries are agreeing to the importance of conserving natural resources. Process is slow but has begun. People are adopting to greener ways that will improve their health, farmers are practicing smart agriculture and industries are realizing as to how much they can save through energy efficiency. Sustainable Development and The World On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic UN Summit — officially came into force. Eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. There must be promotion of sustainable, inclusive and Green Skills - II 67 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

equitable economic growth, creating greater opportunities for all, reducing inequalities, raising basic standards of living, fostering equitable social development and inclusion, and promoting integrated and sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems. The 17 SDGs are: 1. Complete poverty eradication 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure 2. Zero hunger 10. Reduces inequalities 3. Good health and well-being 11. Sustainable cities and communities 4. Quality education 12. Responsible consumption and production 5. Gender equality 13. Climate action 6. C lean water and sanitation 14. Life below water 7. Affordable and clean energy 15. Life ion land 8. Decent work and economic growth 16. Peace, justice and strong institutions 17. Partnerships for the goals Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. Define the term sustainable development. 2. What are the 3 fundamental components or pillars of sustainable development? 3. What are the 4 Ps of sustainable development? Explain them briefly. 4. What is UN’s sustainability development program 2030? 5. Go to https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ and read more about UN’s SDGs. Session-2 Importance of Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development, although had appeared in the 1970s, was widely disseminated in the early 1980s by the ‘World Conservation Strategy’ (IUCN, UNE’P and WWF, 1980), which called for the maintenance of essential ecological processes; the preservation of biodiversity; Green Skills - II 68 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

and sustainable use of species and ecosystems. The Brundtland Report titled: Our Common Future (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987), brought the sustainability issues to the world political platform to raise global interest in the environment. The importance of sustainable development can be summarised as below. Sustainable development is necessary because it will: Provide for essential human needs: The growing population compels people to struggle for the limited life essentials like food, shelter, and water. Sustainable development only promises to reduce this struggle by providing essential infrastructure. If governments insist on utilizing fossil fuel based sources of energy instead of renewable and sustainable options, the cost and environmental effects of supplying these basic needs would be very huge. Address agricultural requirement: Growing population means agriculture must be as much productive to meet the demand for natural food. Sustainable development focuses on sustainable agricultural methods such as effective seeding techniques and crop rotation to promote high yields while maintaining the integrity of the soil, which produces food for a large population. Help in managing climate change: Climate change can be mitigated by sustainable development practices. Sustainable development practices discourage the use of fossil-based sources of fuel like oil, natural gas, and coal. Renewable energy sources like solar energy and nuclear energy are the better options and developments are occurring rapidly in that direction. Help nation in being economically stable: Sustainable development practices have the ability to create more financially sustainable economies. Developing countries that cannot access fossil fuels can opt for renewable forms of energy to power their economies. Help in sustaining biodiversity: Life ecosystem is designed in such a way that species depend on one another for survival. Unsustainable development practices like emission of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere and pollution of air, water and land kill many plant species resulting in reduction of atmospheric oxygen. Sustainable development practices encourage the use of renewable energy resources, and organic farming practices that are environment friendly. Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. Why sustainable development is necessary? 2. Discuss some examples of sustainable development. Session-3 Sustainable Development: Challenges and Solutions Challenges in Sustainable Development We are facing challenges in all three dimensions of sustainable development—economic, social and environmental. In entire world, more than 1 billion people are still living in extreme poverty, and income inequality. Achieving sustainable development requires global as well as local actions. The common challenges in the way of sustainable development are: Green Skills - II 69 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Climate change: Global warming, floods, droughts in several countries are a big concern today. Extreme winters and summers have been experienced in many parts of the world recently. A drastically changing climate poses social problem and creates a barrier in achieving goals associated with sustainable development. Hunger and malnutrition: Many developing countries have managed the problem of food inequality and malnutrition but still many countries are struggling to overcome this challenge. For them, the priority id not sustainable development. War and border conflicts: A country which is not at peace with neighbours cannot focus on the need of sustainable development. The focus will obviously shift to the sudden crisis arisen due to the war and conflicts. Common crisis due to war is inflation and social unrest. Rapid urbanisation: To accommodate the growing population due to decreased death rates, more and more agricultural lands and forests are converted into urban areas and cities challenging the main aim of sustainable development. Energy usage: Use of fossil fuel and coal needs to be minimised. People who are already used to these need to be persuaded to switch to adopt greener ways like solar energy and electricity. Lack of financial resources: Many countries struggling with their economical crises find it difficult to mobilise funds for sustainable development. For them, priority is to provide money for basic needs of their people. Conflict between the priority of policies: In certain countries, governments give priority to other important development programs for the development of their people due to financial, investement and overall profit reasons and find sustainable development too difficult to merge in their ongoing programs. In the conflict of necessary development programs, sustainable development approach takes a backseat. Corruption: This is the biggest impediment in the way to achieve sustainable development. Businesses and industries, for their vested interests, resort to every unfair mean to carry on with their profit programs which are hazard to environment. Impact of development programs fails to reach the end beneficiary. Lack of will power by authorities: Many times municipal authorities and the government bodies responsible to execute and manage sustainable development programs do not carry out their duties with full conviction. The programs either born and die in papers only or are implemented in a very poor manner defeating the entire purpose of the program. Lack of strategic vision: Certain small, underdeveloped countries do not know how to approach towards gaining sustainable development. They look forward to other developing and developed countries for all kind of help. This gap in the vision delays the development process and more damage is done meanwhile. Overcoming the Challenges in Sustainable Development Integration of economical, social and ecological dimensions brings in sustainable development. Let us look at the ways to overcome the challenges in sustainable development. Building strong institutions of governance: A stable, dedicated and fair government is a must for paving the ground for sustainable development programs. Strong government institutions will have suitable authority to implement the such development programs effectively. People will also be encouraged and motivated to cooperate with and participate in such programs. With good governance behind, such programs would impact positively and hugely in lesser time. Industrial and social innovations: Entrepreneurs working for the betterment of society and coming up with innovative ideas which are socially and financially viable should be promoted and Green Skills - II 70 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

