Class-9

- Their body is covered with dry skin with horny scales. - They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs. Examples are Lizard, Snake etc. 3. Class Aves - Their body is covered with feathers. - Their heart has four chambers. - They breathe through lungs and have air sacs for easy flight. Examples are Pigeon, Dove etc. 4. Class Mammalia The body is covered with hair or fur. - The skin is mostly dry because of sweat glands. - They have well developed sense organs and heart has four chambers. Examples are Man, Bat, kangaroo etc. Poikilothermic Animals : The animals which can change their body temperature according to the surroundings are called Poikilothermic animals or cold blooded animals. Homoeothermic Animals : The animals which cannot change their body temperature according to the surroundings are called Homoeothermic animals or warm blooded animals. Activity -2 Answer the following questions: 1. Write characteristics of class Aves and Reptiles. 2. Differentiate between warm blooded and cold blooded animals. Day-50 Activity-1 Study the following tips: Classifications of Animals Bee Octopus Frog Hen Kingdom : Animalia Kingdom : Phylum : Chordata Sub Phylum : Kingdom : Animalia Kingdom : Animalia Animalia Vertebrata Class : Aves Phylum : Arthropoda Phylum : Mollusca Phylum : Chordata Example : Hen Example : Bee Example : Octopus Sub Phylum : Vertebrata Class : Amphibia Example : Frog Life Cycle of Insect Mosquito: Mosquitoes are found all over the world but they are mostly common in humid and temperate climate. There are 2,700 species of mosquito in Nepal.Carbon dioxide gives mosquitoes the signal that blood is nearby, and since we exhale CO2, we make it easy for mosquitoes to find us. Classification of mosquito Kingdom : Animalia Phylum :Arthropoda Class :Insecta Example : Mosquito Culextarsalis and Anopheles freeborni are two main mosquitoes found in Nepal. --101--

Activity-2 Answer the following questions: 1. Classify the given animals with one character: Spongilla, Ascaris, Bat, Crocodile, Salamander, Snail 2. Name the mosquitoes we find in Nepal. Day-51 Activity -1 Study the following tips: Structure : The body of mosquito is divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen. Head: The head of the mosquito is very small and almost spherical in shape which is joined to thorax by the means of a short and narrow segment. The head bears a pair of compound eyes called palps and proboscis. There are 13 segments in each antenna. Thorax: The thorax consists of three parts: Prothorax, Mesothorax and Metathorax. Abdomen: The abdomen of a mosquito is made of nine segments. The abdomen possesses an anal opening and a genital opening. The ninth segment of a male mosquito bears an anal which helps in copulation. Male Mosquitoes: Male mosquitoes only feed on sap of plant. . Antenna is provided with long hairs. Mouthparts are adapted for sucking. Abdomen is smaller Female Mosquitoes: Female mosquitoes bite and suck blood. Antenna is provided with short hairs. Mouth parts are adapted for sucking and biting. Abdomen is larger. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: 1. Describe the structure of mosquito with labelled diagram. 2. Differentiate between male and female mosquito. Day-52 Activity-1 Study the following tips: --102--

Egg : A mosquito lays egg usually in lakes, ponds, fields, puddles and in stagnant water. An anopheles mosquito lays 40 to 400 eggs at a time. Those eggs remain floated in water singly without being stuck to one another. Larva : Under favorable condition, eggs hatch out larva within 2 to 3 days. They are seen transparent and live on algae. At this stage, they are voracious. A larva has broad thorax with three segments joined together. The abdomen is also segmented. The head has a pair of compound eyes. On the last segment of the abdomen, there are four gills and a respiratory siphon. Larva remains suspended near the surface of the water. Pupa : The larva develops into pupa within a week if it gets suitable temperature and sufficient food. Mosquito pupa is also very active. It swims a lot and breathes through siphon. However, it does not eat any food. The duration of pupal stage is 2 to 7 stage. The head and thorax of a pupa are fused together called cephalothorax. The abdomen is curved. Adult : A fully developed mosquito emerges out of the pupal case and flies away. The female one begins to lay eggs after it mates with the male one at maturity. Activity -2 Answer the following questions: 1. What are the stages in a life cycle of mosquito? Explain all in brief 2. Differentiate between culex and anopheles mosquito in terms of egg and adult. Day-53 Activity-1 Study the following tips: Disadvantages of mosquito : When a female anopheles mosquito bites a person infected with malaria, it suck up blood along with plasmodium. When the mosquito bites a healthy person, the plasmodium enters into the blood along with saliva. Thus, malaria is transmitted to healthy persons from infected persons. Similarly, Culex mosquito transmits Filaria, Aedis mosquito transmits Dengue. Preventive measures against malaria are as follows: a. Mosquito net should be used while sleeping. b. The pits, damp, ditch with dirty water should be filled up with soil or insecticides should be used. c. Anti-mosquito coils, mats, incense should be used or anti mosquito cream should be applied. Activity -2 Answer the following questions: 1. Differentiate between culex and anopheles in terms of larva and pupa. 2. Write harmful factors of mosquito and list some preventive measures. Day-54 Chapter: Adaptation of Organisms Activity-1 Study the following tips: The entire space occupied by living organisms is termed as a biosphere. All organisms are adapted to their environment. A habitat is a place where organisms live. Adaptation is the ability of organisms to adjust in the existing environment. Organisms show the adaptation in the following ways: 1. By losing and gaining of organs. --103--

2. By changing the color of body according to the habitat 3. By the modification of organs Aquatic adaptation :The plants which grow, derive food, multiply and adjust themselves inside water are called aquatic plants. On the basis of mode of life, hydrophytes are of following types: 1. Free floating plants. (E.g. hyacinth, water lettuce, Wolffia etc.) 2. Submerged plants. (E.g. hydrilla, Sagittaria etc.) 3. Rooted submerged plants. (E.g. lotus, water lily, etc.) The following are the adaptation characteristics of hydrophytes: 1. The root system of aquatic plants is properly developed. 2. Hydrophytes have a waterproof and protective waxy coat on its surface which prevents them from decaying. 3. Hydrophytes have air cavities in their tissues which help them to float. 4. Conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) are less developed in them. Activity -2 Answer the following questions: 1. Define adaptation. How organisms show adaptation. 2. Define hydrophytes and list some adaptational characteristics. Day-55 Activity -1 Study the following tips: The animals which grow, multiply and adjust themselves inside water are called aquatic animals. The following are the adaptational characteristics of aquatic animals: 1. The body of aquatic animals is streamlined i.e. trapped at both ends. 2. Head is blunt and tail is long. 3. The body is provided with air sacs or air bladder so that they do not sink when they stop swimming. 4. They have paired and unpaired fins, flippers and paddles and webbed legs for swimming. Terrestrial Adaptation : Terrestrial plants: The plant which lives on land are called terrestrial plants. On the basis of physical conditions, the terrestrial plants are divided into two types. They are: mesophytes and xerophytes. Mesophytes : Mesophytes are those plants which grow on average and moisture temperature. Examples of these plants are mustard, wheat, mango etc. Adaptational characteristic of mesophytes are as follows: 1. They have well developed root and shoot system. 2. Vascular system is well developed. 3. They have no any water conservation mechanisms. Activity-2 1. Write characteristics of aquatic animals. --104--

Day-56 Activity-1 Study the following tips: Xerophytes: Xerophytes are those plants which are grown in dry and hot habitat. They are also called desert plants e.g. Opuntia, cactus etc. Adaptational characters of xerophytes are as follows: 1. The root of xerophytes system fixes the plant very deeply in the soil. 2. These plants are bushy, very much branched and are covered with thick bark. 3. They have small leaves to reduce transpiration. In some cases leaves are modified into thorns and spines. Terrestrial Animals : The animals which live on land and do their biological activities on land, are called terrestrial animals. On the basis of their mode of life, terrestrial animals are divided into following types: Cursorial Animals: Cursorial animals are those animals which live in open places and are adapted to run on hard ground e.g. lion, deer, horse etc. Adaptational characters of them are as follows: 1. The body is streamlined which helps them for swift movement. 2. The limbs are long and strong. 3. Locomotion is digitigrade. Fossorial Animals : Fossorial animals are those animals which are adapted for burrowing mode of life e.g. rabbit, rat, etc. The adaptational characters of them are as follows: 1. The head is small and tapers anteriorly to form snout for digging. 2. The forelimbs are short with powerful claws. 3. The eyes and the ears are small. Activity-2 1. What are fossorial and cursorial animals? Day-57 Activity-1 Study the following tips: Arboreal animals: They are those animals which are adapted for climbing e.g. squirrel, chameleon, etc. The adaptational characters of these animals are as follows: 1. The body is stout. Ribs are very much curved, thus thorax becomes semi-circular. 2. Locomotion is plantigrade. 3. The legs of lizard are provided with adhesive pads that help to hold the wall or other surfaces. Aerial Animals: The animals that are adapted for aerial mode of life are called aerial animals. The adaptational characters of aerial animals are as follows: 1. Body is streamlined, which reduces the air resistance during flying. 2. Forelimbs are modified into wings. 3. The bones are hollow and spongy. Desert Animals: Desert animals are adapted for dry land and hot habitat e.g. camel, lizard, rodents etc. The adaptational characteristics of desert animals are as follows: 1. They are provided with keen senses of sight, smell and hearing. --105--

