ຄະນິດສາດ_Math

#D 9q’j 0Po-njgfnvo8jk’M8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,afD d=]tdqf 7 8 {{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{ 9 daopk rbfltrk 6 {{{{{{{{{{{ {{{{{{{{{{{ 4 11 {{{{{{{{{{{ 5 10 ,uok 3 12 mao;k {{{{{{{{{{{ 2 ,a’dvo 1 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ♦ gfnvo,a’dvoF ,uokF rbfltrkF d=]tdqfF ly’skF 85]kF mao;k ,u #! ;aoD ♦ gfnvog,lk F ,y45ok F daopk F rt9yd ,u #W ;aoD ♦ le]a[gfnvod5,rk ,u @) ;ao X 7q[Iv[ $ xu .f 9t,u @_ ;ao?D $D 9qj’8v[7e4k,]5j,oUD ♦ 9q’j [vd-njgfnvomu @F gfnvomu $F gfnvomu *F gfnvomu )F gfnvomu !W c]t gfnvomu !@D ♦ gfnvo.f,u #! ;ao L ♦ gfnvo.f,u #W ;ao L ♦ gfnvo.f,u @) ;ao s^n @_ ;ao L 94

&D 9q’j 0Po-njc8j]t7qo.lj8k8t]k’.shdq’da[gfnvogdufD -nj gfnvogduf 0hvpgdufgfnvo,uok @ # 0hvpgdufgfnvodaopk ! !W & mhk; lk]u 0hvpgdufgfnvo !@ ok’ ou mevyf0v’xu ) mhk; 7ervo * 0hvpgdufgfnvo ( g,lk _ !! $ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0hvpgdufgfnvo 0hvpgdufgfnvo ,u45ok l5fmhkp0v’xu mhk; lq,\\kp ok’ ,touw] ok’ cl’gfnvo 0hvpgdufgfnvo 0hvpgdufgfnvo rbfltrk 0hvpgdufgfnvo d5,rk 85]k ok’ ]5o 0hvpgdufgfnvo ok’ g4qkcdh; mhk; ;jk’86j 0hvpgdufgfnvo ly’sk rt9yd 0hvpgdufgfnvo d=]tdqf mhk; ]k;g1 ok’ lyo mhk; ,uw- 95

*D 9qj’0ufglAo9vj ’;aomu.ljda[;aole7ao8jk’M 3fpoe.-hxt8ymyo-;j pD @W ,a’dvo ;aolt4kxtok lDxDxD ]k; ) ,uok ;aolhk’8A’radxt-k-qoxt8y;af]k; ! rbfltrk ;aolhk’8A’dv’ma[ @ mao;k ;aoxtdkfgvdt]kf ( 85]k ;aoc,jpy’lkdqo @@ ,uok ;aogfadohvplkdqo ! ,y45ok ;ao76cs’j -kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !@ 85]k ;aode,tdvolkdqo (D 9qj’la’gdfxt8ymyo]5,j oUc]h;8v[7e4k,D gfnvo g,lk $ xu @WW* ♦ ;aomu ! 0v’gfnvooUc,oj ;aospa’L myf 9ao 7ko r5f rtsaf l5d glqk ♦ ;aomul5fmhkp 0v’gfnvooUc,jo @_ !# W !$ ! !&@ ! *# !($ !) ;aospa’ c]t ;aomugmqjk.f L @W !& ♦ ;aomu !$ {!& {!* 0v’gfnvooU @!# #W* @! $( @! &) !@_* @( @! @@ @) @_ c,oj ;aospa’ c]tdq’da[[5ospa’L ♦ .ogfnvooU,u9ad;ao L !$F !&F !* xu.\\]j k; 96