supported. Government should financially support innovation research programs. Equal opportunities for employment: People who seek employment expect equality in income, wages and facilities. Equal employment opportunities for all segments of society makes fertile ground for rapid sustainable development programs. Renewable energy consumption: Promotion of renewable and alternative sources of energy like solar and electricity is gaining popularity. Such means of power are given subsidy by governments and in long run they are almost free due to higher margins of savings. This helps infighting with climate change too. Control of environmental abuse: Pollution due to industrial actions and emissions, e-waste and abuse of natural resources needs heavy penalty provisions. Strict and stringent laws and their strict implementation against poaching, illegal mining, exploitation of forests and rivers, oil spillage in oceans and harvest stubble burning etc. Community drive: Community mobilisation through awareness programs using mass communication, involvement of people at grassroot level and participation of social bodies needs to be planned, focused and more organised to make people aware and interested in the government initiatives. Such mobilisation can bring bigger change in very small time. Reforms in education sector: Education is the greatest tool to influence the psyche of the people and make them aware of their welfare. Reforms on educational initiatives and programs for masses and remote areas will greatly help in implementing sustainable development programs in all parts of the country. Eradicating and controlling diseases and malnutrition: These are the major problems that shift focus from sustainable development. These problems need to be addressed with a stable solution so that funds and attentions could be utilised for sustainable development. Learning from other countries: Countries like Singapore, Sweden, Netherlands and South Korea have done remarkable innovations in these areas and they are way ahead of many countries in sustainable development. Their achievements can be studied and adopted suitably to achieve the same success. Gender equality and poor women upliftment: Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. There has been progress over the last decades: More girls are going to school, fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, many challenges remain: discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, women continue to be under represented at all levels of political leadership, and 1 in 5 women and girls between the ages of 15 and 49 report experiencing physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner within a 12-month period. Everyone benefits from gender equality. It helps prevent violence against women, is good for the economy, and makes our communities safer and healthier. UN Women has developed a rapid and targeted response to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on women and girls and to ensure that the long-term recovery benefits them, focused on five priorities: 1. Gender-based violence, including domestic violence, is mitigated and reduced. 2. Social protection and economic stimulus packages serve women and girls. 3. People support and practise equal sharing of care work. 4. Women and girls lead and participate in COVID-19 response planning and decision-making. 5. Data and coordination mechanisms include gender perspectives. Green Skills - II 71 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Women make a major percentage of entire population and women from the weaker sections of society need specialised upliftment programs so that they come in the mainstream as economical participants. Equality of women and welfare of poor women is a must in making sustainable development a reality. Individual’s Role in Sustainable Development Society is a big hope in saving environment, economy and itself. There are many ways in which we can contribute to sustainable development drives and initiatives. Some small initiatives we can take is judicial use of essential resources like power, water and land. Following energy saving practices helps greatly in nation’s economy such as use of electricity, appliances, taking lesser printouts, recycling, using environment friendly products and going green, saving water, not littering and avoid dumping hazardous garbage etc. We can bring discipline in life like avoiding drunk driving, not defacing or abusing public facilities and property, save fuel, keeping personal hygiene and contributing in public green initiatives. Avoiding drug abuse and living a healthier life. Encourage others to do so can save a lots of lives. Other ways of helping are, keeping a check on spending habits, avoid overbuying, responsible consumption of consumables. Taking active part in our society’s green initiatives such as plantation, awareness programs, cleanliness drives etc. As entrepreneurs or businessmen, we can encourage youth work, social service contribution and creating job and career opportunities for others. We can contribute to child education, women empowerment programs and poor upliftment intitiatives going around us or we can begin one. India and Sustainable Development The world’s governments, including India, have agreed on an ambitious agenda to transform our world by 2030, on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim to ensure no one is left behind, and everyone benefits from development efforts. India as a responsible country has never backed on environmental friendly initiatives. Kyoto and Paris agreement: India earlier followed Kyoto protocol to fight climate changes and recently it has signed Paris agreement focusing on bringing down global temperatures. The Clean Development Mechanism projects: India is second highest in the world , after China, in running 1593 projects in energy efficiency, fuel switching and solid waste management. State Action Plans for climate change: Climate change programs focusing on water, agriculture, tourism, transport and forestry etc. are run in 32 states and union territories. Coal cess and National Clean Energy fund: India levies carbon tax on industrial coal usage in the form of coal cess. Clean energy initiatives and research is funded under National Clean Energy fund that is created by this tax. National Adaptation Fund for climate change: A more than 1000 crores fund has been provisioned for this initiative to take care of the areas which are vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate and environmental changes. Other initiatives are: NITI Aayog has developed a composite index of states to track progress towards each SDG. Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and Puducherry are leading in this progress. Sewerage infrastructure, sewage project management and urban sanitisation under Namami Gange project. Identification of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs), water quality monitoring stations, ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns under SDGs - 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 15. Green Skills - II 72 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Exercise Answer the following questions: 1. List some common challenges in sustainable development. 2. Discuss briefly why sustainable development is a challenge for developing countries? 3. What are the ways to overcome the challenges in the way of sustainable development? 4. What are some initiatives by India towards sustainable development in the country? Assessment 1. What do you mean by environment? 2. Which compnents is our envirnoment made of? 3. What is Ecosystem? 4. Give an example of an ecosystem and briefly explain it. 5. List any 5 disastrous effects on environment caused by human activities. 6. What is the importancd of green economy in the modern world? 7. What is sustainable development? How is it different from traditional way of development? 8. Describe the 3 fundamental components or pillars on which sustainable development is based. 9. What do the 4 Ps represent in sustainable development? 10. Write a note on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of UN Summit discussing briefly about its 17 sustainable development goals. 11. How is sustainable development beneficial for the economy, society and environment of a nation? Discuss briefly. 12. How the problems of climate change, hunger and degrading biodiversity addressed by sustainable development approach? 13. What re the common modern problems which stand as a challenge in the way of sustainable development? 14. Suggest a few ways to meet the common challenges of sustainable development. Watch & Learn www.eduitspl.com www.youtube.com/edusoftknowledgeverse Green Skills - II 73 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