2. They conserve water in water pouches. 3. They have thick skin to avoid loss of water. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: 1. Write characters of desert animals. 2. What are arboreal animals? Write some characters of them. Day-58 Activity-1 Study the following tips: Microorganisms : Unicellular and microscopic organisms are called microorganisms. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microorganisms are useful as well as harmful for us. Bacteria : Bacteria are single celled microorganisms. They are simple, primitive and microscopic prokaryotic organisms. It was first discovered by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek in 1676. At first, it was thought as animals. Bacteria are of different size like some of them are spherical, rod-shaped, helical and filamentous. Some of the examples of bacteria are monococcus, monobacillus, spirilla, thioturix etc. General Characteristics: 1. They have an autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition. 2. Flagella is present as locomotion organ. 3. They are made of the prokaryotic cell. Importance : - Many medicines, antibiotics, antibodies, antiserum, and vaccines are produced by using various types of bacteria like Bacillus brevis, Bacillus subtilis etc. - Many types of bacteria are used in dairies like Lactobacilli, Acidophilus etc. - Micrococcusbacteria helps in curing and ripening of tea and tobacco leaves. Disadvantages of bacteria : - Many diseases are caused by bacteria like Diplococcuspneumoniae causes pneumonia, Vibrio comma causes asiatic cholera, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. - Some bacteria like Pseudomonas decreases the fertility of the soil. - Some bacteria spoil the foods in summer season like Clostridium botulinum. Control Measures of Bacterial Diseases. - Only those plant should be used that is not affected by bacteria. - Anti- bacterial medicines should be used. - Those people who are affected by the bacterial diseases should use medicines as prescribed by the doctor. --106--

Activity-2 Answer the following questions: 1. Define microorganisms. Who discovered bacteria? 2. Write some characters of bacteria and its disadvantages. Day-59 Activity-1 Study the following tips: Fungi : Fungi are non- green organisms. They cannot prepare their own food so they are known as heterotrophs. They grow in dark, dim or diffuse light. Their body is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaves. The lead parasitic, saprophytic or symbiotic mode of nutrition. The study of fungi is called mycology. Importance of Fungi : Many members of fungi produce antibiotics. For example,fungi like Penicillium produce antibiotics as penicillin. . Fungi like mushroom are used as food which contains important vitamins and minerals. They decompose dead and decayed organisms which helps to increase the fertility of the soil. Disadvantages of Fungi : It causes plant diseases like brown rust, early blight of potato etc. Fungi like Alternaria, Penicilliumetc cause destructive of wool, cotton, rayon etc. Fungi like Rhizopus, mucoretc makes food poisonous. Control Measures of Fungi : Fungi can be destroyed by using the fungicide. Fungi can also be reduced by using sugar. Different types of foods like milk, fruits, cooked food, meat etc should be stored in cold places or refrigerators. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: 1. Draw a well labelled diagram of mushroom. 2. Write advantages and disadvantages of Fungi. Day-60 Activity -1 Study the following tips: Virus : The virus was first discovered by a German scientist Adolf Meyer in 1886 A.D. The word virus is derived from the latin word (Latin, venum = poisonous fluid) meaning poison. The virus is metabolically inactive outside the host cell. They are like non- living things outside the host cell. --107--

The virus is called obligatory intracellular parasites because they are dependent on the living organisms or host cell for their multiplication. Bacteriophage: Those viruses that infect bacterial cells are called bacteriophage virus. They contain DNA as a genetic material. On the basis of the nucleic acid, virus are classified into DNA virus and RNA virus. Mode of Transmission of Viral Disease : - Some viruses like tobacco mosaic virus, potato mosaic virus etc transfer through the soil from infected crops to healthy one. - Viruses are also transmitted through the infected seeds. - Viruses are transmitted from one plant to another through grafting and vegetative propagation. - They are also transmitted through human waste, food, and water. . Advantages of Virus : - Vaccine of several diseases can be manufactured by using viruses. - Bacteriophages are used in the treatment of dysentery, cholera etc. - Viruses kill different bacteria and make water free from bacteria. Disadvantages of Virus - Cause different disease in plants and animals. - Reduce crop yielding in plants. - COVID in animals, Mosaic disease in plants. Control Measures of Virus - Burning infected parts of plants - Vaccination in human and animals. - Controlling the insects like aphid. Activity-2 Answer the following questions 1. Draw a well labelled diagram of bacteriophage virus. 2. Write advantages and disadvantage of Virus. 3. Write some control measures of virus. The End --108--

Subject : Social Studies Day -1 Unit -1 Lesson-1: Types of society Activity-1 Read the information below. Society: a group of people living in a place sharing sentiments, culture, civilization Hunting and gathering: nomadic, dependent, labour division on sex, small size of family Pastoral: periodic nomadic, engaged in animal rearing, Horticultural: fruit cultivation, nomadic Agricultural: cultivating land, growing plants Industrial: production of raw materials, use of machines Post Modern: modern life style, fast and comfortable way of life. Activity-2 Define society. Classify society on the basis of mode of life along with their features. Day -2 Unit- 1 Lesson-2, Types of society Activity-1 Read the information below. Society: provides security, basic needs, cooperation, easiness of life, sense of belongings Should end : conflict, violence, misunderstanding, individualism Should develop: mutuality, reciprocity, understanding, feeling of togetherness Activity-2 Answer the following. a. Why is society needed? b. How can we make society good? Day - 3 Unit 1 Lesson-3- Components of Ideal Society Activity-1 Read the information below. (See page No 10,11) Components of society- land, population, name, permanency, natural beginning, rules, normal life, unity, understanding. These are fundamental factors needed to build society. Activity- 2 a. Read and copy the components of society three times each. b. List out the basic components of society. c. Mention any two rules applied in your society. Day - 4 Unit 1 Lesson-3- Components of Ideal Society Activity-1 Read the information below. (See page No 10,11) --109--

Components of ideal society- (society is mine, ours) belongingness,security (away from fear, terror), we feeling (Group feeling), unity, cooperation (helpfulness) friendliness( closeness), rules, feeling of responsibility Activity --2 a. Prepare a chart containing the components of ideal society. b. List out the components that your society embodies. Day - 5 Unit 1 Lesson-3- Components of Ideal Society Activity-1 Read the information below. (See page No 10,11) - Society is common settlement of people having diverse nature, culture, condition. - People should feel secured, be disciplined, are to be bound by reciprocity good will - No one feels alone, insecure, uncultured and undisciplined. - Narrow conception, showiness, self-centredness, economic gulf create problem in society Activity- 2 Do as asked. a. What are the challenges of ideal society? b. How does a man feel himself a member of ideal society? Day - 6 Unit 1 Lesson-4- Socialization Activity-1 Read the information below. (See page No 13,14, 15) Socialization - Act or process of learning social norms, values, behaviour, practices formally orinformally. - It systematizes, acculturates, civilizes the society - Teaches people about good will, unity - Gives continuation of the traditional activities - Gives introduction to social behaviour and changes a layman to social being Activity-2 a. What is socialization? b. Socialization is the basic part of learning. Do you agree? Write supportive logics Day - 7 Unit 1 Lesson-4- Socialization Activity-1 Read the information below. (See page No 13, 14, 15) --110--

Agents of socialization: Primary: informal, fast learning, natural learning, boundless learning, (peer group, parents, relatives, neighbours) Secondary Agents: formal, scheduled, limited exposure,( school, colleges, bank, government offices) Components of Socialization: conversation, love affection, cultural inter action Activity - 2 a. Differentiate between primary and secondary agents of socialization. b. How does socialization occur? Day - 8 Unit 1 Lesson-5- Our Identities Activity-1 Read the information below. (See page No 16, 17, 18) Something that gives introduction of something – identity Nepal is multi religious, multiregional, multi lingual multiracial country Geographically: Terai, Hill, Himalaya- landforms, vegetation- subtropical, deciduous, alpine, tundra, Climate: Subtropical, temperate, cold Racial Diversity- 125 Lingual Diversity- 123 Religious Diversity-10 Activity-2 a. Write the number of castes, languages, religions. b. Mention the identities of Nepal in short. Day - 9 Unit 1 Lesson-5- - Our Identities Activity - 1 Read the information of page No 16, 17,18 of your textbook. Activity - 2 Make a table containing races, languages and religions and gender of your locality. Day -10 Unit 1 Lesson-5- National pride Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details,see page No 21-25 of your textbook) National Pride : Something that increases glory of the nation. Genuine features that give distinct introduction to the nation - Tourism development, publicity of the nation, national esteem increases, self- satisfaction in people national arrogance develops, pressurizes in their protection - Diverse culture, national flag, national anthem, Janaki temple,Pashupatinath and Mt. Everest. --111--