[qfmu 33 dko76oda[ !W !D dko7yfw]jzqo76o3fpzjkodko76oda[ !W c,jortpkpk,gIaf .sh,u !W x !W grkt,aoltf;d.odko7yfw]jD 10 4 10 5 10 x 10 = 100 10 x10 = 100 10 x 5 = 50 10 x 4 = 40 10 10 2 2 x10 = 20 2 x 5 = 10 14x10 = 10 x 10 + 10 x 4 = 140 15x12 = 10x10+5x10+2x10+5x2 = 180 @D 9q’j 7yfw]j9eo;o.lj8kdk3i]5,j oUD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D mhk; [5o,u x6dzadlts^afwfh !) c4;M]t !W 8QoF ok’ 9aofu x6dwfh !@ c4;M]t !W 8QoD 4k,;kj c8j]t7qox6dzadlts^afwfh9ad8QoD 97

$D 9q’j 7yfw]8j k,mudj eoqf.shD (15 x 10) + (32 x 10) + (8 x 10) (16 x 10) + (45 x 10) + (5 x 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25 x 10) + (13 x 10) + (5 x 3) (32 x 10) + (16 x 10) + (4 x 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ . . . . . . &D 9q’j 7yfw]jD 1 5 5 2 4 2 4 5 5 8 x x x x x 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 8 3 6 4 9 5 3 6 x x x x x 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 D D D D D D D D D D D D DDD 98

*D 9q’j 7yfw]Dj x 10 x 10 x 10 7 ... 9 ... 5 ... 8 ... 11 ... 12 ... 10 ... 13 ... 14 ... 12 ... 18 ... 26 ... 15 ... 24 ... 45 ... x 2 x 10 x 3 x 10 24 . . . . . . 13 . . . ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ... 23 . . . . . . 21 . . . ... 32 . . . . . . 43 . . . ... 41 . . . . . . 52 . . . ... 62 . . . . . . 70 . . . ... (D \\kddhP’|j;p|bj’]k7k !W du[D 9q’j 0Po]k7k8nj,.l8j k 8t]k’D 9eo;o\\kd ! $ !W $W && (W )& !WW dhP’X|;j p? ]k7k Xdu[? !W 99

)D 9qj’0Pozqo76o8n,j .l8j kmu;j jk’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 _D 9qj’7yfw]j8k,8q;1kj ’D 14 x 10 = 10 x 10 + 10 x 4 12 x 10 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 x 10 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 x 10 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 x 10 = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !WD ]5’7e,ux6d8Qo,;j ’ !@ c4;M]t !# 8Qo.4k,;jk]k;x6d8Qo ,j;’wfhma’\\qf9ad8Qo L 100

[qfmu 34 dkoc9d1kp0v’dko76o !D 9q’j la’gdfdkooaj’0v’oadIPo c]t dko0Po9eo;ooadIPo gxaolv’I6[c[[D dko0Po9eo;ogxaolv’I6[c[[gIaffa’j oU G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ X$V#?TX&V#?S _V# gryoj .sh]k7kg7njv’fa’j oU G \\kdok; zadlts^af ]k7k|;j p]t *& du[ ]k7k8Qo]t _( du[ 9qj’0Po]kp9jkpc8]j tvaogxaolv’I6[c[[.lxj B,0PoD 101

@D 9q’j 0Po8nj,.l[j vj o9Eg,af3fpvu’.ljczo0Ao8vodko7yfw]jD 10 4 !$ V _ = X!W T $ ? V _ = X!WV _ ? T X $ V DDDD ? = DDDDDD T DDDDDD = DDDDDD 9 _ V $ !W V _ #D 9qj’oe.-hczo0Ao8vodko7yfw]jgrnvj -vdzqodko7yfw]Dj !W * @W & $W ( )* _ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #W @ #W $ $W & & ( $ !* V ) = X!W T *? V ) = X!W V )? T X* V )? = )W T $) T !@) @& V * = X@W T & ?V * = X@W V *? T X& V DDDD? = DDDD T DDDD T DDDD $( V _ = X$W T (? V _ = X$W VDDDD? T X( V DDDD ?= DDDD T DDDD T DDDD #@ V & = X#W T @? V & = XDDDD V &? T X DDDD V DDDD?= DDDDT DDDD T DDDD #$ V ( = X#W T $? V ( = XDDDD V DDDD? T XDDDD VDDDD ?= DDDD T DDDD T DDDD $& V $ = ($W T &? V $ = XDDDD V DDDD? T XDDDD VDDDD? = DDDD T DDDD T DDDD 102