PART B: Subject Specific Skills 1 Digital Documentation (Advanced) Session-1 Document Styles MS Word provides a library of pre-defined styles to apply on the document in order to give it a professional look with least efforts. Home ribbon provides a set of styles in its Style group. In addition to this, Design tab provides various themes, document formats, colours, fonts, effects, and page background formatting options. Benefits of Styles Styles bring uniformity and consistency in the design of the document. They save time and effort as we can create and save our own defined styles. This makes the document formatting more efficient. Document gets a formal, decent look as all the headings, subheadings and other parts of the text get a well-defined, balanced look. Changing the style applies to all the parts of the document which have that style applied. This saves time which is wasted otherwise in reformatting and making corrections. Navigation of the document via styled headings becomes easier and faster if you use Navigation Pane. Table of content can be generated automatically if style is applied adequately on the headings and sub headings. Bullets and numbering is updated in different sections of the document if they share the same style. It becomes easier for MS Word application to read the style-based document structure and document load faster in computer memory. How styles are different from templates? Styles keep the look and design of the text within a document. If you need to use exact styles you created in a document into another document then you need to save the document as a template and create the document based on that template. This way, templates are used to apply consistent styles and formatting across different document. Every new document can be based on a template. With templates, we can reuse the settings of a document. Different types of style Word provides different types of styles. They are discussed as follows. Paragraph style: This style contains formatting for paragraph, some part of text or characters. Various formatting such as indents, font settings, size etc. can be created in paragraph style. Character style: This applies to only characters. It does not apply to whole paragraphs. Linked style: It is the combination of both paragraph and character styles. It can be applied on both depending on the selection done. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 74 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Table style: This style is used to change properties of a table such as borders, shading etc. List style: This style applies to bullet, numbered lists indentation and any part of the text that is presented in the form of a list. Applying Styles Home ribbon provides a set of styles in its Style group. In addition to this, Design tab provides various themes, document formats, colours, fonts, effects, and page background formatting options. Themes are unique set of colours, fonts and effects to give a consistent, professional look to tour document instantly. Themes are available online on Microsoft website also. Document formatting styles change the font and paragraph style of your entire document. Apply styles using Format Painter In Styles list under Home tab, select a style you want to apply and then click on Format Painter button in Clipboard section of Home tab. Now, click on the desired text tp apply the style. To apply the same style to multiple parts of text, first double click on Format Painter button and then, one by one, click on desired pieces of text. Finally, press Escape to come out of Format Painter mode. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 75 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Colors drop-down displays a set of colour palettes which can be selected to apply a set of colours to entire document. Fonts drop-down displays a set of font combinations to be quickly applied on the document. Paragraph spacing drop-down provides various paragraph styles like Compact, Tight, Relaxed, Double etc. Effects drop-down provides s set of special effects to be applied on various graphical objects used in the document. New Style from Selection: You can also modify default style with the newly formatted text. For this, select the formatted text, then right click on the style you need to change and select Update <<style name>> to Match Selection option (first in the popup menu). Load Style from Other Documents/Templates: To import styles from other documents, go to Home tab > Styles group > Tiny arrow of dialog box launcher > Manage Styles button > In Manage Styles dialog box, click on Import/Export button > In Organiser Pop-up, click on Open file button > Select the file whose style needs to be imported and finally close all the dialog boxes. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 76 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