Activity - 2 a. Define national pride. What are its significance? b. List out the things considered as national pride of Nepal. Day - 11 Unit 1 Lesson-5- National Pride Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see page No 21-25 of your textbook) National Pride : Something that increases glory of the nation. Genuine features that give distinct introduction to the nation National Flag : national emblem Structure : two overlapping triangles, blue border, the Sun-12 rays, the Moon-8 rays , background-red Meaning : red colour-bravery, blue-love and peace, The Sun and The Moon- long existence Activity - 2 Answer the following. a. Write a paragraph on our national flag with its figure. b. Mention the meaning of the colours used in the flag. Day - 12 Unit 1 Lesson-5- National pride Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see page No 21-25 of your textbook) National Pride : Something that increases glory of the nation. Genuine features that give distinct introduction to the nation National Anthem: - Composer -Pradip Kumar Rai, Music composer- Amber Gurung - Contains national diversity, historical dominance, cultural identities - Simple, clear, identical, easy, popular words Activity - 2 Answer the following questions 1. Copy the national anthem in your exercise copy. 2. Mention the salient features of our national anthem. Day - 13 Unit 1 Lesson-5- National pride Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see page No 21-25 of your textbook) National Pride- Something that increases glory of the nation. Genuine features that give distinct introduction to the nation --112--

- Tourism development, publicity of the nation, national esteem increases, self- satisfaction in people national arrogance develops, pressurizes in their protection - Diverse culture, national flag, national anthem, Janaki temple, Pashupatinath and Mt. Everest. Activity - 2 1. Have you seen or realized any other things that should be included in national pride? List out them with the plausible reasons. Day - 14 Unit 2 Lesson-1- Infrastructures of Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 28-30of your textbook) Development - Progressive, dynamic, positive change that brings newness, easiness, simplicity more comfort in life - PCI (per capita income-to know the per head average income, is calculated by dividing income with population), GNP (gross national income including remittance) GDP (the total amount of goods and services produced in a year within the national boundary) Activity - 2 Answer the following. a. Define development. b. Give short introduction to the economic indicators of development. Day - 15 Unit 2 Lesson-1- Prior Conditions of Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 33-36 of your textbook) Prior Conditions for Development - The facilities or activities needed beforehand for the development - Literacy, entrepreneurship, public participation, peace and order - They make development sustainable, durable , long lasting - Work will be faster, economic, no room of corruption Activity - 2 Answer the following. 1. What is meant by prior condition of development? List out them 2. Why do we need these conditions? Day - 16 Unit 2 Lesson-1- Prior Conditions of Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 33-36 of your textbook) Literacy --113--

- The ability to read, write, calculate, to know relation and responsibility - 6.5 – 9% - Awares people , makes responsible - Encourages to take part in development - To raise voice against irregularities - Supports in faster and sustainable development Activity - 2 Answer them 1. Define literacy. State literacy of Nepal. 2. Why is literacy considered as prior condition of development? Day - 17 Unit-2 Lesson-2 Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 33-36 of your textbook) Peace and Order - condition of harmony and co-operation and understanding - Absence of violence , disorder and conflict - supports in preservation , protection of development - Helps in completing and beginning works in time - Eases the uniform and equal benefits of development Activity - 2 Define peace and also write the importance of peace in development Day - 18 Unit 2 Lesson-1- Prior Conditions of Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 33-36 of your textbook) Entrepreneurship - The practice of taking risk in business for profit - The boldness in starting business - The capacity to run benefit making Activity - - Makes people research , responsible - Helps in speedy , sustainable development - Promotes national production Activity - 2 Answer the following 1. Define entrepreneurship. And mention the importance of entrepreneurship in development. --114--

Day - 19 Unit 2 Lesson-2- Prior Conditions of Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 33-36 of your textbook) Public participation - The practice of involving people in development - Economizes the work - Speeds up development - Creates transparency at work, makes work durable, increases responsibility at work Activity - 2 What is public participation? Why is it important? Day - 20 Unit 2 Lesson-3- Infrastructures of Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 38-40 of your textbook) Infrastructures of development - Pre bases of development, fundamental factors, basic requirements of development - Facilitates people, extends news, views, develops global village, civilizes, acculturates, eases people’s life Factors hindering development - Political instability, poor planning , poverty, corruption, - Unequal distribution of resources - Superstitious beliefs Possibilities of development - Geo variation, climatic variation, scenic beauty, abundant water and forestresources, Activity - 2 Do as asked. a. Define infrastructures of development. b. List out any 8 hindrances of development. c. Mention any 6 possibilities of development. Day - 21 Unit 2 Lesson-4 Education Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages of your textbook) Education - The practice of imparting and receiving knowledge formally, non-formally and informally - Civilizes, acculturates, makes people polite, self dependent, develops rationality, creativity, --115--

History of education - Gurukul system of education, durbar school(1910), language schools, Trichandra College , SLC board, Padma Kanya School, New education System Plan-2028 Statistics of education - Basic School-85441, Secondary School-23464, Universities- 11 Efforts in education - Liberal education policy - Special education to targeted - Change in curriculum - Change in education structure Problems - Traditional curriculum - Untrained teachers - Teachers centred teaching, insufficient teaching materials - Lack of facilities in institutions - Unequal distribution of schools - Weak examination policy Solutions - Provision of training to teachers - modern curriculum - equal distribution of school - child centred teaching methods - practical exam policy Activity - 2 a. Introduce education. Mention three types of gaining education. b. State the importance of education in four points. Day - 22 Unit 2 Lesson-4 Education Activity - 1 Read the information of 21st day again.(For details, see pages 41-44 of your textbook) Activity - 2 Answer the following. 1. Mention history and efforts made in education. 2. Prepare an editorial containing the problems and solutions of education in Nepal. Day - 23 Unit 2 Lesson-5 Health Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 46-48 of your textbook) Health - Mental, physical, emotional wellbeing of a person - Enables people physically, mentally, emotionally, --116--

- Adds up - enthusiasm, quality of the performance, Health status in Nepal - Life expectancy70.5, health institutions-4517, Hospital-125, birth rate -19.1 Problems of Health - Insufficient health institutions, inadequate health personnel, lack of medicines - Lack of public health awareness, ignorance Efforts made - Establishing medical colleges - Public awareness programme - Achievement in child death rates Solutions - Decentralization of health facility - Establishing health institutions - Providing medicines, apparatus - Public awareness programme - Special facility of health to targeted people Day - 24 Unit 2 Lesson-5 Health Activity - 1 Read the information of 23rd day (For details, see pages 46-48 of your textbook) Activity - 2 Answer the following questions. 1. Define health. 2. Why is health important? State any five reasons. 3. Mention any four problems and their solutions of health in Nepal. 4. Write a letter to the chairman of your ward committee asserting the condition and things to be done immediately for the prevention of Corona Virus. Day - 25 Unit 2 Lesson-6 Drinking Water Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 50-52 of your textbook) Drinking water - Safe, pure , clean water should be used - Water is life. For Healthy and disease less life clean drinking water is a must. Problems of drinking water - Insufficient water, impure water, arsenic in water, problem in using water. - Water leakage, irregular water supply, lack of maintenance, supervision, evaluation. - Lack of well distribution of water. Solutions - Use of small water sources employing national resources - Public awareness --117--

- Frequent observation of the project - Cleaning the water tank reservoir time and often - Mega water project should be run after enough feasibility studies Activity - 2 a. Water is life. Justify b. State the problems and solutions of water. Day - 26 Project Work - Visit any water project of your locality or ask the local social worker about the condition before the project, condition of water supply, facilities, the change brought by it, problems, applied attempts, needed solutions Day - 27 Unit 2 Lesson- 7 Transport Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages54-57 of your textbook) Transport - The system of transferring goods, services and people from place to place - Makes life faster, easier, more comfortable - Supplies construction materials - Creates national or social unity, promotes trade - Provides market to the goods, Types of transport - Land or road transport, air transport, water transport, Railway transport Land transport- suitable in landlocked country, expensive in constructing road Water transport- cheapest transport, needs stretched mass of water Air transport- fastest transport, high affordability of people is needed Railway-cheap but enough budget is needed Problems of road transport in Nepal- poor economy, lack of sustainability in constructingroads, low standard roads, and natural disasters dilapidate Activity - 2 Answer the following a. Define transport. b. Mention the types of transport along with the features c. Write down the importance of transport. d. Write down the problems of transport development in Nepal Day - 28 Unit 2 Lesson- 7 Transport Activity - 1 Read the information of 27th Day (For details, see pages54-57 of your textbook) --118--