$D 9q’j la’gdfczo0Ao8vodko7yfw]]j 5j,oU G !W ) @W $ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ X czo0Ao8vodko7yfw]j ? 9q’j oe.-hczo0Ao8vodko7yfw]j grnvj 0Po8bj,.lj8k8t]k’ 9qj’7yfw]jzqo76o @$ V!) 3fpoe.-h dko7yfw]j16j]5j,oU-j;p G * X @W V !W ? + X @W V ) ? + 20 x10 ...x... X DDDD V DDDD ? + X DDDD V DDDD ? . . . x . . . 4 x 8 * @$ V !) = X @W + $ ? V X !W + ) ? = DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD &D 76lvo xD@ -NxB,0Po @# sq;F sq;]t !WW du[D 4k,;kj gryoj 8hv’ 9jkpg’yoma’\\qfgmqjk.f L 103

*D 9qj’7yfw]]j k7kly’j 0v’c8]j t-toyfc]h;0Po8b,j .lj8k8t]k’ ]kpdko 9eo;o ]k7ksq;|;j p ]k7kma’\\qf g9hps+xB, ) !&W DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD l=fe * &W DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD xB,vjko @ @WW DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD xB,0Po !W !&W DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD [aomaf & (W DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ];, DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ (D 9qj’7yfw]jD # W $( #* &@ @ & x x x x x !& @$ #& $! !@ D D D D D D D D D DDD D D D )D 16j3I’IPoxt4q,csj’|jb’ wfh9afc4;.shoadIPosafdkp shv’ xD! 9afgxao * c4;M ]t !& 7qoF shv’ xD@ 9afgxao & c4;M ]t !# 7qoD 4k,;jkoadIPosafdkp,uma’\\qf9ad7qo L 104

[qfmu 35 g8adoyddko76o !D 9qj’oe.-h8kdk3igrnjv7yfw]zj qo76oD 4 x 5 = 20; 3 x 5 = 15; 5 x 7 = . . . . 6 x 4 = . . . . .; 9 x 2 = . . . . .; 3 x 8 = . . . . . ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 3 4 2 5 2 4 5 1 x x x x x x x x 4 3 5 1 2 1 2 . . . 2 4 2 1 5 @D 9qj’7yfw]zj qo76oD ... ... . . . . . . . . . 10 2 20 20 x 10 = 20 x 2 = 20 x 12 = (20 x 10) + (20 x 2); 200 40 = 200 + 40 = . . . . . . . 3 3 x 10 = 3 x 2 = 3 x 12 = (3 x 10) + (3 x 2 ); 30 6 = 30 + 6 = . . . . . . . 23 x 12 = . . . . . . . 105

#D 9qj’la’gdfczo0Ao8vodko7yfw]jc]h;0ufvhv,[jvozyfD 20 70 10 8 40 9 50 50 x 20 50 x 7 80 8 x 10 80 x 8 30 30 x 40 30 x 9 8 8 x 2 8 x 7 2 2 x 10 2 x 80 7 7 x 40 7 x 90 40 7 30 6 90 9 20 2 x 40 20 x 7 10 10 x 30 1 x 6 60 60 x 90 60 x 9 5 5 x 40 5 x 7 4 4 x 30 4 x 6 2 2 x 9 2 x 9 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ $D 9qj’7yfw]Dj 2 7 3 4 7 3 4 3 5 0 x x x x x 3 5 2 6 7 DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD 1 5 2 1 3 1 2 4 4 2 x x x x x 1 2 1 3 1 6 1 1 2 3 DDD DDD DDD DDD D D D 106