NOTE: OpenOffice.org Writer has five types of styles: ¤ Paragraph styles affect an entire paragraph. ¤ Character styles affect a block of text inside a paragraph. ¤ Page styles affect page formatting (page size, margin, and the like). ¤ Frame styles affect frames and graphics. ¤ List styles affect numbered lists and bulleted lists. These styles can be seen in Styles and Formatting window called which can be displayed by pressing F11 or by clicking Style and Formatting icon on the Formatting bar. Fill Format mode icon In Styles and Formatting window, use Fill Format mode icon by clicking it. Then, click any formatted text in the document to copy its style. Finally, select the desired text to apply the style on it. Fill Format mode icon In Styles and Formatting window, use Fill Format mode icon by clicking it. Then, click any formatted text in the document to copy its style. Finally, select the desired text to apply the style on it. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 77 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Exercise Your school is going to organize annual sports meet. Create an invitation letter (in MS Word) to invite all the schools of your zone/district to participate in this event. Apply a style set from Document Formatting group on the Design tab to the letter. Session-2 Working with Images Mostly documents such as various reports, flyers, newsletters, books, etc. contain pictures, wordarts, images and cliparts etc. along with the text. Most Word processors have support for inserting illustrations in the form of Clip Arts, Shapes, pictures, charts, etc. Clip arts are pre-defined images available for use in documents. The Clip Art can help in making a document look colourful and presentable. You can also download clipart from web sites. Some of the web sites that have free clip arts are: ¤ www.openclipart.org ¤ www.pdclipart.org ¤ www.clker.com ¤ www.freeclipartnow.com ¤ www.wpclipart.com Inserting ClipArt Clipart is a pre-loaded group of illustrations, photographs, videos and audios that can be inserted into a document. In MS Word 2013, Clipart is not stored on your computer. It is available online. This gives you the ability to insert Clipart on any device, not just your computer. The steps to insert clipart in the document are: 1. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click on the Online Pictures button. 2. The Insert Pictures dialog box appears. 3. Type the keyword that describes the clipart you want to search and insert Digital Documentation (Advanced) 78 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

4. A web page appears in the web browser. It contains the same text box (as displayed in the Insert Pictures dialog box). 5. Type the keyword that describes the clipart. Related images will be displayed in iconic form. 6. Select the image that you want to insert in the document. 7. Click on the Insert button. Inserting Picture You can insert pictures both from Pictures and Online Pictures buttons. The only difference is that Pictures means you can insert pictures locally (from the local drive like hard disk, CD/DVD/ Pen Drive, etc.), while Online Pictures allows you to insert images from an internet-based source (such as clipart from Office.com, Bing, or OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive), Facebook profile, Flickr, etc.). Here you will learn about inserting pictures from the Pictures tool. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 79 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

The steps to insert a picture are: 1. Open the document and place the cursor where you want to insert the picture. 2. Click on the Insert tab. 3. In Illustrations group, click Pictures button. Insert Picture dialog box appears. 4. Choose the location (in the drive, where the required pictures are placed) in the navigation/work pane. 5. Select the required picture. 6. Click on the Insert button. The selected picture is inserted in the document at the required location. NOTE: In OpenOffice Writer, images can be inserted in following ways: 1. Import graphics files using Insert menu > Picture > From File option. 2. Link image by Insert menu > Picture > Link option or embed image by breaking the link as Edit menu > Links option and clicking Break Link button in the Edit Links dialog box. 3. Scan the image by Insert menu > Picture > Scan option > Select Source > OK. Then insert the scanned image using Insert menu > Picture > Scan > Request option. 4. Insert any copied image from the clipboard by using Edit menu > Paste Special option. 5. Drag-dropping images in the document with Ctrl key (to embed) or Ctrl+Shift key (to link). 6. Insert images from other files or documents by Insert menu > File option. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 80 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Resizing Picture: Once the picture is inserted in the document, it can be resized. The steps to resize the picture are: 1. Click on the picture to select it. On its four corners and sides, eight small boxes appear. These are known as the resizing handles and they are used to resize the picture. 2. Put the mouse cursor on any box (e.g, at left corner), it changes into a two-sided arrow cursor. 3. Click and drag the mouse to increase or decrease the picture size. 4. Release the mouse click. The picture is resized. Rotating Picture: The steps to rotate the picture are: 1. Select the picture. A rotating icon appears at the top side of the picture. 