Activity -2 Answer the following questions. a. List out the description of any 15 highways including name, linked places, length. b. Mention the problems of road transport. c. Why is road transport suitable in Nepal? Day - 29 Unit-2 Lesson-8 Communication Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 59-61 of your textbook) Communication - The system of exchanging news , views, thoughts, ideas from person to person or from place to place - Narrows the world, provides news views to people, teaches new thoughts, ideas - Entertains people, enlightens people, imports technology, publicizes the things - Develops world as global village Means of communication Radio- audio means of communication, portable, suitable to people all condition economically or geographically Postal service- oldest, now does the work of sending parcel, letters, money- orders Television- audio visual means of communication, telecast news, views, entertainswith music and songs Newspapers- not available everywhere, disseminates daily,weekly, fortnightly monthly news views of different fields and scopes Mobile/ Email/ Internet- latest, fastest, most popular means of communication Problems of communication - Expensive, irregularity of service - Accessibility to limited people - Illiteracy - Wrong use of digital media Activity - 2 Answer the following. a. What is understood as communication? b. List out any 6 means of communication with their features. c. Communication develops global village. Describe it with suitable points. Day - 30 Unit-2 Lesson-8 Communication Activity - 1 Read the information of 29th day again. (For details, see pages 59-61 of your textbook) --119--

Activity - 2 Answer the following. a. Mention any 8 advantages of communication. b. Why is radio taken as the suitable means of communication? c. State the problems of communication in Nepal. Day - 31 Evaluation Sheet Social Studies F.M-50 Attempt all questions Group A Give very short answer to the following questions. 5×1 =5 1. Define development 2. Mention any two features of ideal society. 3. Mention any two means of communication. 4. What is meant by peace? 5. What is the present life expectancy of Nepalese people? Group B Give short answer to the following questions. 6×4=24 6. Describe the hunting and pastoral life in short. 7. Prepare a news article on education of Nepal. 8. Mention any 4 ways to solve the problems of health in Nepal 9. State any 4 unique features of flag of Nepal 10. Describe any 4 identities of Nepalese society. 11. Write short paragraphon national anthem of Nepal. Group-C Give long answer to the following questions. 3×7=21 12. Define infrastructures of development. List out any 8 infrastructures of development. Mention the importance of public participation. 13. Introduce socialization. Describe its agents and components in brief. 14. Define transport. List out the types of transport with their features. Mention the problems in road transport. Day - 32 Unit-2 Lesson-9 Electricity Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 53-65 of your textbook) Electricity - A form of energy, to do the work efficiently - To run domestic works, industrial works, to run medical apparatus Statistical condition of Electricity - generated-1142 MW, potentiality- 830000 MW. Problems - political instability, corruption, poor economy, poor infrastructures of development, poor planning , traditional education or technology Solutions - political stability, run of small scale projects with own technology --120--

Activity - 2 Write down the uses, problems and solutions related electricity. Day - 33 Unit-2 Lesson-9 Electricity Practical Work Show the following data in pie chart S.N Hydropower Projects location Production(MW) 144 1 Kaligandaki Syangja 456 10.5 2 U. Tamakoshi Dolakha 60 3 Sunkoshi Sindhupalchowk 4 Kulekhani Makwanpur Day - 34 Unit-2 Lesson-10 Traditional Skill and Technology Traditional Technology - The existing skill that we have been using traditionally as the inherited. They have been supporting our work. - Genuine, simple, easy to handle, eco-friendly, durable, use of local resources - Supports in tourism development, gives national introduction - Janto, Guitho, MadaniTheki, Gundruk, Nanglo, Ghattaetc are its examples - Museum should be made, inclusion in school curriculum, encourage in using , training, modernizing Activity - 2 Define traditional technology. Mention its importance with examples. Day - 35 Unit-2 Lesson-10 Traditional Skill and Technology Traditional Technology - The existing skill that we have been using traditionally as the inherited. They have been supporting our work. - Genuine, simple, easy to handle, eco-friendly, durable, use of local resources - Supports in tourism development, gives national introduction - Janto, Guitho, MadaniTheki, Gundruk, Nanglo, Ghattaetc are its examples - Museum should be made, inclusion in school curriculum, encourage in using , training, modernizing Activity - 2 1. Ask senior member of your family about old and traditional technology. And collect at least 20 including their name and use. Write down any four ideas to promote them. --121--

Day - 36 Unit-3 Lesson-1 Nepali Painting Art - the presentation of feeling, thoughts through carving, drawingconstructing - Painting, sculptor, architecture Painting - The skill of expressing one’s feeling through pictures - Wall painting, scroll painting, book painting Book painting - in past, these were found copper plate, Palm leaf, Bhojpatra, also called treatise paintings, based on religions - Pictures are sketched on papers, - Pictures are to expose human sentiment - Pragyaparmita is the oldest painting of Nepal Scroll Painting - Sketched on canvas - Thanka ( Patta-Rectangular, main deity is in centre, mandala- Circular- symbol is surrounded by other deities) Wall Painting - Sketched on the wall of buildings, Mural, Mithila painting Importance - National acquaintance, develops skill, generates employment, increases the national prestige, generates national income Activity - 2 Define art. Classify it and give short introduction on the types of paintings. Day - 37 Unit-2 Lesson-1 Nepali Painting Activity - 1 Read the information of 36th day and answer the following questions. 1. Write short notes on: a. Thanka b. Mural art c. Pragyaparmita 2. Why is painting important? Give reasons. 3. How can we preserve paintings? Write. Day - 38 Unit-3 Lesson-Nepali Sculptor Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 74,75of your textbook) Sculptor - The art of carving images, statues, idols using mud, metal stone --122--

- Religion and power influenced( people are ignorant, god fearing, lack of judging power, feudalism structure of society) - Develops tourism,National acquaintance, develops skill, generates employment, increases the national prestige, generates national income - New generation should be attracted through training, managing market, providing subsidy, incentives - Publicity, modernization, proclamation to the artists Activity - 2 Define sculptor. List down the sculptors you have observed. Also write their features. Day - 39 Unit-3 Lesson-Nepali Sculptor Activity - 1 Read the information of 38th day. (For details, see pages 74,75of your textbook) Activity - 2 Answer the following a. Mention the importance of sculptor. b. Why is sculptor in Nepal religion and power influenced? Day - 40 Unit-3 Lesson-Nepali Architectures Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 77-79 of your textbook) - Skill of making dwelling places - Pagoda –pointed roof and wide bottom having steps – Pashupatinath, , pinnacle at the top, Gumbaz- Mughal style- deity at centre sorrunded by buildings for Rishis or others- Janaki temple, Stupa- Semi circular building, roofless,flat bottom and narrowed top- gumbas, shikhar-pyramid-sloppy pinnacle, tall , flat bottom narrowed top - Develops tourism,National acquaintance, develops skill, generates employment, increases the national prestige, generates national income - New generation should be attracted through training, managing market, providing subsidy, incentives - Publicity, modernization, proclamation to the artists Activity - 2 Answer the following questions 1. Define architectures. 2. Mention different designs of architectures with their features. --123--

Day - 41 Unit-3 Lesson-Nepali Architectures Activity - 1 Read the information of 40th day again (For details, see pages 77-79 of your textbook) Activity - 2 Answer the following questions a. What are the advantages of architectures? Mention any eight. b. How can we preserve it? Write the ways. Day - 42 Unit-3 Lesson- Secularism Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 80,81of your textbook) - Religious equality, avoiding the religious supremacy of the religion - Creates brotherhood, increases public participation, creates unity, preserves the culture, avoids conflict, preserves national religious properties - Nepal was secular on 4thJestha 2063 - Develops religious tolerance( feeling and practice of religious co existence) Activity-2 Answer the following questions - Define secularism. - Mention its benefits. Day - 43 Unit-3 Lesson- Secularism Activity - 1 Read the information of 42nd Day again (For details, see pages 80, 81of your textbook) Activity -2 Answer the following questions a. When was Nepal declared as secular state? b. What are the major reasons of declaring Nepal secular state? c. What is religious tolerance? Why is it important? Day - 44 Unit-3 Lesson-National Luminaries Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 83-87of your textbook) Personalities - The expertise of a person makes him alive forever. The dominant personality of a person is remembered by the nationals very often. --124--

- The sacrifice physically, intellectually done by a man changes the whole system of society, such person should be remembered and are credited - Nepal has 16 dignitaries to be respected. - They contributed the nation differently in different fields. - B.PKoirala,Mam Mohan Adhikari, Bahadur Shah can be added because of their works done for the nationality. Activity-2 Answer the following questions a. Who are national personality? b. Name 16 national personalities of Nepal. Day - 45 Unit-3 Lesson- Luminaries Activity - 1 Read the information of 44th Day again (For details, see pages 83-87 of your textbook) Activity-2 Answer the following questions a. How do you know the personalities given below. Banubhakta Acharya, Arnaniko, PN Shah, PasangLhamu Sherpa, King Janak b. Do you have any other person to be added under the name of personalities? Name them with reasons. Day - 46 Unit-3 Lesson- Compassion and Cooperation Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 88, 89 of your textbook) To realize other’s difficulty, helping others, discharging assistance to mentally physically challenged - Humanity germinates, national brotherhood develops, social security happens, peace co- existence increases - Feeling of humanity, prioritizing the self-help, - Materialistic life style, urbanization, migration, industrialization are its barriers. Activity - 2 Answer the following questions 1. Define compassion. List out its benefits. What are the challenges of compassion? Day - 47 Unit-3 Lesson- Peace Culture Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 88, 89 of your textbook) Meaning - The behaviour of dealing every incident under the principle of mutuality and understanding --125--

