Greenline17

°√¡ à߇ √¡‘ §ÿ≥¿“æ Ë‘ß·«¥≈Õâ ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ·‘ ≈– ßË‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment «“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥Õ◊ π ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏π— «“§¡ 2548-¡π’ “§¡ 2549 Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005-March 2006 www.deqp.go.th www.environnet.go.th  ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π Global Warming ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µÕâ ß„À§â «“¡ ”§≠— µÕà °“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“» Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda ™–µ“°√√¡·Àßà À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe ¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«≠— ®“°„®∑Ë’‰√ºâ ≈°√–∑∫µÕà  ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« : GREEN LINE °√¡ à߇ √¡‘ §≥ÿ ¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ·‘ ≈– ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment «“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫∫— ∑’Ë 17 ∏π— «“§¡ 2548 - ¡’π“§¡ 2549 Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005 - March 2006 ∑’˪√÷°…“ : Advisory Board Apiwat Sretaruqsa Pornthip Punchareun Õ¿‘«≤— πå ‡»√…∞√°— …å æ√∑æ‘ ¬å ªíπò ‡®√‘≠ ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√Õ”π«¬°“√ : Editor Directer √™— π’ ‡Õ¡–√®ÿ ‘ Ratchanee Emaruchi  “°≈ ∞π‘ –°ÿ≈ Sakol Thinakul E-mail : [email protected] ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√∫√‘À“√ : Executive Editor Savitree Srisuk  “«µ‘ √’ »√’ ¢ÿ E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ : Editor Staff Sornchai Moonkham Pornthip Sarikabutr »√™—¬ ¡≈Ÿ §” Pavinee Na Saiburi æ√∑‘æ¬å  “√‘°∫µÿ √ Alongkot Srivijitkamol ¿“«‘π’ ≥  “¬∫ÿ√’ Nantawan Lourith Õ≈ß°µ »√«’ ‘®‘µ√°¡≈ Atiporn Vinaikosol : Translator π—π∑«√√≥ ‡À≈à“ƒ∑∏‘Ï Õµ‘æ√ «‘π¬— ‚°»≈ : ºŸ·â ª≈/‡√¬’ ∫‡√’¬ß ‡®â“¢Õß : Owner Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment °√¡ ßà ‡ √¡‘ §ÿ≥¿“æ ‘ßË ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ 49 Soi 30 Rama VI, Rama VI Rd. °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ·‘ ≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Bangkok 10400 49 æ√–√“¡ 6 ´Õ¬ 30 ∂ππæ√–√“¡ 6 Tel. 0-2298-5628 Fax: 0-2298-5629 °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 http://www.dedqp.go.th ‚∑√. 0-2298-5628 ‚∑√ “√ 0-2298-5629 Copyright Website : www.deqp.go.th  ß«π≈¢‘  ∑‘ ∏‘Ï ºâŸ®—¥∑” : Publish by Technology Media co., ltd. 471/4 Phaya Thai Place, Sri-ayutthaya Road, ∫√…‘ ∑— ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡‡’ ¥’¬ ®”°¥— Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400 471/4 Õ“§“√æ≠“‰∑‡æ≈  ∂ππ»√’Õ¬∏ÿ ¬“ Tel. 0-2644-4555, 0-2354-5333 ∑àÿßæ≠“‰∑ √“™‡∑«’ °∑¡. 10400 Fax 0-2644-6649, 0-2354-5322 ‚∑√. 0-2644-4555, 0-2354-5333 http://www.technologymedia.com ·ø°´å 0-2644-6649, 0-2354-5322 E-mail : [email protected] http://www.technologymedia.com E-mail : [email protected]

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√– ∫°—∫ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑Ë’¬“«π“π¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ ¿“æ ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“»∑‡’Ë ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈߉ª®“°‡¥¡‘ „πÕ°’ À≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑»∑«Ë— ‚≈° · ¥ß„À‡â ÀπÁ «“à ¿“«–°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕ߉°≈µ—«Õ’°µàÕ‰ª ∑ÿ°«—ππ’È‚≈° ¢Õ߇√“°”≈—ß√âÕπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡√Ë◊Õ¬Ê „π™à«ß ∑»«√√…∑Ë’ºà“π¡“∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ∑»«√√…´Ë÷ß√âÕπ∑’Ë ÿ¥„π√Õ∫æ—πªï À≈—°∞“π∑“ß «‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®”π«π¡“°®“°∑—Ë«‚≈°∫Õ°‡√“«à“ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß ¿“æ ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¥â°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫¡“°¡“¬„π·∑∫∑ÿ°æÈ◊π∑’Ë∑Ë—«‚≈° √«¡∑È—ß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ °“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß·°‰â ¢ ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π ·≈–°“√≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° À√◊Õ·¡â·µàª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà ≈â«π‡ªìπ‡√Ë◊Õß∑Ë’ “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â À“°·µàµâÕß Õ“»—¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ¢ÕßÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ∑—Èß„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ¿“§√—∞ ¿“§‡Õ°™π ·≈–¿“§ª√–™“™π ´÷Ëß®ÿ¥‡√Ë‘¡µâπ∑Ë’¥’∑Ë’ ÿ¥ §◊Õ °“√ √â“ß ”π÷°„Àâµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π„π¿“§ª√–™“™π «“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«©∫—∫∑Ë’ 17  ßà ∑“â ¬ªï æ.». 2548 πÈ’ π” “√–‡°’ˬ«°—∫  ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π º≈°√–∑∫·≈–§«“¡ ”§≠— ∑µË’ Õâ ߇√ßà ¥”‡ππ‘ °“√ µ≈Õ¥®π·π«§¥‘ ¢Õ߇°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‡æË◊Õ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√ √â“ß ”π÷°√à«¡™à«¬°—π√—°…“  Ëß‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æË◊Õ𔧫“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈„À°â ≈∫— §π◊ ¡“ à Ÿ ¿“«–·«¥≈Õâ ¡¢Õ߇√“µÕà ‰ª ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

The phenomenon of longer summer Thailand has been experiencing or the climate change around the globe shows that the climate change is no longer other peopleûs problem. Our globe today is warming up rapidly and tends to be on the continuous rise. During the past decade, it is the hottest decade during the 1,000-year cycle. Many scientific evidences around the globe inform us that the problem of climate change has caused tremendous impacts on almost every area of the world, including Thai. The change to solve the global warming and reduction of greenhouse gases or even the phenomenon of El Nino, all of which can be done. However, it required the cooperation among many agencies in international level, govern- ment sector, private sector, and the people. The good starting point is to build awareness on the effect of global warming to the people. The Green Line magazine volume 17, a farewell to year 2005, presents the information of global warming, its impacts, what needs too be done, including the perspective of the agriculture in the North, as guidance in creating awareness of environmental conservation to revive the balance to our environment. Editor

 “√∫—≠ : Contents ∫Õ°‡≈“à ‡°“â  ∫‘ : Free Talk 3  “√§¥’À≈°— : Main Feature 7  ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 20 29 Global Warming 33 ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À§â «“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß  ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ ‘Õ“°“» Climate Change Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda ™–µ“°√√¡·Àßà À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe ¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’ˉ√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘ßË ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment ®—∫‡¢“à §¬ÿ : Interview 37 ¡¡ÿ ¡Õß™“«∫â“πæπ◊È ∑¿’Ë “§‡ÀπÕ◊ Interview the Perspective of the Villagersû in the North  ß— §¡ ‡’ ¢’¬« : Green Society 41 °“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√µâπ·∫∫ The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas of Conventional Agriculture

„∫ÕÕà π : Young Leaf 45 ‡¬“«™π°∫— °“√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂Ëπ‘ Youth and the Local Science Lessons °√π’ ‡«Á∫ : Green Web 50 WEBSITE π‚¬∫“¬ ‡’ ¢’¬« : Green Policy 54 °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈° About the Worldûs Climate Change ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬ ’ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Technology 59 Roadmap ß“π«‘®¬— æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æÕ◊Ë °√ÿ߇∑æœ ¬—Ë߬◊π The Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for the Future of Bangkok  “√–πà“√Ÿâ : Green Tips 65 çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬πÁ -‡¢“„À≠àé ¡√¥°‚≈°·Àßà „À¡à Dong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yai New World Heritage  “¬¥«à π ’‡¢¬’ « : Green Expressway 67 ÀâÕß¢à“« : Environment News 75

 “√§¥’À≈°— ‡√¬’ ∫‡√¬’ ß‚¥¬ :  ÿ¥“√™—  ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å Main Feature by : Sudarach Singhagowin  ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π (Global Warming) À¡“¬∂ß÷ °“√∑™Ë’ π—È ∫√√¬“°“»µßÈ— ·µà º‘«‚≈°¢È÷π‰ª¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ—π‡πË◊Õß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß  ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“» ‡™àπ Õ≥ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ωπ ≈¡ ‡ªπì µâπ  àߺ≈°√–∑∫µÕà  ß‘Ë ¡’™«’ ‘µ ·≈–∑”„À√â –∫∫π‡‘ «»¡°’ “√‡ª≈ˬ’ π·ª≈ß §≥–°√√¡°“√√–À«à“ß√—∞∫“≈«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» (Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change À√◊Õ IPCC)  √ÿª«“à ∂“â À“°‚≈° ¬—ߧߡ’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO ´Ë÷߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°ä“´∑Ë’°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ ¿“«– 2 ‚≈°√âÕπ„πÕ—µ√“∑Ë’‡ªìπÕ¬àŸ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ®–∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 0.2-0.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ /∑»«√√… À√◊Õ‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπ 2-5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¿“¬„π ª≈“¬»µ«√√…Àπâ“ ®“°°“√®”≈Õß·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“»‚¥¬√–∫∫§Õ¡æ«‘ ‡µÕ√å æ∫«“à º≈°√–∑∫∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ Õ“®√«¡∂ß÷ °“√‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢π÷È ¢Õß√–¥∫— πÈ”∑–‡≈„π√–¥∫— ∑ ’Ë ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ ∂ß÷ 18 ´¡. ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2030 ·≈– Ÿß¢πÈ÷ ª√–¡“≥ 30-110 ´¡. À√◊Õ 66 ´¡. ‚¥¬‡©≈¬Ë’ ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2100 πÕ°®“°π’°È Á®–°àÕ„À‡â °¥‘ ¿“«–Õ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ¡’ 擬‡ÿ ŒÕ√‡‘ §π∫Õà ¬§√—ßÈ ¢÷πÈ ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–§«“¡·Àßâ ·≈ßâ ‰øªÉ“ ·≈–Õ∑ÿ °¿¬— ¡“°¢π÷È ‰¥â Õ°’ ¥«â ¬ 7 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Global Warming means surface air temperatures rise due to the change of the atmospheric climate such as temperature, rainfall, wind, etc., having impacts on human beings and the change of ecosystem. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC concluded that if the Earth still emits gases especially carbon dioxide, one of the many gases causing the global warming at the current rate, it will cause the rise of the global temperature around 0.2-0.5 C in a decade or a rise of 2-5 C by the end of next the century. From the computer simulation model and a climate analysis, it has found that the impacts may include an increase of sea level by 18 cm. by 2030 and the rise of about 30-110 cm. or 66 cm. by 2100. Moreover, it will cause the variably atmospheric climate, a lot of hurricanes, drought state, wildfire, and flood. The global is warmer due to the many layers of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth. Each layer of atmosphere acts as a glass panel, absorbing the solar radiation to the Earth. Some is re-emitted and some pass through the Earthûs surface, becoming the heat, which is retained and helps the Earthûs temperature be in its balance state suitable for the livings of many creatures. ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ « Ô 7

‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡æ√“–¡’™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»ÀàÕÀâÿ¡Õ¬àŸ‚¥¬√Õ∫ Nowadays, each layer of atmosphere is being À≈“¬™—Èπ ‚¥¬™È—π∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ®–∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’§≈⓬°—∫ destroyed by human and dramatically causes impacts À≈—ߧ“ ´Ë÷߇ªìπ°√–®°§Õ¬√—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑Ë’ àÕߺà“π‡¢â“¡“¬—ß to our Earth. What clearly seen is the drastic rise of the ‚≈° · ß∫“ß «à π®–∂°Ÿ  –∑Õâ πÕÕ°‰ª¬ß— πÕ°‚≈° ·≈–∫“ß «à π Earthûs temperatures, which is commonly known as green- ®– Õà ß∑–≈ºÿ “à π‡¢“â ¡“¬ß— æπ◊È º«‘ ‚≈° °≈“¬‡ªπì §«“¡√Õâ π´ßË÷ ∂°Ÿ house effect. ‡°Á∫°°— ‰«¿â “¬„π ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡Õ’ ≥ÿ À¿Ÿ¡∑‘ æ’Ë Õ‡À¡“–°—∫°“√¥”√ß ™’«‘µ¢Õß ‘Ëß¡™’ «’ ‘µ∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬ Greenhouse effect occurs when some gases sur- rounding the Earth act like glass panels that let sunlight ªí®®ÿ∫—π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™È—π°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¡πÿ…¬å∑”≈“¬ in but trap the heat produced inside. These special ·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µÕà ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“Õ¬“à ß¡“° ∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥ gases are called greenhouse gases, which are gases §Õ◊ °“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ßÕ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ¢‘ Õß‚≈°∑ Ë’ ߟ ¢π÷È Õ¬“à ß√πÿ ·√ß ´ß÷Ë trapping the solar radiation passing though the earth in ‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥∑å √Ë’ ⟮°— °—π∑«—Ë ‰ª«“à ª√“°Ø°“√≥‡å √Õ◊ π°√–®° the atmosphere, causing the surface around that area À√◊Õ°√’π‡Œ“ å ‡Õø‡ø§ (Greenhouse Effect) to become warmer just like the glass panel that the √Ÿª∑Ë’ 1 ·ºπ¿“æ· ¥ß°“√√∫— ·≈–§“¬√ß—  ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬¢å Õߺ«‘ ‚≈°·≈–™π—È ∫√√¬“°“» ∑Ë¡’ “ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC. Figure 1 : Flowchart of solar radiation incoming and outgoing of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere Source : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC. 8 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 8

ª√“°Ø°“√≥‡å √Õ◊ π°√–®°‡°¥‘ ®“°°“√∑‚’Ë ≈°∂°Ÿ ª°§≈¡ÿ ¥«â ¬ sunlight enters but cannot escape. °ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥∑Ë’¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘§≈⓬°√–®°∑Ë’· ß àÕß∑–≈ÿºà“π‰¥â At the normal state, the Earthûs atmosphere consists ·µà§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à “¡“√∂√–∫“¬∑–≈ÿºà“πÕÕ°¡“ ®÷ß ‡√¬’ °°“ä ´∑¡’Ë §’ ≥ÿ  ¡∫µ— ‡‘ ™πà π«’È “à °“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° (Greenhouse of ozone vapor and other types of gases, which absorbs Gases) ´Ë÷߇ªìπ°ä“´∑’Ë°—È𧫓¡√âÕπ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’˵° ultraviloet solar radiation. Some of this ultraviloet solar °√–∑∫º«‘ ‚≈° ‰¡„à ÀâÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ´ß÷Ë ∑”„Àâ∫√‡‘ «≥„µ™â È—π radiation will be reflected out of the Earthûs surface ∫√√¬“°“»∫√‘‡«≥πÈ—πÊ ¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑Ë’ Ÿß¢È÷π§≈⓬°—∫°√–®°∑’Ë and atmosphere and some reflected to the Earthûs ∂Ÿ°· ß·¥¥ Õà ß°√–∑∫‚¥¬‰¡¡à ’°“√√–∫“¬§«“¡√âÕπ surface, which consists of water, ground, and other living things. They will absorb the solar radiation and „π¿“«–ª°µ‘™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ then let it out as energy. From the picture, the infrared ‚Õ‚´π ‰Õπ”È ·≈–°“ä ´™π¥‘ µ“à ßÊ ´ßË÷ ∑”Àπ“â ∑°Ë’ √Õß√ß—  §’ ≈πË◊  π—È radiation is emitted from the earthûs surface, some of ∫“ß™π‘¥„Àâºà“π¡“µ°°√–∑∫æÈ◊πº‘«‚≈° √—ß ’§≈Ë◊π È—π∑Ë’µ° which exits the atmosphere while some are absorbed °√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°πÈ’ ®– –∑âÕπ°≈—∫ÕÕ°πÕ°™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» and warms it as seen at Figure 1. The result is the earth ‰ª à«πÀπ÷Ëß ·≈–Õ’° à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õµ°°√–∑∫¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° ´÷Ëß is able to keep the balance state of temperature; ®–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â¥â«¬æÈ◊ππÈ” æÈ◊π¥‘π ·≈– Ë‘ß¡’™’«‘µµà“ßÊ À≈—ß cycle of water, air, and seasons are happening at the ®“°πÈ—π°Á®–§“¬‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“πÕÕ°¡“ „π√Ÿª√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ß balance state suitable for the living of vegetation and Õ‘πø√“‡√¥°√–®“¬¢÷Èπ àŸ™È—π∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–·ºà°√–®“¬ÕÕ° animals. The earth is compared to a very large green- πÕ°™πÈ— ∫√√¬“°“»‰ª «à πÀπß÷Ë Õ°’  «à πÀπßË÷ ππ—È ™πÈ— ∫√√¬“°“» house, which is used to grow plants, containing vapor °Á®–¥¥Ÿ °≈π◊ ‰«â ·≈–§“¬æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπÕÕ°¡“ ¥ß— √Ÿª∑Ë’ 1 and gases in the atmosphere like the glass panel º≈∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ §Õ◊ ∑”„À‚â ≈° “¡“√∂√°— …“ ¿“æ ¡¥≈ÿ ∑“ßÕ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ‘ controlling the temperature and other cycles to be in ‰«‰â ¥â ®ß÷ ¡«’ Ø— ®°— √π”È Õ“°“» ·≈–ƒ¥°Ÿ “≈µ“à ßÊ ¥”‡ππ‘ ‰ªÕ¬“à ß balance.  ¡¥ÿ≈‡ÕÈ◊ÕÕ”π«¬µàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µæ◊™·≈– —µ«å ‚≈°®÷߇ª√’¬∫ ‡ ¡◊Õπ‡√◊Õπª≈Ÿ°æ◊™¢π“¥„À≠à∑’Ë¡’‰Õπ”È ·≈–°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π However, the Earthûs atmosphere contains some ™πÈ— ∫√√¬“°“»‡ªπì ‡ ¡Õ◊ π°√Õ∫°√–®°∑§Ë’ Õ¬§«∫§¡ÿ Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ‘ gases more than the natural balance caused by human ·≈–«—Ø®—°√µ“à ßÊ „À⇪πì ‰ªÕ¬“à ß ¡¥ÿ≈ activities, such as, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and ·µ„à πª®í ®∫ÿ π— ™π—È ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡ª’ √¡‘ “≥°“ä ´∫“ß™π¥‘ ozone (O3). These gases have special properties, that is, ¡“°‡°π‘  ¡¥≈ÿ ¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘ Õπ— ‡ªπì º≈¡“®“°Ω¡ï Õ◊ ¡π…ÿ ¬å ‡™πà they can absorb and emit infrared solar radiation very ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 9

°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO2) °“ä ´¡‡’ ∑π (CH4) °“ä ´´‡’ Õø´’ well. Therefore, when the Earthûs surface emits infrared (CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons) ·≈–°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å radiation to the atmosphere, these gases will absorb (N2O) ·≈–‚Õ‚´π (O3) ‡ªπì µπâ °“ä ´‡À≈“à π¡’È §’ ≥ÿ  ¡∫µ— æ‘ ‡‘ »… the infrared and later emit heat retaining on the earthûs §◊Õ  “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π·≈–§“¬√—ß ’§≈Ë◊𬓫™à«ßÕ‘πø√“‡√¥‰¥â surface and atmosphere. The earthûs surface then has ¥’¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°§“¬√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥¢È÷π Ÿà™—Èπ a rising temperature. We call these gases çgreenhouse ∫√√¬“°“» °ä“´‡À≈à“π’È®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥‡Õ“‰«â µàÕ gases.é Greenhouse gases not only have direct impact ®“°ππ—È ¡π— °®Á –§“¬§«“¡√Õâ π – ¡Õ¬∫àŸ √‡‘ «≥æπ◊È º«‘ ‚≈° ·≈– on the rise of the Earthûs temperature, but they also ™È—π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢È÷π æÈ◊πº‘«‚≈°®÷ß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ‡√“ produce indirect impacts. That is, they will undergo ‡√¬’ °°“ä ´∑∑Ë’ ”„À‡â °¥‘ ¿“«–·∫∫π«È’ “à ç°“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° (Green- some chemical reactions with other gases, reducing house Gases)é °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°πÕ°®“°®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫ the ozone of the atmosphere, resulting in more ultravio- µàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‚¥¬µ√ß·≈â« ¡—π¬—ß àߺ≈ let solar radiation passing through the layer of ozone °√–∑∫‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡¥â«¬ °≈à“«§◊Õ¡—π®–∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’°—∫ atmosphere, including letting in the radiation which is °ä“´ÕË◊πÊ ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥„À¡à¢È÷π¡“ À√◊Õ harmful to human and living things causing dangers to °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®√«¡µ—«°—∫‚Õ‚´π ∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π living creatures on earth as well. There are 5 major „π™È—π∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß  àߺ≈„Àâ√—ß ’§≈Ë◊π È—πÕ¬à“ß√—ß ’ greenhouse gases as follows: Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ë àÕߺà“π™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‰¥â ¡“°¢È÷π √«¡∑—Èߪ≈àÕ¬„Àâ√—ß ’∑’Ë∑”Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å ·≈– Ë‘ß 1. Carbon dioxide ¡™’ «’ ‘µ àÕߺà“π≈ß¡“∑”Õπ— µ√“¬°∫—  Ëß‘ ¡™’ ’«µ‘ ∫π‚≈°‰¥â¥«â ¬ ´÷ßË °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë ”§≠— ¡’ 5 ™π¥‘ ¥—ßπÈ’ Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas, derived from multiple sources both from natural and human 1. °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å activities such as burning of fossils fuel, from the indus- trial plants, and the deforestation for living or cultivation, °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™È—π∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘¥®“° especially the deforestation, the major factor in emitting ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°¥‘ ®“°Ω¡ï ◊Õ¡π…ÿ ¬å ‡™àπ °“√‡º“‰À¡‡â ™◊ÕÈ ‡æ≈‘ß the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because both ‡°‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡µà“ßÊ ·≈–°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ plants and forests are able to absorb carbon dioxide ‡æÕË◊ „™‡â ªπì ∑ÕË’ ¬ÕàŸ “»¬— À√Õ◊ °“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬“à ß¬ß‘Ë before emitting into the atmosphere. Therefore, when °“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“π’È π—∫«à“‡ªìπµ—«°“√ ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥ „π°“√ the forest areas are diminished, more carbon dioxide is ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢È÷π Ÿà™È—π∫√√¬“°“» ∑—ÈßπÈ’ able to be accumulated at the atmosphere. From the ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°µπâ ‰¡·â ≈–ª“É ‰¡¡â §’ ≥ÿ  ¡∫µ— ∑‘ ¥Ë’ ’ §Õ◊ ¡π—  “¡“√∂¥¥Ÿ ´∫— study of the amount of carbon dioxide by IPCC (Inter- °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰«â°àÕπ∑’Ë®–≈Õ¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» governmental Panel on Climate Change) since 1980, it ¥ß— ππ—È ‡¡ÕË◊ æπ◊È ∑ªË’ “É ≈¥πÕâ ¬≈ß ª√¡‘ “≥°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å 10 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

rising more than the others, meaning the direct impact to the temperature of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere to be even more severely intensed. IPCC latest reported that the rising amount of carbon dioxide by human activities cause the accumulated radiation energy on earth and atmosphere to rise approximately 1.56 watt per square meter, of which this amount is not accounted for the indirect impact of carbon dioxide. ®÷ߢ÷Èπ‰ª – ¡Õ¬àŸ„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°πÈ’°“√ 2. Methane ‡º“ª“É ¬ß— ∑”„À‡â °¥‘ §“√∫å Õπ´ß÷Ë ‡¡ÕË◊  ¡— º — °∫— ÕÕ°´‡‘ ®π„πÕ“°“» ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà™È—π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢È÷π The source of methane is abundance both in the Õ’°¥â«¬ ®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å nature and from the human activities, such as, from the ‚¥¬Àπ૬ߓπ IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- rice paddy, decomposition of the livings, burning of mate Change) ª√–¡“≥µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ coal, fuel, and natural gas, especially natural burning √“¬ß“π«à“¡’ª√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√µ—¥‰¡â and other types of fuel burning. They are able to ∑”≈“¬ª“É ‡æÕË◊ „™‡â ªπì æπÈ◊ ∑‡Ë’ ¡Õ◊ ß À√Õ◊ °“√‡°…µ√¡ª’ √–¡“≥ 1.6 produce 20% of methane of the total methane in the Gtc (1.65109 µπ— §“√∫å Õπ) „π¢≥–∑ªË’ √¡‘ “≥§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å atmosphere. Besides, the study of IPCC reported that ®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â ·≈–·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ∑Ë’‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å agricultural areas of rice cultivation in Asian countries °”≈ß— ¡ª’ √‘¡“≥‡æ¡‘Ë ¢πÈ÷ Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡πË◊Õß πÕ°®“°πȺ’ ≈°“√»°÷ …“ and Australia emitted highest amount of methane into ¢Õß IPCC ¬—ß√–∫ÿ™—¥«à“°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‡ªìπ°ä“´ the atmosphere and varied at different areas, depend- ‡ √◊ Õ π ° √ – ® ° ∑’Ë ∑” „ Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ æ ≈— ß ß “ π § « “ ¡ √â Õ π   –   ¡ „ π ing on the type and the quality of soil of each area. ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π∫√√¥“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥ Though the emission of methane into the atmosphere is ÕπË◊ Ê ∑Èß— ¬—ß¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ°«“à °“ä ´™π¥‘ ÕËπ◊ Ê ¥â«¬ ´÷Ëß higher than that of carbon dioxide, its average dura- À¡“¬∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™È—π tion of stay is about 11 years, a lot less if compared to ∫√√¬“°“»®–¬‘Ëß∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ªÕ’° ≈à“ ÿ¥πÈ’ carbon dioxide. It, thus, is second to carbon dioxide in Àπ«à ¬ß“π IPCC ‰¥√â “¬ß“πª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å terms of major cause of greenhouse effect. It was reported ∑‡Ë’ æ‘¡Ë ¢÷Èπ‚¥¬Ω¡ï Õ◊ ¡π…ÿ ¬πå ’È ∑”„Àâæ≈—ßß“π√—ß ’§«“¡√Õâ π – ¡ that the average concentration of heat energy ∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1.56 «—µµå produced directly by methane is 0.47 watt per square µàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ „πª√‘¡“≥π’Ȭ—߉¡à§‘¥√«¡º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ meter and from the domestic research outcome, it has ∑“ßÕÕâ ¡¢Õß°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å found out that a square meter of rice area will release 16-18 miligram per hour of methane, however, depending 2. °ä“´¡’‡∑π on other surroundings factor as well. ·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ¬àŸ¡“°¡“¬∑È—ß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ 3. Nitrous oxide ·≈–∑‡’Ë °‘¥®“°Ωï¡Õ◊ ¡π…ÿ ¬å ‡™πà ®“°·À≈àßπ“¢“â « ®“°°“√¬àÕ¬  ≈“¬´“° Ë‘ß¡’™’«‘µ ®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“πÀ‘π The origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where πÈ”¡—π ·≈–°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡º“‰À¡â∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° nitric acid is used in the production process such as the ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ  “¡“√∂ nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or ∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß∂÷ß 20% ¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide „π™π—È ∫√√¬“°“»∑ßÈ— À¡¥ πÕ°®“°π¬È’ ß— ¡√’ “¬ß“π°“√»°÷ …“¢Õß is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is IPCC «“à æπÈ◊ ∑°Ë’ “√‡°…µ√ª√–‡¿∑π“¢“â «„πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™¬’ considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced ·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ¡’°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π àŸ™È—π∫√√¬“°“» by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact „πª√‘¡“≥∑Ë’¡“° ·≈–¡’ª√‘¡“≥·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–∫√‘‡«≥ on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start of the industrialization until now. ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 11