2. Click and drag the rotation button in the desired direction. 3. Release the mouse. The picture is rotated. Cropping the Picture: Using the cropping tool, you can delete some unwanted part of a picture. The steps to crop the part of a picture are: 1. Select the picture. 2 2. The Format tab activates. 1 4 Click on it. 3. In the Size group, click on the 3 Crop button. 4. Eight black-coloured handles appears on the corners and sides of the picture. 5. Click and drag the mouse on the required side/corner, to delete the part. 6. Press the Enter key to finalize 5 6 the cropping. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 81 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Adding Styles to the Picture MS Word provides several predefined styles to give the pictures a different look. The steps to add a style to the picture are: 1. Select the picture. 2. On the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click on the drop-down button to open the picture styles grid. 3. Click on any one style to apply on the picture. Note: Hover the mouse over any style to preview its effect on the selected picture before applying. Exercise 1. Write three paragraphs about your school in MS Word and do the following: a) Insert a picture of your school's building in the document. b) Rotate and Resize the picture. c) Double click the picture and try Crop option in Format tab. Save the file. Text Wrapping You have learnt to insert graphics and illustrations in the last session. How do you want the text to fit to the picture? How should the image be placed along with text? How the text should be arranged around the picture? What if the image is too large or small? By default, an image is inserted between two lines of text. It can be changed as per our requirements. The steps to wrap text around the picture are: 1. Select the picture that you want to wrap text arrow. The Layout Options button is displayed on the top right of the picture. 2. Click on the Layout Options. Some wrap text options are displayed. 3. Click on the required option. • Square: to wrap text around the border of the image. • Tight: to wrap text tightly around the image. This is the most useful option for irregular shaped images. • Through: to fill in the blank space around the image. • Top and Bottom: to place the image on its own line. • Behind Text: to display the text over the image. • In Front of Text: to display the image over the text (primarily for watermarks). 4. Close the Layout Options box. See the changes in the document. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 82 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Exercise 1. Open the document saved in the previous session and insert a picture of your school's building in the document. Set its Layout Option to Through. Set/move the picture to the right side of the document. 2. Collect the pictures of Diwali/Holi/Eid/Christmas celebrations at your home and make a collage in MS Word. 3. Make a colourful greeting card/poster of New Year in MS Word. 4. Create a document of a size of a visiting card. Insert a small logo (any image) and details like name, designation and address. Image Properties Selecting any image displays Format ribbon for the image. Some of the major properties you can apply on the image are Corrections in brightness, colour settings, Compressing the image, various picture styles, picture border, picture effects and picture layouts. NOTE: In OpenOffice Writer, images have following filters (Picture toolbar) ¤ Invert – reverses the colours. ¤ Smooth – pixel contrast reduction. ¤ Sharpen - pixel contrast increase. ¤ Remove noise – compares and adjusts extreme intensities of pixels. ¤ Solarization – Adjusts pixel brightness up to only a set threshold. ¤ Aging – Giving picture a look of an older, vintage image. ¤ Posterize – Reduces number of colours in the image. ¤ Pop-Art – Gives a pop art look to the image to make it look like images in advertisements. ¤ Charcoal sketch – Gives look of charcoal drawn image. ¤ Relief – Detects edges in the image and makes it look like exposed to extreme light. ¤ Mosaic – Converts image as if composed of small rectangular tiles. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 83 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Insert Shapes You can insert various shapes in a document with the help of the Shapes tool. These are ready-made shapes in different categories e.g. Lines, Rectangles, Basic Shapes, Block Arrows, Equation Shapes, Flowchart, Stars and Banners and Call outs. The steps to insert the shapes are: 1. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click on the Shapes button. A drop-down list of different types of shapes in different groups appears. 2. Double-click on the shape which you want to insert into the document. The shape is inserted in the document. Now, you can resize, move or format the shape. 3. Resize the shape using the resizing handles. 1. Setting Shape Colour: It fill the selected shape with a solid colour, gradient, picture or texture. 2. Setting Shape Outline Colour: It sets the outline colour of the selected shape. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 3. Setting Shape Effects: It adds a visual effect to the selected shape like shadow, glow, reflection or 3-D rotation. 84 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