- Negotiation, open discussion, dialogue - Equality, social justice, wise distribution of means and resources Activity -2 Define peace culture. How can we develop peace culture? Mention. Day - 48 Unit-4 Lesson Social problems Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 95-97, of your textbook) - Antisocial Activity -, indigestive to society, ruins the social norms values - Are resulted from ignorance, poverty, unemployment, poor planning - Can be mitigated by personal social and national endeavour - Drinking, untouchability, bad customs Activity - 2 Define social problem. List out any 4 causes of social problems. Day - 49 Unit-4 Lesson Social problems Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, see pages 95-97,of your textbook) Corruption - The misuse of power entrusted, the Activity - of taking gifts, allowance, benefits - Caused because of ignorance, procedural administration, poverty, unequal distribution of facilities, luxurious lifestyle, lack of transparency, low salary - Has the effects of familial conflict, loss of prestige, economic disparity, low level development - Public participation at work, awareness,, social boycott, increasing salary, technology based administration Activity - 2 Define corruption. Mention the causes of corruption. Day - 50 Unit-4 Lesson- 3 Drug Abuse Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, See pages 103-105, of your textbook) Drug Abuse - Improper use of substance that stimulates mind and body - Caused due to peer pressure, traditional way of celebrating festivals, ignorance, unemployment, familial conflict, due to fashion, in the name of removing tension, wrong advertisement --126--

- Has the effects of ruin of personal and social prestige, shatters the future planning, loss of health and property, social stigma, prey of deadly diseases. - Can be solved by public awareness, formulating and implementing laws, inclusion on curriculum, rehabilitation centres, generating employment, providing training, provision of caring children Activity - 2 a. Define drug abuse. b. Mention any 10 causes of drug abuse. Day - 51 Unit-4 Lesson- 3 Drug Abuse Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, See pages 103-105, of your textbook) Drug Abuse - Improper use of substance that stimulates mind and body - Caused due to peer pressure, traditional way of celebrating festivals, ignorance, unemployment, familial conflict, due to fashion, in the name of removing tension, wrong advertisement - Has the effects of ruin of personal and social prestige, shatters the future planning, loss of health and property, social stigma, prey of deadly diseases. - Can be solved by public awareness, formulating and implementing laws, inclusion on curriculum, rehabilitation centres, generating employment, providing training, provision of caring children Activity - 2 a. List out the effects and solutions of drug abuse. b. Prepare any 4 placards against drug abuse. Day - 52 Unit-4 Lesson- 3 Drug Abuse Activity-1 Answer the question below 1. Suppose your friend is insisting you to take drug, how would you react the action? 2. Write a letter to the Mayor of the Metropolitan City suggesting the ways to overcome drug abuse. Day - 53 Unit-4 Lesson 4- Social Problems Activity - 1 Read the information below. Girls trafficking - Open border, poverty, unequal distribution of facility, ignorance, gender disparity --127--

- Social insecurity, victim of deadly diseases, increases the social inequality, weakens woman condition - Extension of education, parents education, provision of income generating work, border security Activity - 2 Girl trafficking is the serious social problem. Mention its causes, effects, and solutions Day - 54 Unit-4 Lesson 5- Social Problems Activity - 1 Observe page 113and 114 of your textbook. Copy the table that consists social organization and works Day - 55 Unit-4 Lesson 7- Efforts on Social Problems Activity -1 Read the information below. Jayasthiti Malla : racial division with works, dresses Ram Shah : justice and equality Rana Prime Ministers : English school, women education, civil code, language, school, colleges, Panchayat : Muluki Ain, court marriage, illegalized untouchability, Federalism: Secularism, women empowerment Activity-2 Make a table consisting efforts on solving social problems. Day - 56 Unit-5 Lesson- 1 Constitution Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, See pages 125,126 of your textbook) Constitution - Written or oral document to govern the state, - Guides the administrator to run smoothly - Contains the nature of state - Division of power of state is defined, nature of ruling is contained. - Should be flexible, clear, simple, should contain impartial judiciary, amendment , fundamental rights Activity-2 Define constitution. Why is constitution needed? What are the features of constitution ? --128--

Day - 57 Unit-5 Lesson- 1 Constitutional Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, See pages 128,129of your textbook) - Nepal has experienced the frequent change of constitution as the governing systems changed, and to institutionalize the achievements, new constitutions were made. - In 2004,2007,2015,2019,2047,2063 and 2072 constitutions were shrined. - Human wants are unlimited. They are time and condition specific. To address it new system is sought, it is fulfilled by constitution. Activity - 2 do as asked - What are the causes behind the frequent changes of constitution. - Name the constitutions made so far. Day - 58 Unit-5 Lesson- 1 Constitutional Development Activity - 1 Read the information below (For details, See pages 128,129 of your textbook) Features of constitutions - The Government of Nepal Act 2004B.S.- Fundamental rights, bicameral legislature Auditor General, Public service Commission - Interim Governce Act of Nepal 2007 - Chief courts, Advisory Assembly, Election Commission - Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 - Adult franchise, Independent judiciary - The Constitution of Nepal 2019 – Hindu Kingdom, Rastriya Panchayat - The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047- constitutional monarchy, rule of law - The InterimConstitution-2063- unicameral Constituent Assembly,Secularism - The Constitution of Nepal-2072- Three governments ,mixed election system Activity - 2 Make a table of constitutional development. Make a pie chart. Day - 59 Unit-5 Lesson- 1 Constitutional Development Activity - 1 Read the information of 58th Day again (For details, See pages 128,129 of your textbook), and write any three features of each constitution promulgated so far. --129--

Day - 60 Evaluation Sheet Social Studies F.M-75 Attempt all questions Group A Give very short answer to the following questions. 7×1 =7 1. Define development. 2. When was present constitution promulgated? 3. Mention any two social problems of your community. 4. State literacy rate of Nepal. 5. Define electricity. 6. Mention any two causes of conflict. 7. what did Jayasthiti Malla do in solving social problem? Group B Give short answer to the following questions. 10×4=40 8. Corruption is the major problem of the state. Justify the statement with ways to discourage it. 9. Prepare a news article on the importance of socialization. 10. What is secularism.State any 3 benefits of secularism.. 11. Define public participation and mention its 3 benefits. 12. Describe the components of ideal society. 13. Prepare a plan work to preserve the traditional technology. 14. Mention the short introduction each of any 4 national luminaries. 15. Define communication. And also, present any three importance. 16. Architecture is the representation of contemporary society. Justify 17. Mention any 4 ways to improve health condition of Nepal. 18. Write down any 4/4 features of national anthem and flag. 19. Mention the causes and solutions of girls trafficking. Group-C Give long answer to the following questions. 4×7=28 20. Define education. Write any 4/4 advantages and problems with solutions. 21. Drug abuse is the social stigma. It is to be mitigated. Mention causes, effects and solutions. 22. Define constitution. Describe the features of ideal constitution. And also mention the name of any three constitutions. 23. Define infrastructures of development. List out any 8 infrastructures of development. Mention the importance of literacy in development. The End --130--

Subject : Heath Population & Environment Day-1 Unit – one Lesson -Concept of Health, Population and Environmental Education Activity- 1 Read the following tips. - Health, Population and Environmental education aims to give practical experiences of day to day life activities. - A balance between population and environment is very important to achieve a good health. - These are multidisciplinary subjects. - A healthy environment is needs to obtain a good health. - Only humans are responsible to maintain an ecological balance. - Disposal of solid wastes on the land pollutes air land settlement and other environmental aspects. - Health education helps in bringing changes in people’s health knowledge, attitude,and practice. - Over population growth adversely affects the health of people. - Environmental resources are limited. - There must be balance between the population and the environment to achieve a good health. Activity - 2 Answer the following questions through the above tips. a. What does health, population and environment education aim to do? b. What helps to achieve a good? c. What are multidisciplinary subjects? d. What are the condition of environmental resources? Day – 2 Activity -2 Read the above tips of day one and do the following questions. a. Who are responsible for maintaining ecological balance? b. What things are affected by disposal of solid wastes? c. How does health education help us? Day -3 Unit- One Lesson- Introduction to health education Activity-1 Read the following tips. - Health is a dynamic state of complete Physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. - World Health Day is celebrated every year on April 7. - Health education helps individuals move towards optimal stages of wellness.it is concerned with promoting a healthier life. - There are mainly four parts of health. They are physical, mental social and spiritual. - Physical health is related to physical fitness of an individual.it consists of different components such as strength, flexibility, nutrition and diet, the abstinence from or reduce consumption of drugs, medical self-care, and rest and sleep. --131--