¢÷Èπ°—∫™π‘¥·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߥ‘π„π·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑Ë’ ·¡â«à“°“√ª≈¥ 3. Nitrous oxide ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π àŸ™È—π∫√√¬“°“»®–¡’¡“°°«à“°√≥’¢Õß°ä“´ §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·µà°ä“´¡‡’ ∑π¡’Õ“¬ÿ – ¡‡©≈Ë’¬ª√–¡“≥ The origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where 11 ªï π—∫«à“πâÕ¬¡“°‡¡Ë◊Õ‡∑’¬∫°—∫§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ®÷ß nitric acid is used in the production process such as the ‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ°“√‡°‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‡ªìπÕ—π¥—∫ Õß√Õß®“° nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“π«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide  – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‡©≈Ë’¬√«¡∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is °ä“´¡’‡∑πª√–¡“≥ 0.47 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√ ·≈–®“°º≈°“√ considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced «‘®—¬¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»æ∫«“à „πæ◊Èπ∑πË’ “¢â“« 1 µ“√“߇¡µ√ ®–¡’ by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact °“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑πÕÕ°¡“ª√–¡“≥ 16-18 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface µÕà ™—Ë«‚¡ß ∑—ßÈ πÈ’¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿ°à ∫— ªí®®¬— ·«¥≈Õâ ¡Õ◊ËπÊ ¥«â ¬ by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start of the industrialization until now. 3. °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å§◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â °√¥‰πµ√°‘ „π°√–∫«π°“√º≈µ‘ µ«— Õ¬“à ߇™πà Õµÿ  “À°√√¡º≈µ‘ ‡ âπ„¬‰π≈Õπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡§¡’ À√◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈“ µ‘° ∫“ß™π‘¥ ‡ªìπµâπ ·¡â«à“°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° ∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’Õ¬àŸ¡“°„π¿“«–ª°µ‘°Áµ“¡ ·µàÕ—µ√“°“√‡æË‘¡ ª√‘¡“≥¥—ß°≈à“«°Á®—¥Õ¬àŸ„π¿“«–∑’Ë ¡¥ÿ≈„π∏√√¡™“µ‘  à«π °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬åπÈ—π¡’ª√‘¡“≥ ‡æ‘Ë¡¢È÷πÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.14 «—µµå µÕà µ“√“߇¡µ√ π∫— µ—ßÈ ·µà‡√¡‘Ë ¡’Õµÿ  “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢È÷π∂ß÷ ªí®®ÿ∫—π (a) (b) √ªŸ ∑Ë’ 2 · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈ß— ß“π§«“¡√Õâ π – ¡Õ—π‡ªπì º≈¡“®“°°“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° ‚¥¬ (a) · ¥ßª√¡‘ “≥æ≈ß— ß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡°¥‘ ®“°°“ä ´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°·≈–µ—«°“√ÕË◊πÊ ∑’Ë¡“ çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992. (b) · ¥ßª√¡‘ “≥æ≈ß— ß“π§«“¡√Õâ π – ¡‡πË◊Õß®“°°ä“´™π‘¥µ“à ßÊ „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»µÈß— ·µªà ï §.». 1765 ∂÷ß 1990 ∑’¡Ë “ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC Figure 2 : shows the amount of heat accumulated as a result of greenhouses gases by: (a) the amount of heat accumulated as result of greenhouse gases and other factors. Source : çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992. (b) the amount of heat accumulated as a result of other gases at the atmospheric level from 1765 until 1990 Source : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC 12 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«

4. °ä“´´’‡Õø´’ (CFCs) À√◊Õ°ä“´∑’Ë¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫ 4. CFCs or Chloro-fluorocarbon §≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (Chloro-fluorocarbon) Gases with chlorofluorocarbons as components are °“ä ´∑¡Ë’  ’ “√ª√–°Õ∫æ«°§≈Õ‚√ø≈ÕŸ Õ‚√§“√∫å Õπ¡·’ À≈ßà originated from the industrial plants and other daily °”‡π¥‘ ®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ·≈–Õÿª°√≥凧√Ë◊Õß„™â„π™’«‘µ electric appliances such as refrigerants, refrigerators, air ª√–®”«—πµà“ßÊ Õ“∑‘ ‡§√Ë◊Õß∑”§«“¡‡¬Áπ µŸâ‡¬Á𠇧√Ë◊Õߪ√—∫ conditionings, spray, fire-extinguishing solvents, plastic Õ“°“»  ‡ª√¬å π”È ¬“¥∫— ‡æ≈ß‘ °“√º≈µ‘ æ≈“ µ°‘ ·≈–‚ø¡ π”È ¬“ and foam production, cleaning solvents, etc. Though ∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ œ≈œ ·¡â«à“°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π®È’ –¡’ª√¡‘ “≥≈¥≈ß the amount of this type of gas has been reduced 40% 40% ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ‘∫°«à“ªï°àÕπÀπâ“πÈ’µ“¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ compared to 10 years earlier in accordance with the ‚¥¬ π∏‘ —≠≠“¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Protocol) ·µà Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric concentrations of ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ∑’ˬ—ß¡’ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ chlorofluorocarbons are still available by the human ∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬Ω¡ï Õ◊ ¡π…ÿ ¬å ¬ß— §ß‡ªπì µπâ ‡Àµ∑ÿ ∑Ë’ ”„À¡â æ’ ≈ß— ß“π force. It is still a cause of building up of heat on the §«“¡√Õâ π – ¡∫πæπÈ◊ º«‘ ‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.28 «µ— µ/å µ“√“߇¡µ√ earthûs surface approximately 0.28 watt per square meter. ·≈–¬Ë‘߉ª°«à“π—Èπº≈°√–∑∫∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´™π‘¥πÈ’ ∑”„Àâ On top of this, the indirect impacts of this kind of gas ‡°‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈°¡“°¡“¬ are dangerous to the atmosphere and many living things °≈à“«§◊Õ°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑πÈ’ “¡“√∂√«¡µ—«∑“߇§¡’‰¥â¥’°—∫‚Õ‚´π on earth. That is, this type of gas is able to chemically ®÷ß∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π„π™È—π∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß À√◊Õ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«„π binding with ozone, causing the lesser ozone layer or ™È—π‚Õ‚´πÕ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ´Ë÷߇ªìπ√—ß ’ ozone hole due to the ultraviolet, which is an ultra §≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∑’ˇªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ Ë‘ß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæÈ◊π‚≈° àÕߺà“π≈ß radiation, harmful to the livings on earth, passing through ¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπ‚≈°‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑ȗ߬—ß∑”„Àâ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ È—πºà“π¡“µ° the Earth more. In addition, it is reflected on the earthûs °√–∑∫º‘«‚≈°„π —¥ à«π∑Ë’¡“°‡°‘π¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈ π—∫‡ªìπ°“√ surface at the excessive proportionate rate of balance ∑”„Àºâ ‘«‚≈°·≈–∫√√¬“°“»√Õâ π¢÷πÈ ‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡ state, which is in turn the direct cause of warmer earthûs surface and atmosphere. √ªŸ ∑Ë’ 3 · ¥ß°√“ø°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ º‘ ‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈¬’Ë ∑Ë—«‚≈° 5. Ground-Level Ozone ∑¡Ë’ “ çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary The Earthûs atmosphere level ozone will generally for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, help protect the Earth from the danger of ultraviolet accepted by the IPCC. from the sun. However, when this gas is once at the Earthûs surface level, it will become a toxic gas created Figure 3 : shows the graph of global temperature change on by the chemical reaction between this gas and the sunlight, an assistant for Photo oxidation reaction between average sunlight and oxides of nitrogen, resulting in nitrogen dioxide, which can be a greenhouse gas. Ozone mostly Source : çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary is formed by the natural reaction between sunlight and for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, oxygen, and sunlight and nitrous oxide. accepted by the IPCC. Though found only little at the atmosphere, the ozone has its capacity in absorbing UV sunlight and warming the Earthûs temperature. If the amount of this gas is higher at the atmosphere, so is the Earthûs temperature. ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ « Ô 13

√Ÿª∑Ë’ 4 ¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √∑«Ë— ‚≈° ∑¡’Ë “ : www.uwsp.edu Figure 1 : This picture illustrates all currents of the ocean around the world Source : www.uwsp.edu 5. °ä“´‚Õ‚´π√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈° Direct Impacts of Greenhouse Gases on the EarthÕs Surface ‚¥¬ª°µ‘·≈â«°ä“´‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»™È—π Ÿß®–™à«¬ Temperature ªÑÕß°—π‚≈°®“°¿—¬¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ·µà°ä“´πÈ’‡¡Ë◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ°ä“´æ‘…™π‘¥ÀπË÷ß∑Ë’ As said earlier that the greenhouse gases may ‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“ß°ä“´π’È°—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‚¥¬®– cause direct impacts on us, that is, they cause the rise ‡ªπì µ«— ™«à ¬∑”„À‡â °¥‘ ªØ°‘ √‘ ¬‘ “‚ø‚µâ ÕÕ°´‡‘ ¥™π—Ë (Photo Oxi- of heat absorbed at the earthûs surface and atmo- dation) √–À«“à ß· ß°∫— °≈¡àÿ °“ä ´‰π‚µ√‡®π ´ß÷Ë  ßà º≈„À‡â °¥‘ °“ä ´ sphere, a major source of the rise of the earthûs tem- ‰π‚µ√‡®π‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ´Ë÷߇ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¥â °ä“´‚Õ‚´π perature, thus, the change of climate, the variability of  à«π„À≠à¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘√–À«à“ß· ß·¥¥°—∫ the global and local climate change. From the study of °“ä ´ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (O2) ·≈–· ß·¥¥°—∫°ä“´‰πµ√ — ÕÕ°‰´¥å IPCC, it indicated that the average heat accumulated due to the direct impact of greenhouse gases since °“ä ´‡À≈“à π·’È ¡®â –¡Õ’ ¬„àŸ π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ¬’ ߇≈°Á πÕâ ¬ °≈∫— ¡’ the existent of industrialization on earth has values of §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å 2.45 watt per square meter, while indirect impact on ·≈–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°Õ∫Õàÿπ ∂â“„π∫√√¬“°“» ozone is approximately 0.5 watt per square meter. Both ¡°’ “ä ´‡À≈“à π ’È ßŸ ¢π÷È °‡Á ªπì  “‡Àµ∑ÿ ∑Ë’ ”„ÀÕâ ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ¢‘ Õß‚≈° ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ direct and indirect impacts of greenhouse gases do the µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬ harm many times more than those of other causes as seen in Chart 2 which is in conjunction with the report º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° of the measurement of the average global tempera- µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈° ture at the earthûs surface since 1860 until now as Graph 3. It has been found that the average global ¥—߉¥â°≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ«à“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° “¡“√∂ àߺ≈ temperatureûs surface has tended to rise from mid 19 °√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß §◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà century on. And it apparently rises at the end of this ∫πº«‘ ‚≈°·≈–™—πÈ ∫√√¬“°“»¡“°¢÷πÈ Õ—π‡ªπì µâπ‡Àµÿ„Àæâ ◊πÈ º«‘ century around 0.3-0.6 degree C on average. ‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ º≈∑’˵“¡¡“°Á§◊Õ°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ߢÕß  ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ °“√ºπ— ·ª√¢Õß ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ ‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°·≈– As the Earth has retained more heat energy as a ∑âÕß∂Ë‘π ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß IPCC √–∫ÿ«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ result of the impact of greenhouse gases, many scien-  – ¡√«¡‡©≈Ë’¬Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´ tists have been interested in the impact on atmosphere ‡√◊Õπ°√–®° µÈ—ß·µà‡√Ë‘¡¡’Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫π‚≈°¡’§à“ and environment. They are studying the change and ª√–¡“≥ 2.45 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ „π¢≥–∑’˺≈°√–∑∫ evaluating in conjunction with the way to lessen the ∑“ßÕÕâ ¡∑¡’Ë µ’ Õà ‚Õ‚´π¡§’ “à ª√–¡“≥ 0.5 «µ— µ/å µ“√“ß°‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ impacts incurred as follows: ´Ë÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑È—ß∑“ßµ√ß ·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡πÈ’ ¡¡’ “°°«à“º≈°√–∑∫®“°µ«— °“√ÕËπ◊ Ê À≈“¬‡∑à“ ¥ß— ·ºπ¿¡Ÿ ‘„π 1. Change of Precipitation √Ÿª∑’Ë 2  Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫√“¬ß“πº≈°“√µ√«®«—¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈Ë’¬ ∑—Ë«æÈπ◊ º«‘ ‚≈° µÈß— ·µàªï §.». 1860 ®π∂ß÷ ªí®®∫ÿ —π ¥—ß°√“ø„π Once the earth is warmer, the volume of precipita- √ªŸ ∑Ë’ 3 æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡º‘ ‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑Ë«— ‚≈°¡’·π«‚π¡â  Ÿß¢π÷È ¡“ tion to the earth may be risen annually. That is, when the temperature near the ground is higher, more water 14 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

µÈ—ß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 19 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπ™—¥‡®π will vapor out of the surface, which is finally, fall back „πª≈“¬»µ«√√…πªÈ’ √–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´¬’   ‚¥¬‡©≈¬’Ë to the earth in form of rain and snow. Some area of the Earth will get an increasing volume of rain or snow ®“°°“√∑’Ë‚≈°‰¥â√—∫æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ∑Ë’‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπ®“°º≈ than they currently do, while some will get less. In °√–∑∫¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°π’È ∑”„Àâπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å π„® Thailand the phenomena, which often occurs, is »÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ specific-local rainfall such as it is not raining in the same ‚¥¬‰¥â»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß·≈–ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫ neighboring areas. √«¡∑—ÈßÀ“·π«∑“ß°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫∑®Ë’ –‡°‘¥¢πÈ÷ ‰«â ¥ß— πÈ’ 2. Change of Climate and Sea Level 1. °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ߢÕßÀ¬“¥π”È øÑ“ From the collection of the change of climate study ‡¡◊ËÕ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπª√‘¡“≥À¬“¥π”È øÑ“∑’˵°≈ß ŸàæÈ◊π‚≈°„π and of sea level by the sciencetists around the globe, ·µà≈–ªïÕ“®®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ πË—π§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»„°≈â they can be summarized as follows: æÈ◊π¥‘π Ÿß¢È÷π πÈ”®–√–‡À¬®“°º‘«‚≈°¡“°¢÷Èπ „π∑’Ë ÿ¥π”È ∑’Ë √–‡À¬¢÷Èπ‰ª®–µ°°≈—∫ Ÿà‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢ÕßΩπ·≈–À‘¡– æÈ◊π∑Ë’∫“ß ❖ It has been detected that Earthûs surface air ·Àßà ¢Õß‚≈°®–‰¥√â ∫— ª√¡‘ “≥ΩπÀ√Õ◊ À¡‘ –‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢πÈ÷ °«“à ∑‰Ë’ ¥√â ∫— „π temperature has been risen approximately 0.3-0.6C since ª®í ®∫ÿ π— „π¢≥–∑∫Ë’ “ß·Àßà ®–‰¥√â ∫— πÕâ ¬≈ß  ”À√∫— ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ the mid 20th century, with the most highest rising tem- ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ∫Õà ¬§√Èß— ¡“° §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥Ωπª√–®”∂‘πË perature in the continental regions between 40-70 north ‡™àπ °√≥’Ωπµ°‰¡à∑—Ë«æπÈ◊ ∑Ë„’ π∫√‡‘ «≥„°≈âÊ °π— ‡ªìπµπâ altitude, while in such some areas as the North Atlantic Ocean, the temperature has been decline during the 2. °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫π”È past decade. ∑–‡≈ ❖ In general, the mean temperature of the day ®“°°“√√«∫√«¡º≈°“√»°÷ …“°“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ over continent has been on the cooling trend around ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈¢Õßπ—° from mid 20th century, as a result of an increase of the «∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å∑—«Ë ‚≈°  “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥¥â ß— πÈ’ clouds in the sky, causing the decreasing temperature during the day while rising temperature during the night. ❖ ‰¥â¡’°“√µ√«®æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπ And it has estimated that the temperature of the lower ª√–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  π—∫µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå stratosphere (about 14-20 kilometer high from the earthûs »µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ‚¥¬‰¥âæ∫«“à ∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑«ª’ √–À«à“ß≈–µ®‘ ¥Ÿ 40 surface) will be decreased due to the diminishing ozone ∂÷ß 70 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“°∑Ë’ ÿ¥ and the rise of carbon dioxide. „π¢≥–‡¥¬’ «°π— ∑∫Ë’ “ß·Àßà ‡™πà ∫√‡‘ «≥¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √·Õµ·≈πµ°‘ ‡ÀπÕ◊ ‰¥¡â Õ’ ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ≈‘ ¥≈ß„π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑˺’ à“π¡“ ❖ The mean precipitation over continent in the 20th century has been stable. ❖ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Õ∫«—π∫πæ◊Èπ∑«’ª¡’ ·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´Ë÷ß ❖ The increasing evaporation of the tropical ocean ‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ water correlates with the increasing amount of water ™«à ß°≈“ß«π— ¡Õ’ ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ≈‘ ¥≈ß·≈–Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ „‘ π™«à ß°≈“ߧπ◊  ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ ·≈–§“¥«“à Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ∫‘ √‡‘ «≥µÕπ≈“à ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™πÈ—  µ√“- ‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈°√–À«à“ß 14-20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈ß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π ·≈–°“√‡æË‘¡¢È÷π¢Õß°ä“´ §“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ❖  ”À√—∫ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ‡©≈Ë’¬„π¿“§æ◊Èπ∑«’ª„π§√‘ µå »µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 π—πÈ ¬ß— ‰¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«“à ®–‡æË‘¡¢π÷È À√◊Õ≈¥≈ß ❖ °“√√–‡À¬¢ÕßπÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡¢µ√âÕπ Ÿß¢È÷π —¡æ—π∏å °—∫ª√¡‘ “≥‰ÕπÈ”„π‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’µË √«®«¥— ‰¥ â ߟ ¢È÷π ❖ æÈ◊π∑Ë’À‘¡–ª°§≈ÿ¡Õ¬àŸ„π√–¥—∫µ”Ë °«à“§à“‡©≈’ˬµ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1987 ❖ „π™à«ß 100 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ √–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑—Ë«‚≈°‡©≈Ë’¬ ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 15