&D 9q’j la’gdfc]h;0Po8nj,.lj[vj o9Eg,afL 40 6 30 ... x ... ... x ... 30 x 46 = ( . . . x . . . ) + ( . . . x . . . ) =1200 =180 = 1200 + 180 = . . . . 7 ... x ... ... x ... 7 x 46 = ( . . . x . . . ) + ( . . . x . . . ) =280 =42 = 280 + 42 = . . . . ♦ .shoe.-h8k8t]k’dko7yfw]0j hk’gmy’oAogrnjv0Po8nj,.ljD 40 6 4 6 30 ... x ... ... x ... x =....... =....... 3 7 7 x 46 7 ... x ... ... x ... .... 30 x 46 . . . . 37 x 46 =....... . . . . ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ =...... *D 0hvp,ug’yo !WWW du[F 0hvp9tlk,kfg]nvd-Nly’j 0v’c8j]t-t oyf8k,9eo;omudj eoqf.sh8+wxoUwfh s^n [+wfh L xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf @ sq;F -NxB, s^nD wfh [+wfh v5xtdvovnoj MD sq;]t &&W du[ w,h[aomaf # vaoF xB,7toyflkfD vao]t !&W du[D xB,c[[IPorklk w,h[aomafD ]k; @ sq;F sq;]t &WW du[D xB,0Po xB,rklk]k;D !W sq;F sq;]t #WW du[D l=fe # dhkoF xB,0PoD dhko]t !WW du[D l=feD 107

(D 0hvpx6d8Qo\\kdg0nvgxaoc4;M]t & 8QoF 9q’j -vdsk9eo;o8Qo \\kdg0nv.oc8]j td=]tou]5,j oUG 9eo;oc4; ! # & !W @& #W $W *& !WW !W& 9eo;o8Qo & \\kdg0nv )D 9q’j la’gdfc]h;0Po9eo;o]5,j oU8k,8q;1kj ’D 724 = ( 7 x 100 ) + ( 2 x 10 ) + ( 4 x 1 ) 846 = 768 = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 375 = 613 = 519 = _D 9qj’8A’[A’g]d]5,j oUc]h;7yfw]jD 25 x 17 45 x 33 31 x 24 56 x 14 42 x 21 72 x 25 63 x 32 43 x 37 35 x 32 61 x 44 108

[qfmu 36 dko7eo;o # xtdko !D dko[;dD T ( ( *W T #$ (@ ) T#* ( _ dD 9qj’7yfw]jD & & $ @ DDDD DDDD DDDDD T$ ! ) $$ T& W$ *( DDDD DDDD 0D 9q’j 0Po8n,j .lj[jvo9Eg,afD TD# *D D@ T &D *D !D T D) D *D T! D* D $ T & D D_ $ & D $D ( @ ) _ W ! ! W W $ ! _ W * ( $ ( ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7D 9q’j la’gdfczomucj ]h;0Po8n,j .l[j vj o9Eg,afD ♦ glahomk’c8jot7vos^;’;P’9aosk mkj c0dD s #^;)’$rdt , [k’ ♦ ,u G !&W d, T !_# d, = #$# d, glAomk’c8js^;’rt[k’skxkd-aoD o t7v o s ^;!’ &; W P’d 9,xao k d! -_ao# dlm!,t@jks( c;d0ao ,dotg0 f ♦ ,u G D D D TD D D = D D D glAomk’c8jxkd-aosklts;aootg0fD ,u G D D D T D D D = D D D ♦ glahomk’c8oj t7vos^;’;P’9aosk lts;aootg0fD \\ kpgs fG d , = dy3]c ,afD ,u G D D D T D D D = D D D 109