- Mental health includes emotional health. it helps to enjoy life and create a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience (illness, depression). It helps to include ability to express right emotions and handle them. - Social health is that how a person interacts along with other people. It aims how a person interact the community, laws and regulations being applied to all citizens equally public access to the decision making. What sorts of role does he/she play in the society is described by the social health. - Spiritual health is the belief which is consider to be the search for meaning and purpose in human existence. It helps to try to achieve the harmony with oneself and others. It belongs to the realm of ideas, beliefs values and ethics that have arisen in the minds and conscience(knowledge) of human - beings. It is a personal matter involving values and beliefs. - Health is multi-dimensional. Itcannot be describe in a single word. The characteristics of a healthy person are as follows: Cheerfulness well- adjusted Good appetite sense of self-esteem Good complexion self-actualization Free from disease self- disciplined Free from internal conflicts sense of cooperative motive - Health education is a social science that draws from the biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote health and prevent disease, disability and untimely death through education- driven voluntary behavior change activities. - Health education should be considered as a process of bringing changes in our health behaviors Activity-2 Answer the following questions a. Define health. b. When is the World Health Day celebrated? c. What is physical health related to? d. What components does physical health consist? Day -4 Activity -2 Read the above tips of day -3 and do questions below a. Why is health called a dynamic state of physical, mental, spiritual and social aspects of our body? b. Write any six characteristics of a healthy person. c. Define health education. d. Write short notes on spiritual health and mental health Day -5 Unit- One Lesson- Introduction to population education Activity-1 Read the following tips. - Population education is an educational process to help people understand the nature, causes, and consequences of population growth and its management. --132--

- Population is number of people that live together in a same place in a particular time. - It is the process of changing behaviors of individuals rather than developing knowledge only. - It plays a vital role in creating awareness for the solution of the problems of population in a reasonable way. - The first person to call such a burning issue ‘’ population education’’ in 1968 A.D was professor Sloan R. Wayland from the Colombia university of USA. He is called the father of population education. - Population education is the multi-dimensional educational process of economic, social,and environmental problems. It includes concepts from different subjects like politics, geography, science, health education, biology, sociology, mathematics and economics. - It helps the learners with a view to enabling them to make rational decisions about their population related behaviors. - Population education helps people to bring different changes in their behaviors on the following points a. Appropriate age at marriage b. Desired number of children c. Birth spacing d. Proper care of family e. Migration f. Conservation and proper exploitation of natural resources g. Dealing with problems encountered for the sake of happy family life Activity -2 Answer the following questions a. Define population. b. What is population education? c. Who is called father of population education? Day -6 Activity-2 Read the above tips of day-5 and do the following questions a. How does population education help an individual? b. Write any five behaviors on which population education helps people to make rational decisions. c. How can you say that population education is the multi- dimensional educational process? Day -7 Unit- 1 Lesson – Introduction to environmental education Activity-1 Read the following tips. - All the things which are around in our surrounding is environment. It includes biological, physical, social and cultural components. - World environment day is celebrated on 5th June every year. --133--

- Environment education is an educational process of enabling individuals to understand and address environmental problems and challenges through conservation of environmental components. - Some of the characteristics of environmental education are as follows: - Environmental education is a process that increases the individual’s knowledge, values and skills about the environment. - It helps an individual able to address environmental problems and challenges. - It enables people to take responsible decision to solve present and future environmental problems. Activity-2 Answer the following questions A. What is environment? B. When is the environment day celebrated? C. What role does environmental education play in an individual? D. Write any three characteristics of environmental education. Day -8 Unit-1 Lesson-Importance of Health, Population and Environment Education Activity -1 Read the following tips. - Health, Population and Environment Education are interrelated and interdependent. - Good health can be achieved through the development of attitude and practice towards health. Population education emphasizes the management of population in view of the carrying capacity of nation’s resources. Environmental education cannot be separated from health and population education. Conservation of the environment is only possible through healthy, efficient and conscious human resources. - We must be aware of our health. Lack of health education is the major factor for creating the problems. By providing health education to the community, the healthy attitudes and behaviors can be developed. Health education is needed to reduce different diseases like as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis etc. - Population education brings change in way of thinking attitudes and behaviors of people for the attainment of quality life. - When population increases rapidly there is the uses of natural resources randomly. Over population is compelled to use the natural resources haphazardly. Over population always affects different areas of the environment. - Population education plays vital role to control over population. If the population education will be given to the people the people will be aware about the uses of natural resources. They will control the over population and use the limited resources by using their knowledge. They will become rational and responsible. - The concept of happy family is needed to control over population. If such education will be provided to the people, the people will try to make a happy family, In the name of making happy family, the number of people won’t be increased rapidly as a result there will be less uses of natural resources. It keeps the system of small and happy family. - In the context of Nepal, we can see the use of population education as a major subject from the school level. The main aim of government of Nepal is to aware the school level students about the population problems, its challenges and its management. --134--

Activity-2 Answer the following questions: A. How can we achieve good health? B. What sorts of problems can be seen without health education? C. What is the main aim of Nepal government to apply population education in school level course? D. Why is the concept of happy family needed? Day-9 Unit-1 Lesson: IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH, POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION Activity -1 Read the following tips. - Environment education provides us knowledge of preservation of environmental aspects and also encourages us to take necessary action for their preservation. - All living beings as well as humans depends on the environmental resources to get food, air, water, land, plants etc. to fulfil their needs. In the name of fulfilling their needs they should not misuse them. The relationship among animals, plants, human etc. must not be disturbed while using the natural resources. There must be a favorable relationship among them for their sustainability. - Environmental education helps an individual to protect and manage the environment. It is a way of helping individuals and societies to resolve fundamental issues relating to the current and future use of the world’s resources. It must strongly promote the need for personal initiatives and social participation to achieve sustainability. - Environmental education develops knowledge, skills and attitude of individual for the conservation of various aspects of the environment. It guides us to manage and use environmental resources properly. It provides us knowledge of preservation of environmental aspects. Restoration is a part of environment education. - The importance of environment education are as follows: a. It teaches biological, physical and socio-cultural aspects. It develops our knowledge and skill in proper using of the environmental resources and its products that contribute in conservation of the environment. b. It helps to raise the awareness in wise-use of natural resources and proper utilization. c. It teaches us to respect all the things of the nature. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: A. Define environment education. B. Write any three importance of environment education. C. What sort of role does environmental education play in our life? Describe in your words. --135--

Day -10 Unit-1 Lesson- Interrelationship of health, population and environment education Activity-1 Read the following tips - Health, population and environment education are supplementary to each-other. This subject covers physical, biological, economical, social, cultural, psychological and political aspects. - Physical aspects include natural elements and human- made things. Air, water, land, climate are its examples. Living beings use physical aspects. Mostly people live in such places where different facilities are available. These facilities are found in only city area. Because of the facilities the density of population is high in cities or urban areas like as Kathmandu, Pokhara etc. - Biological aspect includes plants, animals, birds, etc. The physical aspects of the environment affect biological aspects. - High agricultural production and healthy environment improve the quality of life of people. - Economic aspect is related with the economy. Poverty plays important role in the society. Because of poverty people are bound to use land, water, plants and other resources as much as they can to meet their needs. It causes environmental degradation as a result there is environmental imbalance. This imbalance creates adverse effects on the productivity. It deteriorates the health and quality of life of the people. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: A. How can you say that health population and environment are supplementary to each- other? B. Write short note on physical aspect C. How do high agricultural production and healthy environment improve the quality of life write in your own words. D. What does biological aspect include? Day -11 Unit – one Lesson–Interrelationship of health, population and environment education Activity – 1 Read the following tips - Socio-cultural aspect is related with the social customs, festivals, religions and traditions. In the name of celebrating different festivals people want to be extravagant which affects their health and property. They waste food and materials during celebration. Which makes the environment dirty and unhealthy. Over eating may cause of different diseases. That’s why we must observe our festivals in favor of our environment. - Psychological aspect is related to the attitude, thinking, and feeling of human beings. It helps people to treat living beings properly. It helps to create the feeling of managing their surroundings themselves. People can manage solid wastes at local level and keep their surrounding clean and healthy. - Political aspect is related to the political activities. Politicians are the leader of the nation. Political aspect affects every field of a nation. It plays vital role for the --136--

determination of policy and programs of health, population and environment education. It facilitates to develop a healthy human resource in the country. - Science and technological aspect are related with the science and new invention of different equipment. They are useful to the environment. There has been invention of different technologies. Always they are not useful. Some times when they are misused, they can destroy the capacity of natural resources. They may be dangerous as well as helpful too. While using them there must be the wise use of this technology. - Home, school, work place and community, psychology, sociology, medical science, biology, anthropology, home science, population and environment education, physical education etc. comesunder the scope of health education. - Demography, plan for future, determinants of population change, Human sexuality and reproduction come under the scope of population. - Physical aspect, Biological aspect, socio-cultural aspect come under the scope of education. Activity- 2 Answer the following questions: a. What causes environmental degradation? b. What are the scope of health education? c. What elements are related with physical aspect? d. Give any two scopes of environment education. Day – 12 Unit – 2 Lesson – Demography Activity- 1 Read the following tips - Demography is the scientific study of population primarily with respect to their size, structure and development. - The major sources of population data are census, vital registration, sample survey, administrative record and population registration. - Primary source of data is the first hand information on population data.It is acquired by conducting field study and enumeration by data surveys. For example: census, sample survey, vital registration, population register administrative records etc. - Secondary sources is the second hand information on population data. It is acquired from already recorded and printed information, records, and published documents for examples: National and international level books journals, diaries, magazines, research reports, articles, organizational records etc. - Census, vital registration, sample survey, administrative record population register are the sources of data. - The first census of Nepal was carried out in 1911 AD. (1968 BS). - A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time. - There are two methods of census. They are De facto method and De jure method. - In De facto method people are counted where they are found. Only one day is used to enumerate. This census is taken night time. It is called ‘census night’. People are informed to live in their places. Generally, at the moon night of spring or autumn season it is taken. It was practiced in Britain. --137--