 Ÿß¢÷πÈ ª√–¡“≥ 1-2.5 ¡≈‘ ≈‘‡¡µ√/ªï ´Ë÷߇ªìπº≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß vapor in the tropical measured. ®“°°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß¢È÷π ∑”„ÀâπÈ”∑–‡≈Õàÿπ ❖ The snow cover areas are at the lower average ·≈–¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √¢¬“¬µ«— ª√“°Æ°“√≥åπÈ’‡√¬’ °«“à °“√¢¬“¬µ—« ‡πË◊Õß®“°Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ  àߺ≈„Àâ∏“√πÈ”·¢Áߢ—È«‚≈°≈–≈“¬ level since 1987. ‰À≈∑à«¡·¡àπÈ” ≈”∏“√ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωßíò ∑–‡≈ ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ ❖ During the past 100 years, the average rise of πÈ”∑‡Ë’ æ¡Ë‘ ¢πÈ÷ π∑’È ”„Àπâ È”„π∑–‡≈¡√’ –¥∫—  ßŸ ¢π÷È ·≈–Õ“® ßŸ ‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢πÈ÷ ∂÷ß 20 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ „πªï æ.». 2593 sea level is about 1 to 2.5 milliliter a year, showing a direct impact of the increased atmosphereûs tempera- π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√剥â∑”°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢È÷π ture, warming and expanding sea and ocean. This ‚¥¬„™·â ∫∫®”≈Õß¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“» ‚¥¬Õ“»¬—  ¡¡µÿ ∞‘ “π∑«’Ë “à ∂“â À“° occurrence is called expansion due to the rising tem- ª√¡‘ “≥°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥„å π™πÈ— ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„πªï perature, causing the glaciers of the Arctic melted and §.». 2100 ‡æ‘Ë¡¢È÷π‡ªìπ 2 ‡∑à“ ®“°√–¥—∫ªí®®ÿ∫—π æ∫«à“ flooded rivers, streams, and coasts. Thus, the rise of the Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æÈ◊π∑Ë—«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-3.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  water amount causes the increase of sea level and ·≈–√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢È÷πª√–¡“≥ 15-95 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ´÷Ëß®– may be as high as 20 centimeters in 2050.  àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫» ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ √«¡∑ȗߥâ“π Õ∑ÿ °«∑‘ ¬“ À√Õ◊ °“√®¥— °“√·À≈ßà πÈ” µ≈Õ¥®π‚§√ß √“â ßæπÈ◊ ∞“π Scientists have estimated the impacts using the ·≈– ¢ÿ ¿“æ¢Õß¡π…ÿ ¬å climate simulation based on the hypothesis that if the amount of carbon dioxide at the earthûs atmosphere in 3. ¥â“π√–∫∫𑇫» 2100 increases twice of the current level, it has found that the earthûs surface air temperature will be about 1- ❖ ª“É ‰¡â : ª√–¡“≥°“√«“à Õ≥ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß‚≈°‡æ¡‘Ë ¢Èπ÷ 3.5C higher and 15-95 centimeters increase of the sea 1 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  °Á‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑Ë’®–∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√ level, which will have affect on the ecosystem, eco- ‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–°“√øóôπøŸ ¿“æªÉ“„πÀ≈“¬·ÀàߢÕß‚≈° nomics and society, including hydrology or the water ‡ªìπ∑Ë’§“¥«à“ª√–¡“≥ÀπË÷ß„π “¡¢Õߪɓ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬àŸ∑—Ë«‚≈° ®–¡’ source management, including the infrastructure and °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ßÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ߥâ“π™π‘¥æ—π∏åÿæ◊™ ‚¥¬°“√ human health. ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“°∑Ë’ ÿ¥ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘‡«≥≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ ŸßÊ  à«π ∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√Õâ π®–¡’°“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ßπÕâ ¬∑’ Ë ÿ¥ 3. Ecosytem ❖ æ◊πÈ ∑Ëπ’ ”È ·¢ßÁ ª°§≈¡ÿ : ‚¥¬∑—«Ë ‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ „‘ π ❖ Forestry : It has estimated that 1C rise of the √Õ∫«—π∫πæ◊Èπ∑«’ª¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ß earthûs temperature is sufficient enough to cause the §√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑Ë’ 20 ´ßË÷ ‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ impacts on growth and revival in many areas of the forest in the world. It has estimated that 1 of 3 of the worldûs forest areas will have massive changes in terms of the vegetationû species, with the most changes at the high altitude, while very little at the tropical areas. ❖ Snow-cover areas : In general, the mean tem- perature of the day over continent has been on the cooling trend around from mid 20th century, as a result of an increase of the clouds in the sky, causing the decreasing temperature during daytime while rising tem- perature during nighttime. And it has estimated that the temperature of the lower stratosphere (about 14-20 kilometer high from the earthûs surface) will be decreased due to the diminishing ozone and the rise of carbon dioxide. ❖ Coastal ecosystem : The climate change and the increased sea level or storms and rolling-wave will 16 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß·≈– cause more of coastal corrosion, demolition and flood Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢È÷π ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∫√‘‡«≥ at the coastal areas. The saltiness of the water at the µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈° estuary and at the underground will be higher, causing √–À«“à ß 14 -20 °‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈߇πÕ◊Ë ß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π the change of the high tide-low tide in the rivers and ·≈–°“√‡æË‘¡¢πÈ÷ ¢Õß°ä“´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å at bays, including the blowing away of sediment and food substances in the water. The change of the coastal ❖ √–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß : °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ecosystem will definitely impact the people living in the ·≈–√–¥∫— πÈ”∑–‡≈∑ ’Ë ßŸ ¢÷πÈ À√◊Õ°“√‡°¥‘ 擬·ÿ ≈–§≈◊Ëπ´¥— Ωßòí ®– area and have negative effect on tourism, freshwater  ßà º≈„À‡â °¥‘ °“√°—¥‡´“– °“√æ—ß∑≈“¬ ·≈–‡°¥‘ π”È ∑«à ¡∫√‘‡«≥ supply, fishery and biodiversity. ™“¬Ωíòß¡“°¢÷È𠧫“¡‡§Á¡¢ÕßπÈ”„π∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”·≈–„π ™πÈ— πÈ”®¥◊ „µ¥â π‘ ®–‡æ¡‘Ë ¢πÈ÷ ‡°¥‘ °“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ߢÕß√–¥∫— π”È ¢π÷È - 4. Human Infrastructure πÈ”≈ß „π·¡àπÈ”·≈–Õà“«µà“ßÊ √«¡∑È—ß°“√日擢Õßµ–°Õπ ·≈– “√Õ“À“√„ππÈ” ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωòíß The climate change and rise of sea level will have ®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∑’ËÕ¬àŸÕ“»—¬¢Õߺ⟧π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ’ ·≈– àߺ≈ negative effect on energy, industry, transportation, settle- °√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µÕà °“√∑Õà ߇∑¬’Ë « °“√®¥— À“π”È ®¥◊ °“√ª√–¡ß ment of human, property insurance, and tourism. The ·≈–§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™«’ ¿“æ most pronounced threat is the coastal people, estimated current amount of 46 million in population a year, are 4. ¥â“π‚§√ß √â“ßæÈ◊π∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å at the edge of flooding because of the stormy wave and if the sea level is at 50 centimeter high, the population °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈ at risk of flooding will increase to 92 million people. And ∑Ë’ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ®–¡’º≈°√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ°“√æ≈—ßß“π °“√ if the sea level is at 1 meter high, the population at risk Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√¢π àß °“√µ—Èß∂‘Ëπ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å °“√ of flooding wil be up to 118 milion people. The population ª√–°—π∑√—æ¬å ‘π ·≈–°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ¿—¬∑Ë’‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π§◊Õ of the island country or other underdeveloped countries ª√–™“°√∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωòíß ´Ë÷߉¥â¡’°“√ª√–¡“≥°“√ will be affected more severely as the coastal preventive «à“®–¡’ª√–™“°√ª√–¡“≥ 46 ≈â“π§π/ªï „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’ˇ Ë’¬ß system is ineffective and the densely populated area µàÕ¿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≈◊Ëπ擬ÿ´—¥Ωòíß·≈–À“°√–¥—∫πÈ” will definitely have more impact, causing both local ∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢Èπ÷ 50 ‡´πµ‡‘ ¡µ√ ®”π«πª√–™“°√∑ˇ’  ¬’Ë ß¿—¬π”È ∑à«¡ and overseas migration. ®–‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢πÈ÷ ‡ªπì 92 ≈“â π§π ·≈–∂“â √–¥∫— πÈ”∑–‡≈ ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ 1 ‡¡µ√ ®”π«πºŸâ‡ ’ˬߵàÕ¿—¬π”È ∑à«¡®– Ÿß∂÷ß 118 ≈â“π§π ‚¥¬ From the study of the impact incurred from the 1- ª√–™“°√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑‡Ë’ ªπì ‡°“–‡≈°Á ÊÀ√Õ◊ ª√–‡∑»¥Õâ ¬æ≤— π“ meter rise of sea level, the highest estimated value in ®–‰¥√â ∫— º≈°√–∑∫∑√Ë’ πÿ ·√ß°«“à ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°√–∫∫ªÕÑ ß°π— ™“¬Ωßíò 2100, it has found that small islands and areas around ‰¡à¥’‡æ¬’ ßæÕ ·≈–ª√–‡∑»∑¡’Ë ’ª√–™“°√Àπ“·ππà °«à“°¬Á àÕ¡‰¥â estuary are classified as high risky areas. The estimated √—∫º≈°√–∑∫¡“°°«à“ ∑”„À‡â °‘¥°“√Õæ¬æ∑ß—È ¿“¬„πª√–‡∑» loss of many countries, if the current preventive system ·≈–¢â“¡ª√–‡∑» in place, are Uruguay 0.05%, Egypt 1%, the Netherlands 6%, Bangladesh 17.5% and approximately 80% of Majuro ®“°°“√»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑Ë’®–‡°‘¥¢È÷π®“°°“√∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ” islands in the Marshall islands and the population ∑–‡≈ ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ 1 ‡¡µ√ ´ßË÷ ‡ªπì §“à  ßŸ  ¥ÿ µ“¡∑ª’Ë √–¡“≥°“√ ”À√∫— ªï impacted are around 70 million people in China and §.». 2100 æ∫«“à ‡°“–‡≈°Á Ê ·≈–æπÈ◊ ∑’Ë∫√‡‘ «≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”‡ªìπ Bangladesh. ∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’‡ Ë’¬ß¿—¬ Ÿß ‚¥¬‰¥âª√–‡¡‘π°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·ºàπ¥‘π¢Õß ª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ ∂â“√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—π¿—¬¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡™àπªí®®ÿ∫—π¥—ßπÈ’ For Thailand, it will unavoidably be affected but |ª√–‡∑»Õ√ÿ °ÿ «¬—  ≠Ÿ ‡ ¬’ 0.05% Õ¬’ ª‘ µå 1% ‡π‡∏Õ√·å ≈π¥å 6% how severely it will be needs to be further studied in ∫—ߧ≈“‡∑» 17.5% ·≈–ª√–¡“≥ 80%  ”À√—∫‡°“–ª–°“√ß— details. However, it can be estimated that when the ¡“®Ÿ‚√ (Majuro) „πÀ¡à‡Ÿ °“–¡“√·å ™≈ ·≈–ª√–™“°√∑‰Ë’ ¥â√—∫ sea level is rising, it will cause impacts to the coastal º≈°√–∑∫®–¡¡’ “°ª√–¡“≥ 70 ≈“â π§π „π®π’ ·≈–∫ß— §≈“‡∑» ecosystem of Thailand, resulting in flooded areas. The ‡ªìπµâπ more severe the impact is, the more corrosion and demolition of the coastal areas they are. Consequently,  ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 17

‰¡à‰¥â  à«π®–¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥®–µâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“„π√“¬- the salt water will invade on the mainland and in the ≈–‡Õ’¬¥µàÕ‰ª ·µàÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬°ÁæÕª√–¡“≥‰¥â«à“‡¡Ë◊Õ√–¥—∫π”È river, affecting the more saltiness of the soil and lower ∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¬àÕ¡ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬ΩòíߢÕß level of the river, which in turns will impact every issue ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®–¡’°“√‡°‘¥π”È ∑à«¡‡æË‘¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢È÷π ·≈–§«“¡ such as accommodation, agriculture, freshwater supply, √ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπÕ—µ√“°“√°—¥‡´“–·≈–°“√æ—ß∑≈“¬¢ÕßæÈ◊π∑’Ë fishery, and tourism. It will then do a lot of impact to ™“¬Ωòíß®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ πÈ”∑–‡≈®–√ÿ°‡¢â“¡“„π·ºàπ¥‘π·≈–·¡àπÈ” the countryûs economy. ¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⧫“¡‡§Á¡„π¥‘π·≈–∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß·¡àπÈ” ‡æ‘¡Ë ¢πÈ÷ ´ßË÷ ®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“𠇙àπ ¥â“π∑ËÕ’ ¬àŸÕ“»—¬ Alleviation of the impacts °“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß °“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‡ªìπº≈„À°â √–∑∫µÕà √–∫∫‡»√…∞°®‘ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“° To prevent the severe impact on the population of Thailand and the world from the climate change as said, °“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫ we should cooperate in preserving the permanent state of natural balance according to the folowing suggestions: ‡ æË◊ Õ‰ ¡à „ Àâ ª √ – ™ “ ° √ ‚ ≈ ° √ « ¡ ∑È— ß ª √ – ‡ ∑ »‰ ∑ ¬‰ ¥â √— ∫ º ≈ °√–∑∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß‚≈°∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢È÷π¥—ß ❖ Use natural gas instead of coal and fuel in the °≈à“«·≈â« ‡√“®÷ߧ«√„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ß production and transportation to reduce the amount of ∏√√¡™“µ„‘ À§â ßÕ¬µŸà √“∫π“π‡∑à“π“𠵓¡¢Õâ ‡ πÕ·π–¥—ßπÈ’ carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ❖ √à«¡°—π„™â°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘·∑π∂à“πÀ‘π·≈–π”È ¡—π„π ❖ Use alternative energy such as solar power, wind, °√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ ·≈–°“√¢π àßµà“ßÊ ‡æË◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√≈¥ and biomass (vegetation and animal residues) in place ª√‘¡“≥°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥„å π∫√√¬“°“»„ÀâπâÕ¬≈ß of energy from different fuel. ❖ À—π¡“„™â·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑𠇙àπ æ≈—ßß“π®“° ❖ Help preserve existing forestry and revive the · ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬å ≈¡ ·≈–™’«¡«≈ (´“° ‘Ëß¡™’ «’ µ‘ ¢Õßæ◊™·≈– —µ«å) substituted forests, reduce deforestation and grow ·∑πæ≈—ßß“π®“°‡™Õ◊È ‡æ≈ß‘ µà“ßÊ renewable forests. ❖ ™«à ¬°π— √°— …“ª“É ∑¡’Ë Õ’ ¬àŸ·≈–øπôó ø Ÿ ¿“æª“É ∑‡’Ë  ÕË◊ ¡‚∑√¡ ❖ Study and improve the use of fertilize to suit ≈¥°“√µ—¥‰¡∑â ”≈“¬ªÉ“ ·≈–ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“‡æË¡‘ ‡µ¡‘ each type of plant and avoid using fertilizer that causes greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. ❖ »÷°…“·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß«‘∏’°“√„™âªÿܬ „Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫™π‘¥ ¢Õßæ◊™ ·≈–À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߰“√„™âªÿܬ∑Ë’∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° àŸ ❖ Use electricity energy effectively both in busi- ∫√√¬“°“»„À¡â “°∑ Ë’ ÿ¥ ness, industrial, and household sectors to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning fuel to 18 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

❖ „™æâ ≈ß— ß“π‰øø“Ñ Õ¬“à ß¡ª’ √– ∑‘ ∏¿‘ “æ ∑ß—È „π¿“§∏√ÿ °®‘ produce electricity. The design of the building should Õµÿ  “À°√√¡ ·≈–§√«— ‡√Õ◊ π ®–™«à ¬≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ- concern the effective use of energy. The effective and ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™È◊Õ‡æ≈‘߇æË◊Õº≈‘µ°√–·  economic cost based value of electric equipmentûs ‰øøÑ“ °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫Õ“§“√„Àâ¡’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÕ¬à“ß¡’ usage should be employed. ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√„™âÕÿª°√≥å‰øøÑ“∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈– §¡âÿ §“à „π‡™ß‘ ‡»√…∞°®‘ ❖ Increase the efficacy in terms of transportation, which can be done through the use of new technology ❖ ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ ´÷ËßÕ“®∑”‰¥â substituting the use of fuel energy or improvement of ‚¥¬°“√„™‡â ∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡¬— „À¡∑à ¥·∑π‡™ÈÕ◊ ‡æ≈‘ß À√Õ◊ ª√∫— ª√ßÿ the effective motor ª√– ‘∑∏¿‘ “懧√Ë◊Õ߬πµå ‡ªπì µπâ Currently, campaign on the reduction of green- ªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—Ë«‚≈°‰¥â√≥√ß§å ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ªí≠À“°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ house gases emission has been widely and seriously ‡√◊Õπ°√–®°°—πÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß·≈–®√‘ß®—ß ‚¥¬‰¥â®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ carried out throughout the world. The convention of the ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õßµ—«·∑π®“°π“π“™“µ‘ 160 ª√–‡∑» ‡æÕË◊ À“∑“ß international delegates from 160 countries was held to ≈¥ªí≠À“‚≈°√Õâ π‡¡ÕË◊ «π— ∑’Ë 1-10 ∏—𫓧¡ 2540 ∑˪’ √–‡∑» work out the warming globe on 1-10 December 1997 in ≠Ë’ ªÉÿ π ´÷Ëß¡µ‘¢Õß∑Ë’ª√–™ÿ¡≈ߧ«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“„Àâª√–‡∑» Japan. The decree of the convention was that the Õÿµ “À°√√¡ 39 ª√–‡∑» ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß industrialized nations reduced the greenhouse gases µß—È ·µªà í®®ÿ∫π— ®π°√–∑—Ëß∂ß÷ ™«à ß æ.». 2551-2555  “¡“√∂≈¥ emission from now until during 2008-2012 when they °“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß‚¥¬‡©≈Ë’¬ 5.2% ¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ should cut down the greenhouse gases emission by °√–®°∑Ë’ª≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°∑È—ßÀ¡¥„πªï 2533 ‡™àπ ª√–‡∑»≠Ë’ªÿÉπ 5.2% of the all greenhouse gases emitted in year 1997.  À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈– ¡“§¡¬ÿ‚√ª ∂Ÿ°°”Àπ¥„Àâ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬ For example, Japan, the United States and EU, they °“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®°≈ß 6% 7% ·≈– 8% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈–‰¥®â ¥— were enforced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases ∑”‡ªìπ π∏‘ —≠≠“«à“¥â«¬°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢È÷π‡æË◊Õ 6%, 7% and 8% respectively and treaty on cut down of „À∑â °ÿ ª√–‡∑»∂◊ÕªØ∫‘ µ— ‘ greenhouse gases emission was formed for every country to follow. Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑Ë’ °”À𥵓¡ π∏ ‘ ≠— ≠“¥ß— °≈“à «ππ—È ¬ß— πÕâ ¬°«“à ∑§’Ë «√®–‡ªπì However, the reduction amount of greenhouse gases ¥—ßπ—Èπªí≠À“‚≈°√âÕπÕ—π‡°‘¥®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¬—ߧßÕ¬àŸ as regulated under the treaty is considered less than it µàÕ‰ª À√◊Õ‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπ°«à“‡¥‘¡°ÁÕ“®‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∂â“∑ÿ°§π¬—߉¡à should be. The global warming caused by greenhouse ‡¢“â „®ªí≠À“·≈–√à«¡·°â‰¢Õ¬“à ß®√ß‘ ®ß— gases, therefore, will be further existed or possibly more if everybody doesnût realize the problem and seriously cooperate. Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. °√¡ ßà ‡ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡,  ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π, 1. The Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2548 Global Warming, 2005 2. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of 2. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of working Groups working Groups I, II and III. Herbert Riehl, I, II and III. Herbert Riehl, 1965, Introduction to the 1965, Introduction to the Atmosphere. Robert Atmosphere. Robert G, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction G, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction to Atmosphere to Atmosphere Physics. Physics. 3. Information from the Meteorology Department 3. ¢âÕ¡≈Ÿ ®“°°√¡Õµÿ πÿ ‘¬¡«∑‘ ¬“ www.tmd.go.th www.tmd.go.th ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 19

 “√§¥’À≈°— ‡√¬’ ∫‡√¬’ ß‚¥¬ : ¥…ÿ Æ’ ¡—πË ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Main Feature by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmentalist 20 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

‡¡ÕË◊ ‡°¥‘  ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π∑”„À â ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“»‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß When global warming occurs, causing the climate ‰ªπÈ—π ¬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πæÈ◊πº‘«‚≈°Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ·≈– change, it definitely has impacts on every creature on °√–∑∫‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°‚´à„π√–∫∫𑇫»·µà≈–√–∫∫ °—∫§”°≈à“«∑Ë’«à“ earth and also causes a domino effect to each chain ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß in the ecosystem. Considering the statement of why  ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“» ‡√“µÕâ ß√°Ÿâ Õà π«“à º≈°√–∑∫Õ–‰√∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ®“° Thailand must take the climate change a priority, we  ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈«â  ¡§«√·≈â«À√◊Õ¬—ß∑˵’ Õâ ß„À§â «“¡ ”§—≠ must first know what impacts the global warming has caused and if itûs time for us to make it a top agenda. º≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑Ë’¡’µàÕ Ë‘ß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°∑’Ë æ∫‡ÀÁπ„πªí®®ÿ∫π— ¡’∑Èß— °“√∑”≈“¬æ—π∏åÿæ™◊ °“√∑”≈“¬«‘∂°’ “√ The impacts of the global warming on the living ¥”√ß™’«‘µ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥâ“π things currently observed include the destruction of ‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·≈–¥“â π —ߧ¡·≈–°“√‡¡Õ◊ ß vegetation, pattern of environmental living, as well as, agricultural, societal, and political changes. ‡¡ÕË◊ ‚≈°√Õâ π¢πÈ÷ ‡ªπì º≈„À â ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ≈°— …≥– ¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»∑Ë’·ª√ª√«ππ—Èπ°√–∑∫‰ª∑ÿ° à«π∫πº‘«‚≈° When the globe is warming, it causes the variable √«¡∑ȗߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∫àÕ¬Ê „π‡√Ë◊ÕߢÕ߃¥Ÿ°“≈ climate. The fluctuated climate impacts every part of ≈¡æ“¬ÿ∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ·≈– ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë√âÕπ®—¥„π∫“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ the globe surface, including Thailand. What mostly πÕ°®“°π’È æ∫«à“ª–°“√—ß∫√‘‡«≥Ωòíß∑–‡≈¥â“πÕà“«‰∑¬·≈– seen in Thailand are the seasonal heavy storm and an Õ—π¥“¡—π¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡æË‘¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬¡’·π«ª–°“√—ß∑’Ë excessive hot climate in some provinces. Moreover, the ‡ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«‰∑¬∂÷ß°«“à 23% ´ß÷Ë  “‡ÀµÀÿ πß÷Ë ∑’∑Ë ”„Àâ coral reefs along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andamanûs ·π«ª–°“√—߇ Ë◊Õ¡‚∑√¡°Á§◊ÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ®“° coast are increasingly damaged, with up to 23% of the ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µß—È Õ¬„Ÿà π∫√‡‘ «≥∑‰’Ë ¥√â ∫— Õ∑‘ ∏æ‘ ≈®“° deteriorated coral reef in the Gulf of Thailand. One of ¡√ ÿ¡®“°¡À“ ÿ¡∑√·ª´‘øî°‚¥¬µ√ß ®÷߉¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“° the many causes that destroy the coral reefs is the rise ª√“°Ø°“√≥‡å Õ≈π’‚π·à ≈–≈“π’≠à“Õ¬“à ßÀ≈’°‡≈¬Ë’ ߉¡à‰¥â of the ocean temperature as a result of global warm- ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino) √ªŸ ∑Ë’ 1  ¿“«–ª°µ‘ ª√“°Æ°“√≥‡å Õ≈π‚’ πà (EL Nino) ‡ªπì §”∑„’Ë ™‡â √¬’ °ª√“°Æ°“√≥µå “¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ √ªŸ ∑Ë’ 2  ¿“«–‡Õ≈π’‚πà ∑“ß ¡ÿ∑√»“ µ√å ‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»µ“¡ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈‡Àπ◊Õ ∑’¡Ë “/Source : PMEL/NOAA ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ∑”„Àâ°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°∑’ˉÀ≈µ“¡ª°µ‘®“° µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωòíߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å ‡ª√Ÿ ·≈–™‘≈’µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ) ‰ª ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 21 ¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πµ°(™“¬ΩíòßÕ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫ (°√–· π”È ®“°∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‰ª¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°) ¡’º≈„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßæÈ◊πº‘« ∑–‡≈µÈ—ß·µà¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°µÕπ°≈“ß∂÷ß™“¬Ωíòß∑«’ªÕ‡¡√‘°“„µâÕ∫Õàÿπ¢È÷π El Nino Phenomena EL Nino phenomenon is a term to call natural oceanographic phenomenon due to the changing seasonal climate over the Pacific Ocean, causing the normal flow of the Pacific Ocean current from the East (along the coasts of Peru, Ecuador and northern Chile) to the West (along the coasts of Indonesia and Australia) shift backward (the current flows from the West to the East). Such event leads to the rising sea surface temperature, ranging from the Central Pacific Ocean