4. Adding text on the shape: You can add text on the shape. Exercise 1. Make a colourful greeting card/poster of New Year in MS Word using Shapes. 2. Create an invitation latter for teachers to a Play students going to present on teachers' day. Use various shapes in decorating the card. Session-3 Document Template A template is a pre-designed and pre-formatted document which can be used to fill in the content as you need. Template saves time and effort that otherwise goes in designing and formatting the document manually. MS Word provides a rich library of templates like resume, business letters, newsletters, calendar etc. Some of the templates are installed when you install MS Office and many more templates can be accessed online from Microsoft website. Go to File tab >New option The pane will list a variety of document templates which can be picked up depending on the requirement. For example, to create an elegant event flyer, you can select Seasonal event flyer or for a brochure you can select Tri-fold brochure. You can also search online from a wide collection of templates under various categories from Microsoft. You can also download templates from other websites which provide free templates like: ¤ office.microsoft.com/templates ¤ www.thepapermillstore.com ¤ openoffice.blogs.com/openoffice/templates/ ¤ www.docstoc.com Digital Documentation (Advanced) 85 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

A template saves you time and effort as it contains all the formatting and design already applied in it. You just need to enter your content and arrange it as you require. Creating a Template You can create your own pre-formatted templates which you can pick and use later to save time and hard work. First, create a well formatted document which you need frequently. For example, a colourful newsletter. Then, click on File tab> Save As option. In the dialog box, enter the name by which you wish to save the template a name. Click on Save as type: drop down list and select Word template. Ensure that you save your template in Custom Office Templates folder under My Documents folder so that you will see the template in the My templates category next time when you need it. Finally, click on Save button. The template will be saved as .dotx file. Using the Template The steps to use your template are: ¤ Click on the File tab > New option. ¤ Click on PERSONAL category. Templates saved by will be listed there. ¤ Select the desired template and make changes to the document and save it as a new Word document (.docx file). Exercise 1. Using MS Word create the document containing following text: <<Your Name Here>> INVITE YOU TO <<name of the event>> On <<date>> At <<time>> Venue: <<venue address>> Looking forward to welcome you at the event. Thank you. Now, save the document as template by the name my_invite_template.dotx so that it shows in the PERSONAL category of MS Word. 2. Open a new document and open the saved template. Make changes in it for your school annual event at your school auditorium inviting the District Magistrate of your city. Save the document as Annual_func_invite.docx. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 86 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Session-4 Creating Table of Contents A table of contents (ToC) contains the numbered list of topics in a document and the page number on which they are located. In the soft copy of the document, each entry in the ToC functions as an internal hyperlink to the topic content. User can use Ctrl+Mouse click to jump to the linked topic. A ToC can be created automatically in any word processor. However, it is always advisable to update ToC after major changes in the document. ToC and Character Styles An efficient way of creating a ToC is to apply styles on the headings in the documents which are needed to include in the ToC. For example, the document has a chapter title, topic headings and sub-headings then Chapter title can be given the style Heading 1, topic headings can be applied with the style Heading 2 and sub-headings can be of style Heading 3. Then, it is easier to create a ToC automatically. Creating a ToC The table of content depends on the headings in the document. It is necessary that document contains adequately defined standard headings such as Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 etc. To create a ToC in the document, first place the cursor where you need the ToC to appear (usually in the beginning of the document), then go to Reference tab. Click on Table of Contents drop-down un Table of Contents group. Choose any automatic style. Customising a ToC To customise a ToC, choose Custom Table of Contents option from the Table of Contents drop-down. In the Table of Contents dialog box, specify the choice for page numbers, alignment, tab leader (dotted line between the topic and the page number) and levels of subheading. Finally, click on OK button. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 87 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Exercise Create a multipage document describing about your school. Keep main title as My School and some sub headings such as About My School, Academics, Sports, Staff etc. Apply some styles to all the headings and create a table of contents for the document. Session-5 Mail Merge and Labels Imagine that you have to send a letter to 50 people at different addresses. You have the letter drafted in MS Word. Can MS Word help you to generate desired number of copies of your letter with different addresses and names of the recipients? Answer is: Yes, the Mail Merge feature of MS Word helps you in doing so. Mail merge allows us to create documents which have most of the content similar with some varying data like recipient's Name, Address, Contact No., City, State, etc. How Mail Merge Works? Mail Merge works on the concept of following 3 components: Main Document: This document contains the common content that needs to be sent to multiple recipients. For example, a letter. Data Source: This is the document that contains all the varying data that needs to be inserted into (merged) the main document. For example, name address, city etc. This could be table in MS Word or a data set in a spreadsheet like MS Excel. Merged document: This is the final 1 document, which contains the copies of the main document with varying data from the Data Source inserted at the desired locations in the main content. For example, one copy will contain the letter with recipient N K Sharma’s name, address and city while the other copy will have same letter with another recipient Ravi Kumar’s name, address and city of Ravi Kumar. Now, let us go through mail merging process, step-by-step. First, create a data source as a simple table in MS Excel (or MS Word or MS Access) with proper file name. Now, follow these steps: 1. In MS Word document choose Mailings tab and click on Start Mail Merge button. A list appears. Click on Step by Step Mail Merge Wizard option. Note: Mail Merge tool can be used in different ways. In this course, you are going to learn about Mail Merge tool using ‘Step-by-Step Mail Merge Wizard’ option. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 88 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

2. This will bring Mail Merge pane at the right side of the Word document window. Here, you can specify type of document you want to create. For example, select Letters option and click Next: Starting document at the bottom of the pane. 3. Choose Use the current document option in Select starting document section. Click on Next: Select recipients at the bottom of the dialog box. 4 23 5 Select Data Source 6 4. In this step, you can choose different options to import recipient list. For example, select Use an existing list. 5. Click on Browse to import desired recipients list. The Select Data Source dialog box appears. 6. Select the data source here and click on Open button. 4. If you choose Type a new list option then you will get a link Create to type/create a new list. Click on it. 5. A New Address List dialog box appears. Here, enter the data in the required fields and click on OK button. 6. The Save Address List dialog box appears. Select the location to save the file and give proper name to the list and click on Save button. Press Tab to move between fields. 4 Click on New Entry to 6 enter a new row of data. 5 7. The Mail Merge Recipients dialog box appears. It shows the fields to be merged and data in the fields. Click on OK button. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 89 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Insert Merge Fields 7 8. Put cursor on the main document where you want to merge a field. On Mailings tab on the ribbon, in Write and Insert Fields section, click on Insert Merge Field button, a list of fields from selected data source opens. Click on required field to be merged. Repeat this process till you merge all the fields. 8 View Merged Data 9. Click on Preview Result button in Preview Results section on Mailings tab. 9 To view next or previous data click on Next Record or Previous Record buttons. Previous Record Next Record First Record Last Record Digital Documentation (Advanced) 90 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

10. On the Mailings tab, in Finish 10 section, click on Finish & Merge 11 button and select Edit Individual Documents option. 11. The Merge to Printer dialog box appears. Click on OK button. This action will merge all the data (on the separate pages) in a single document. Now, you can print the document as per your requirement. Print the letter Now, you can take the printouts of your letter with the merged data. Click on File → Print. Select the required print option and click on Print button. Exercise 1. What is the use of Mail Merge tool in MS Word? 2. Briefly explain the terms Main Document, Data Source, Merge Field and Merge Document. 3. Write the steps to insert merge fields in the document. 4. Your school is going to organize annual sports meet. Create an invitation letter (in MS Word) to invite all the schools of your zone/district to participate in this event. i. Create a list of the schools (in MS Excel) that you want to invite. Note: The merge fields should be: <school_name> <address>. ii. Merge the list of the schools with address in the document and preview. Creating Address Labels To create multiple copies of a label on a page, follow the steps below: Go to Mailing tab > Create group > Labels option. In the Envelops and Labels dialog box, type the content of the label. To define the dimensions of the as you need, click on Options button. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 91 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