- De jure method is used to enumerate people at their permanent residence. The people who are living temporarily are not counted. It is a scientific method. The time duration of this method is two or three weeks. Nepal uses modified de jure method. It was started in Nepal from 1952/54 AD. Most of the countries use modified de jure method. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions: a. Define demography. b. What are the major sources of population data? c. When was the first census taken in Nepal? Day – 13 Activity – 2 Read the above tips of day 12 and answer the following questions: a. Define census. b. Difference between De facto and De jure method c. Difference between primary sources and secondary sources of population data Day -14 Unit- Two Lesson – Sources of population data and determinants of population change Activity – 1 Read the following tips - Vital registration is a legal registration, statistical recording and reporting of the occurrence of vital events includes live birth, death, fetal death, miscarriage, divorce, annulment, legal separation and migration. - Sample survey is the process of collecting compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data about the sampled population at a specified time. - Records which are maintained in different organizations are called administrative record. - Birth, Death and Migration are the components or factors of population change. - The factors affecting birth are biological factor, psychological factor, economic factor and socio-cultural factors. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions a. What is vital registration? b. Define sample survey. c. What are the components of population change? d. Write any three factors that affect birth. Day - 15 Unit- Two Lesson – Sources of population data and determinants of population change Activity – 1 Read the following tips - Heredity, age, health, ovulation cycle, lactation, and miscarriage come under biological factor which affect birth. --138--

- Factors like being parents as the entire goal, virility, flourishing family’s prestige and feeling of competition comes under the psychological factor which affect birth. - Factors like more hands less burden, bigger income, security come under the economic factor affecting birth. - Factors like children taken as gods blessings, family structure, generational respect, fatalism and taboos come under the socio-cultural factor affecting birth. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions. (students can take the help of their book to solve the answer) A. Explain any of the three factors affecting birth. B. What is virility? C. Define taboos. Day – 16 Unit – 2 Lesson – Determinants of population change Activity – 1 Read the following tips - Death is the permanent end of the life of a person. It is a natural phenomenon. It is affected by different factors. - Heredity, sex, senescence, disease, level of nutrition, health services, health education are the factors affecting death. - The movement of people from (origin to destination) one place to another place with the intentions of settling temporarily or permanently is called migration. - The factors which affect migration are age, sex, family status, occupation, availability of facilities, natural disaster and climate. - Migration affects the distribution of population and its growth. During the period of migration, the both places origin and destination are affected. Migration system affects several aspects like as economic aspect, environmental aspect and social aspect. - Growing migration rate reduces the natural resources in the case of destination. People are compelled to destroy the forest for food, shelter and basic needs. Destruction of forest causes flood, landslide, drought, climatic change, famine etc. In this way environmental aspect is affected by migration. - Another aspect which is affected by migration is economic aspect. The tendency of migrating from hill to terai is high. Because of migration different skilled manpower is not easily available in hilly places. The land is not properly utilized because of the lack of manpower. Different activities are also affected by the less people. Development is pending day by day. There is the lack of improved agricultural technology and fertilizer. There is always lack of food supply. Such activities directly affect the economic status of hilly region. - Social aspect is also affected by the migration. Because of the migration the destination’s places socio-cultural values may be affected. There is the high chances of social absurdity and crimes. There may be the diversity in language, caste, culture, etc. Diversity may lead to conflict and other crimes in the area. Activity – 2 --139-- Answer the following questions: a. Define death.

b. What are the factors affecting death? c. What is senescence? Day – 17 Unit – 2 Lesson -Determinants of population change Activity- 1 Read the tips of Day 16 and do the following questions: a. Define migration. b. What aspects are affected by migration describe any two of them. Day – 18 Unit – 5 Lesson - Introduction to Family Activity – 1 Read the following tips  Family is a group of people related to each other by marriage, blood or adoption and sharing common life.  Some importance of family are as follows: - The family can be taken as the first school for career development of a person. - The family is the transmitter of cultural and spiritual values. - Labor force is obtained from the family. - Family is the Centre for getting love, education, security and affection. - The family serves as a model for another family.  Some important functions of family are: sexual controls, reproduction, socialization, emotional function, status placement, protection, economic function social control, educational functions etc.  Generally, there are two types of family. They are Nuclear family and Joint family. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions: a. What is a family? b. Write any four importance of family. c. What are the types of family? Day -19 Unit – 5 Lesson- Family Activity -1 Read the following tips  Some characteristics of a joint family are: - Able to provide supportive service - Emergency support from other members is possible - Feelings are less intense - Less privacy - Good practice of social values and tradition  Some characteristics of a nuclear family are: - More privacy - Lack of security - Easily fulfilments of desires --140--

- Lack of supportive service  The requirements of family are two types. They are basic needs and additional needs.  Food, shelter, clothing, sex, education, health and security come under basic needs.  Love, affection, belonging, respect, honor, freedom and self-actualization come under additional needs.  Basic needs can be divides into two parts: a. Physiological needs: needs for food, drink, sex. b. Safety needs: needs for security, stability, protection,education, structure  Additional needs can be classified as follows: - Love and belonging needs: need for acceptance, giving and receiving love and affection. - Esteem: needs for self-respect, respect to others, honors, freedom. - Self-actualization: self fulfilment, self-realization, reaching one’s potential. Activity- 2 Answer the following questions: A. Define joint family. B. Define nuclear family. C. Write the basic needs and the additional needs of a family. Day- 20 Unit – 5 Lesson – family Activity – 1 Read the above tips of day 18 and 19. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions: a. Difference between joint family and nuclear family. b. Write any 4 advantages of joint family. c. Write any 4 disadvantages of Nuclear family. d. Give any three examples of basic needs and additional needs of a family. Day- 21 Unit – 5 Lesson – Introduction to Family life Education Activity – 1 Read the following tips  Family life education refers to the broad programs in home and family living designed to impart knowledge regarding practices, values and attitudes affecting family relationships.  The importance of family life education are as follows: a. It teachers with physical, emotional and social changes which are part of the process of growing up. b. It makes to understand that they are becoming more and more sexually mature and to realize the importance of sex,attitudes and behaviors. c. It develops the concept of family, family roles, and functions to recognize the various tasks that need to be undertaken for the well-being and maintenance of the family. --141--

d. It helps the children to establish a good relationship to the family members and other people. e. It helps them to develop the knowledge values and skills necessary for adult life, marriage, parenthood etc. f. Independence stage, coupling stage, parenting, empty nest, retirement or senior stage of life are the stages of family life cycle. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions: a. Define family life education. b. Write any four importance of family life education. c. Write the stages of family. d. Write short notes on (a) independence stage (b) retirement stage Day -22 Unit – 5 Lesson – Role of father and mother as parents in the family. Activity – 1 Read your text book page no .87 and 89 carefully. Activity – 2 Answer the following questions: a. Describe the role of father and mother as parents in the family. b. Write any eight parental responsibilities. Day -23 Unit – 5 Lesson – Marriage Activity -1 Read the following tips  Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between a male and female that establishes rights and obligations between them.  The purpose of marriage is - To plan a family and bear offspring - To fulfil sexual desires, love one another and enjoy. - To establish mutual relationship and harmony each-other in life.  Monogamy and polygamy are the forms of marriage.  Arranged marriage, love marriage, court marriage are the types of marriage.  The legal age at marriage of male and female is 20 and 18 respectively according to the Nepalese law. Activity -2 Answer the following questions: a. Define marriage. b. What are the purposes of marriage? c. What are the types of marriage? d. Write the forms of marriage. --142--

Day- 24 Unit- 5 Lesson- Marriage Activity-1 Read the brainstorming of your text book page no. 95 and place a tick which one you think correct. Day- 25 Unit – 5 Lesson – Marriage Activity-1 Read the page no. 96 and 97 of your text book. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: a. Write the disadvantages of early marriage. b. Write the advantages of proper age at marriage. Day- 26 Unit -5 Lesson- Ageing and social security Activity-1 Read the following tips:  Process of changing in physique and physical appearance with the speed of time or being old with mentally, physically weak is called ageing.  More wear and tear in the body, decrease in physical strength and power, increase in mental tension, decrease in immunity power, getting sick to a large extent heredity, improper diet, lack of proper exercise and rest are the causes of ageing. Read page no .101 of your text book topic physical changes. Activity-2 Answer the following questions: a. Define ageing. b. What are the causes of ageing? c. Write any ten physical changes in ageing. Day-27 Unit- 5 Lesson- Caring of senior citizens Activity -1 Read the page no .104 of your text book. Activity-2 How can you care the senior citizens? Write any six ways. --143--