·≈–¬—ßæ∫«à“·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·π«®“°‡¥‘¡ ´Ë÷ß ing. As Thailand is located where monsoons from the ‡¥¡‘ ππÈ— ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µß—È Õ¬„Ÿà π·π«∑ÕË’ “°“»Õπÿà ·≈–™π◊È ®“°∫√‡‘ «≥ Pacific Ocean directly influences, we have unavoidably ‡ âπ»πŸ ¬ å Ÿµ√∑’Ë¡“ª–∑–°—π ‚¥¬ª°µ·‘ 𫪖∑–π®È’ –‡§≈ËÕ◊ 𵫗 been affected by the phenomena, El Nino and La Nina. Õ¬àŸ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√–À«à“ß¿“§æÈ◊π‡Õ‡™’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ·µà ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà∑”„Àâ·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’ȇ§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª∑“ß It has also found out that the frontal system has ∑‘»‡ÀπÕ◊ ¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ ‚¥¬‡≈¬‡¢“â ‰ª„π‡¢µª√–‡∑»®π’ ∑”„Àâ been changed. Formerly, Thailand is situated in the Ωπ∑‡’Ë ¥¡‘ ‡°¥‘ ¢π÷È ®“°·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π‰’È ¡µà °„πª√–‡∑» °Õà „Àâ frontal warm and moist weather from the Equatorial ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ß¡“° line. Normally such front is moving over the Southeast ‡πË◊Õß®“°‡°…µ√°√√¡ à«π„À≠à¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µâÕßæË÷ßæ“πÈ”Ωπ Asia region but El Nino causes this frontal system to ®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘ move further to the north more than normal, to the area of China. The rain, which ordinarily used to occur in this front, doesnût fall in the country. It, consequently, poses acute agricultural problem of Thailand, as most of the nationûs farmers rely heavily on natural rainfall. Many are starting to feel why it is very dry this year and it isnût cold in winter. When itûs summer, the sea- son is quite longer than any other years. That is the result of the climate change, directly affecting al Thai farmers. Thailand is an agricultural base so it has undoubtedly effects on the overall economy of the country as well. We feel by ourselves that this year pro- ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°‡°¥‘ §≈π◊Ë „µºâ «‘ πȔ楗 擇Փ¡«≈π”È Õπàÿ ∑ ’Ë – ¡Õ¬∫àŸ √‡‘ «≥·ª´ø‘ °î µ–«π— µ°‰ª·∑π∑πË’ ”È ‡¬πÁ ∑“ß·ª´ø‘ °î µ–«π— ÕÕ° (∫√‡‘ «≥ ™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√)å °®Á –√«¡‡¢â“°∫— º‘«π”È ∑”„Àºâ ‘«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‡‘ «≥πÈ’Õπàÿ ¢÷πÈ °«“à ª°µ‘ ·≈–π”È ÕàÿππÈ’®–§Õà ¬Ê ·º¢à ¬“¬ æ◊Èπ∑Ë’‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°∂÷ßµÕπ°≈“ߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß°√–· π”È Õÿàπ®“°√–¥—∫ª°µ‘´÷ËßÕ¬àŸ√–À«à“ß 50-55 Õß»“ ‡´≈‡´¬’   ‡æ¡‘Ë  ßŸ ¢π÷È ∂ß÷ 65 Õß»“‡´≈‡´¬’    ßà º≈„À â ß‘Ë ¡™’ «’ µ‘ ∑‰’Ë ¡ à “¡“√∂ª√∫— µ«— ‰¥â µ“¬À√Õ◊ µÕâ ßÕæ¬æ‰ª ∑”„À§â «“¡Õ¥ÿ ¡ ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å ≈¥≈ß·≈–‡ªπì  “‡Àµ„ÿ Àªâ √¡‘ “≥ª≈“∑®Ë’ ∫— ‰¥≈â ¥≈ß ‡Àµ ÿ ßà º≈°√–∑∫µÕà °“√º≈µ‘ Õ“À“√‡≈¬’È ßª√–™“°√‚≈°∑ß—È ‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–‚¥¬ÕÕâ ¡ ·≈–®“°°“√°Õà µ«— ¢Õ߇¡¶Ωπ´Ë÷ߪ°µ‘®–Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈߉ªÕ¬∑àŸ ∫Ë’ √‡‘ «≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«π— ÕÕ° ®ß÷ ∑”„À⇰‘¥Ωπµ°¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ „π¢≥–∑Ë’·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°´÷Ë߇§¬¡’Ωπ¡“°®–¡’ΩππâÕ¬·≈–‡°‘¥§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß  àߺ≈‡ ’¬À“¬µàÕ to the coastline of the South America, to be warmer, because a wave under the water surface blows the warm current at the Pacific West to replace the cool water of the Pacific East (coastline of Ecuador), causing the sea surface around this area to have warmer temperature than normal. The warm current then spreads itself to the West, reaching the center of the Ocean, resulting in the rising temperature of warm current from between 50-55 degree Celsius up to 65 degree Celsius. The warmer temperature than usual causes many living organisms that canût adapt themselves to the changing environment to die or migrate. Consequently, the prolific abundance has diminished and it is a cause of the lower rate of fishery, directly and indirectly affecting the food production 22 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √∑«—Ë ‚≈° ∑Ë¡’ “ : www.uwsp.edu This picture illustrates all currents of the ocean around the world Source : www.uwsp.edu À≈“¬§π‡√¡‘Ë √ âŸ °÷ «“à ∑”‰¡ªπï ·’È Àßâ ·≈ßâ π°— Àπ“«°‰Á ¡Àà π“« duces quite an arid one. Whatûs behind the scene is ·≈âß°Á¬“«π“π°«à“ªïÕ◊ËπÊ πË—π‡ªìπº≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß what causes the decrease of moisture. The cyclone  ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’Ë àߺ≈‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ‡°…µ√°√‰∑¬∑ÿ°§π storm, bringing moist from the Ocean to Thailand and ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπª√–‡∑»‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·πàπÕπ¬àÕ¡°àÕªí≠À“ benefiting Thai agriculture, declines. In the normal state, °√–∑∫‰ª∂÷߇»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»¥â«¬ µ—«‡√“‡Õ߬—ß Thailand has received 2-3 cyclones, that is, depression, √⟠÷°‰¥â‡≈¬«à“ªïπÈ’·Àâß·≈âß ·µà≈÷°‰ª°«à“π—Èπ§◊Õ “‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ tropical cyclone and typhoon. The influence of these §«“¡™πÈ◊ ≈¥≈߇πÕ◊Ë ß®“°æ“¬Àÿ ¡πÿ ∑æ’Ë “§«“¡™πÈ◊ ®“°¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √ monsoons is one of the important sources of moisture ‡¢â“ Ÿàª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ°“√‡°…µ√¢Õß and rain of Thailand. ª√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°≈¥≈ß ‚¥¬ª°µ‘ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈ ®“°æ“¬Àÿ ¡πÿ ‚¥¬‡©≈¬’Ë ª√–¡“≥ 2-3 ≈°Ÿ ‰¥·â °à 擬¥ÿ ‡’ ª√ ™πË— And when Thailand becomes drier, the prominent 擬‚ÿ ´π√Õâ π ·≈–擬„ÿ µΩâ Éÿπ Õ∑‘ ∏æ‘ ≈¢Õß≈¡¡√ ÿ¡®“°∑–‡≈ consequential impacts are forest fire, such as, the case ‡À≈à“π’Èπ—∫«à“‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ«“¡™È◊π·≈–‡ªìπ·À≈àߪ√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ of wild fire at Pru-toh-daeng, which is difficult to extin- ∑ ’Ë ”§≠— ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬“à ßÀπßË÷ guish, including the wild fire in many areas of the coun- try, such as, Kao Yai National Park and Huay Kha Kaeng °“√‡°…µ√°√√¡∏—≠æ◊™ ´Ëß÷ ‡ªπì Õ“À“√À≈—°∑ Ë’ ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–™“°√‚≈° ¥—ßπ—πÈ §«√‡µ√¬’ ¡√—∫«°‘ ƒµ°“√≥‡å Õ≈π‚’ πà ‡æ◊ËÕªÕÑ ß°π— §«“¡ À“¬π–∑“ß ßË‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–∑“߇»√…∞°‘®∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°¥‘ µÕà ‰ª ª√“°Æ°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“ (Laniya) ≈“π’≠à“ §◊Õ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑Ë’°≈—∫°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà °≈à“«§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° °≈“ß·≈–µ–«π— ÕÕ°¡§’ “à µ”Ë °«“à ª°µ‘ ∑ßÈ— π‡È’ πÕË◊ ß®“°≈¡ π‘ §“â µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ß„µ∑â æË’ ¥— Õ¬‡Ÿà ªπì ª√–®”„π·ª´ø‘ °î ‡¢µ√Õâ π∑“ß´°’ ‚≈°„µâ (≈–µ®‘ ¥Ÿ 0-30 Õß»“„µ)â ¡°’ ”≈ß— ·√ß°«“à ª°µ‘ ®ß÷ 楗 æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑ÕË’ πÿà ®“°·ª´ø‘ °î ‡¢µ√Õâ πµ–«π— ÕÕ°¡“¡“°¬ßË‘ ¢πÈ÷ (∫√‡‘ «≥™“¬Ωßíò noursishing the worldûs population. Moreover, tropical rains usually centered over the West of the Ocean shift eastward and center, influencing more of rainfalls than usual, while the West Pacific generally, used to have a lot of rainfalls, now yield little rain and produce severe draught, damaging the agricultural production which is a major source of food for the worldûs population. We, therefore, should prepare ourselves to handle El Nino to prevent any environmental and economic disasters that may incur. ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 23

·≈–‡¡◊ÕË ª√–‡∑»·Àßâ ·≈ßâ ¢Èπ÷  ß‘Ë ∑Ë’ ßà º≈ ∫◊ ‡π◊ËÕß¡“Õ¬à“ß Wildlife Preservation Region, causing air pollution, which ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™¥— §Õ◊ °“√‡°¥‘ ‰øªÉ“ ‡™àπ °√≥’‰ø‰À¡âª“É ∑Ë’æ√‚ÿ µä–·¥ß not only worsens the quality of the air because of toxic ´÷Ë߬“°·°à°“√¥—∫ √«¡∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â„πÀ≈“¬æÈ◊π∑Ë’¢Õß gases, but also impacts the peopleûs health in the ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏åÿ neighboring incidents. It may affect the suspension of  µ— «ªå “É À«â ¬¢“·¢ßâ ∑”„À‡â °¥‘ ¡≈æ…‘ ∑“ßÕ“°“» ´ß÷Ë πÕ°®“°®– economic sentiment, particularly if areas affected are ∑”„À§â ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»‡≈«√⓬‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“ä ´æ‘…µà“ßÊ ¬ß— °Õà „Àâ the tourism areas such as Phuket or Had Yai, etc. ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈⇧’¬ß ∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àµÿ¥â«¬ ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¿“懻√…∞°‘® Moreover, referring to the information from IPCC, ™–ß°— ßπ— ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬“à ߬ßË‘ À“°æπÈ◊ ∑∑Ë’ ‰Ë’ ¥√â ∫— º≈°√–∑∫‡ªπì ‡¢µ the worldûs temperature is rising more rapidly than what ∑Õà ߇∑Ë’¬« ‡™πà ¿‡Ÿ °µÁ À√◊ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ‡ªπì µπâ we have estimated. In 2100, the average increase of temperature may range from 1.4 and 5.8 degree Celsius, πÕ°®“°π¢’È Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ®“° IPCC æ∫«“à Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ¢‘ Õß‚≈°°”≈ß— an approximate 50% increase than expected 5 years ‡æ¡Ë‘  Ÿß¢π÷È ‡√Á«°«“à ∑’∑Ë ÿ°ΩÉ“¬§“¥§¥‘ „πªï §.». 2100 Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ‘ ago. The past information has implied that such rise of ‡©≈¬Ë’ Õ“®‡æ¡‘Ë ¢πÈ÷ ®“°ª®í ®∫ÿ π— √–À«“à ß 1.4 ·≈– 5.8 Õß»“‡´≈‡´¬’   temperature may cause a dramatic change of ecosystem as it had happened in the Ice age when only 5 degree Celsius of the temperature had occurred. Additionally, it has been found that the rising temperature not only has effects on vegetation and animals in all continents, it has also caused more than 420 of natural processes to fluctuate and lose the ecosystem balance. This may lead to the epidemic in Thailand due to the genetic change of new disease strains, and new diseases that can grow very quickly in hot climate, such as, dengue hemorrhagic fever, conjunctivitis, and diarrhea, all of which will affect the health of the people as well as the food export Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ∑”„Àâ·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πµ°´÷Ëß·µà‡¥‘¡¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«π”È ∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß ·ª´‘ø°î ‡¢µ√Õâ πµ–«—πÕÕ°Õ¬·àŸ ≈«â °≈∫— ¬ß‘Ë ¡Õ’ ÿ≥À¿¡Ÿ ‘º«‘ π”È ∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥∫— π”È ∑–‡≈ ßŸ °«à“∑“ß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√Õâ πµ–«π— ÕÕ°¡“°¬ßË‘ ¢È÷π‰ªÕ’°  àߺ≈„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°®–¡’§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß¡“°¢È÷π ·≈–∑“ß·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ¡“°¢È÷π‰ªÕ’° ª√“°Ø°“√≥≈å “π≠’ “à π®È’ –‡°‘¥¢πÈ÷ ‚¥¬‡©≈¬’Ë 5-6 ªµï àÕ§√ß—È ·µà≈–§√ßÈ— ®–°π‘ √–¬–‡«≈“π“πª√–¡“≥ 1 ªï ª°µ∑‘ “ßµ–«π— ÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √·ª´ø‘ °î „µ„â °≈‡â  πâ »πŸ ¬ å µŸ √À√Õ◊ ∫√‡‘ «≥™“¬Ωßíò ª√–‡∑»‡ª√®Ÿ –¡¢’ ∫«π°“√‰À≈¢πÈ÷ ¢Õßπ”È ‡¬πÁ ®“°„µâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢È÷π¡“¬—ߺ‘«πÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑Ë’æ—¥¢π“πΩòíßºπ«°°—∫°“√À¡ÿπ√Õ∫µ—«‡ÕߢÕß‚≈°º≈—°¥—π „Àºâ «‘ π”È ∑–‡≈∑ÕË’ πàÿ ‰À≈‰ª∑“ßµ–«π— µ°À“à ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°Ωßòí π”È ‡¬πÁ ¢“â ß≈“à ß´ßË÷ Õ¥ÿ ¡¥«â ¬∏“µÕÿ “À“√®ß÷ 楗 ¢π÷È ¡“·∑π∑Ë’ (√ªŸ ∑’Ë 1) ∫√‡‘ «≥ La Nina Phenomena La Nina is the opposite phenomenon of El Nino, that is, the sea surface temperature in the Equator in the Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean is lower than normal because the southwest trade wind that always blows in the tropical Pacific in the southern hemisphere (0-30 south latitude) has more power than normal, thus taking more warm current from the eastern tropical Pacific (along the coast of Indonesia and Australia), causing the western tropical Pacific, formerly having higher temperature of the sea surface than that of the east, to have much higher temperature at the ocean surface and higher sea level than that of the east. As a result, a more severe drought 24 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«

 Ÿß°«à“∑ªË’ √–¡“≥°“√‡¡◊ËÕ 5 ª°ï àÕπ °«à“√Õâ ¬≈– 50 ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡≈Ÿ business and the investment condition. ®“°Õ¥µ’ ∫ßà ™«È’ “à Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ∑‘  Ë’ ߟ ¢π÷È ¢π“¥πÕÈ’ “®∑”„À√â –∫∫π‡‘ «» The variation of the climate and El Nino and La ‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ߧ√—Èß„À≠à ¥—ß∑’ˇ§¬‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß®“°¬ÿ§ π”È ·¢Á߇¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿¡Ÿ ‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡æ¬’ ß 5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  Nina phenomena, in addition, can cause quite sever draught in some areas of Thailand. From the report on πÕ°®“°π¬È’ ß— æ∫«“à Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ∑‘  ’Ë ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ πÕ°®“°®–°√–∑∫ Climate Change 2001 : Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability µàÕæ◊™·≈– —µ«å„π∑ÿ°∑«’ª·≈â« ¬—ß∑”„Àâ°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß of more than 700 scientists around the world concluded ∏√√¡™“µ‘°«à“ 420 °√–∫«π°“√ «‘ª√‘µ·ª√ª√«π·≈–√–∫∫ the impact of global warming, divided into regions, 𑇫»‡ ’¬ ¡¥ÿ≈  àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§√–∫“¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â that Asia would experience the rising temperature, ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°°“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ßæπ— ∏°ÿ √√¡¢Õ߇™ÕÈ◊ ‚√§ “¬æπ— ∏„ÿå À¡à draught, deteriorated soil, yielding a very low agriculture ·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠æ—π∏åÿ‰¥â¥’„π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»√âÕ𠇙àπ production in very hot and severe draught areas, as ‚√§‰¢â‡≈Õ◊ ¥ÕÕ° ‚√§µ“·¥ß ·≈–‚√§ÕÀ«‘ “µ°‚√§ ´÷ËßπÕ°®“° well as, shortage of water resources for agriculture and ®– àߺ≈µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π·≈â« ¬—ß àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ industry. ¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®÷߇À¡“–∑Ë’ ÿ¥ ”À√—∫°“√‡®√‘≠æ—π∏åÿ¢Õߪ≈“∑–‡≈ ·µà∫“ߧ√ȗ߇¡◊ËÕ≈¡π’ÈÕàÕπ°”≈—ß≈ß°«à“ª°µ‘À√◊Õæ—¥°≈—∫∑‘»µ√ߢⓡ ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§≈Ë◊π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√日擡«≈π”È Õÿàπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ° «π°—∫∑‘»∑“߇¥‘¡·≈–∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“π”È ∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß ª√–‡∑»‡ª√ŸÕàπÿ ¢πÈ÷ °«“à ª°µ‘ ´÷Ë߇√’¬°ª√“°Ø°“√≥πå È’«“à ‡Õ≈π‚’ πà (El Nin~o) µÕπª≈“¬∑»«√√… 1950 ‰¥¡â °’ “√§πâ æ∫«“à ª√“°Ø°“√≥‡å Õ≈π‚’ π¡à §’ «“¡ ¡— æπ— ∏·å ≈–‡™Õ◊Ë ¡‚¬ßÕ¬“à ß„°≈™â ¥‘ °∫— §«“¡ºπ— ·ª√ ¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´°’ ‚≈°„µâ (Southern Oscillation) ‚¥¬‡Õ≈π‚’ π‡à ªπì ª√“°Ø°“√≥∑å ‡Ë’ °‘¥„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√  à«π§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß √–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ‡°‘¥„π∫√√¬“°“» (Nicholl N., 1987) „π™à«ß∑Ë’‡°‘¥‡Õ≈π’‚π৫“¡°¥Õ“°“»∑’Ë√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥ µ–«π— ÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √·ª´ø‘ °î ‡¢µ»πŸ ¬å Ÿµ√µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ¢≥–∑’˧«“¡°¥Õ“°“»Õ’°ΩòíßÀπË÷ߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ (∫√‡‘ «≥Õ‘π‚¥π‡’ ´¬’ occurs in the eastern tropical Pacific, while that of the west gets more rainfall. La Nina phenomenon usually takes place 1 time per 5-years and each time lasts about 1 year. Normally, around the east of the South Pacific Ocean near the Equator or near the coastline of Peru, the upwelling current of the cool water underneath the ocean flows to the water surface because of the blow of South East trade wind and the oscillation of the Earth, causing the warm water surface shift to the West away from the coast. The cool water underneath, which is rich in nutrients, then flows in place (Figure 1). Such area is perfect for nourishing and breeding of sea fish. However, sometimes this trade wind weakens and blows to the opposite direction, influencing the oceanic waves to bring warm currents ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 25

Õÿµ “À°√√¡°“√ àßÕÕ°º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√·≈–¿“«–°“√ These are what human ≈ß∑ÿπÕ’°¥â«¬ have done; we create green- house gases, causing the πÕ°®“°π’È  ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“»∑·Ë’ ª√ª√«π·≈–ª√“°Æ°“√≥å greenhouse effect, which in ‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“π’È °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·Àâß·≈âߧàÕπ¢â“ß return warming the globe. And √πÿ ·√ß„π∫“ßæπ◊È ∑¢’Ë Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‚¥¬¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ®“°√“¬ß“π™ÕË◊ when the environment surrounding °“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“» 2001 : º≈°√–∑∫°“√ª√∫— µ«— us is on the change, it thus ·≈–§«“¡≈Õà ·À≈¡ (Climate Change 2001: Impact Ad- impacts on the livings of every aptation and Vulnerability) ¢Õßπ—°«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å°«à“ 700 creature on earth. What said §π∑Ë—«‚≈°  √ÿªº≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·∫ßà µ“¡¿Ÿ¡¿‘ “§ earlier is the effect Thailand µ“à ßÊ √–∫«ÿ à“ ‡Õ‡™¬’ ®–¡Õ’ ÿ≥À¿¡Ÿ  ‘ ߟ ¢È÷π ·Àßâ ·≈âß ¥‘π‡ ◊ËÕ¡ has been experiencing and §ÿ≥¿“æ∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ∑“߇°…µ√≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡“°„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’∑Ë’ we are losing inestimatable √âÕπ·≈–·Àâß·≈âß √«¡∂÷ߢ“¥·§≈π·À≈àßπ”È ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√ amount of money to correct ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ the problems. This is the answer why Thailand must give the  ‘Ë߇À≈à“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫®“°¡πÿ…¬å‡√“‡Õß∑’Ë°àÕ°ä“´ current climate change a top ‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ priority. ‚≈°√âÕπ¢È÷π ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡√Õ∫µ—«‡√“°”≈ß— ‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß ¬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ¢Õß∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πº‘«‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑’Ë°≈à“« Thailand established ¡“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫ ‚¥¬‡√“‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬ measures on lessening the „π°“√·°‰â ¢ª≠í À“µ“à ßÊ ‡À≈“à πÕ’È ¬“à ߪ√–¡“≥¡≈Ÿ §“à ‰¡‰à ¥â ππË— impact and reducing the ‡ªì𧔵Õ∫∑Ë’«à“∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®÷ßµâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ pollution by reducing the ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„π¢≥–π’È amount of greenhouse gasesû emission, a main cause of the ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’¡“µ√°“√„π°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫·≈–≈¥ global warming, especially °“√°àÕªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‡√Õ◊ π°√–®°´ßË÷ ‡ªπì  “‡Àµ„ÿ À≠∑à ∑Ë’ ”„À‡â °¥‘ ª≠í À“ ¿“«–‚≈°√Õâ π ·≈–µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢ÕßÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬)  Ÿß°«à“ª°µ‘ ≈—°…≥–‡™àππ’È®–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈–‡°‘¥¢È÷πæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¡’ °”≈ß— ÕàÕπ ‡°¥‘ ‡ªπì ≈¡ΩÉ“¬µ–«π— µ°·∑π∑’Ë ´ß÷Ë ®–æ—¥æ“π”È ∑–‡≈∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √·ª´ø‘ °î ´÷Ëߪ°µ‘¡Õ’ ≥ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘ ßŸ ‰ª ¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«π— ÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ®“°§«“¡ ¡— æ—π∏å°π— ‡™πà π’È ‡¡Õ◊Ë °≈“à «∂÷߇Õ≈π‚’ π®à ß÷ ¡°— °≈“à «∂ß÷ §«“¡ºπ— ·ª√ ¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´°’ ‚≈°„µ¥â «â ¬ ·≈–√«¡‡√¬’ °«“à ‡Õπ‚´à ´ßË÷ ¡“®“°¿“…“Õß— °ƒ… ENSO ∑¬Ë’ Õà ¡“®“° El Nin~o/Southern Os- cillation ‡Õπ‚´à ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√·≈–§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫ Õ“°“»„π´°’ ‚≈°„µâ®ß÷ À¡“¬§«“¡√«¡∂ß÷ ª√“°Ø°“√≥∑å ßÈ— ‡Õ≈π‚’ π·à ≈–≈“π≠’ “à °≈¡ÿà π°— «∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√¡å °— „™§â ”«“à  ¿“«–Õπÿà ¢Õ߇Õπ‚´à to the east, opposite of the former one and to cause the sea water surface along the coast of Peru warmer than normal. Such phenomenon is called La Nina. Late 1950ûs El Nino phenomenon was discovered to have close correlation and link with the variations of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation. El Nino is a phenomenon occurring in the ocean while the variations of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation happen in the atmosphere (Nicholl N., 1987). During the El Nino phenomenon, the air pressure at the sea level around the east of Pacific Equator is lower than normal, while its counterpart (in Indonesia and north of Australia) is higher than usual. This characteristic is correlated and happens 26 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO2 ¥—ßπÈ—π°“√ carbon dioxide (CO2). The reduction of greenhouse ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡À≈à“π’ȵâÕßÕ“»¬— gases emission, as a result, requires cooperation from §«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°Õߧå°√À√◊Õ many organizations or agents, the international negoti- Àπ«à ¬ß“πÀ≈“¬Ω“É ¬ ®“°°“√ ating conferences, and the suspension of deforestation ‡®√®“„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ·≈– while promoting forest growing every time the activities ™–≈Õ°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“·≈– àß of cutting or burning forests exists, in order to absorb ‡ √‘¡°“√ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬¥Ÿ¥ carbon dioxide in the photosynthetic process. We impose ´∫— °“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å the criteria on the emission of carbon dioxide and „π°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå· ß other greenhouse gases from the source of generation, ∑ÿ°§√—Èß∑’Ë¡’°“√‚§àπ·≈–¡’°“√ especially in the electricity production and the fuel ‡º“∑”≈“¬µâπ‰¡â ·≈–°”Àπ¥ combustion of vehicles, the reduction of the methane ¡“µ√∞“π°“√ª≈Õà ¬°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ- amount in the atmosphere by stopping and reducing ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å·≈–°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° luxury consumption, including the cut down of the use ÕË◊πÊ ®“°·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥ ‚¥¬ of resources that are causing decaying process and ‡©æ“–®“°°“√º≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“ are the source of methane generated, and ban on ·≈–®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡¢â Õ߇™ÕÈ◊ ‡æ≈ß‘ using CFCs, which there should reduce, stop, or discontinue ®“°¬“π¬πµå ·≈–≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“ä ´ materials having CFCs as components such as foam for ¡‡’ ∑π„π∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬≈¥≈–°“√ food packaging and air freshener spray. In stead, more ∫√‚‘ ¿§∑’øË É¡ÿ ‡øÕó ¬ √«¡∑ß—È ≈¥°“√ use of renewable energy from the natural, such as, „™â∑√—欓°√∑’Ë®–π”¡“´÷Ëß°“√ wind energy, solar power energy, natural gases, nuclear ‡πà“‡ªóòÕ¬ºÿæ—ß ·≈–‡ªìπµâπµÕ„π power, and tide energy, should be imposed. Also, the °“√°Õà „À‡â °¥‘ °“ä ´¡‡’ ∑π ·≈–µÕà µ“â π effective use of fuel to reduce the emission of carbon °“√„™ â “√´‡’ Õø´’ (CFCs) §«√¡’ dioxide in the atmosphere should be enforced. The °“√≈¥ ≈– À√◊Õ‡≈‘°„™â«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë¡’ campaigns on reducing the use of car, the amount of (ENSO warm event À√◊Õ warm phase of ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬ ‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡æ◊ËÕÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥ µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª´ø‘ î°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å µŸ √Õπàÿ ¢Èπ÷ º‘¥ª°µ‘ ·≈–„π∑“ß °≈∫— °π— ®–„™§â ”«“à  ¿“«–‡¬πÁ ¢Õ߇Õπ‚´à (ENSO cold event À√Õ◊ cold phase of ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫≈“π’≠à“ ´÷Ëß°Á§◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑Ë’ Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ º‘ «‘ π”È ∑–‡≈∫√‡‘ «≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«π— ÕÕ°¢Õß·ª´ø‘ °î ‡¢µ»πŸ ¬ å µŸ √ ‡¬Áπ°«à“ª°µ‘ at the same time of the weakening southeast trade wind, causing the change of the wind; producing the west wind instead of the southeast trade wind. This wind will bring the sea water, usually producing high temperature, from the West of the Pacific Ocean to the center and East of the Ocean. From this correlation, when speaking of El Nino, we usually refer to the variation of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation at the same time, so together they ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 27