’D mhk; 7elu l6’ !!) -a’8uc,af S lj;ovhkp0v’]k;l6’]njo #W ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -a’8uc,afD 4k,;jk vhkp]k;l6’gmqjk.f L 9D mhk; ]u1q’ da[ mhk; cv s^Uo[ujoedaoD mhk; cv glp\\kd[ujwx !@ |;j p pa’gs^nvrP’ !& |j;pD 4k,;kj dvj odkos^Uo mhk; cv,u |kd[u9j ad|;j p L @D dko]q[D dD 9qj’0Po8n,j .l8j kmu;j jk’D 20 38 45 49 83 90 98 103 210 - 5 15 59 73 84 96 102 224 235 356 725 - 10 0D 9qj’7yfw]jD -!& @* - $ *) & - ) & _( - @& ) *# - @! ) ( D D D $ @ ! $ _ D D D D D D D D D D D D DDDD -!( D & $@ D - &_D W& D ) - !*D ( WWD -$& D $ )WD - D#( W @ #D *D _D @D #D #D 110

7D mhk; lq,lu gvqkg’yo.shg9Qk0v’Ihko grnjv9jkp7jkxB,0Poສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 9eo;o !#WW du[ c]t g9Qk0v’Ihkomvog’yo.sh]k; @&W du[D 4k,;kj xB,]k7kgmqjk.f L ’D c,j0hvpgvqk\\kdoafwx0kp $@W |j;p 8vog-Qkwfh0kp *& |;j pS 8voc]’wfh0kp )# |j;pD 4k,;jk \\kdoaf pa’gs^nv9ad|;j p L #D dko76oD dD 9qj’0Po8n,j .l8j kmu;j kj ’ 3 4 5 6 7 10 12 20 21 32 x4 4 9 10 20 30 x2 6 14 22 24 46 4 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 20 42 x5 20 5 6 10 20 24 100 x3 15 9 12 21 90 111

0D 9qj’7yfw]Dj x @ () x #@ !* x $ !@ x !) #$ x @$ W ! @ W DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD * #! $ #_ $ @& x *@ $& x *@ @ x # x ! x # # D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 7D 9qj’oe.-hdko7eo;o + ; – ; V c]t oe.-hc8j]t9eo;o mujdeoqf.shoAowfhgmnjvfP;grnjv7yfw]j.shwfh9eo;o muj8hv’dko -vdskD 9eo;o 9eo;omu8j hv’ dko7yfw]jສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mujdeoqf.sh dko-vdsk $ S & S ! !_ $ V & = @W c]t @W { != !_ ( S # S & * S & S # &W !@ S @ S $ ## !W S & S # $W @W S #W S @ $( !WW 112

[qfmu 37 m;o7nodko7eo;o # xtdko !D 9qj’0Po8nj,.l8j k8t]k’D 16 33 38 70 4 96 19 59 78 100 + 9 25 9 76 21 33 85 68 + 2 11 10 34 46 82 15 23 30 72 84 22 45 59 67 100 -10 25 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 10 13 15 20 34 - 4 6 2 10 13 25 94 12 20 6 9 15 33 21 45 51 36 x 5 60 7 4 6 12 24 x 3 21 24 15 21 30 60 113

@D 9qj’7yfw]Dj 3 7 6 2 8 5 3 4 5 2 6 2 4 5 2 + + + + + 2 8 1 2 4 1 2 5 3 2 8 4 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 5 2 3 2 2 4 4 7 5 3 2 0 - - - - - 9 8 2 1 3 1 2 8 2 3 9 1 2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 2 8 3 3 5 5 4 3 x x x x x 5 2 4 1 2 3 6 2 5 DDD D D D D D D D D D DDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D 9q’j 0Po8nj,.l[j vj o9Eg,afD 38 7A’mu ! 47 7A’mu @ 24 7A’mu # 53 7A’mu $ 65 DDDDD D D D D D D D D D D _ T!!W D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D DDDDD 437 547 247 127 107 267 6 x 2 x 4 x5 x 4 x5 72 25 114