In the Label Options dialog box, click on New Label button. In the Label Details dialog box, specify paper margins, label height and width, horizontal and vertical pitch (do keep closer distance between the labels) and paper size etc. Then click OK button. Click OK button of Label Options dialog box. To generate the new document with labels, click on New Document button on Envelops and Labels dialog box. Exercise 1. Create labels of dimension 4 X 5 inches to paste on the notebooks. Label should contain your school name and space to write Name, Class, Section and Subject 2. Create multiple visiting cards on single page for your friend containing company name, Address and Contact Number. Watch & Learn www.eduitspl.com www.youtube.com/edusoftknowledgeverse Digital Documentation (Advanced) 92 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

2 Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) Session-1 Subtotal Subtotal feature is a quick way to calculate automatic subtotals, averages and other numeric summary on a group of data. Subtotal works better on the sorted data. For sub-total, you need to have at least one column in the data-set as numeric to calculate the sub-total on. To calculate subtotals, first select the data- set and then click on Subtotal option in Outline group under Data tab. In the Subtotal dialog box, specify the following: The field at whose change you need the subtotal. The function you need to apply (by default, it is SUM). Select the fields for which calculation needs to be done. Then, click on OK button. The following example is calculating subtotals of SALE and COMMISSION at each change of MONTH. Data is sorted on MONTH and REGION. Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 93 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Exercise Mr. Rajan has a sheet containing the names of the students, their houses (Red, Green, Blue, Orange) at school and their score in sports. He wants to calculate number of students for each house and average score of each house. Help Mr. Rajan. Data Consolidation This feature allows you to bring together data from different spreadsheets and workbooks into a consolidated form where sum or average or other claculations are done on the data values. Let us see a simple example. Sheets named East and West store Target and Sale values separately. In Sheet2, their data is consolidated as sum of all targets and sum of all sale values. To consolidate data, go to the blank sheet and desired cell where you need to display the consolidated data. Then, Data tab > Consolidate option. In the Consolidate dialog box, select the desired function to perform on the values. In Reference, click on the arrow and select the first data ranges in one sheet and click on Add button. Repeat the same with other data sheets. Select either Top row or Left column according to where the headings are placed. Finally, click on OK button. Exercise Mrs. Sengupta has English marks of some students for exams Term1, Term2 and PreBoard in separate sheets by the same names. Help her to consolidate the average marks of the three exams into a fourth sheet in the same workbook. What-if Analysis What-if analysis is a way to do forecast on the basis of assumed but realistic figures. It is the process that allows to see “what” changes would happen “if ” the data values are changed in a particular manner. For example. “What” should be the commission “if ” the sale is increased? There are various ways to perform what-if analysis in electronic spreadsheets such as applying scenarios, goal-seek etc. What-if Analysis with Scenario Scenario is a way to perform what-if analysis. A scenario is defined by a set of values which can be applied on an existing data-set. The original data-set is substituted by the scenario data-set and user Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 94 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

can analyse the changes. Various scenarios can be created and applied on the original data-set to analysis different situations predicted in the scenario. This way, user can analyse different business scenarios by using Scenario feature. To create various scenarios, click open What-if Analysis drop-down in Forecast group under Data tab and select Scenario Manager. Scenario Manager dialog box allows to create or add new scenarios, delete and edit existing ones. To create a new scenario, click on Add button. In Add Scenario dialog box, specify a relevant and unique name of the scenario, select the cell range on which scenario needs to be applied and click on OK button. In Scenario Values popup, enter the assumed values and click on OK button. To apply a scenario, select it in Add Scenario dialog box and click on Show button. The calculations in data-set will change for the new values applied form the scenario. Following example is applying values of scenario SALE1 on the SALE column. Exercise Mr. Ben is investing Rs. 12000 per month with a guaranteed return of 13% on the annual amount (i.e. 12 * 12000). Create a scenario to help Mr. Ben see the amount he should get in return after 15 years if he invests Rs. 15000 per month. Also, prepare a scenario to check what will be the return after 10 years on investing Rs. 12000 per month but at a rate of 15%. Assume the layout of the data. Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 95 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