 «à πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß “√´‡’ Õø´’ ‡™πà ‚ø¡∫√√®Õÿ “À“√ ·≈– ‡ª√¬å nitrogen fertilizer, the burning of coal fuel, the amount πÈ”ÀÕ¡ª√—∫Õ“°“» ·≈–°”Àπ¥„À‡â ≈◊Õ°„™æâ ≈ß— ß“π∑¥·∑π∑’Ë of livestock to reduce wastes produced from them should ‡°¥‘ ®“°∏√√¡™“µ„‘ À¡â “°¢π÷È ‡™πà æ≈ß— ≈¡ æ≈ß— ß“π· ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬å be promoted. And the measures of increase the areas °“ä ´∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ≈ß— ß“ππ«‘ ‡§≈¬’ √å °√–· π”È œ≈œ ·≈–°”Àπ¥ of forestry and reducing deforestation should also be „À„â ™‡â ™Õ◊È ‡æ≈ß‘ Õ¬“à ß¡ª’ √– ∑‘ ∏¿‘ “æ‡æÕ◊Ë ≈¥°“√·æ√°à √–®“¬¢Õß imposed. °“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥„å π™π—È ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–√≥√ߧ å ßà ‡ √¡‘ °“√≈¥„™√â ∂¬πµå ·≈–√≥√ߧ≈å ¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“√„™ªâ ¬Üÿ ‰π‚µ√‡®π ≈¥ Every sector must vigorously cooperate in reducing °“√‡º“º≈“≠‡™È◊Õ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“π·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ greenhouse gases and what people can simply do is to ª»ÿ —µ«å‡æË◊Õ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇ ’¬®“° —µ«å ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡æË‘¡ reduce the use of unnecessary luxurious things, reduce æπÈ◊ ∑Ë’ª“É ≈¥°“√∑”≈“¬ª“É the use of chemical based products while on the con- trary increase the use of natural-extracted products ∑°ÿ Ω“É ¬µÕâ ß√«à ¡·√ß·¢ßÁ ¢π— ™«à ¬°π— ≈¥°“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° ·≈– such as use pandan or coal in place of perfuming ∑ªË’ √–™“™π “¡“√∂∑”‰¥ßâ “à ¬Ê §Õ◊ °“√≈¥°“√„™ â ‘ËßøÉ¡ÿ ‡øÕó ¬ spray or use fresh flowers that are popular household ‚¥¬‰¡®à ”‡ªπì ≈¥°“√„™ â “√‡§¡’ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈∫— °π— „À‡â ≈Õ◊ °„™â gardens, such as, orang jessamine, endorphine plumeria,  “√ °—¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘·∑π Õ“∑‘  ‡ª√¬åπÈ”ÀÕ¡ °Á„™â„∫‡µ¬ etc., producing a Thai atmosphere, looking cute in a À√Õ◊ ∂“à π À√Õ◊ ¥Õ°‰¡ â ¥∑π’Ë ¬‘ ¡ª≈°Ÿ „π∫“â πÕ“∑‘ ¥Õ°·°«â √“µ√’ way. ≈’≈“«¥’ œ≈œ °Á‰¥∫â √√¬“°“»·∫∫‰∑¬Ê Õ°’ ·∫∫∑’Ë¥πŸ “à √—°¥’ are called ENSO, an English abbreviation of El Nin~o/Southern Oscillation. ENSO is a term to explain the change of the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Equator and the variations of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation. Consenquently, it gives the comprehensive meaning to both El Nino and La Nina phenomena. A group of scientists usually use ENSO warm event or warm phase of ENSO in the same meaning of EL Nino to explain the unusual warmer sea surface temperature of the central and east of the Pacific Equator, and on the contrary use ENSO cold event or cold phase of ENSO in the same meaning of La Nina, that is, the unusual colder sea surface temperature over the central and east of the Pacific Equator. Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. °√¡ ßà ‡ √‘¡§≥ÿ ¿“æ Ëß‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡.  ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ, 2548 1. Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html Global Warming, 2005 2. ª√“°Æ°“√≥‡å Õ≈π‚‘ πà ™¥ÿ  ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡, UNEP/GEMs 2. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html ‡≈à¡∑Ë’ 8,2544 3. El Nino phenomenon, Environment, UNEP/GEMs Volume 8, 2544 28 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«

 “√§¥’À≈°— ‡√’¬∫‡√¬’ ß®“°∫∑‚∑√∑—»π√å “¬°“√ ”√«®‚≈° Main Feature Edited from the TV Script of World Exploration Program Õ’°∑ƒ…Ø’Àπ÷Ëß„π°“√∑”π“¬º≈°√–∑∫®“° °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈° Another theory of prediction the impact from the global climate change  ¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°°”≈—ßµ°Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–ªÉ«¬ °“√ ‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈߇撬߇≈Á°πâÕ¬Õ“®‡ª≈’ˬπ‚≈°‡√“‰¥â ·≈–∂Ⓡ√“ ¡Õ߇¢“â ‰ª„πÕ𓧵  ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ“®‡ª≈¬’Ë π‰ª √ªŸ ·∫∫™«’ µ‘ ¢Õ߇√“°Á®–‡ª≈Ë’¬π‰ª¥â«¬ ·µà¡—π®–‰ª∑“߉Àπ ¿—¬·≈âß∑’Ëπà“  –æ√ß÷ °≈«— À√◊ÕÕ𓧵∑∂’Ë °Ÿ ·™·à ¢ßÁ Õ¬Ÿ„à 𧫓¡À𓫇¬Áπ µÕππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“µâÕß√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ∑Ë’ àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ß„À≠àÀ≈«ß ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ Õ∑ÿ °¿¬— À√Õ◊ Ωπµ°„À≠à ‰ª®π∂ß÷ §«“¡√Õâ π√–Õ·ÿ ≈–¿¬— ·≈ßâ ‡√“ ‰¡àÕ“®®–Àπ’®“°§«“¡°√“¥‡°√’Ȭ«¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘π’ȉ¥â π—∫·µà ‡√‘Ë¡Õ“√¬∏√√¡  ¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õ߇√“§ß∑’Ë¡“µ≈Õ¥ ·µà∫—¥π’È¡’ À≈°— ∞“π∑™’Ë „È’ À‡â ÀπÁ Õ¬“à ß™¥— ‡®π«“à ¡π— °”≈ß— ‡ª≈¬Ë’ π‰ª ‡√“®”‡ªπì µâÕß√Ÿâ«à“®–‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢È÷π„π«—π¢â“ßÀπâ“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 擬ÿ ‡ŒÕ√‡‘ §π ¬§ÿ π”È ·¢ßÁ §«“¡‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß„¥§√Õß‚≈° °“√§πâ À“ §”µÕ∫®÷߇√‘Ë¡¢È÷π„π ∂“π∑’Ë∑Ë’Àà“߉°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥·ÀàßÀπË÷ß„π‚≈° The worldûs climate is being in ailing condition. A little change can trigger the transformation to our world and if we look into the future, despite of the climate change, so does our pattern of life. But which is it leading into; an appalling drought or the freezing future? Our world is now dealing with the fluctuation of the climate, causing massive catastrophes, ranging from flood or rain to heat and drought. We cannot inevitably avoid the anger of nature. Since the civilization era, our climate has been stable but evidences have clearly shown that it is now changing. As a result, we must know what will happen in the future; global warming, hurricanes, ice age, which transformation conquers the world, the exploration. The answer to this question starts ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 29

∫π¬Õ¥‡¢“‡¡“π“à ‚≈Õ“ (Mauna Loa) Œ“«“¬ Õ“°“»∑’ËππË— in one of the most remote areas of the world, up in the  –Õ“¥·≈–∫√ ‘ ÿ∑∏Ï‘ ‰°≈Àà“ß®“°¡≈¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ∑πË’ Ë’§◊Õ mountainûs top, Mauna Loa, Hawaii where only clean ∑’‡Ë À¡“–∑®Ë’ –µ√«®«¥— Õ“°“» and pure air are existing, away from the industrializa- tion, which is a perfect place for the measurement of ‡¡◊ËÕ 20 ª°ï Õà π ‡√“‰¥âµ√–Àπ°— ∂÷ß¿—¬®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ the air. ‡ªìπ§√È—ß·√° ∑ÿ°Ê ªï√—∞∫“≈µà“ßÊ „π‚≈°„™â‡ß‘π°«à“ 4 æ—π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ The last 20 years made us first aware of disasters ¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ∑Ë’ “¡“√∂∫Õ°∂÷ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬À“¥ caused by global warming. The governments all over ∑ÿ°·Àßà „π‚≈° ·µ∑à «“à Õÿª°√≥åµà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬°≈—∫欓°√≥å the world have spent more than $ 4 billion to predict Õ“°“»≈«à ßÀπ“â ‰¥‡â 欒 ߉¡°à «’Ë π— ¿“«–¢Õß‚≈°¿“¬„π√–¬– 100 the climate condition, using satellite technology, which ª¢ï “â ßÀπ“â À√Õ◊ ‡æ’¬ß·§à 20 ªï ®ß÷ ¬ß— §ß‡ªπì ª√»‘ π“ can exactly tell the temperature of all the sea and beach in the world. However, many of the equipment  ¿“æÕ“°“»πÈ—π¡’µ—«·ª√Õ—πÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ´—∫´âÕπ‡°‘π are able to predict the weather only a few days in °«“à ®–欓°√≥‰å ¥·â ¡πà ¬”·µ«à ∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√°å ”≈ß— 欓¬“¡∑”𓬠advance. The worldûs conditions within the next 100 or ¥â«¬°“√∑”·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ—π´—∫´âÕπ ·≈–º≈ just 20 years are still mystery to us.  √ÿª§◊Õ Õ≥ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇæË‘¡¢È÷π 1.5 Õß»“ „πÕ’° 100 ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“ Õ¬à“ß™¥— ‡®π ¡π— Õ“®øíߥ‡Ÿ À¡Õ◊ π‰¡√à “â ¬·√ß ·µàÕπ— ∑’Ë®√ß‘ π˧’ ◊Õ There are many variables involved in the predic-  Ÿµ√ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß„π∑“߇≈«√⓬ °“√ tion of the climate condition, too complex to produce ‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß∑Ë’¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ«à“®–‡√Ë‘¡¢÷Èπ·≈â« ·µà¬—ß¡’ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë accurate prediction. However, scientists have been ∫—π∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â∑ÿ°ªï¡“π“ππ—∫æ—πªï·≈â«  ‘Ëß∑’Ë trying to make the complex climate simulations and the ·¢ßÁ ·°√ßà ·≈–«“ß„®‰¥â ´ß÷Ë ∏√√¡™“µ‰‘ ¥∫â π— ∑°÷  ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â conclusion is an obvious increase of 1.5 C within the ¿“¬„µâ‡ª≈◊Õ°¢Õßµâπ‰¡â‚∫√“≥ §◊Õ∫—π∑÷°¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“» next 100 years may not sound precarious but this is the „πÕ¥’µ∑Ë’·¡à𬔠¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π«ßªï¢Õßµâπ‰¡â™à«¬„Àâ‡√“‡ªî¥ fixed formula of the worse change, the change that Àπ⓵à“߉ª ªŸà √»‘ π“„πÕ¥µ’ ‡¡◊ËÕ 8 æπ— ªï°Õà π „π«ßªïÀ≈“¬Ê seems to have already started. However, there is one ¢π“¥‰¥â  Ë‘ß∑’Ëæ«°‡¢“¡ÕßÀ“§◊Õ «ßªï∑Ë’·§∫ ´÷Ë߫ߪï∑Ë’·§∫ thing that has recorded the climate condition for · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡ªìπªï∑’Ë·Àâß·≈âß ¬‘Ë߫ߪ﷧∫‡∑à“‰√ ¿—¬·≈â߬‘Ëß thousands of years, the strong and trusting that the √ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ °“√∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬«ßªïπ—Èπ§àÕπ¢â“ß®– nature has recorded underneath the bark of ancient ·ππà Õπ trees, which is the accurate record of aged climate condition. The data of the annual ring of the trees  «à πª®í ®¬— ∑º’Ë ≈°— ¥π— „À â ¿“æÕ“°“»‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ßππË— °§Á Õ◊ open up the window to the puzzle in the last 8,000 ¡≈¿“«– ≈–ÕÕßπÈ”®“°∑–‡≈ ≈–ÕÕß¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰ø ·≈–§«π— ‰Õ‡ ¬’ ∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß®–¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∫π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–‰ªµ‘¥Õ¬àŸ„πÀ‘¡–∑Ë’ µ°∫√‡‘ «≥¢—«È ‚≈° ¡—π®–°≈“¬‡ªπì πÈ”·¢Áß µ°≈ß¡“∑∫— ∂¡´Õâ π °—π‰ª∑ÿ°ªï ™È—ππ”È ·¢Áßµ“à ßÊ ®÷ß°≈“¬‡ªπì ·À≈àߢÕâ ¡≈Ÿ ∑’Ë摇»… ΩÿÉπ·≈– “√‡§¡’µà“ßÊ „ππ”È ·¢Áß ‡º¬«à“‚≈°‡√“µ°Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ πÈ”·¢ÁßÕ“¬Àÿ ≈“¬æπ— ªï π”È ·¢Áß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂ß÷ ™«à ߇«≈“·™à·¢ßÁ §√È—ß„À≠൓¡¥â«¬™à«ß‡«≈“Õ∫Õàÿπ‡æ’¬ß√–¬– —ÈπÊ ∂Ⓡ√“°≈—Ëπ ‡ âπ‡«≈“‡ âπ·√° ·≈â«æ‘®“√≥“¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª‚¥¬„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·°π πÈ”·¢Áß ‡√“®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ°“√·™à·¢Áߧ√—Èß√⓬·√ß ·≈–¬—߇ÀÁπ™à«ß ‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ√–¬– π—È Ê ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“ ‡√Ë‘¡µâπ‡¡Ë◊Õ∑«’ª·¬°®“°°—π ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ ‡∑Õ◊ °‡¢“ Õ°’ ∑ß—È ¡À“ ¡∑ÿ √„À¡Õà π— °«“â ß„À≠πà ∫— ®“°ππ—È ¡“ ¬§ÿ πÈ”·¢ßÁ °‡Á √¡‘Ë ‡°¥‘ ·≈–À“¬‰ªÕ¬‡àŸ πÕ◊ ßÊ ¬“¡∑‚Ë’ ≈°‚§®√√Õ∫¥«ß Õ“∑‘µ¬å «ß‚§®√¢Õß‚≈°∑”„Àâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡°‘¥π”È ¢È÷π·≈–π”È ≈ß ¡—π‡ªìπ°ÿ≠·® ”§—≠„π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æÕ“°“» ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈°≈â«π‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—π¥â«¬°√–· π”È À≈—° 30 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

special source of information. Dust and chemical substances inside the ice reveal that our world has been underneath the ice for thousands of years. The ice shows the long period of freezing followed by a short period of warmth. If we produce the first time line and think back by using the information of iceûs stem, we will see the intense freezing time and a short period of warmth. Our world was originated when the two continents split apart and formed the mountain range as well as the massive vast of oceans. Since then the ice age formed on and off. When the earth orbits around the sun, the orbit path cause the ocean to produce high and low tide, a main key of climate change. One major current connects every ocean in the world. This current brings warm seawater to the polar. And when the seawater is highly condensed, it will dip. The dipped seawater is a pump, a force behind the whole system, making the circulatory water from the Atlantic to the Pacific and vice versa. As long as the current is circulating, the weather is warm. However, once it stops, the ice age returns based on the model of evidence. It can predict historically that what will happen next. The signs, from the ice stem, the tree, the fossils at the bottom of the sea, shows that we are gradually entering the ice age again and the cooling of the world will occur in the next 3,000 years. New evidence shows that the change might come into place faster. The climate is in crisis around the globe. The people are waiting desperately, when their life has been destroyed by the weather never before experienced. While one continent is encountering the disaster of storm, the other is facing the drought catastrophe. The weather condition of the world is on the change by greenhouse effects and deforestation created by man made. It is the first in the history that human changes the climate balance by his/her own hand. The rise of temperature causes the currentûs circulation to be suspended. The global warming melts the polar ices, diluting the seawater flowing into the north polar. Without the warm current circulation throughout the world, the circulation of the current in the ocean stops, leading to the expansion of ice pole. The evidence shows that the world is warmer and will suddenly be frozen. Today, the world is experiencing the warming condition and it may lead to the freezing condition of the world again. If the history has repeated itself, what will the future of the world be underneath the ice? Õ“â ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th 32 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

ÀπßË÷ °√–·  °√–· πÈπ’ ”‡Õ“π”È ‡§¡Á Õ∫Õÿàπ‰ª¬—ߢ—È«‚≈° ´Ëß÷ ‡¡◊ËÕ years. With the annual rings of many sizes, what they π”È Àπ“·πàπ¢÷πÈ °®Á –®¡≈ß π”È ‡§¡Á ∑®Ë’ ¡≈ßπ§È’ Õ◊ ªöí¡∑˺’ ≈—°¥π— ∑ß—È are looking for is the narrow annual ring, representing √–∫∫ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‰À≈‡«’¬π®“°·Õµ·≈𵑰‰ª®π∂÷ß·ª´‘øî° the symbol of drought year. The narrower the annual ·≈–°≈—∫¡“Õ’°§√—Èß µ√“∫„¥∑’Ë°√–· π”È ¬—߉À≈‡«’¬π  ¿“æ ring is, the more sever is the drought. The prediction of Õ“°“»°Á¬—ߧßÕ∫Õÿàπ∂â“¡—πÀ¬ÿ¥ ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß®–‡√‘Ë¡Õ’°§√—Èß®“° climate condition using the annual ring produces quite √Ÿª·∫∫À≈—°∞“π∑“ߪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å “¡“√∂∑”𓬉¥â«à“®– accurate information. ‡°¥‘ Õ–‰√¢÷ÈπµÕà ‰ª ≠— ≠“≥µà“ßÊ ®“°·°ππ”È ·¢ßÁ ®“°µπâ ‰¡â ®“°øÕ ´‘≈„π°âπ∑–‡≈ · ¥ß«à“‡√“°”≈—ß®–§àÕ¬Ê °â“«‡¢â“ àŸ The forcing factors of the climate change are ¬§ÿ πÈ”·¢ßÁ Õ°’ §√ßÈ— ·≈–°“√‡¬πÁ ≈ߢÕß‚≈°®–‡°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ¿“¬„πÕ°’ 3 pollution, sea vapor, dust from volcano, and toxic smoke. æπ— ª¢ï “â ßÀπ“â All of these will drift into the atmosphere, trapped in the snow falling in the polar areas, and then becoming ice À≈—°∞“π„À¡à· ¥ß«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ“®‡°‘¥¢È÷π‰¥â‡√Á« accumulated year by year. Each layer of ice then is a °«à“π—Èπ Õ“°“»°”≈—ß«°‘ ƒµ‘∑Ë—«‚≈° ºŸ§â π‡ΩÑ“¡ÕßÕ¬à“ß Èπ‘ À«—ß ¬“¡∑Ë’™’«‘µ¢Õßæ«°‡¢“∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬¥â«¬ ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’ˉ¡à‡§¬ æ∫‡ÀπÁ ¡“°Õà π ¢≥–∑∫’Ë π∑«ª’ Àπß÷Ë ¡¿’ ¬— ∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ®“°æ“¬ÿ ·µ∫à π ∑«ª’ Õ°’ ·Àßà ‡°¥‘ ¿¬— ·≈ßâ  ¿“æÕ“°“»„π‚≈°°”≈ß— ‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß ªØ°‘ √‘ ¬‘ “‡√Õ◊ π°√–®°®“°Ω¡ï Õ◊ ¡π…ÿ ¬·å ≈–°“√∑”≈“¬ª“É π∫— ‡ªπì §√È—ß·√°„πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß  ¿“æÕ“°“»¥«â ¬¡Õ◊ ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß °“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ°“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ” À¬¥ÿ ™–ß°— ‚≈°√Õâ π¢π÷È ∑”„Àπâ ”È ·¢ßÁ ¢«È— ‚≈°≈–≈“¬ ∑”„Àπâ ”È ‡§¡Á ∑’ˉÀ≈¡“∂÷ߢ—È«‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ‡®◊Õ®“ß °“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· π”È „π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√À¬ÿ¥∑”ß“π≈߇¡◊ËÕª√“»®“°πÈ”Õàÿπ‰À≈‡«’¬π‰ª ∑Ë—«‚≈° ¢È—«πÈ”·¢Áß®÷ߢ¬“¬µ—« À≈—°∞“π· ¥ß«à“‚≈°∑Ë’√âÕπ¢È÷π ·≈–®–∂°Ÿ ·™·à ¢ÁßÕ¬à“ß°–∑π— À—π «—ππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“‡°‘¥¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–Õ“®π”‰ª Ÿà ¿“«–‚≈°·™à·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—Èß ·µà∂⓪√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°≈—∫¡“´”È √Õ¬‡¥‘¡ ‚≈°¢Õß«π— æ√àßÿ π’È®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√¿“¬„µπâ È”·¢Áß ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 31

 “√§¥’À≈—° ‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“ Main Feature by : Kanchit Pitaka ¢π¡‰∑¬... ¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’ˉ√ºâ ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Thai Desserts... Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment ‡¡Õ◊Ë ∂ß÷ ‡∑»°“≈ß“πµ“à ßÊ À√Õ◊ „π‚Õ°“  ”§≠— Ê À≈“¬§π Once the arrival of festivals or occasions, many of §ßµâÕ߇µ√’¬¡À“¢Õߢ«—≠‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ·°à§π∑’Ë√—°À√◊Õ§π∑Ë’ you are looking for buying gifts for the beloved or ‡§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ ¬Ë‘ßµÕππÈ’Õ¬àŸ„π™à«ß‡∑»°“≈ªï„À¡à °Á‡≈¬Õ¬“° respected ones. As especially now itûs a New Year ·π–π”¢Õߢ«≠— Õ¬“à ßÀπßË÷ ∑π’Ë “à ®–´Õ◊È À“‰ª¡Õ∫„À°â π— ππË— °§Á Õ◊ festival, Iûd like to advise a gift for others, that is, Thai ¢π¡‰∑¬ dessert. ¢π¡‰∑¬¡’§àŸ‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬¡“µÈ—ß·µà§√È—ß‚∫√“≥°“≈ ∑—Èß∑Ë’‡ªìπ Thai desserts, both the original and the long-time- ¢π¡‰∑¬¥ßÈ— ‡¥¡‘ ·≈–¢π¡∑√Ë’ ∫— ¡“®“°µ“à ß™“µ¡‘ “‡ªπì ‡«≈“™“â π“π foreign-adapted ones, have been around in Thailand ®π°≈◊π°≈“¬‡ªìπ¢π¡¢Õ߉∑¬¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å ¢π¡‰∑¬ since the ancient times. Each of Thai dessert not only ·µà≈–™π‘¥πÕ°®“°®–¡’§«“¡ «¬ß“¡®π∂÷ß¢È—π«‘®‘µ√æ‘ ¥“√ represents exquisite beauty, but its name also represents ·≈«â ™ÕË◊ ¢Õߢπ¡¬ß— ∫ßà ∫Õ°∂ß÷ §≥ÿ §“à ·≈–§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑“ß∑¥’Ë ’ value and positive meaning and fortune, expressing the ·≈–‡ªìπ ‘√‘¡ß§≈ ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡™à“ߧ‘¥¢Õߧπ‰∑¬‚∫√“≥‡ªìπ great thinker of the ancient Thais. Dessert with the name Õ¬“à ß¬ß‘Ë ¢π¡∑¡Ë’ §’ ”«“à ç∑Õßé π”Àπ“â ‡™πà ∑ÕßÀ¬∫‘ ∑ÕßÀ¬Õ¥ beginning with çTHONG,é such as Thong Yib, Thong ΩÕ¬∑Õß ∑Õß¡«â π œ≈œ ≈«â π‡ªπì ™ÕË◊ Õπ— ‡ªπì ¡ß§≈·°ºà ∑⟠‰Ë’ ¥√â ∫— Yord, Foi Thong, Thong Maun, etc., all of which their ‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ§”Õ«¬æ√∑Ë’·Ωߧ«“¡À¡“¬ names bring lucks to those who receive them as a New „π¢π¡„Àâ¡’·µà§«“¡√ßàÿ ‡√Õ◊ ß„π™«’ ‘µµ≈Õ¥‰ª Year gift; its name is representing a greeting ™◊Ë Õ ¢ Õ ß ¢ π ¡‰∑¬‚¥¬ with hidden meaning for forever prosperity.  à«π„À≠à·≈⫇ªìπ™Ë◊Õ∑’Ë¥’ The name of the Thai desserts · ≈ – ‡ ªì π ¡ ß § ≈ ∑—È ß  ‘È π mostly has good names and fortunate ¢π¡‰∑¬∫“ß™π¥‘ πÕ°®“° meaning. Some of the Thai desserts ®–¡™’ Õ◊Ë ‡ªπì ¡ß§≈ ¬ß— · ¥ß not only contain lucky name, ∂ß÷ §«“¡ ßŸ  ßà ·≈–Õ≈ß— °“√ but they also represent the ‡™àπ ¢π¡®à“¡ß°ÿÆ ¢π¡ nobility and greatness such as ∫—«≈Õ¬ ·¡â™◊ËÕ®–‰¡à„™à Ja-Mongkut dessert. Bualoy »—æ∑å· ß«‘®‘µ√ ·µà°Á dessert, despite of its plain ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 33