$D 9qj’0Po8n,j .lj[vj o9Eg,afD 4 5 1 3 2 3 6 8 9 0 0 7 4 2 + . . + . . . + . . . + . . . + . . . 5 6 7 8 2 4 7 7 3 1 8 8 6 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - 9 6 1 3 8 5 7 2 2 6 6 2 4 2 9 2 3 2 7 3 2 2 4 0 8 6 5 4 8 9 x2 x4 2 x 6 12 x... x...3 x10 30 4 x.. 20 x . . .ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ x . . . x 8 x 8 20 12 32 x... x... 21 x 10 x . . . 12 16 7 x 4 28 6 x. . . 8 x... 30 40 54 70 64 &D 7v[7q;0v’0hvp]hP’wdjrao )@& 38S 0kpvvdwxc]h; *&W 38. 4k,;jk wdjraopa’gs^nv9ad38 L *D mhk; lq,fu ,ug’yo !&WW du[S l;j ovhkp0v’]k;,us^kpd;kj &WW du[. 4k,;kj vhkp0v’]k;,ug’yoma’\\qfgmqjk.f L 115

(D g9apczjo.f,u9eo;o8kdk3is^kpd;jk c]t s^kpd;kj gmqkj .fL 13 6 8 12 9 20 )D 9q’j 7yfw]Dj 3 x 9 - 10 = . . . . . . ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 4 x 10 - 5 = . . . . . . 3 x 8 + 10 = . . . . . 5 x 9 - 6 = . . . . . . 4 x 9 + 14 = . . . . . 6 x 8 - 9 = . . . . . . 5 x 10 + 60 = . . . . . 9 x 5 - 12 = . . . . . . 6 x 10 + 5 = . . . . . 7 x 5 + 10 = . . . . . _D 9q’j 0ufvhv,gvqk;ymu7yfw]mj u4j nd8hvj ’D ♦ \\kds5j’|ad )&W dik,F \\kd3,|add;jk \\kds5j’ !&W dik,D 4k,;kj \\kd3,|adgmqjk.f L dG )&W T !&WS 0G )&W { !&WS 7G )&W x !&W ♦ ok’ lufk -N|a’lnry, @WWW du[ z6h0kpmvog’yo.sh]k; &WW du[D 4k,;jk |a’lnru,]k7kgmqkj .f L dG @WWW T &WWS 0G @WWW { &WWS 7G @WWW x &WW 116

[qfmu 38 dkoc[’j gxaolj;o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 9q’j la’gdfI6[]5,j oU c]t [vd;xjkc8j]tI6[c[j’gxao9adl;j oD dD 0D 7D CD 9D lD -D @D I6[]5j,oUgxaodkoc[j’lj;omugj mqjkdaoD 117

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D I6[]5,joUgxaodkoc[j’lj;omu[j +gmqjkdaoD $D 9qj’[vdI6[mujgxaodkoc[’j l;j omugj mqjkdaoD dD 0D 7D CD 9D &D 9q’j [vdI6[mugj xaodkoc[j’lj;omuj[+gmqjkdaoD 118

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$D 9qj’0Po9eo;o8nj,.l[j jvo9Eg,afD 2 x 6 = 12 2 x 3 = . . . 2 x 4 = . . . 6 : 2 = . . . 8 : 2 = . . . 12 : 2 = 6 2 x 8 = . . . 2 x 9 = . . . 16 : 2 = . . . 18 : 2 = . . . 2 x 7 = . . . 14 : 2 = . . . 2 2 4 2 1 6 2 2 1 0 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 1 8 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 121