What-if Analysis with Goal Seek When we need to assess the impact on any data value due to any change in another data value, we use Goal Seek feature. In simple terms, goal seek allows us to determine the input for a desired output. For example, how many more students should have scored 70% to make class average 75%? Or, how many more five stars were needed for a web site to have its rating above 8? In goal seek, you need to specify 3 items – which cell you want changed, by which value (output value) and which cell has the input value. To apply goal seek, click open What-if Analysis drop-down in Forecast group under Data tab and select Goal Seek option. In the following example, teacher needs to know how much should have been the percentage marks in ACADEMICS (cell A3) to achieve the AVERAGE (D3) of 75% (output value). The goal-seek has shown that in cell A3 value 68 will bring average of 75 in cell D3. Exercise Ravi wants to apply the “cause and effect” on his studies. His exams are approaching and he has to prepare for 7 subjects. Each subject has 12 chapters to be prepared. He takes 4 hours to prepare one chapter. He studies 6 hours daily. He needs to know, how many hours does he need to study daily to complete the preparation of all the 7 subjects. What-if Analysis with Solver Solver is a more advanced tool than Goal Seek. It is used to find out best optimised results from the data by considering certain constraints. For example, maximizing the profits, minimising the expenses, estimating optimum budget etc. Solver analyses the values and constraints to provide the best possible solution. In Excel, solver is available as an Add-in. Getting Solver Add-in: Solver is an Excel Add-in which can be added by File > Options > Add-ins > Solver Add-in > Go > Add-ins dialog box > Select Solver > OK Add-ins dialog box > OK Excel Options dialog box. Solver option will be added under Data tab in Analyze group. Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 96 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Let us understand Solver with the following scenario: A furniture manufacturer produces 3 furniture items – chair, table and sofa. Each of the item costs Rs. 1000, Rs. 7000 and Rs. 15000 respectively. (See the sample data set). The objective of the manufacturer is to minimise the production expenses but there are following constraints (conditions): · They want to use maximum capacity of their production which is 100. · They want to produce at least 40 chairs, 20 tables and 30 sofas. Here, objective cell is D5 which has total expenses. This needs to be optimised. (Solver works for the cell that contains the formula). The cells which are affecting the value of D5 are B2:B4 hence these are changing cells. Constraint values are B2>=40, B3>=20, B4>=30 and 100 (Production capacity). Go to cell D5 and open Solver. In Set Objective, mention cell D5, to minimise expenses, select Min and for Changing Variable Cells, mention range B2:B4. If you have multiple cells to select as variables then you can separate their addresses or ranges by comma. Now, let us add 4 constraints. Click on Add button. In Add Constraint pop-up, mention cell B2, operator as >= and Constraint value as 40. Similarly, add rest of the constraints. Finally, click on Solve button. In Solver Result pop-up, click OK. The optimised figures will be calculated. If you need, you can save and load the solution by clicking on Load/Save button. Finally, the solved values will be shown as follows: The complete solver dialog box is given as follows: Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 97 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Solver Methods Solver works on following three methods: Simplex LP – it is used when the values of changing variables and output variables are changing at the same ratio based on a constant value. GRG Non-linear – this default method is used when the values of changing variables and output variables are not changing at the same ratio. Evolutionary – this is a slow process. In this, a group of solutions is generated and then the best possible solution is selected by evaluating it against the input values (changing cells) and output values (objective cell). This is used for complex calculations. Exercise Consider the sales sheet given here. The objective is to achieve the profit of 100000. You need to manipulate 3 variables: number of burgers needed to sell (C2), the price per burger (C3), the cost of one burger (C6). Hint: For multiple variables, separate their addresses or ranges by comma. The constraints to consider are: 1. The number of burgers sold (C2) should be a whole number (integer). 2. The price of one burger (C3) should not exceed 65. Session-2 Referencing and Linking Sheets You have learned how to refer to the cell addresses while applying various formulae and functions in a worksheet. MS Excel allows referring to the cells in another worksheet or workbook from your active worksheet. Within the active worksheet, cells are referred to simply by their cell addresses but if you need to refer to a cell which is in another worksheet of the same workbook then the cell address needs to be preceded by worksheet name with an ! sign in between the worksheet name and the cell address. For example, =mysheet2!B5 * mysheet3!B5 Here, cell addresses B5 belong to the worksheets named mysheet2 and mysheet3. Remember that this approach of calculation across the sheets works where consistent formats are used by the team members and every sheet has a fixed format. Let us understand it with the following example. Consider the four sheets in a workbook here: Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 98 Information Technology NSQF Level-2

Notice that cell B3 contains the sales figures of North region in all the sheets names JAN, FEB and MAR. To calculate the total of these 3 values, you need to mention the name of the sheet, followed by ! sign and then the cell address B3 in the formula as shown in the sheet QRT1. =JAN!B3+FEB!B3+MAR!B3 Referring to Sheets as a Range If the worksheets are in sequence then they can be referred to as a range of sheets which includes the name of the first sheet in the range and the name of the last sheet in the range, both separated by a : Consider the sheets JAN, FEB and MAR in the previous example. The formula to calculate total sale of Quarter1 can also be calculated by the formula as shown here: =SUM(JAN:MAR!B3) Note: If sequence of first or last sheet is changed then the formula will consider only the sheets in the new range. For instance, if there are 10 sheets named from sheet1 till sheet10 and formula is: =SUM(sheet1:sheet10!B3) and if sheet10 is moved before sheet5 then the sequence of sheets would be sheet1, sheet2, sheet4, sheet10, sheet5, sheet6, sheet7, sheet8, sheet9. In this case, SUM function will refer to only the sheets sheet1, sheet2, sheet4 and sheet10. Exercise 1. There are 5 sheets named Class1, Class2, Class3 and Class4. Each sheet contains average marks of English in cell A1, average marks of Hindi in cell B1 and average marks of Math in cell C1. Calculate overall average marks in a sheet Class5 of all three subjects by referring to above cell addresses using + arithmetic operator. 2. Calculate the above using SUM(). 3. Create a new worksheet Sheet1 with the names of some countries and their populations in columns A and B. In column C type the percentage rate at which their population is increasing (e.g. 5, 3, 10 etc). In Sheet 2, in column A, display the populations of those countries after 3 years. The formula for calculating this is: ((Population * Percentage Increase) / 100) * 3. Creating references to other worksheets with mouse We can refer to the cells in the other worksheets. To do so, first go to the cell in which you need to apply the reference of a cell in another sheet and type = sign (See the example sheet named TOTAL). Then, click on the name of the desired sheet. In that sheet, click on the desired cell and press Enter key. Apply the same steps for other cells. Finally, drag with the fill handle to apply the same references to other cells. To refer to the cells in a sheet in another workbook, follow the same steps. You just need to keep the other workbook opened first. Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 99 Information Technology NSQF Level-2