∑”„Àâπ÷°∂÷ߥհ∫—«∑’Ë≈Õ¬Õ¬àŸ‡Àπ◊Õπ”È ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬¢Õß name, yet reminds of a lotus floating on top of the §«“¡ «à“ß∑“ߪí≠≠“ water surface, a sign of enlightenment. °“√„À¢â π¡‡ªπì ¢Õߢ«≠— ª„ï À¡°à ‡Á À¡Õ◊ π„À â ßË‘ ¢ÕßÕ¬“à ßÕπË◊ The giving of Thai dessert as New Year present is §Õ◊ µÕâ ß√«Ÿâ “à º∑⟠‰’Ë ¥√â ∫— ™Õ∫¢π¡™π¥‘ ‰Àπ ´ß÷Ë ∂“â ‡ªπì §π∑ ’Ë π∑‘  π¡ similar to giving other types of presents, that is, which °—π°Á‡ªπì ‡√Õ◊Ë ßßà“¬  à«π§π∑‰Ë’ ¡à π‘∑ π¡ °‰Á ¡à¬“°π—° ∂â“°≈â“ type of dessert the receiver like. If the receiver is close ∑’Ë®–∂“¡®“°§π„°≈™â ‘¥°Õà π‡≈Õ◊ °´È◊Õ ·µàÀ“°‰¡·à πà„® „Àâ‡≈Õ◊ ° person, itûs easy to find out. However, it may not be ¢π¡À≈“¬Ê ™π¥‘ √«¡°π— ‰ª·≈–‡≈Õ◊ °¢π¡∑‡’Ë ªπì °≈“ßÊ §Õ◊ ‰¡à that difficult if you dare to ask from those who are À«“π¡—π®—¥ close to him/her. If you are uncertain, pick many kinds of desserts together and choose the kinds that have ∂â“À“°®–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑Ë’¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¥’·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà  ”À√—∫ mild taste, that is, not too sweet. ∫ÿ§§≈∑π’Ë —∫∂Õ◊ À√Õ◊ ‡§“√æ ´÷ßË Õ“®®–„ à√«¡‰ª°∫— ¢π¡™π‘¥ÕËπ◊ §≈–°—π æ√âÕ¡°“√奧”Õ«¬æ√∑Ë’‚¬ß∂÷ß™Ë◊Õ¢π¡Õ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈ If you are to choose the desserts with lucky names π—Èπ°Á®–¥πŸ “à ª√–∑—∫„®‰¡àπâÕ¬∑’‡¥’¬« for the respected or honored person, they might be combined with other kinds along with a greeting card ¢π¡∑’Ë¡Õ∫„À⧫√‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß®–‡À¡“–°«à“ Õ“®®–¡’ linked to the fortunate name of the dessert. This may ¢π¡™π‘¥‡ª¬ï °∫â“ß ∑Èß— πÈ’¢È÷πÕ¬°àŸ —∫ºŸ√â ∫— ¥«â ¬ ·µ§à «√®–¡’¢π¡∑Ë’ be quite impressive.  “¡“√∂‡°Á∫‰«â∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬«—π¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–¢π¡∫“ß™π‘¥∂â“ ∑“π™“â À√◊Õ∑“π‰¡àÀ¡¥ Õ“®®–‡πà“‡ ’¬∑Èß‘ ‰ª‡ª≈à“Ê The desserts should be the dry type mixed with the wet ones, depending on whom the recipient is. °“√‡≈Õ◊ °¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ §«√¡§’ «“¡À≈“°À≈“¬ ∑Èß— However, there should be some kinds that can be kept „π‡√Õ◊Ë ß√ ™“µ·‘ ≈–§«“¡ «¬ß“¡ ‡√¬’ °«“à §«√æ∂‘ æ’ ∂‘ π— ‡ªπì 懑 »… for many days because some dessert, if not eaten all Õ—π· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡µ—Èß„®¡Õ∫„À⺟â√—∫¥â«¬§«“¡Õ“∑√·≈–§«“¡ up, may be thrown away and rotten. ‡§“√æπ∫— ∂Õ◊ To choose the dessert as a gift should produce a ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡≈Õ◊ °‰¥¢â π¡ «¬Ê π“à ∑“π‰¥Àâ ≈“¬™π¥‘ ·≈«â §«√À“ variety, both in terms of taste and beauty, which is ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ„Àâ¡‘¥™‘¥´÷ËߢÈ÷πÕ¬àŸ°—∫™π‘¥¢Õߢπ¡¥â«¬ ¢π¡ called special delicacy, expressing your willing to give ∫“ß™π¥‘ Õ“®®–µÕâ ß„ „à π‚À≈·°â« ‚¥¬®—¥‡√¬’ ß≈ß„π‚À≈Õ¬à“ß to the receiver with thoughtfulness and respect. ‡ªπì √–‡∫’¬∫ ‰¡„à ™‡à ∑À√◊Õ¬¥— ≈߉ª ∑”„À¥â Ÿ‰¡àß“¡µ“ ∫“ß™π¥‘ µâÕß∫√√®ÿ„π∂“¥·°â« À√◊Õ°≈àÕß·°â« ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâºâŸ√—∫ “¡“√∂π” Once you have bought many of beautiful sweets, a tight lid container should be used, which is depending on the type of dessert. Some dessert may be kept in a glass con- tainer, lining orderly 34 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«

¿“™π–°≈∫— ¡“„™„â À¡‰à ¥â ‰¡§à «√∫√√®„ÿ π°≈Õà ßæ≈“ µ°‘ ‡æ√“– inside the container, not throwing or stuffing, producing ‡¡ÕË◊ „™‡â  √®Á °‚Á ¬π∑ßÈ‘ °≈“¬‡ªπì ¿“√–¢Õß ß— §¡‰ªÕ°’ ‡ √®Á ·≈«â unpleasant image. Some may be stored on the glass ºŸ°¥â«¬√‘∫∫‘Èπ ’ ¥„  À√◊Õ∂â“®–„À⇰㵓¡°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…å tray or box for the receiver to reuse the container. «—≤π∏√√¡‰∑¬ °Á∫√√®ß‡¬Á∫°√–∑ß·∫∫ «¬ß“¡¡’™È—π‡™‘ßµ“¡ They shouldnût be put in the plastic box because once °“√®—¥Õ¬à“߉∑¬‚∫√“≥°Á “¡“√∂ √â“ߧÿ≥§à“¢Õߢπ¡‰∑¬∑’Ë eaten, the plastic box will be thrown away, causing ∑“à π®–𔉪Ω“°ºÀ⟠≈°— º„⟠À≠‰à ¥·â ≈«â ®“°ππÈ— °∫Á √√®„ÿ  °à √–‡™“â societal burden in another way. When done packing, a À√◊Õµ–°√â“À«“¬À√Õ◊ ‰¡‰â ºà¢π“¥æÕ‡À¡“– ·≈«â „™â√∫‘ ∫πÈ‘ §“¥ colorful-colored-ribbon tied around it would be nice, or À√◊ÕºŸ°∑Ë’ÀŸÕ’°∑’ÀπË÷߇∑à“π’È∑à“π°Á‰¥â¢ÕßΩ“°∑Ë’ “¡“√∂π”°≈—∫ if you want something cool as the Thai conservative ‰ª„™â‰¥â∑ÿ° à«π·≈–‰¡à‡À≈◊Õ´“°¢¬–„À⇪ìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡ trend, making a delicate banana leaves vessel using µàÕ‰ª the traditional Thai arrangement can add value to the Thai dessert you are giving to the superior. Later arrange À“°¿“¬„πµ–°√â“À√◊Õ°√–‡™â“¬—ßæÕ¡’∑Ë’«à“ß Õ“®®–¡’ them in a right size of basket or rattan or bamboo Àπß—  Õ◊ ¥Ê’ „À§â ≥ÿ §“à ∑“ߪ≠í ≠“ °— 1-2 ‡≈¡à „ ≈à ߉ª ‡ªπì °“√ basket and tie ribbon at one handle and at another. ¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«≠— ∑‡Ë’ ªπì Õ“À“√∫”√ßÿ ‡≈¬È’ ß√“à ß°“¬·≈–Õ“À“√∫”√ßÿ You will then have a gift of which its part can be ‡≈’¬È ß ¡Õߥ⫬ ‡√¬’ °‰¥â«à“‡ªπì ¢Õߢ«—≠∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æÕ’°‡∑à“µ—« reused and no residues left to be the burden of society ‡¡◊ËÕ¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π‡πË◊Õß„π«—πªï„À¡à “°≈¥â«¬ any longer. If there is some room left inside the basket, one or two good books for intellectual enhancement might be good. Itûs a gift that is nourishing your health and your brain at the same time; it is called double gift. When giving the present with Thai dessert for the occasion of international New Year, the Thai people should not forget the Thai New Year or çSongkran Festival,é an end of the year festival, starting on the 14th night of solar eclipse in the 4th month, the ancient people considered it as an end to the old year and marked it as an inherited tradition until now. As the Thai New Year is in mid April, a summer season, the present given should be dry desserts and if the recipient doesnût live too far and itûs convenient for the giver to deliver, a cool dessert can be added or just only cool one is enough. The cool Thai dessert includes Thai melon, a ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 35

¢π¡‰∑¬·≈â« §π‰∑¬°Á‰¡à§«√≈◊¡ªï„À¡à‰∑¬ À√◊Õ çµ√ÿ… Thai fruit containing soft, delicious meat, eaten it pro-  ß°√“πµéå ´ßË÷ ‡ªπì ‡∑»°“≈ π‘È ªï ‡√¡‘Ë ¢πÈ÷ „π«π— ·√¡ 14 §Ë” ‡¥Õ◊ π ducing a fresh feeling. If it is made into melon-coconut 4 §π„π ¡—¬‚∫√“≥∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ«—π È‘πªï‡°à“·≈–‰¥â¬÷¥∂◊Õ‡ªìπ milk dessert, it is even more delicious. Sugar palm in ª√–‡æ≥ ’ ◊∫∑Õ¥°π— ¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π syrup is an authentic Thai dessert, very luscious to the heart. It can be boiled with red sugar, producing a ª„ï À¡‰à ∑¬Õ¬„Ÿà π™«à ß°≈“߇¥Õ◊ π‡¡…“¬π ‡ªπì ƒ¥√Ÿ Õâ 𠧫√ quite delicious dessert as well. The red sugar gives natu- ®–¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß ·≈–∂â“À“°ºâŸ√—∫Õ¬àŸ‰¡à‰°≈π—° ral sweet and is not so harmful as the bleached white ·≈–ºâŸ„Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„À≥⠖¥«° Õ“®®–¡’¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‡æ‘Ë¡ sugar, containing only chemical substances. The iced ‡¢“â ‰ª À√Õ◊ „À⇪ìπ¢π¡‡¬πÁ Ê Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«°Á‰¥â lotus root drink is a refreshing and healthy drink for the body. ¢π¡‰∑¬∑’ˇªìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‰¥·â °à ·µß‰∑¬ ‡ªπì º≈‰¡â‰∑¬ ∑Ë¡’ ’‡π◊ÈÕπà¡ÿ ÀÕ¡À«“ππ“à °π‘ ·§à°‘π‡ª≈à“Ê ¬ß— Õ√àÕ¬™πË◊ „® ∂“â The Thai people should create ∑”‡ªπì °–∑·‘ µß‰∑¬¬ßË‘ À«“πÕ√Õà ¬®∫— „® ≈°Ÿ µ“≈≈Õ¬·°«â °‡Á ªπì value to express the Thai charac- ¢ÕßÀ«“π·∫∫‰∑¬·∑â∑Ë’À«“π©”Ë „®Õ’°·∫∫ÀπË÷ß µâ¡√“°∫—« teristics by giving the present on „ àπ”È µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß°ÁÕ√àÕ¬πà“∑“π πÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß®–¡’√  New Year day with the Thai À«“π·∫∫∏√√¡™“µ·‘ ≈–‰¡¡à ‚’ ∑…‡À¡Õ◊ ππ”È µ“≈øÕ°¢“« ´ßË÷ ¡’ dessert, to show that the Thai ·µà “√‡§¡’ π”È √“°∫—«„ àπ”È ·¢ÁߥË◊¡™Ë◊π„®·≈–„Àâª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ nation has its own uniqueness for √“à ß°“¬ a long time. §π‰∑¬‡√“πà“®– √â“ߧà“π‘¬¡ ‡æË◊Õ· ¥ß§«“¡‡ªìπ‰∑¬ ¥«â ¬°“√¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«≠— „À·â °°à π— ‡πÕË◊ ß„πª„ï À¡‰à ∑¬¥«â ¬¢π¡‰∑¬ °π— ¥∫Ÿ “â ß ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“™“µ‘‰∑¬‡√“¡‡’ Õ°≈°— …≥‡å ªìπ¢Õß µ«— ‡Õß¡“‡ªπì ‡«≈“™â“π“π·≈â« ¥—ßπÈ—π „πªï„À¡à‰∑¬À√◊Õµ√ÿ… ß°√“πµå∑’Ë®–‡«’¬π ¡“∂÷ßÕ’°«“√–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ æ‘‡»…∑Ë’§π‰∑¬§«√®–¡Õ∫ ¢π¡‰∑¬‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡ √°— „§√à π∑‘  π¡·≈–§‘¥∂ß÷ °—π¥«â ¬§«“¡‡ÕÕÈ◊ Õ“∑√ Therefore, the Thai New Year or Songkran that is coming another round marks another special occasion for the Thai people to give the Thai dessert as present for each other, a representative of love, friendship, and thoughtfulness. 36 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

®∫— ‡¢à“§ÿ¬ ‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏°‘ “√ Interview by : Editorial Board ∫√√®∫  π— ∑–∫µÿ √  ¡— ¿“…≥å √µ— πå °—π∑–¬«ß ¡¡ÿ ¡Õß™“«∫“â πæπ◊È ∑’¿Ë “§‡ÀπÕ◊ Interview the Perspective of the Villagers´ in the North «“√ “√‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «©∫∫—  ßà ∑“â ¬ªï æ.». 2548 æ“∑“à π‰ªæ∫楟 §¬ÿ °∫— ™“«∫“â π„πµ”∫≈ª“°µß÷ Õ”‡¿Õ·¡®à π— ®ß— À«—¥‡™’¬ß√“¬ „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕß°“√ ‡º“ªÉ“ π“ ‰√à „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ °—π ∫π‡ πâ ∑“ß®“°µ«— ‡¡Õ◊ ߇™¬’ ß√“¬ ·àŸ ¡ à “¬ ∑«‘ ‡¢“¢“â ßÀπ“â ∑‡’Ë ÀπÁ ™“«∫“â π ∫Õ°‡√“«à“πË—π§◊Õ‡¢“π“ßπÕπ  à«π∑’ËÀ—π¡“∑“ß∑‘»∑Ë’‡√“°”≈—ß·≈àπµ√߉ª§◊Õ »’√…–¢Õßπ“ßπÕπ ∑‘«∑»— π¢å â“ß∑“ß¡’·µ¿à ‡Ÿ ¢“≈âÕ¡√Õ∫‡¢¬’ «™–Õ¡ÿà µ≈Õ¥∑“ß ‡™¬’ ß√“¬‡ªπì ‡¡Õ◊ ß„πÀ∫ÿ ‡¢“®√ß‘ Ê ‰¡«à “à ®–¢∫— √∂º“à π‰ª∑‰’Ë Àπ°®Á –‡ÀπÁ ·µ¿à ‡Ÿ ¢“ ∂“â ‡∑¬’ ∫°∫— ∑“ß¿“§Õ ’ “π∫“â π‡√“¿‡Ÿ ¢“§π≈– °’ π— ‡≈¬ Õ“°“»∑πË’ °Ë’ ™Á ¡ÿà ™πÈ◊ °«“à ‡æ√“–¬—ß¡’æÈ◊π∑’˪ɓ¡“°°«à“ ¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß®–‰ª‡æ√“–‡ÀÁ𧫗π‰øÕ¬àŸ Àπâ“∫â“π ∑’Ëπ’ˇ¢“‡º“¢¬–°—π‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°∫â“π∑’‡¥’¬« ∫â“π™“«‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ  à«π„À≠àª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â°—π·∑∫∑ÿ°∫â“π ∫“ß∫â“π°Á‡™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕ߉¡â¡ß§≈ ª≈Ÿ°µâπ ¡–¬¡‰«Àâ π“â ∫“â π „∫¡–¬¡√«à ß°√“«·≈«â ‡¢“®–®¥— ‡°∫Á ‡»…„∫‰¡°â ßË‘ ‰¡πâ ÕË’ ¬“à ߉√ Green Line magazine, a farewell of 2005, takes you to talk with the villagers in Paak Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai province, in their view of burning forest, rice paddy, and crop in the northern areas. From the center of Chiengrai to Mae Sai, a view ahead of us is Nang Non Mountain. The part that is coming into our straight way is the head of Nang Non. All the sideways are surrounding by green mountains. Chiengrai really is a city in a valley. Wherever we are cruising by, a bunch of mountains are seen. If the mountains are compared to those of the northeastern, they have different color. The weather here is more moisture, as there are more of the forest areas. We are going straight because we see the smoke in front of the house. Here almost every household burns waste. Most households of the Thais in the north grow a lot of plants. Some believe in lucky plants. Lots of Mayom plants are at the front of the house. When the leaves fall down, how they can collect twigs and leaves. The simple ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 37

ß“à ¬Ê ∑∑’Ë ”°π— Õ¬®Ÿà “°Õ¥µ’ ®π∂ß÷ ª®í ®∫ÿ π— §Õ◊ ‡º“ À≈“¬Ê §√«— ‡√Õ◊ π way, carried out from the past æ√âÕ¡„®°—π‡º“ πà“®–≈Õß«‘®—¬°—π —°∑’«à“ °“√‡º“¢¬–„π until now, is burning. Many ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ 1 §√È—ß°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π households jointly burn waste. °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°√âÕπ¢È÷π àŸ There should be a study on how ™È—π∫√√¬“°“»‡∑à“‰√ ·≈â«π”¡“ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å„À♓«∫â“π much carbon dioxide, one of the ™«à ¬≈¥°‘®°√√¡∑®’Ë –°àÕ°ä“´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å°—π ¿“§√∞— §ß greenhouse gases, a major factor of µâÕßÀ“«‘∏’°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢¬–„π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å™ÿ¡™π Õ“∑‘ °“√ global warming, emits in the atmosphere √≥√ߧå„À♓«∫â“πµÈ—߇ªìπ™ÿ¡™π∑”ªÿܬ àߢ“¬‡ªìπ OTOP if one household burns waste for 1 time. Then, ™ÿ¡™π À√◊ÕÕ–‰√°Á‰¥â µ√ßπÈ’§‘¥«à“§π„πæ◊Èπ∑Ë’πà“®–√⟙àÕß∑“ß take that figure and use it as a campaign for the ‰¥â¥’°«à“ ‡√Ë◊Õß°“√‡º“¢¬–„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬∑“ß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ villagers to help reduce the activities causing carbon ‡√“æ∫‡ÀπÁ ‰¥µâ ≈Õ¥∑“ß ‰¡«à “à „π«¥— „π∫“â π ∂“â π°÷  π°ÿ ®∫— æπÈ◊ ∑’Ë dioxide. The government sector should find the way to ™ÿ¡™π¡“‡√’¬ß°—π·≈â«·µà≈–∫â“π‡º“¢¬–æ√âÕ¡°—π°ÁπâÕßÊ collect waste in the community innovatively such as ‰øª“É ‡≈¬∑‡’ ¥¬’ « ·∂¡‡°¥‘ ‡ªπì ª√–®”∑°ÿ «π— ‡ ¬’ Õ°’ ·µ®à –¥°’ «“à the campaign for the formation of community and ‰øªÉ“ÀπàÕ¬µ√ß∑’ˇ√“¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ§ß‡À≈◊Õ„Àâ™à«¬≈¥°ä“´ producing fertilizer as OTOP product or any activities, §“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿ∫à √√¬“°“»‰¥â which the villagers should know about the better chan- nel. Burning waste in their residence in the northern part ‡√“·«–À¬ÿ¥æ—°‡æË◊Õ查§ÿ¬°—∫™“«∫â“πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ß of Thailand has been found on the way we drive even Õ.·¡à®—π °—π¥’°«à“ ´Ë÷ß∑à“π‰¥â ≈–‡«≈“„Àâ ∑—ÈßπÈ’∑“ß°Õß in the temples. If we line up the community areas in a ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√µÕâ ߢհ√“∫¢Õ∫æ√–§ÿ≥‰«â ≥ ∑π’Ë ’È §Õ◊ §ÿ≥√µ— πå row and each house burn waste at the same time, it °—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§≥ÿ ∫√√®∫  π— ∑–∫ÿµ√ §≥ÿ √µ— πå °—π∑–¬«ß ‰¥â can be a brother to wild fire and on top of that it „À¡â ¡ÿ ¡Õß·≈–§«“¡√‡âŸ °¬’Ë «°∫— °“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ·≈–ª“É ‡æÕË◊ „™‡â ªπì happens everyday. However, the good part is we still æπÈ◊ ∑∑Ë’ ”°π‘ «“à have lots of forests remained, reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. 燥Β¬«πÈ’™“«∫â“π‡√“‰¡à‡º“ªÉ“·≈â« ∑Ë’‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π Weûd better stop to talk with the villagers of Paak ®–‡ªπì æ«°°–‡À√¬’Ë ß´–¡“°°«“à ‡æ√“–√∞— ‡¢“‡¢“â ¡“√≥√ߧ„å π Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai province. À¡Ÿà∫â“π æ«°‡√“°Á√⟷≈â««à“¥’‰¡à¥’Õ¬à“߉√ ‡¥‘¡ “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇº“ªÉ“ All of them spare their own time to talk with us. We, the ‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√àπ—Èπ‡æ√“–µâÕß°“√¶à“À≠â“·≈–«—™æ◊™„Àâ∂÷ß√“° Editor Team, would like to say thank you. They are Khun ¢Õß¡—π ∂Ⓡ√“∂Õπ‡¥’Î¬«¡—π°Á¢È÷πÕ’° ·¬àߪÜÿ¬·¬àßÕ“À“√¢Õß Ratt Kanthayaung and Khun Banjob Santhabutr. Khun æ◊™æ—π∏ÿå∑Ë’‡√“ª≈Ÿ° ∂â“®–‰∂°≈∫æ◊Èπ∑Ë’∑”°‘π¢Õ߇√“°Á¡’À‘π∫â“ß Ratt Kanthayaung showed her perspective and know- °ÁÕ¬àŸ∫π‡¢“¡—π°Á∑”≈”∫“°®÷߉¡à§àÕ¬π‘¬¡°—π ·≈–∑Ë’ ”§—≠ ledge of paddy rice, crop, and forest burning that: çWe, the villagers, do not burn forests. Those that do are mostly Karen. Since the government has carried out campaign in the village, we now know how bad it is. Originally, we burn the forest, paddy rice, and crop, because we want to get rid of grasses and weeds to their roots. If we pull them out, they will grow back very 38 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