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$D 9qj’8nj,9eo;o.lj8k8t]k’3fpoe.-hl6f76o c]t l6fskoD 2 x 1 = 2 2 G 2 = 1 2 x 6 = 12 12 G 2 = 6 2 x 2 = 4 4 G 2 = 2 2 x 7 = 14 14 G 2 = 7 2 x 3 = 6 6 G 2 = 3 2 x 8 = 16 16 G 2 = 8 2 x 4 = 8 8 G 2 = 4 2 x 9 = 18 18 G 2 = 9 2 x 5 = 10 10 G 2 = 5 2 x 10 = 20 20 G 2 = 10 &D 9qj’7yfw]j3fpoe.-hl6f76o c]t l6fskoD g]dsko 8q;8A’sko 8q;sko zqoskoສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8 G 2 = 4 10 G 2 = 8 2 4 14 G 2 = 16 G 2 = 18 G 2 = 20 G 2 = 4 2 6 2 8 2 1 0 2 1 2 2 - 4 1 4 2 1 6 2 1 8 2 2 0 2 2 2 123

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#D 9qj’8nj,.l8j k8t]k’3fpoe.-hl6f76o c]t l6fskoD g]d76o g]dsko 8q;8A’sko 8q;sko zqosko 3 x 2 = 6 6 ÷ 3 = 2 6 3 2 3 x 3 = 9 9 ÷ 3 = 3 3 x 4 = 12 3 x 5 = 15 3 x 6 = 18 3 x 7 = 21 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 3 x 8 = 24 $D oadIPoshv’ xD@ ,u !& 7qo 4hkc[’j vvdgxaolk,95gmqjkdaoD 4k,;jk c8]j t95,u9ad7qo L &D ok’ [5o,k ,u\\kddh;p @$ |j;p ]k;c[j’vvdgxao # dv’gmqjk daoD 4k,;kj c8]j tdv’,u\\kddh;p9ad|;j p L *D mhk; cs;omv’ ,u g’yo.[ !W du[ #.[S 9eo;og’yofa’j dkj ;oAo]k; gvqkwx-Ng0Qk|q,wfh # dhvoD 4k,;j kg0Qk|q,c8j]tdhvo]k7k gmqjk.f L 125

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[qfmu 43 dkosko.sh (S )S _S !W !D l6f76o c]t l6fskoD 7 x 1 = 7 7 : 7 = 1 8 x 1 = 8 8 : 8 = 1 7 x 2 = 14 14 : 7 = 2 8 x 2 = 16 16 : 8 = 2 7 x 3 = 21 21 : 7 = 3 8 x 3 = 24 24 : 8 = 3 7 x 4 = 28 28 : 7 = 4 8 x 4 = 32 32 : 8 = 4 7 x 5 = 35 35 : 7 = 5 8 x 5 = 40 40 : 8 = 5 7 x 6 = 42 42 : 7 = 6 8 x 6 = 48 48 : 8 = 6 7 x 7 = 49 49 : 7 = 7 8 x 7 = 56 56 : 8 = 7 7 x 8 = 56 56 : 7 = 8 8 x 8 = 64 64 : 8 = 8 7 x 9 = 63 63 : 7 = 9 8 x 9 = 72 72 : 8 = 9 7 x 10 = 70 70 : 7 = 10 8 x 10 = 80 80 : 8 = 10 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 9 x 1 = 9 9 : 9 = 1 10 x 1 = 10 10 : 8 = 1 9 x 2 = 18 18 : 9 = 2 10 x 2 = 20 20 : 8 = 2 9 x 3 = 27 27 : 9 = 3 10 x 3 = 30 30 : 8 = 3 9 x 4 = 36 36 : 9 = 4 10 x 4 = 40 40 : 8 = 4 9 x 5 = 45 45 : 9 = 5 10 x 5 = 50 50 : 8 = 5 9 x 6 = 54 54 : 9 = 6 10 x 6 = 60 60 : 8 = 6 9 x 7 = 63 63 : 9 = 7 10 x 7 = 70 70 : 8 = 7 9 x 8 = 72 72 : 9 = 8 10 x 8 = 80 80 : 8 = 8 9 x 9 = 81 81 : 9 = 9 10 x 9 = 90 90 : 8 = 9 9 x 10 = 90 90 : 9 = 10 10 x 10 = 100 100 : 10 =10 128

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#D 9qj’la’gdf8q;1kj ’c]h;0Po8nj,.l8j k8t]k’]5j,oUD 9eo;o 9eo;o0Pogxao8q; dko0Po9eo;o.oI6[c[[ |a’ln X7evjko? dt9kp0v’dko[;d lk,raog9afIhvpgdQk #WWW T (WW T _ #(W_ @$@! lurj ao-k;cxf _WW T &W T ) &W(W ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !@$* $D 9q’j la’gdfc]h;0Po8n,j .l[j vj o9Eg,af.shwfhc4;]t & 9eo;oD 450 460 470 480 490 300 400 500 . . . . . . 920 940 960 . . . . . . 1 000 1 200 1 400 ... ... 75 65 55 . . . . . . 550 500 450 . . . . . . 133

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(D 9qj’la’gdfc]h;0Po8nj,.lj[vj o9Eg,afD 37 1 3 21 27 11 )D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o]5j,oUD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!)W! D _& S &_ S !!) S !W)! S _W& S @#$ D c8|j hvpsks^kpD . . . < . . . < . . .< . . .< . . .< . . . (* S !W* S _*W S !W*( S &)$ S c8js^kpsk|hvpD . . . > . . . > . . . > . . . > . . . > . . . _D 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;o]5j,oU3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp > ; < ; = . 2 0 0 . . . . . 2 1 5 9 7 5 . . . . . 9 7 5 8 2 0 . . . . . 8 2 5 2 7 5 . . . . . 2 5 7 1 8 2 . . . . . 1 2 8 6 4 8 . . . . . 6 4 5 2 1 2 . . . . . 2 1 2 6 5 6 . . . . . 6 6 5 7 0 5 . . . . . 7 1 5 9 0 9 . . . . . 9 0 9 135

[qfmu 45 dkovkj o3,’ !D c8]j tgsfdkodq’da[g;]k9ad3,’D 8noj ovog;]k DDDDDDDDDDDD 3,’ wx3I’IPog;]k DDDDDD 3,’DDDDD okmu ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ wxIvf3I’IPog;]kDDDDD 3,’DDDDDokmu g0Qkshv’IPog;]k DDDDD 3,’ radzvj og;]k DDDDDD 3,’ g]udIPo8vomPj ’g;]kDDDDD3,’DDDDokmu 136

@D 9qj’la’gdfdkovjko3,’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8vog-Qk 8vomPj ’ 8voc]’ _ 3,’ !@ 3,’ !& 3,’ ♦ g0a,lAo[vdg;]kgxao-qj;3,’D ♦ g0a,pk;[vdg;]kgxaookmuD #D 9qj’vjko3,’c]h;0Po.lj[jvo9Eg,afD DDDDDDDDDD 3,’ DDDDDDDDD 3,’ DDDDDDDDD okmu DDDDDDDDD 3,’ DDDDDDDDD okmu DDDDDDDDDD 3,’ DDDDDDDDD 3,’ DDDDDDDDD okmu DDDDDDDDD 3,’ 137

[qfmu 46 dkovjko3,’ X8+? !D 9qj’[vdg;]kc8j]tgsfdko.o|b’j ;aoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ♦ ! ;ao,u @$ -q;j 3,’D ♦ ! -qj;3,’,u *W okmuD 138

@D 9qj’vjko3,’c]h;0Po.lj[jvo9Eg,afD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ♦ 8vog-QkD * 3,’ DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu ♦ 8voc]’D !# 3,’ @W okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu DDDD 3,’ DDDD okmu 139

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$D 9q’j 0Po8nj,.lj8k8t]k’]5j,oUD -5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 5 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 75 80 95 -10 10 -20 50 60 70 80 90 100 130 170 190 200 30 &D 9q’j 0ufglAo9vj ’dko]q[.ljzqo]q[mujgmqjkda[ (F )F _D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 15 - 6 17 - 8 11 - 4 18 - 9 15 - 8 798 20 - 12 16 - 9 15 - 7 17 - 9 16 - 8 141

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