Test Yourself-2077 Attempt all the questions Group A Very short answers questions. 11×1=11 1. Define health. 2. What is population? 3. When is the world environment Day? 4. Define demography. 5. When was the first census taken in Nepal? 6. What is virility? 7. Write the method of population census. 8. Who used demography for the first time? 9. What is family? 10. What is ageing? 11. When is the world population Day celebrated? Group B Short answers question. 9×4=36 12. What is migration? Describe its types. 13. Sketch a brief history of the development of census. 14. Explain the characteristics of vital registration system. 15. Why is population education a multidimensional process? 16. Make a list of scope of population education. 17. List the characteristics of a healthy individual. 18. Explain the roles of parents in a family. 19. Enlist and describe the signs and symptoms of ageing. 20. What is proper age at marriage? Explain its advantages based on Nepalese society. Group C Long answers questions. 4×7=28 21. Explain the factors affecting birth. 22. Which type of marriage do you prefer: love or arranged? Why? Give argument. 23. \"A healthy environment helps to make a healthier life\" Explain it with example. 24. ‘Instead of keeping senior citizens in elderly homes, it is better to care them at a home’. Justify statements. The End . --144--

Subject : Computer Science Day-1 Chapter: Introduction to computer and Its Application Areas Activity- 1 Definition of Computer: Computer is a programmable machine which can input data, process them, and give out meaningful information. Characteristics of Computer -Speed, Accuracy, Diligence, Versatility, and Storage See Text Book Pg no. 7 & 8 for more information Activity- 2 1. Define Computer? 2. What are the characteristics of computer? List them and explain any 2 of them. Day-2 Activity- 1 Advantages of Computer - Computers are accurate and reliable with high storage capacity. - They perform thousands of tasks in short period of time Disadvantages of Computer - Back up is so expensive that all people are not able to purchase the computer. - Computer is a machine that has no self intelligence to perform task. Working principle of computer: See Text Book Pg no 9 for more information Activity- 2 1. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of computer. 2. Write down the working principle of computer in brief. Day-3 Activity- 1 Application areas of computer are:- Banking: - Computers are used in online banking, ATM card etc. Education: - Computers are used in making PowerPoint slides.CBL (Computer Based Learning) and IBL (Internet based learning) are popular nowadays. Other areas are Entertainment, Hospital, Science and Technology, Communication such as video chat etc. Since computers are applicable in each and every field mentioned above. It is a versatile machine. --145--

Activity- 2 1. Why is the computer called a versatile machine? 2. What are the major application areas of computer? List out them 3. What is the role of computer in education and banking sector? Explain in detail Day-4 Chapter:-Computer System Activity- 1 Computer System -It is the set of hardware and software which work together to process data according to the instruction given by the user in order to give information. Computer is made up of following distinct elements which are:- 1. CPU which is known as brain of computer 2. ALU which performs arithmetic operations. 3. CU maintains the sequence of operations being performed by CPU. 4. MU stores processed data. 5. Input, output and storage unit See text book page no 27, 28 &29 for more information Activity- 2 1. Define computer system with its few components. 2. Define the following: a. CPU b. ALU c. CU 3. What do you mean by input and output unit? Also, write the function of storage unit. Day-5 Activity- 1 Computer Hardware: - It refers to the physical units or machine of functional units which makes up the computer configuration. Computer Software: - It is the set of instructions that helps to manipulate data and enhance proper functioning of hardware components. BIOS Software: - The interaction between the input and output device is controlled by software which is called BIOS software. See text book pg no. 27 and 29 Activity- 2 1. Define computer hardware and software with some examples. 2. What is BIOS software? Also mention two types of software. (Hint: Types of software are System Software and Application Software) Day-6 Activity- 1 Data: They are raw, unorganized facts which are used as input for computer system. Information:-They are output of data which carries logical meaning. User:-People who are computer users are operators. --146--

Activity- 2 1. Define between data and information. 2. Who are users? Day-7 Chapter: - An Introduction to Computer Technology Activity- 1 Internet: - It is defined as an information superhighway, from where we can access the information over the web. WWW:-It is a large scale, online store of information. Components of WWW 1. Web Browser 2. Search Engine 3. Web Server 4. Website 5. Webpage 6. Uploading and downloading 7. URL 8. Homepage 9. DNS 10. IOT Activity- 2 1. What is internet? Write its uses. 2. Define WWW.Also list out the components of WWW. Day-8 Activity- 1 Web browser: - It is the software program that helps to present and explore contents on WWW. Surfing: - Process of using browser to view information on internet. Types of Browser 1. Graphical browsers like Chrome, Opera. 2. Text browsers like Lynx. Search Engine: - It is used to search information and multiple resources on internet through web browsers. Popular search engines - Google, Bing, Yahoo etc. See text book Pg no 104. Activity- 2 1. What is web browser? Write with examples. 2. Write down the types of web browsers. 3. Define search engine. Also write its uses and example. Day-9 Activity- 1 Web Server: - It is the server computer that hosts the websites and provides WebPages of websites to requested users. --147--

Website:- It is the collection of many related WebPages. Web Page: - It is the document commonly written in HTML that is accessible through Internet or Internet Browser. Activity- 2 1. Define the following a. Web Page b. web Server c. Web site 2. Write the use of Web server. Day-10 Activity- 1 Uploading: - Process of sending web pages, images and files onto a web server. Downloading: - Process of getting webpages, images and files from web server. URL: Special form of individual address of certain resource on Internet. See text book pg no 106 for more information Activity- 2 1. What do you mean by uploading and downloading? 2. Define URL with examples. Day-11 Activity- 1 Homepage: - Initial or main web page of a website or a browser. DNS: - An internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses as domain names are alphabetic and easy to remember. Internet of things: - It is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines that are provided with unique identifiers. See text book pg no 107 for more information. Activity- 2 1. Define Homepage and Iot. 2. Explain the DNS in details. Day-12 Activity- 1 Cloud Computing: - Delivery of different services through internet. Cloud Computing services [provides users with series of functions (services) like:- - Email - Analyzing Data - Creating and Testing app - Audio and Video Streaming Cloud Storage: - Way to save data securely online so that it can be accessed anywhere and can be easily shared with those who are providing permission. Activity- 2 1. What is cloud computing? Define cloud storage. 2. What are the services provides by cloud computing? --148--

Day-13 Chapter: - General Concept of Programming Activity- 1 Computer Programs: - Set of instructions written for performing a specific task. Programmer: - A person who designs the algorithms and writes the necessary code to create computer program. Programming language: - A set of commands, instructions and other syntax used to create software programs. Activity- 2 1. What is programming language? 2. Define computer program and programmer. Day-14 Activity- 1 Types of programming language 1. Low level language: - Machine dependent language which is directly understood by computer. They are written in binary language and are non portable. Types of low level language:- a. Assembly language: - Low level language written by using mnemonics code. b. Machine language: - Low level language written in binary digits. See advantages and disadvantages from text book Pg no 181 Activity- 2 1. Define low level language and mention its types. 2. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of machine and assembly language. Day-15 Activity- 1 High level Programming language: - The language which is written in English language with the help of mathematical notation. Middle level Programming language: - The programming language that have features of low level and high level language. Fourth Generation language: - The computer language that consists of statement similar to human language. Read more information from text book pg no 182 & 183 Activity- 2 1. What is high level programming language? Write any four features of it. 2. Define Middle level programming language and Fourth generation language. Day-16 Activity- 1 Fifth generation language: - It is a programming language based on problem solving. Artificial Intelligence:-Branch of computer science in which the computer system is programmed to have human intelligence characteristics. Read advantages of fifth generation language from text book pg no 183 --149--

Activity- 2 1. Define fifth generation language. Mention any two advantages of it. 2. Define AI. Day-17 Activity- 1 Translator Programs: - A translator takes a program written in source language as input and converts it into a program in target language as output which is called translator program. Types of translator programs 1. Compiler 2. Interpreter 3. Assembler Activity- 2 1. What is translator program? 2. Name the types of translator programs. Day-18 Activity- 1 Compiler: - It is a translator program that translates program written in high level language into machine level language as a whole at once. Interpreter: - It is a translator program that translates the program written in high level language into machine level language line by line. Assembler: - It is a translator program that translates the program written in assembly language into machine language and vice versa for a module at once. Read the advantages and disadvantages of all translator programs from text book pg no 184 &185. Activity- 2 1. Define compiler, interpreter and assembler. 2. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of compiler, interpreter and assembler. Day-19 Activity- 1 Read differences between compiler, interpreter and assembler from text book pg no .186 Program Development Cycle The process of developing software according to the desired needs of a user by following a basic set of interrelated procedures. Activity- 2 1. Write any two differences between compiler and interpreter. 2. Define program development cycle. Activity- 1 Day-20 Phases of Program Development Cycle --150-- 1. Analyzing the problem 2. Designing the program