‡ ’¬§“à „™®â à“¬¡“°¥«â ¬ °“√‡º“®ß÷ ‡ªπì «∏‘ ’∑ˇ’ √“π‘¬¡„™â‡æ√“–‰¡à rapidly, competing for food of the plants we are growing.  πÈ‘ ‡ª≈Õ◊ ß ·≈–‰¥ºâ ≈¥’ ´“°À≠“â ∑ˇ’ º“°Á°≈“¬‡ªìπªÜÿ¬Àπ“â ¥‘π If we do the plough, rocks still exist. Sometimes the land ¥â«¬é is on the mountain, so it is harder and not popular and sometime using other method costs quite a fortune. ∂“â Õ¬“à ßππ—È °“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à „π¡¡ÿ ¡ÕߢÕߧ≥ÿ √µ— πå §¥‘ «“à Thus, burning is a famous one because it doesnût cost ‡ªìπÕ¬“à ߉√ much and is effective. And the burnt grass residues become fertilizer covering the soil surface.é ç∂“â ∂“¡«“à °“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à ·≈–‡º“ª“É ‡æÕË◊ „™‡â ªπì æπÈ◊ ∑Ë’ ∑”°π‘ ¥‰’ À¡°µÁ Õ∫‰¥«â “à ‰¡¥à ·’ ππà Õπ ‡æ√“– Õ∫µ. °”ππ— ‡¢“°Á So, what is your point of view on burning paddy rice ∫Õ°·≈â««à“¡—π‰¡à¥’µàÕ à«π√«¡Õ¬à“߉√π– ™“«∫â“π∑’Ëπ’Ë°Á√⟰—π and crops? Õ¬àŸ  ¡‡¥Á®∑à“π°∫Á Õ° ‡√“µâÕß√—°…“À≈ß— §“∫“â π‡√“ ∂Ⓡ√“‰ª ∑”≈“¬ª“É °‡Á À¡Õ◊ π∑”≈“¬À≈ß— §“∫“â π·≈«â ‡√“®–Õ¬°Ÿà π— Õ¬“à ߉√ çIf you ask whether the burning of paddy rice, ∫â“π∑’Ë√ࡇ¬Áπ°Á®–·Àâß·≈âß Õ—ππ’Èæ«°‡√“°Á™à«¬°—π„À⧫“¡ crops, and forest is good or not, we definitely answer √«à ¡¡Õ◊ ‡ªπì Õ¬“à ߥ°’ ∫— ¿“§√∞— ™“«∫“â π„πæπ◊È ∑√Ë’ “∫‡¥¬Î’ «π‰’È ¡¡à ’ that it is not because as the local administration, the °“√‡º“‰√à π“ ª“É ·≈«â ‡√“„™â‰∂À«“à π‡À¡Õ◊ π∑ËÕ’ πË◊ Ê ∂“â Õ¬“° village chief told that how bad it is for the public. The ‡ÀπÁ °“√‡º“ª“É ‡º“π“ µÕâ ߢπÈ÷ ‰ª∫π‡¢“ππË— °¬Á ß— ¡„’ À‡â ÀπÁ Õ¬Ÿà ‡¢“ villagers here have realized that. Her Majesty the Queen ‡º“°—π∑’‡°◊Õ∫§√Ë÷ß≈Ÿ° ·µàµÕππ’ÈÀπâ“À𓫇¢“‰¡à§àÕ¬‡º“°—π also said that. We must preserve the roof of the house. ®–‡º“°—πµÕπÀπâ“√âÕπÀ≈—߇°Á∫‡°Ë’¬« ·µà°ÁæÕ‡ÀÁπ√àÕß√Õ¬ If we destroy the forest, itûs like we destroy our roof of Õ¬Ÿà ≈Õߢ∫— √∂¢πÈ÷ ‰ª¥´Ÿ ‘é the house as well. And how can we live? The peaceful house will turn drought. We have very well cooperated with the government sector. Villagers in the plain areas do not burn paddy rice, crops, or foresee. We do the plough just like others. If you want to see burning of forest or paddy rice, you have to up the mountain. When they do burning, half of the mountain is burnt. But now itûs winter. They rarely burn. They will burn during the summer after the harvesting but you might ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 39

®∫§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√‰¥âæ∫·≈– see some evidence. Maybe you can drive there to 查§ÿ¬°—∫§ÿ≥∫√√®∫  —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õ߉∑¬ observe.é ∑“à π‰¥„â À¢â Õâ §¥‘ ‡ÀπÁ ‡°¬’Ë «°∫— °“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ª“É ‡æÕ◊Ë „™‡â ªπì ·À≈ßà ∑”°π‘ «“à After the end of the story from K. Ratt, the Editor team met and discussed with Khun Banjob Santhabutr, ç·µà°àÕπ‡√“°‡Á º“°—ππ– ·µ‡à ¥¬Î’ «πÈ’‡√“‰¡‡à º“·≈â« °“√‡º“ an agriculture in the north of Thailand. He gave some πÈπ— ‡æËÕ◊ ∂“ßæ«°«—™æ◊™ À√Õ◊ ‰¡à°Á‡º“‡æËÕ◊ °”®¥— ¢¬–æ«°ø“ß„π thought that regarding the burning of paddy rice, crops, π“ ‡æ√“–‡√“‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª∑”Õ–‰√ µàÕ¡“‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“ and forest to use as an agricultural area that: ·π–π”«à“ø“ߢ⓫‡¢“‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°¢‘ß ‡¥’ά«π’ȧπ‰√࢑߇¢“¡“¢Õ ´È◊Õ∑’Ëπ“°—π‡≈¬ ‰¡àµâÕ߉ª‡º“·≈â« „πæÈ◊π∑’˺◊π√“∫∫â“π‡√“ çBefore we did burn, but now we donût. The burning (·¡®à π— )‡¢“‰¡‡à º“°π— ·≈«â ®–¡°’ ·Á µæà «°∫π‡¢“‚ππà ¬ß— ∑”°π— Õ¬Ÿà is for eliminating weeds or hay of the paddy rice because ™“«∫“â π‡√“®–‡º“°Á·µà¢¬–‡≈°Á Ê πâÕ¬Ê ‡æ√“–‰¡√à Ÿ®â –‡Õ“‰ª we donût know what we can further do with them. ∑”Õ–‰√  à«πø“߇¥Î’¬«πÈ’π’ˇ¢“À“´◊ÈÕ°—π¡“° ‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°‡ÀÁ¥ Later, the District Agricultural Office advised us that rice ‡æ“–µâπ°≈â“ ‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“¡“∫Õ°À¡¥é hays could be used for growing ginger. Now the farmer of ginger crop comes to buy them at the rice paddy. ®“°§”∫Õ°‡≈“à ¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °π— ∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ So there is no need to burn. In the plain land (Mae  π— ∑–∫µÿ √ ‡√“Õ¬“°π”¿“æ°“√‡º“‰√à π“ ∫π‡¢“¡“Ω“° ‡ÀπÁ Chan), they are not burning but those up in the mountains ∑È—ß Õß∑à“π∫Õ°«à“ ‡ âπ∑“ß “¬·¡à “¬πÈ’ºà“π‡¢“ Ÿß “¡“√∂ still practice. Our villagers will burn only small amount of ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â ‡√“¢â“¡‡¢“µ√߇¢â“ àŸ·¡à “¬¿“æ¢Õß∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ß wastes because they donût know how to use them. For µ√ßµ“¡§”∫Õ°‡≈à“ ¿Ÿ‡¢“∑Ë’‡ÀÁπ‡¢’¬«Ê ∫“ß≈Ÿ°‡À¡◊Õπ∂Ÿ°µ’ rice hays, they are bought to grow mushroom, seed- µ“√“߉«â  π’ È”µ“≈∫â“ß  ¥’ ”∫â“ß  ’‡¢’¬«ÕÕà π∫“â ß ‰¡Àà ≈߇À≈◊Õ lings. The District Agricultural Office came to tell us all.é ‰¡â„À≠àÊ „Àâ‡ÀÁπ °Á¡’∫“ß·Ààß∑Ë’‡ÀÁπ≈‘∫Ê ¡’§«—π°”≈—߇º“Õ¬Ÿà · µà °Á Õ ¬Ÿà ‰ ° ≈‰ ¡à   “ ¡ “ √ ∂ ¢â “ ¡‰ ª‰ ¥â ‡ æ √ “ – ¬— ߉ ¡à ¡’ ‡  â π ∑ “ ß From the interview of Khun Ratt Kantayaung and §¡π“§¡∑¥Ë’ ’ ·µ∂à ß÷ Õ¬“à ߉√ ‡√“°™Á π◊Ë „®«“à §π‰∑¬¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ ‡ÀπÁ Khun Banjob Santhabutr, weûd like to show you the §«“¡ ”§—≠„π°“√≈¥ªí≠À“ Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √—°…åº◊πªÉ“ ·≈–¡’ pictured of burning paddy rice up in the mountains. §«“¡√Õ∫√‡âŸ √Õ◊Ë ß‡°…µ√°√√¡¡“°¢π÷È √®âŸ °— „™∑â √æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ Both of them told us that this stream of river is running through the high mountains. We were crossing the Õ¬à“ߧâÿ¡§à“ ‰¡à‡º“∑ȑ߉ª„Àâ°àÕ mountains to Mae Sai, a picture of which is like what °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å being told. Some green mountains were like checker, Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß brown table, black one, or pale green. There were no °“√‡°¥‘ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å large trees left. In some places as seen afar rose the ¿“«–‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° smoke. However, we couldnÕt reach there because of ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚≈°¢Õß poor transportation. However, we are delighted that ‡√“√âÕπ¢È÷π∑ÿ° the Thai people of the North see the importance in the ¢ ≥ – ‡ À ¡◊ Õ π reduction of pollution to preserve forest areas and they ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π ∑’Ë ‡ √ “ are more knowledgeable about agriculture. They know ‡º™‘≠Õ¬Ÿà how to use natural resources worthily. They donût burn them to produce carbon dioxide, a cause of greenhouse effect, thus resulted in the global warming, a problem we are now facing. 40 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«

 ß— §¡ ’‡¢¬’ « ‚¥¬ : ‡¡…≠“ ™Ë◊πÕ“√¡≥/å π°— ‡¢’¬πÕ‘ √– Green Society by : Mesaya Chuenarom/Freelance Writer ‡°…µ√°√√¡‡ªπì Õ“™æ’ À≈°— ¢Õߧπ‰∑¬¡“™“â π“π·≈«â ¥«â ¬ Agriculture has long been a main occupation of §«“¡‡À¡“– ¡¢Õß¿¡Ÿ ª‘ √–‡∑» ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“» ·≈–∑ ’Ë ”§≠— π ‘ ¬— °“√ the Thai people due to suitable geography and climate ∫√‚‘ ¿§¢Õߧπ‰∑¬ ‡√“®ß÷ µÕâ ßæßË÷ æ“°“√∑”‡°…µ√°√√¡µ≈Õ¥¡“ and, more important, the consumer behavior of the ‡°…µ√°√ ¡§«√‡ªìπ∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’Ëπà“¬°¬àÕߢÕ߉∑¬ ·µà°Á‡ªìπ∑’Ë Thai people. We, then, count heavily on the agriculture ∑√“∫°—π¥’«à“‡°…µ√°√πÈ—πµâÕß·∫°√—∫ªí≠À“‡°Ë’¬«°—∫°“√‡æ“– all along. Farmers should be respectable people of ª≈°Ÿ ‡ ¡Õ ´ßË÷ ª≠í À“À≈°— πÕ°®“°√“§“¢Õߺ≈º≈µ‘ µ”Ë ∑‰’Ë ¡§à ¡âÿ ∑πÿ Thailand. However, it has been widely known that farmers ·≈â«  Ë‘ß ”§—≠∑’ˇ°…µ√°√¡Õߢⓡ‰ª°Á§◊Õ √Ÿª·∫∫°“√∑” always bear the burden of agricultural problem. Besides ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√°√∑Ë’∑”„ÀâµâÕß„™âµâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ∑Ë’ Ÿß a major problem of the low price of the products that ·≈–¬—ß∑”„Àºâ ≈º≈‘µÕÕ°¡“„πª√¡‘ “≥µË”¥«â ¬ is not break even, what farmers overlook is the way they do the cultivation, demanding high production °“√∑”π“¢Õ߇°…µ√°√πÈ—π ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°’ˬ«¢â“«‡ √Á®·≈â«®–¡’ cost but yielding low production output. ø“ߢ⓫∑Ë’‡À≈◊Õ®“°°“√∑”𓇪ìπ®”π«π¡“°´÷Ë߇ªìπÕÿª √√§„π °“√‰∂°≈∫ ‡°…µ√°√®÷ß∑”°“√‡º“‚¥¬Õ“®‡º“∑È—ßø“ߢ⓫·≈– In the primitive rice cultivation method, after harvesting, µÕ´ß— À√Õ◊ ‡º“‡©æ“–ø“ߢ“â «‡æ¬’ ßÕ¬“à ߇¥¬’ « ‡æÕ◊Ë „À‡â ªπì °“√ß“à ¬ an abundance of rice straws is left, creating a problem µàÕ°“√‰∂‡µ√’¬¡¥‘π‡æË◊Õ°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈µàÕ‰ª ´Ë÷ß∑’Ëπ“ of plough up. Farmers, as a result, burn both rice straws °“√≈¥°“√‡º“æÈ◊π∑’‡Ë °…µ√°√√¡ The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 41

1 ‰√à ®–¡’ø“ߢ“â «·≈–µÕ´ß— ª√–¡“≥ 1 µπ— ∂Ⓡ°…µ√°√√Õ and cobs or just the rice straws for easier preparation ‡«≈“∑ß‘È „Àø⠓ߢ“â «·≈–µÕ´ß— π¡Ë‘ ‰¡¡à °’ “√‡º“„™°â “√‰∂°≈∫‡æ¬’ ß of land for the next season of crop. One rice paddy Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‡¡Ë◊Õ¡’°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ´—ß·≈â«®–¡’∏“µÿ contains 1 ton of rice straws and stalks. If farmers wait Õ“À“√®”æ«°‰π‚µ√‡®πª√–¡“≥ 10 °‘‚≈°√¡— Õ°’ ¥â«¬ and let the rice straws and cobs become soft, do not use the burning method and do only plough, once the °“√‡º“«— ¥ÿ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ„™â®“°°“√‡°…µ√‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√‡º“ rice straws and cobs are decomposed, such nutrients ø“ߢ“â « „∫ÕÕâ ¬ À√Õ◊ Õπ◊Ë Ê ∑”„À‡â °¥‘ º≈‡ ¬’ À≈“¬Õ¬“à ß∑ßÈ— µÕà °“√ as nitrogen of about 10 kilograms contain in the composition. ‡æ“–ª≈°Ÿ ¢Õ߇°…µ√°√‡Õß ∑”„À‡â °¥‘ Õ∫ÿ µ— ‡‘ Àµ®ÿ “°∑»— π« ‘ ¬— ∑‰’Ë ¡à ¥’®“°§«—π‰ø ·≈⫬—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„π¥â“π Burning agricultural residues, whether be burning of ΩπÿÉ ≈–ÕÕß·≈–°ä“´æ‘…À≈“¬Ê ™π¥‘ ∑”„À⇪ìπÕπ— µ√“¬µÕà °“√ rice straws, sugar caneûs leaves or others, causes a lot À“¬„®Õ°’ ¥â«¬ of damages both to the cultivation, accidents from poor visibility owing to smoke of burning, and air pollution ª®í ®∫ÿ π— ¡À’ ≈“¬Àπ«à ¬ß“π∑¬Ë’ π◊Ë ¡Õ◊ ‡¢“â ¡“™«à ¬‡À≈Õ◊ ‰¡«à “à ®– in terms of dust and toxic gases, detrimental to breathing. ‡ªìπ°√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥å °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–Õ°’ À≈“¬Àπ«à ¬ß“π∑‡Ë’ °Ë’¬«¢âÕß ‡¡◊ÕË ‰¡πà “π Today there are many authorities to offer their ¡“π’È°√¡ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡°…µ√·≈–°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…‰¥â®—¥∑” hand, whether be the Ministry of Agriculture and ‚§√ß°“√‡πË◊Õß¡“®“°·ºπ·¡à∫∑·Ààß™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡º“„π∑Ë’‚≈àß Cooperative, the Ministry of Natural Resources and µ“¡¢Õâ µ°≈ßÕ“‡´¬’ π‡√ÕË◊ ß¡≈æ…‘ ®“°À¡Õ°§«π— ¢“â ¡·¥π ‚¥¬„™â Environment, and many other agencies involved. Not ¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’‡°…µ√°√√¡π”√àÕß 4 long ago the Department of Agricultural Extension and ®ß— À«¥— §Õ◊ æ√–π§√»√Õ’ ¬∏ÿ ¬“ ™¬— π“∑  æÿ √√≥∫√ÿ ’ ·≈–‡™¬’ ß„À¡à Pollution Control Department held the project led by the National Master Plan on open-air burning according to ‚¥¬¡“µ√°“√§«∫§¡ÿ °“√‡º“„π∑‚Ë’ ≈àß¡‡’ ª“Ñ À¡“¬À≈—°§Õ◊ the agreement among ASEAN on the air pollution from 1. ≈¥‰ø‰À¡ªâ É“„À‡â À≈◊Շ欒 ߉¡‡à °‘πª≈ï – 300,000 ‰√à across-border smoke. The measures of open-air burning 2. ®¥— °“√‡»…« — ¥‡ÿ À≈Õ◊ „™â®“°¿“§°“√‡°…µ√∑¥·∑π°“√ control are implemented in 4 provinces of the piloting ‡º“„πæπÈ◊ ∑‡Ë’ °…µ√°√√¡Õ¬“à ßπÕâ ¬ 600,000 ‰√à ¿“¬„πªï æ.». 2550 agricultural areas, that is, Ayudthaya, Chainat, Suphanburi, 3. π”‡Õ“‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â®“°¿“§°“√‡°…µ√¡“„™â‡ªìπ and Chiengmai. æ≈—ßß“π™’«¡«≈∑¥·∑π°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„π‡™‘ßæ“≥‘™¬å §‘¥‡ªìπ √Õâ ¬≈– 21 ·≈– 25 ¢Õߧ«“¡µÕâ ß°“√„™æâ ≈ß— ß“π„πªï æ.». 2549 Measures of Open Air Burning Controlûs major ·≈–ªï æ.».‹ 2554 µ“¡≈”¥∫— targets are : 4. ≈¥°“√‡º“¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π∑’Ë‚≈àß‚¥¬®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√°”®—¥ ¢¬–¡≈Ÿ ΩÕ¬Õ¬“à ß∂Ÿ°À≈—°«‘∏’·≈–ª≈Õ¥¿—¬‰¡àπÕâ ¬°«à“√Õâ ¬≈– 50 1. Reduce the forest fire down to less than 300,000 ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥∑È—ßÀ¡¥ ·≈–¡’°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‰¡àµË”°«à“ rais per year √Õâ ¬≈– 30 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥¡≈Ÿ ΩÕ¬∑‡’Ë °‘¥¢È÷π„πªï æ.». 2549 ‚¥¬°‘®°√√¡πÈ’‡°…µ√°√®–¡’°“√√«¡°≈ÿà¡·≈– √â“ß 2. Manage material residues from the agricultural ‡§√Õ◊ ¢“à ¬°“√‰¡‡à º“µÕ´ß— ·≈–„∫ÕÕâ ¬ æ√Õâ ¡∑ßÈ— ¡°’ “√≈ß µ— ¬“∫π— sector in place of burning method in at least 600,000 rais of agricultural areas by 2007 3. Utilize agricultural residues as biomass supple- mentary energy, accounted for 21% and 25% of the total energy consumption in 2006 and 2011, respectively. 4. Reduce the open-air burning of waste by providing the acceptable and safe method of waste disposal not less than 50% of all provinces and utilize waste not less than 30% of the waste generated in 2006. Farmers convene and build network of non-straws and caneûs leaves burning under these activities, including ratifying on the non-straws and caneûs leaves burning, which has been in operation as follows 1. Provide training on the management of vegetation 42 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´ß— ·≈–„∫ÕÕâ ¬ ´ß÷Ë ¡’°“√¥”‡ππ‘ °“√¥ß— π’È residues and agricultural residues for 12 groups with 10 1. °“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡°“√®—¥°“√‡»…æ◊™ ·≈–‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â people of each by supporting materials needed for bio-water production and organic fertilizer composting, ∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ ®”π«π 12 °≈àÿ¡ °≈àÿ¡≈– 10 §π ‚¥¬°“√ enabling farmers to use and reduce chemical  π—∫ πÿπ«— ¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å„π°“√º≈‘µπÈ” °—¥™’«¿“æ·≈–ªÜÿ¬À¡—° substances. It also is the improvement to the soil fertility ™’«¿“æ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰…µ√°√𔉪„™â‡Õ߇ªìπ°“√≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ or generating income for the farmers. √«¡∑—È߇ªìπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß∫”√ÿߥ‘π„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å À√◊Õ “¡“√∂𔉪 ®”Àπ“à ¬ √“â ß√“¬‰¥â„Àâ°∫— °≈ÿ¡à ‡°…µ√°√ 2. The Department of Agricultural Extension has provided the crop demonstration of the effective way of plough 2. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡°…µ√‰¥â®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√‰∂°≈∫ rice stalks and sugar caneûs leaves, which can turn µÕ´—ß·≈–°“√‰∂°≈∫„∫ÕâÕ¬∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ  “¡“√∂‰∂°≈∫ them into fertilizer and increase organic materials in the µÕ´—ß„À⇪ìπªÿܬ·≈–‡æË‘¡Õ‘π∑√’¬å«—µ∂ÿ„π¥‘π„Àâ∏“µÿÕ“À“√æ◊™°≈—∫ soil, replenishing plant nutrients to soil. It also improves §π◊  ¥àŸ π‘ µ≈Õ¥®π‡ªπì °“√ª√∫— ª√ßÿ §≥ÿ  ¡∫µ— ∑‘ ßÈ— °“¬¿“æ ™«’ ¿“æ soil properties in relation to physical, biology and chemistry, ·≈–‡§¡’ √«¡∑ß—È ‡ªìπ°“√∫”√ßÿ ¥π‘ „À â ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¬Ë—߬◊π ¥ß— πÈ’ as well as, the sustainable enrichment of soil : - ®¥— ∑”·ª≈ß “∏µ‘ °“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ´—ß (‡™’¬ß„À¡à 250 ‰√,à - Demonstration of Rice Stalks Plough (250 rais at Õ¬∏ÿ ¬“ 200 ‰√,à ™¬— π“∑ 200 ‰√à Chiengmai, 200 rais at Ayudthaya, 200 rais at Chainat, ·≈– æÿ √√≥∫ÿ√’ 200 ‰√à) and 200 rais at Suphanburi) - ®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√ - Demonstration of Sugar Caneûs Leaves Plough ‰∂°≈∫„∫ÕÕâ ¬ ( æÿ √√≥∫√ÿ ’ 150 (150 rais at Suphanburi) ‰√)à The project of rice stalks plough is effective as folows : ‚¥¬°“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ´—ß Ô Being able to do the complete and consistent ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√π’¡È ’ª√– ∑‘ ∏‘¿“æ plough over the crop ¥—ßπ’È Ô Overturn grass roots to be exposed in the sunlight and become dry and finally dead Ô  “¡“√∂‰∂æ≈‘°°≈∫ Ô Once ploughed soil has been completely exposed ‰¥Õâ ¬“à ß ¡∫√Ÿ ≥·å ≈– ¡”Ë ‡ ¡Õ to the sun, the sunlight will help kill diseases and insects, ∑ß—È ·ª≈ß accumulated beneath the soil, reducing the use of pesticides. Ô æ≈‘°‡Õ“√“°À≠â“¢÷Èπ Ô The soil can be deeply ploughed, resulting in ¡“µ“°·¥¥„À·â Àßâ µ“¬‡¡Õ◊Ë µ“°¥π‘ ∑ºË’ “à π°“√‰∂æ≈°‘ Õ¬“à ß ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å loosen soil surface, suitable for the roots to burrow and ·≈â« · ß·¥¥®–‡ªπì µ«— ™à«¬∑”≈“¬‚√§ ·¡≈ß ∑ Ë’ – ¡Õ¬„Ÿà π¥‘π easier to get food. The plant is sprouting very well. ™«à ¬≈¥°“√„™ â “√‡§¡„’ π°“√°”®—¥·¡≈ß 3. Organize technology transfer exhibitions 4 times with 120 participants each, educating the participating Ô  “¡“√∂‰∂‰¥≈â °÷ ∑”„ÀÀâ π“â ¥π‘ À≈«¡ √“°æ™◊ ™Õπ‰™‡µ∫‘ ‚µ farmers, who are the member of network of non-straws ·≈–À“Õ“À“√‰¥ßâ à“¬ æ◊™·µ°°Õ¥’ and caneûs leaves burning, and neighboring farmers in the piloting provinces. 3. ®¥— π∑‘ √√»°“√°“√∂“à ¬∑Õ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ „À§â «“¡√·Ÿâ °‡à °…µ√°√ 4. Organize workshop training at 4 piloting provinces ∑Ë’‡¢â“√à«¡‡ªìπ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´—ß ·≈–‡°…µ√°√¢â“߇§’¬ß for the involved government officials and networking „πæπ◊È ∑Ë®’ —ßÀ«—¥π”√àÕß ®”π«π 4 §√—Èß §√—Èß≈– 120 §π farmers, 60 people each. From the 400 surveys of the problem of burning in 4. ®¥— ª√–™¡ÿ ‡™ß‘ ªØ∫‘ µ— °‘ “√„πæπÈ◊ ∑π’Ë ”√Õà ß 4 ®ß— À«¥—  ”À√∫— the agricultural areas, it has found that : ‡®“â Àπ“â ∑ Ë’ «à π√“™°“√∑‡’Ë °¬Ë’ «¢Õâ ß ·≈–‡°…µ√°√‡§√Õ◊ ¢“à ¬ §√ßÈ— ≈– Ô Before the existence of the project, 85% of farmers 60 §π burnt rice straws and agricultural residues of the crop, while 15% did not. The reason of burning is that itûs ® “ ° ° “ √  ” √ « ® ¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈   ¿ “ æ ªí ≠ À “ ° “ √ ‡ º “ „ π æ◊È π ∑’Ë ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õß‚§√ß°“√®”π«π 400 ™ÿ¥ æ∫«à“ Ô °àÕπ‡√‘Ë¡‚§√ß°“√¡’‡°…µ√°√∑Ë’‡º“ø“ߢ⓫·≈–‡»…æ◊™ „π‰√àπ“ √âÕ¬≈– 85 ‰¡à‡º“√âÕ¬≈– 15  “‡Àµÿ∑Ë’‡º“ à«π„À≠à ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à –¥«°„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡¥π‘ ‡ªπì «‘∏∑’ Ë’ß“à ¬ ·≈–µâÕß°“√ ‡√ßà √¥— °“√„™æâ π◊È ∑‡’Ë æ“–ª≈°Ÿ Õ¬“à ßµÕà ‡πÕ◊Ë ß Ô À≈ß— ®“°∑¡’Ë ‚’ §√ß°“√ ¡‡’ °…µ√°√„À§â «“¡√«à ¡¡Õ◊ ∑®Ë’ –‰¡à ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 43

inconvenient for them in land preparation while burning is easier and fast method for the continual use of crop. Ô After the existence of the project, 49% of the farmers are cooperating and not burning rice straws and agricultural residues. They are in need of the government support in terms of agricultural machines, plough service to replace burning, including providing knowledge in other areas such as composting manure and bio- extract as well. ‡º“ø“ߢ⓫·≈–‡»…æ◊™‡æË¡‘ ‡ªìπ√Õâ ¬≈– 49 ·≈–¡§’ «“¡µâÕß°“√ In Suphanburi, many authorities constantly „Àâ√—∞ π—∫ πÿπ‡§√Ë◊Õß®—°√°≈°“√‡°…µ√ „π°“√∫√‘°“√√—∫®â“ß provide technical information and suggestion. From the ‰∂°≈∫‡æÕ◊Ë ·°‰â ¢ªí≠À“°“√‡º“ √«¡∑—ßÈ °“√„À⧫“¡√⟥â“π‡§√ÕË◊ ß survey of information from the farmers, it has found that ®°— √°≈‡°…µ√ µ≈Õ¥∂÷ß°“√„À⧫“¡√⟥“â πÕπ◊Ë Ê ‡™πà °“√∑”ª¬ÿÜ currently the rice paddy burning decreases from the À¡°— °“√∑”πÈ” °—¥™«’ ¿“楫⠬ overall burning (both straws and cobs), to burning only rice straws but leave cobs alone. Later, plough or soil „π®ß— À«¥—  æÿ √√≥∫√ÿ °’ ¡Á À’ ≈“¬Àπ«à ¬ß“π∑‡’Ë ¢“â ‰ª·π–π” ·≈– battering is done, and add microbes into the rice crop „À⧫“¡√âŸ∑“ß«‘™“°“√Õ¬à“ß ¡”Ë ‡ ¡Õ ·≈–®“°°“√ Õ∫∂“¡ for the help of decomposition. Leave it for 10-15 days, ¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ®“°‡°…µ√°√ æ∫«“à „πª®í ®∫ÿ π— °“√‡º“π“®–≈¥≈ß®“°‡§¬ then the process of sowing and transplanting rice ‡º“∑È—ßÀ¡¥ (ø“ß·≈–µÕ´—ß) ‡À≈◊Õ·§à°“√‡º“ø“ß∑‘Èß·µà‡À≈◊Õ seedlings begins. µÕ´—߉«â ®“°πÈ—π®–∑”°“√‰∂°≈∫À√◊Õµ’¥‘π ·≈–„ à®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å≈ß „π·ª≈ßπ“‡æË◊Õ™«à ¬„π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ ∑ȑ߉«ªâ √–¡“≥ 10-15 «—π As observed, farmers acknowledge the technical ®“°πÈ—π®÷ß∑”°“√À«à“π¢“â «À√Õ◊ ¥”𓉥â information provided by many agencies, and are able to reduce the burning of rice crop. However, the total ®–‡ÀÁπ«à“‡°…µ√°√°Á√—∫øíߧ«“¡√âŸ∑“ß«‘™“°“√∑Ë’À≈“¬ revamp of the new method of agriculture cannot be Àπ«à ¬ß“π‡¢“â ‰ª‡º¬·æ√à ·≈– “¡“√∂≈¥°“√‡º“æπÈ◊ ∑πË’ “‰¥â ‡æ¬’ ß done at once until the government agencies can show ·µà°“√∑’Ë®–‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß√Ÿª·∫∫°“√∑”‡°…µ√°√√¡Õ¬à“ß È‘π‡™‘ß them that if they donût use the technique of burning, ¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â µ√“∫®π°√–∑—ËßÀπ૬ߓπ∑“ß√“™°“√®– other practical, effective and fast alternative exists. The ∑”‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß„À⇰…µ√°√‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√‰¡à‡º“·≈â«„™â«‘∏’ÕË◊π‰¥âº≈ equipment too must be available, cheap, and cost-break ‰¡‡à  ¬’ ‡«≈“ ·≈–‡§√Õ◊Ë ß®°— √°≈∑„’Ë ™°â µÁ Õâ ߇欒 ßæÕ ·≈–√“§“‰¡·à æß even. What important is the alternative method to burning §ÿâ¡∑ÿπ¥â«¬ ∑Ë’ ”§—≠«‘∏’∑’Ë®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“„™â·∑π°“√‡º“µâÕß¡’°“√ should be adaptable to suit different agricultural areas ª√—∫‡ª≈Ë’¬π„À⇢⓰—∫æÈ◊π∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡∑Ë’‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π¢Õ߉∑¬ of Thailand. Consequently, farmers are convinced and ‡°…µ√°√®÷ß®–‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ·≈–‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß¡“∑”°“√‡°…µ√·∫∫‰¡à permanently change to practice agriculture without ‡º“π“Õ¬à“ß∂“«√ burning. Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. ·ºπ·¡∫à ∑·Àßà ™“µ‘ «“à ¥«â ¬°“√§«∫§¡ÿ °“√‡º“„π∑‚’Ë ≈ßà 1. The National Plan on the Control of Open Air Burning (°√¡§«∫§¡ÿ ¡≈æ‘…) (The Pollution Control Department) 2. «“√ “√‡°…µ√°√√¡ª≈Õ¥°“√‡º“ ª∑ï ’Ë 1. ©∫—∫∑Ë’ 2. 2. Non-Burning Agriculture magazine, Year 1, Volume 2 (°.§.-°.¬. 2547), ©∫∫— ∑’Ë 2 (July-September, 2004), Issue 1 44 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

„∫ÕÕà π ‡√¬’ ∫‡√¬’ ß‚¥¬ :  ¥ÿ “√—™  ß‘ À‚°«π‘ ∑å Young Leaf Compiled by : Sudarach Singhagowin ‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂Ë‘π ‡ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π‚§√ß°“√∑’Ë ”π—°ß“π °Õß∑ÿπ π∫—  ππÿ °“√«‘®¬— ( °«.) „Àâ°“√ π∫—  ππÿ ´ßË÷ ®–‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß „π°“√æ≤— π“»°— ¬¿“æ¢Õߧ√Ÿ ‚¥¬‡ª≈ˬ’ π«‘∏§’ ¥‘ ·≈–°“√‡√¬’ π°“√ Õπ ®“°§√Ÿ∑’ˇ§¬ Õπµ“¡·∫∫·ºπ·≈–‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„À⇪ìπ§√Ÿ„π∞“π– ºâŸ √â“ߧ«“¡√⟮“°∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ ‡æË◊Õ √â“ß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√⟠∑Ë’‡ªπì ª√–‡¥πÁ ∑Õâ ß∂Ë‘πÕ¬“à ß¡’ à«π√à«¡√–À«à“ß‚√߇√¬’ π°∫— ™¡ÿ ™π The local science project is among the funded projects of the Thailand Research Fund (TRF). The project is a guidance to develop the capacity of the teacher by transforming the thinking and teaching process. Formerly, the teacher gave the lesson on the basis of established patterns and contents. Now, the teacher becomes a creator of local knowledge through research projects, in order to build local scientific anecdotes with the participation between school and community. Youth and the Local Science Lessons ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 45

À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√âŸ∑âÕß∂Ë‘π §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ The main principle of local learning is for the teachers §πâ §«“â À“§«“¡√¥Ÿâ «â ¬µπ‡Õß ∑ßÈ— ®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈ßà §«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈– themselves to search for knowledge both from the ®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√⟠anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create  ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑È—ß„π‡√Ë◊ÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of «∂‘ ’™’«µ‘  ß— §¡ ·≈–«≤— π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ¥‘ Õ“«∏ÿ ∑“ߪí≠≠“ life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the „Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—° process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher «‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ through the research process where the teacher plays ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπÈ’πÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the √Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The Àπ«à ¬ß“π„πæπ◊È ∑·Ë’ ≈–ª√“™≠™å “«∫“â π ¥«â ¬§«“¡‡™Õ◊Ë ∑«Ë’ “à ‡¡Õ◊Ë knowledge gained not only comes from the local ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ anecdotes but also from different sources of ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√⟮“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ knowledge; be academicians, local government ·≈–‡¡Ë◊ÕπÈ—π‡¥Á°Ê ºâŸ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§´’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑Ë’‡ªìπ officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher °√–∫«π°“√§¥‘ ·∫∫«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«®‘ ¬— ∑‡Ë’ ¥°Á Ê is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained §ÿâπ‡§¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫ ç°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ and the learning processes are passed through to the µ≈Õ¥™«’ µ‘ é learner. The students then are vaccinated with the scientific process of thinking and the familiar research °“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° å®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπ process and they are able to apply such knowledge to µ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√Ë◊Õß√“«„π çleft-time learning.é ∑Õâ ß∂π‘Ë ¡“‡™Õ◊Ë ¡‚¬ß°∫— ‡πÕÈ◊ À“«™‘ “«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ßÿà ß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à The learning of physics from the local Lanna ‡ªπì ‡®“â ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™¥ÿ °“√‡√¬’ π√‡Ÿâ √ÕË◊ ß ¡∫µ— ·‘ ≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching ¢Õߧ≈πË◊ ‡ ¬’ ß®“°¢Õ߇≈πà æπ◊È ∫“â π¿¡Ÿ ª‘ ≠í À“≈“â ππ“ ´ß÷Ë ™¥ÿ °“√ lesson by relating local surrounding with the science. ‡√’¬π√âŸπÈ’‡ªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College, ∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of §≥ÿ ‰æ√√ßÿà ¡§’ «“¡ π„®‡√Õ◊Ë ß°“√∑√ßµ«— ·≈–°“√À¡πÿ ∑‰’Ë ¥ â ¡¥≈ÿ properties and the phenomena of sound wave through ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡Ë◊Õ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®– the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the ‡°‘¥‡ ¬’ ß ·µà∂“â À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥πÁ πÈ’ local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as, µÕâ ߉ª»°÷ …“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈ßà º≈µ‘ ´ß÷Ë §”µÕ∫∑‰’Ë ¥√â ∫— ¬ßË‘ ∑” the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is 46 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂Ë‘π∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“ interested in the balance and the balancing spin, ‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑Ë’„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æË◊Õ„À⇰‘¥°“√ particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise, ‡ ¬’ ¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°∫— √Ÿ ∑”„À⇰¥‘ ‡ ¬’ ߢÈπ÷ ‰¥â ∂Õ◊ ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπ they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise, æÈ◊π∫â“π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ Ë◊Õ§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â™—¥‡®π∑’Ë ÿ¥ the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research  “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµ”Ë ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have ·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’∑Ë ”„À⇰¥‘ ‡ ¬’ ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡ even been more respectful with the local intellect in the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡ the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√âŸ∑’˧‘¥¢È÷π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â wind to pass through, the friction between the wind »÷°…“‡√¬’ π√‡Ÿâ °’ˬ«°∫— ∏√√¡™“µ¥‘ «â ¬°“√»°÷ …“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ´Ëß÷ and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local ¡’Õ¬àŸ‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπ toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound À≈°—  µŸ √∑’‡Ë À¡“– ¡°∫— π—°‡√¬’ πµÈ—ß·µà ª.4 ∂ß÷ ª.6 „À‰â ¥√â Ÿâ∑—ßÈ wave, the high and low tone from the original source ç∑°— …–°“√‡≈¬È’ ßé ç«ß®√™«’ µ‘ é √«¡∂ß÷ ç√–∫∫π‡‘ «»¢Õß™“¬Ωßíò é of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble ·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕ¬ tone. π“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªπì º≈‘µ¿—≥±ªå √–®”µ”∫≈∫“â π·À≈¡¥«â ¬ The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school, ·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑Ë’®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°ÀπË÷ß™ÿ¥°“√ Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning cre- ‡√’¬π√⟥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑àÿ¡ ated for students to learn about nature through the Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑Ë’π’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√Ë‘¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓° study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem. µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µ‡à √¡‘Ë ®“°°Õߢ§È’ «“¬ ‡æÕ◊Ë »°÷ …“«“à ‡Àµ„ÿ ¥·¡≈ß„π The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom À¡Ÿ∫à “â π®ß÷ ≈¥≈ß °®‘ °√√¡∑ˇ’ ¥Á°Ê µÕâ ß∑”§Õ◊ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°∫Á 4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including µ—«Õ¬“à ß·¡≈ßæ√Õâ ¡Ê °—∫»°÷ …“¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈ ∑È—ß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the  Õ∫∂“¡‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ¡‘ ®“°§π„π™¡ÿ ™π ∑ß—È ¬ß— µÕâ ß»°÷ …“√“¬≈–‡Õ¬’ ¥ young people to regard the importance of oysters, a ¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥«â ¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™«’ ‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈àÿ¡°π— main product of Ban Laem sub-district. ‡≈¬’È ß·¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°∫Á µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´ß÷Ë Õ“»¬— Õ¬„Ÿà π ¢§È’ «“¬ ‡¥°Á ‡°¥‘ §«“¡ ß ¬— «“à ‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡π— ∂ß÷ ‡¢“â ‰ªÕ¬„Ÿà πππ—È 6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific ®÷ß𔉪 àŸ°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“° learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur °“√»°÷ …“∏√√¡™“µª‘ √–®”∑Õâ ß∂π‘Ë ·≈«â ‡™ÕË◊ ¡‚¬ß ∑àŸ ƒ…Ƶ’ “à ßÊ Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê  “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å science from the Element Table but from the pile of ∏√√¡™“µ‰‘ ¥âÕ¬à“ß¡‡’ Àµ¡ÿ º’ ≈ buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ « Ô 47

™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπ”È ¢Õß™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥ the village are decreasing. The activities these children °“√‡√’¬π√âŸ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢Õß had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the πÈ”µ°ª≈«‘ ∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ¢‘ Õß Õ.∑ßàÿ  ß ®.π§√»√∏’ √√¡√“™ information both through observation and from interviewing ´ßË÷ ∂Õ◊ ‰¥«â “à ‡ªπì ‡ ¡Õ◊ πÀÕâ ߇√¬’ π√∑Ÿâ “ß«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√ªå √–®”∑Õâ ß∂πË‘ additional information from the local community. Apart ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππ”È ¢Õß·¡àπ”È µ√—ß from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect ∑’ËÀ≈àÕ‡≈’Ȭߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æÈ◊π∑Ë’ „πÕ¥’µπÈ—π·¡àπ”È „  –Õ“¥ through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into  “¡“√∂„™â¥Ë◊¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬àŸ„°≈â groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect °—∫·À≈àßµπâ πÈ” °Õà „À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑Èß— §π„π™ÿ¡™π or collecting samples of the insects living inside the ¬ß— ¢“¥§«“¡√⟧«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’¬Ë «°∫— °“√®—¥°“√π”È ™¥ÿ °“√‡√’¬π√⟠buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬Ë‘ß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure  ‘Ëß∑Ë’‡¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√âŸ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—ß of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings, ‰¥√â ∫— ª√– ∫°“√≥µå √ß ∑°— …– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«®‘ ¬— °“√∫π— ∑°÷ it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the °“√«‡‘ §√“–Àå ´ßË÷ ‰¡„à ™‡à ªπì °“√∑Õà ß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥¡‘ ÊÕ°’ ·≈«â children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably. πÕ°®“°πÈ’‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ∑¥Ë’ µ’ Õà °π— ‡æ√“–∂“â π°— ‡√¬’ π‡¢“Õ¬“°√‡âŸ √Õ◊Ë ßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π The learning set of the community quality of „π™¡ÿ ™π ∫“ß∑§’ π„π™¡ÿ ™π°∂Á “¡„π ß‘Ë ∑‡’Ë ¥°Á Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“ water is another scientific learning through the study of ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈ˬ’ π‡√¬’ π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°π— ·≈–°π— ·≈–∑’ Ë ”§—≠§π Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong, „π™¡ÿ ™π°‡Á √¡‘Ë ‡ÀπÁ §«“¡ ”§≠— ¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Àßà π¡È’ “°¢π÷È º≈®“° Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew °“√‡√¬’ π√â·Ÿ ≈–»°÷ …“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À‡â ¥Á°Ê waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing ‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“ the people in the area. The water of the river was once ‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√®–¡’°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√âÕ¡°—∫√à“ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’Ë so pure that it could be consumed directly. However, πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢È÷π‡ªìπ§√È—ß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑Ë’¬—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑” since there are many factories located nearby, the ¡“°àÕπ„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘ water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people °“√æ∫ª≈“µÀŸ π“´ß÷Ë ‡ªπì ª≈“∑‡Ë’ ®√≠‘ ‡µ∫‘ ‚µ‰¥¥â „’ π∫√‡‘ «≥πÈ”πß‘Ë still lack knowledge of water management in the À√Õ◊ ª“É æ√ÿ‡¢“°‰Á ª»°÷ …“À“¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ·≈–§πâ æ∫«“à ¡π— „°≈ â ≠Ÿ æπ— ∏ÿå community. As a result, this learning set of the community ‡µÁ¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπ quality of water poses its importance for this community. ªí®®∫ÿ —π·ºπ∑Ë ’ “¬π”È µ°ª≈«‘ ∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢È÷ππÈ’  ∂“∫π— ‡∑§‚π- The children not only learn science, but they will also ‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ gain direct experience, skills, and the process of research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer 48 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

 à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑Ë’π’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old ‡ πâ ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈«‘ ‰¥¥â «â ¬ lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship be- tween children and community people because the °“√„À⧫“¡√⟷°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√ students will ask the community people of what they ‡√’¬π√∑Ÿâ “ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àµâ ”√“«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the À√◊Õ‡πÈ◊ÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µ“à ßÊ ¡’™«’ ‘µ¢πÈ÷ ¡“ „Àæâ «°‡¢“‰¥‡â √’¬π√Ÿâ community ask the students of what they have learnt, Õ¬à“ß πÿ° π“π·≈â« ¬—ߪ≈Ÿ°Ωíß ”π÷°√—°…å∏√√¡™“µ‘ generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves. °“√ —߇°µ °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ More important is that the community sees the value of °“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æË◊Õ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„® the river more. The result of learning and study of the »“ µ√æå ◊πÈ ∫“â π ·≈–‡°¥‘ °“√‡§“√æ√—°∂Ë‘π∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create ™ÿ ¡ ™ π ‡ °‘ ¥ · π « §‘ ¥„ π ° “ √ æ— ≤ π “ ° “ √ ‡ √’ ¬ π ° “ √   Õ π„ Àâ other activities. They thought that there should be a  Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵 map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first ¢Õß™“µ‘§ß¡’Õπÿ™π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑Ë’√—°·≈–Àà«ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥∑’ Õâ ß∂Ëπ‘ Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ the map, they put the remarks on such things as the discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well  π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æË‘¡‡µ¡‘ ‰¥∑â Ë’ in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they ‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√∑å âÕß∂Ë‘π looked into the information and found that itûs almost  ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π∫—  πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conser- ‡≈¢∑Ë’ 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ  ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™π—È 14 vation in the community. Today, the Technology ∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏π‘ ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑ Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 further study and the local administration is able to use ‚∑√»æ— ∑å 0-2298-0455-72 the map to develop the community along the path of Pliew waterfall, too. For more information, please contact: The Local Science Project To educate the children and youth through the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), natural learning process not only revives the scientific 14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd., textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400 learning science a fun way, and cultivates the Tel: 0-2298-0455-72 awareness of loving nature, observation, recording, analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their own community, to understand the local sciences, and the love for the community. If many communities develop the learning process through nature, the future of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation who definitely love and care for their nature, along with local cultures and traditions. Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. ™¡ÿ ™π®¥— °“√§«“¡√,⟠‚§√ß°“√»πŸ ¬°å ≈“ߧ«“¡√·âŸ Àßà ™“µ‘ 1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand (Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√, Àπâ“ 102, Communication Technology, page 102, 2004 æ.». 2547 ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 49

À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√âŸ∑âÕß∂Ë‘π §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ The main principle of local learning is for the teachers §πâ §«“â À“§«“¡√¥Ÿâ «â ¬µπ‡Õß ∑ßÈ— ®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈ßà §«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈– themselves to search for knowledge both from the ®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√⟠anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create  ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑È—ß„π‡√Ë◊ÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of «∂‘ ’™’«µ‘  ß— §¡ ·≈–«≤— π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ¥‘ Õ“«∏ÿ ∑“ߪí≠≠“ life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the „Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—° process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher «‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ through the research process where the teacher plays ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπÈ’πÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the √Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The Àπ«à ¬ß“π„πæπ◊È ∑·Ë’ ≈–ª√“™≠™å “«∫“â π ¥«â ¬§«“¡‡™Õ◊Ë ∑«Ë’ “à ‡¡Õ◊Ë knowledge gained not only comes from the local ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ anecdotes but also from different sources of ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√⟮“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ knowledge; be academicians, local government ·≈–‡¡Ë◊ÕπÈ—π‡¥Á°Ê ºâŸ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§´’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑Ë’‡ªìπ officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher °√–∫«π°“√§¥‘ ·∫∫«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«®‘ ¬— ∑‡Ë’ ¥°Á Ê is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained §ÿâπ‡§¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫ ç°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ and the learning processes are passed through to the µ≈Õ¥™«’ µ‘ é learner. The students then are vaccinated with the scientific process of thinking and the familiar research °“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° å®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπ process and they are able to apply such knowledge to µ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√Ë◊Õß√“«„π çleft-time learning.é ∑Õâ ß∂π‘Ë ¡“‡™Õ◊Ë ¡‚¬ß°∫— ‡πÕÈ◊ À“«™‘ “«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ßÿà ß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à The learning of physics from the local Lanna ‡ªπì ‡®“â ¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™¥ÿ °“√‡√¬’ π√‡Ÿâ √ÕË◊ ß ¡∫µ— ·‘ ≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching ¢Õߧ≈πË◊ ‡ ¬’ ß®“°¢Õ߇≈πà æπ◊È ∫“â π¿¡Ÿ ª‘ ≠í À“≈“â ππ“ ´ß÷Ë ™¥ÿ °“√ lesson by relating local surrounding with the science. ‡√’¬π√âŸπÈ’‡ªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College, ∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of §≥ÿ ‰æ√√ßÿà ¡§’ «“¡ π„®‡√Õ◊Ë ß°“√∑√ßµ«— ·≈–°“√À¡πÿ ∑‰’Ë ¥ â ¡¥≈ÿ properties and the phenomena of sound wave through ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡Ë◊Õ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®– the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the ‡°‘¥‡ ¬’ ß ·µà∂“â À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥πÁ πÈ’ local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as, µÕâ ߉ª»°÷ …“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈ßà º≈µ‘ ´ß÷Ë §”µÕ∫∑‰’Ë ¥√â ∫— ¬ßË‘ ∑” the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is 46 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «