Class-9

3. Coding and Documentation of Program 4. Testing and Debugging 5. Documenting the program 6. Maintenance Activity- 2 1. Write proper phases of program development cycle and explain any 2 of them in brief. Day-21 Chapter: - Programming Techniques Activity- 1 Algorithm: - Set of sequential steps written to solve a particular problem. General rules for writing an algorithm • It should have a finite number of steps. • It must produce an output. • The steps should be executed by computer • An algorithm is independent of programming language. Activity- 2 1. What is algorithm? 2. Mention any 2 general rules for writing an algorithm. Day-22 Activity- 1 Advantages of algorithm - An algorithm uses a definite procedure. - It is not dependent on any programming language. Characteristics of an algorithm - An algorithm must have well defined inputs. - An algorithm must be terminated after finite number of steps. Read algorithm samples from text book pg no 193,194 and 195. Activity- 2 1. Mention any 2 characteristics and advantages of algorithm. 2. Write an algorithm to find simple interest. Day-23 Activity- 1 Flowchart: - It is a graphical representation of an algorithm having symbols with pre-defined meanings. Advantages of flowchart: - It facilitates the analysis of the problem. - Maintenance of the program becomes easy. Read differences between algorithm and flowchart from text book pg no 196 Activity- 2 1. Define flowchart with its advantages. 2. Write an algorithm for the following. a. To add any three numbers entered by users. b. To display whether the entered number is divisible by 3 or not. --151--

Day-24 Activity- 1 Types of flowchart 1. System flowchart - Graphical representation of flow of data in the system and represents the work of process of system. 2. Program Flowchart - Diagram which uses set of standard graphic symbols to represent the sequence of coded instruction. Read advantages of flowchart from text book pg no 197 Activity- 2 1. What are the types of flowchart? Define each in short. 2. Mention any 2 advantages of flowchart. Day-25 Activity- 1 Purpose Description Symbols used in flowchart: Processing box Used for arithmetic operation and data manipulation Symbols On page connecter Used to join different flow line See more symbols in text book pg no 197. Activity- 2 1. Draw symbol of decision box and mention its use. 2. Draw the symbol of flow line and terminal box and mention their use. Day-26 Activity- 1 Flowchart Structure 1. Sequence Structure 2. Selection Structure 3. Repetition Structure See more information about flowchart structures from text book pg no 198 &199 Activity- 2 1. What is a sequence structure in flowchart? 2. Define selection and repetition structure with proper diagram. Day-27 Activity- 1 Read the flowchart samples from text book pg no 200&201 Activity- 2 1. Draw a flowchart to find the product of any three numbers. 2. Draw a flowchart to find area and perimeter of square. --152--

Day-28 Activity- 1 Read the flowchart samples from text book pg no 202 & 203. Activity- 2 1. Draw a flowchart for the following: a. To converts the temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit. b. To find the smallest of three numbers. Day-29 Activity- 1 Read the flowchart samples from text book pg no 204 &205. Activity- 2 1. Draw an Algorithm and flowchart to find area of 4 walls. (Hint: Area of 4 walls=2h (lab)) 2. Draw a flowchart to find even numbers from 1 to 100. Day-30 Activity- 1 Read the flowchart samples from text book pg no 206. Activity- 2 1. Draw a flowchart to display the multiplication table of any given number. 2. Draw an algorithm and flowchart to find all divisor of a number. Some Important Full Forms: Chapter 1:- Introduction to computer and Its Application Areas • CPU – Central Processing Unit • Hz – hertz • GIGO –Garbage in Garbage out • KB – Kilobytes • GB – Gigabytes • MB –Megabytes • CBL – Computer Based Learning • IBL – Internet Based Learning • ECG – Electro Cardiograph • ICU – Intensive Care Unit • CAS –Computer Aided Surgery • OT –Operation Theater • ATM –Automatic Teller Machine • VOIP –Voice Over Internet Protocol Chapter 3: Computer System • ALU –Arithmetic and Logic Unit • IMU –Internal Memory Unit • CU – Control Unit --153--

• MU – Memory Unit • RAM-Random Access Memory • OCR- Optical Character Reader • MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Reader Recognition • OMR-Optical Mark Reader • LED-Light Emitting Diode • VDU-Visual Display Unit • LCD-Liquid Crystal Display • DVST –Direct View Storage Tube • BIOS-Basic Input Output System Chapter 7: An Introduction to Computer Technology • TCP/IP –Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol • DNS –Domain Name Server • DARPA-Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency • WWW-World Wide Web • HTTP –Hypertext Transfer Protocol • SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • FTP-File Transfer Protocol • HTML-Hypertext Markup Language • URL –Uniform Resource Locator Chapter 10: Programming Techniques • 4GL-Fourth Generation Language • AI – Artificial Intelligence • ANN –Artificial Neural Network • 5 GL – Fifth Generation Language. By: [email protected] (9856020726, Kantipur Academy) --154--

Subject : Environment Science Day-1 Lesson: 1 Topic: Environment and its Components Activity-1 Study the following key note. -The term environment means surroundings which include physical, chemical, biological, cultural and social conditions of nature. Living beings and non-living things are two major components present in an environment. Survival, reproduction, growth, and development of an organism are determined by the environment. -Environment is the surrounding where a condition is created by interaction between living beings, non-living things and human influenced activities. All organisms depend upon the environment to sustain their life. It is a valuable gift of nature as well as creation of man. Man, animals, birds, insects, land, water, mountains, rivers, air, minerals etc. are components of environment. Even the man made things like settlement, buildings, factory, dam, road, are components of environment. Similarly, all stars, planets, satellites etc. that form solar system are also environmental components. (See page no. 5 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What is environment? List the components of environment. 2) Write any two importance of environment. Day-2 Lesson: 1 Topic: Elements of Environment Activity-1 Study the following tips. -All the things either livings (biotic) or non-livings (abiotic) present in nature are the elements of environment. The elements of environment are grouped as biotic and abiotic factors. Abiotic Factors: The abiotic factors includeclimatic factors (light and heat, temperature, water, air, humidity, and atmosphere) Physiographic factors (altitude, latitude, and steepness of slope) and edaphic factors (soil). Biotic factors: All living beings from micro-organisms to insects, plants and animals are biological factors present in environment. All the living beings in environment are closely related and interdependent upon each other. (See page no. 6 -8 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) List down the biotic and abiotic factors present in your surroundings. 2) In which factors is humidity included? 3) Explain the biotic factors of environment. Day-3 Lesson: 1 Topic: Need and Importance of Environment Education Activity-1 Study the following note. -The process of giving knowledge and information about existing condition, causes and effects of environment degradation, and ways of managing environment by changing --155--

attitudes, behaviors and skill of people is called environment education. It teaches people to make proper use of various things found in the environment. It also develops knowledge, skills and attitude of individual for the conservation of various aspects of the environment. -Environment education guides us how to manage the environment properly and how to use sustainable environmental resources. The importance of environment education is presented point wise as follows: i) Increase awareness level: Environment education makes people aware of existing situation of environment, importance of environmental resources, causes and effects of environment degradation. It also teaches them how natural environment function and particularly how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live. Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What is environment education? 2) Write short notes on the importance of environment education in our life. Day-4 Lesson: 1 Topic: Need and Importance of Environment Education Activity-1 Study the following note. Every creature in the earth depends on the earth environment for sustaining their life. We human beings depend on nature for economic development, social development and technological development etc.The health of people totally depends on environment. The importance of environment education is given in the following points: i) Develop positive attitude and behavior: Environment education prepares learners to develop positive attitude towards environment. They stop polluting their surroundings, which help to maintain healthy life. ii) Control pollution: Environment education helps us to control air, water, soil, and noise pollution by giving causes and effects of pollution ,people develop habits and adopt means that check pollution. iii) Use of environmental friendly technology: Environment education encourages us to use environment friendly technology in coming future such as solar vehicles, solar cooker, biogas, use of hydropower, waste treatment plant ,fuel efficient technology etc.(See page no. 9 and 10) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Explain theimportance of environment education. Day-5 Lesson: 2 Topic:Introduction of Ecology and Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following note. Ecology: The word ecology has been derived from two Greekwords; the Oikas and Logos. The Oikas means shelter/house and Logos means study. Therefore, ecology is the study of surrounding environment and habitats of living organisms. --156--

Ecosystem: Ecosystem is the interaction/interrelationship between the biotic (living) and abiotic (Non-living) factors of environment. The ecosystem is based on its geographical features and climatic conditions. The term‘Ecos ’means the environment and ‘system’ means an interaction. Thus, ecosystem is an any unit of bio-system that includes all the organisms living together in a given area where they interact with the physical environment. The ecosystem is based on its geographical features and climatic conditions. Nepal is rich in ecosystem due to variation in its topography and climate. All the plants, animals, microorganism and non-living objects are the components of ecosystem. We cannot live without abiotic component and we should maintain good relationship with them. (See page 11 and 12 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Define ecology and ecosystem with examples. 2) Why do we need abiotic components? Explain with examples. Day-6 Lesson: 2 Topic: Forest Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following note. Nepal is rich in ecosystem due to variation in its topography and climate. The ecosystem varies in different places as per their geographical features. -Broadly, there are two types of ecosystem found in the environment .One is terrestrial ecosystem and another is aquatic ecosystem. In terrestrial ecosystem, there are various ecosystems such as forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, crop ecosystem, mountain ecosystem etc. Different components of forest ecosystem are as follows: Abiotic Factors /Components: The abiotic components include non-living inorganic substances, organic substances present in soil. In addition to minerals, some dead organic materials and air, water, humidity etc. also present in this ecosystem. (See page no. 13) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Why Nepal is very rich in ecosystem? Give any two reasons. 2) Explain in brief the abiotic factors of forest ecosystem. Day-7 Lesson: 2 Topic: Biotic Factors of Forest Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following note. Biotic Factors: The biotic factors are classified into two types; namely Autotrophs (producers) and Heterotrophs (consumes and decomposers). Autotrophs: Autotrophs are those living beings which can prepare their food themselves in the presence of sunlight. They are also called proucers. All the green plants are autotrophs. Heterotrophs: Those living beings which can not prepare their food themselves, but depend upon the autotrophs for it are called heterotrophs. They are classified into consumers and --157--

decomposers. Producers:- Producers are those organisms which can prepare their food themselves in the presence of sunlight. All the green plants are producers. Trees, fruit plants, herbs, grass, and flowering plants are the examples of producers. Consumers:-They depend on producers for their food. They are further divided into primary, secondaryand tertiary consumers. Decomposers:-The organisms which decompose the dead bodies of plants and animals are called decomposers. They cannot be seen by our naked eyes. Decomposers include bacteria, protozoa, and fungi etc. Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What are autotrophs? 2) Describe the producers of forest ecosystem. 3) What are the factors of forest ecosystem? Explain. Day-8 Lesson: 2 Topic: Trophic Level of Forest Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following key points. - All living beings need food for their survival. They also require food for continuation of their physical activities and generation. Food provides them energy to carryout their activities. Through the food, the energy transfer from one level to another trophic level. This process of transforming food from one trophic level to another trophic level is called food chain. - A trophic level refers to a level or a position in a food chain or ecological pyramid. - The amount of energy at each tropic level decreases as it moves through an ecosystem - It refers to the feeding relationships of organisms in an ecosystem. - The energy flow from producers to consumers and then in decomposers in decreasing trend. The food trophic level of the forest ecosystem is presented below: 1st Trophic Level: In this trophic level, green plants such as saal, sisau, simal, dhupi, etc. lie. 2nd Trophic Level: In this trophic level, primary consumers such as elephant, deer, squirrel, etc. lie. 3rd Trophic Level: In this trophic level, snake, Jackal, lizard, some birds etc. lie. 4th Trophic Level: In this trophic level, tiger, bear, lion, hawk etc. lie.(See page no.14 and 15) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Define trophic level. 2) What is a food chain. 3) Describe the energy flow in forest ecosystem. Day-9 Lesson: 2 Topic: Mountain Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following note. Mountain ecosystem is one of the terrestrial ecosystems. This ecosystem is found in high elevation above 3500 m from the sea level. The density of air, oxygen and carbondioxide is --158--

comparatively lower than the sea level.The biodiversity is also less and ecosystem is very sensitive here because of coldness, low atmospheric pressure and oxygen level. The mountain ecosystem also includes various components which are as follows: Abiotic Factors: Air,water,soil,light etc.are the physical factors of the mountain ecosystem. The soil contains various natural elements as inorganic and dead and decayed matters as organic matters. This includes aerial environment consisting of gases like Carbondioxide, oxygen, and other gases. Similarly, inorganic compounds such as water,calcium, phosphate, and their compounds ,nitrates, phosphorous are also available there.(See page no.16 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Why mountain ecosystem is is taken as sensitive? Give any two reasons. 2) Explain the abiotic factors of mountain ecosystem. Day-10 Lesson: 2 Topic: Biotic Factors of Mountain Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following note. There are two types of biotic factors present in mountain ecosystem; namely autotrophs, and heterotrophs.The autotrophs are those plants which can prepare food themselves in the presence of sunlight.The heterotrophs are the non-chlorophyll containing living beings such as consumers and decomposers which can not prepare their food. The consumers are divided into primary, secondary, tertiary level. They are: Producers: GreenPlants which can prepare food themselves by the photosynthesis process are the producers. Draft grasses, herbs, scrubs in high mountainand pine trees, dhupi trees, deodar, rhododendron, maple etc. are the trees in tree line areas of the mountain as the examples of producers in the mountain ecosystem. Consumers: Consumers are the heterotrophic organisms which consumes the food produced by producers. They are further divided into primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. Decomposers: Those microorganisms which decompose the dead organic matters are called decomposers. Bacteria, Fungi, and virus are the examples of decomposers. Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What types of animals are consumers? 2) Explain the biotic factors of mountain ecosystem. Day-11 Lesson: 2 Topic: Trophic Level of Mountain Ecosystem Activity-1 Study the following note. Trophic Level : A source of food in each step of food chain is called trophic level.In a food chain, the energy flow from one trophic level to another in a decreasing trend.The trophic level of mountain ecosystem are as follows: First trophic level: It includes producers.They are grasses,scrubs,and herbs etc. Second trophic level: The primary consumers (herbivores) like sheep, yak, wild goat, musk deer, etc. lie in this trophic level. --159--

Third trophic level: The secondary consumers (carnivores /omnivores)like snow leopards, Bears, vultures ,human beings etc. Fourth trophic level: It includes decomposers or microorganisms. Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Define trophic level. 2) Explain trophic level of mountain ecosystem. Day-12 Lesson: 4 Topic: Climate Change Activity-1 Study the following key points. - The significant change in the average weather and climatic pattern in due course of time on the earth or in any parts of earth is called climate change. It is caused due to polluting activities of human beings and other factors. - The increase in atmospheric temperature is the main factor of climate change in the world. - It is an unusual change which results in abnormal change in rainfall, wind and weather patterns. This is mainly due to the rise in temperature of the atmosphere. - The trapping of heat in the earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gases is called greenhouse effect. It rises the temperature of the atmosphere because the heat that comes through sun rays on the surface of the earth cannot travel back as it is absorbed by greenhouse gases. Climate change has caused a rise in temperature, flood, and drought, a negative impact on health and degrading the beauty of the planet earth. (See page no .43 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What is climate change? 2) Write any two causes of climate change. 3) What are the people’s activities in your locality that cause climate change? Write any five. Day-13 Lesson: 4 Topic: Natural Causes of Climate Change Activity-1 Study the following note. Climate change is a burning and serious threat to the world community. Increased greenhouse gases are responsible for climate change. Therefore; the major causes of climate change can be studied under two headings; natural causes and man-made (anthropogenic) causes. The earth’s climate is influenced and changed through natural causes like volcanic eruptions, ocean current, the earth’s orbital changes and solar variations. --160--

Earth’s orbital changes: The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5 to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. Changes in the tilt of the earth can lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons, more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. If the earth is closer to the sun, then the earth’s temperature will rise. Solar variations: The sun is the source of energy for the Earth’s climate system. Although the sun’s energy output appears constant from an everybody point of view, small changes over an extended period of time can lead to climate changes. Scientific studies shows that solar variations have performed a role in past climate changes. It was believed that about 300 years ago, there was a period of reduced solar activity, called the little ICE AGE. State any one natural cause of climate change. 1) How does solar variations affect climate of the earth? Explain in brief. Day-14 Lesson: 4 Topic: Natural Causes of Climate Change Activity-1 Study the following note. Volcanic Eruptions: When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulpher dioxide, water vapour, dust and ash into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide, sulpher oxides, water vapour, and etc.are the greenhouse gases which make the earth surface warm. Tiny particles called aerosols are produced by volcanes.They reflect solar energy back into space they have a cooling effect on the world. Ocean current: The oceans are a major component of the climate system. Ocean current moves vast amounts of heat across the planet. Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Deep ocean circulation of cold water from the poles towards the equator and movement of warm water from the equator back towards the poles makes the poles colder and the equator warmer. The oceans play an important role in determining the atmospheric concentration of CO2. (See page 44 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) State any one natural cause of climate change. 2) Explain the natural cause of climate change in brief. Day-15 Lesson: 4 Topic: Man-made causes of Climate Change Activity-1 Study the following note. Greenhouse effect: Humans are the main reason for the pollution in nature. Human’s polluting activities are the major causes of greenhouse effect. The major cause of greenhouse effect is over production of greenhouse gases which is also the cause of polluting human activities.-Greenhouse gases also can be released into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels, oil, coal, and gas. These materials are used in industries .Therefore; industries are also a major cause of the greenhouse effect. --161--

Deforestation: One of the man-made causes of the greenhouse effect is deforestation. The forest consumes the major greenhouse gas carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Due to deforestation the level of carbon dioxide is increase in the earth atmosphere and it causes the greenhouse effect. Other major causes are over use of nitrogenous fertilizer, population growth, over use of electrical appliances etc. (See page no. 45 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) List down the sources of greenhouse gases in your locality which contribute to climate change. 2) Explain the man-made causes of climate change. Day-16 Lesson: 4 Topic : Effects of Climate Change Activity-1 Study the following note. Climate change has become a serious problem in modern days. It has caused a rise in temperature, flood, and drought, a negative impact on health and degrading the beauty of the planet earth. There are various impacts of climate change .some of them are: - sea level rise, loss of human life due to the outburst of glacier lake, desertification, irregularity in rainfall, disturb in natural life cycle, causes flood, soil erosion, and landslide, etc. The major effects of climate change are as follows. i) Food crisis ii) Impact on livestock iii) Water crisis iv) Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) v) Extreme weather events etc. (See page no.46-48 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Write any two effects of GLOF. 2) Explain in brief any five effects of climate change. Day-17 Lesson: 4 Topic: Global warming and its Causes Activity-1 Study the following note. The unscientific use of modern science and technology is helping to increase temperature on the earth surface day by day is called global warming. - Greenhouse effect is the cause of global warming. The production of greenhouse gases such as carbondioxide, methane, ethane, sulphur oxides, ozone, CFCs gases increases greenhouse effect. Therefore, the production of greenhouse gases by human activities such as industrial development, vehicular emission, generation of energy, and deforestation are the main causes of global warming. Global warming is caused by over production of greenhouse gases. The increased temperature on earth creates the drought, heavy rainfall, and change weather patterns. The possible causes of global warming are: i) Over emission of greenhouse gases ii) Deforestation iii) Over use of fossils fuel iv) Unmanaged industrialization v) Unmanaged research centre and lab-o-r1at6o2ry-.-

Activity 2 Answer the following questions. 1) What is global warming? 2) Mention any two causes of global warming. 3) “The main cause of global warming is human beings.”Justify it. Day-18 Lesson: 4 Topic: Effects of global warming Activity-1 Study the following key points. The overheating takes place in the earth atmosphere due to the over production of greenhouse gases and polluting human activity is called global warming. - Greenhouse effect is resulting world’s greatest issue i.e. global warming. Due to rapid urbanization together with industrialization, environment is degraded day by day. - When the temperature of the earth increase the Himalayan glacier and snow change into water and the sea level could rise. Raising sea level will disturb many coastal ecosystem and settlement. The effects of global warming are: i) Climate change ii) change in biogeochemical cycle iii) Effect on health of living beings iv) Rise in sea level v) Less crop production vi) Threat to fresh water etc. (see page no.50) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Mention any two effects of global warming. 2) “One of the major consequences of global warming is the rise in sea level.”Justify this statement. Day-19 Lesson: 4 Topic: Effects of global warming Activity-1 Study the following note. The average temperature of Nepal is also increasing at the pace the world’s temperature is rising up. There are various changes taking place in the nature and characteristics of flora and fauna .Plants are bearing flowers and fruits prematurely. Birds and animals have started laying eggs and bearing babies well before than it is usual. The following are the effects of global warming in the context of Nepal. 1) The coverage of ice in Himalayan region is decreasing. 2) The glacier lake outburst is frequently occurring and it is predicted that there is possibility of glacier outburst flood in Nepal. 3) The agriculture production is decreasing due to the increase of dryness. Similarly; the rate of melting of Himalayan ice is increasing. (See page no.51 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Explain the effects of global warming in Nepal. --163--

Day-20 Lesson: 4 Topic: Mitigation measures of global warming Activity 1 Study the following note. Mitigation is the process of minimizing the adverse effects. Here; mitigation measures include control of releasing greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are the main responsible factor for global warming and climate change. The controlling measures of global warming are as follows: Conservation and Expansion of Forest Area: The forest consumes the major greenhouse gas carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. So to control the greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere we have to plant trees in bare land to decrease the level of carbon in the earth atmosphere. It conserves ecosystem and biodiversity. Therefore, forest expansion and conservation helps to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming by controlling greenhouse gases. Control of pollution: Pollution such as solid waste, water pollution and air pollution produce lots of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, methane, and aerosols. so, pollution should be controlled in local, national and international level to reduce global warming. (See page no. 51 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Write any two mitigating measures of global warming. 2) How does the expansion of forest area help to control global warming. Explain in brief ? Day-21 Lesson: 4 Topic: Mitigation measures of global warming Activity-1 Study the following note. Global warming and climate change is a worldwide problem .International efforts have been made towards reducing the amounts of gas emissions. The following measures are very important for the mitigation of global warming and climate change. Development of Alternative Clean Energy: Carbon dioxide and CFCs are the major greenhouse gases .The major source of carbon dioxide is fossil fuel so to control the greenhouse gases in the earth atmosphere, we should use the alternative sources of energy like solar energy, electrical energy, wind energy etc. These clean energy resources help to reduce the production of greenhouse gases and helps on mitigation of global warming and climate change. Development of Energy Efficient Technology: Development of energy efficient technology such as fluorescent lamp, lead lamp, four stroke engine, solar vehicles, improved cooking stoves etc. helps to reduce consumption of fossil fuels and reduces release of greenhouse gases. If we control the production of greenhouse gases it ultimately helps on mitigation of global warming. Conservation of water resources, public awareness, formation and implementation of policies, rules and regulations etc are the major ways of reducing global warming. (See page 52 and 53) --164--

Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What measures should be taken to control global warming? Write any five measures and explain in brief. Day-22 Lesson: 5 Topic: Natural Resources and its Types Activity-1 Study the following note. Natural Resources: The naturally occurring substances which are utilized by living being for their survival and growth are called natural resources. The resources like air, water, minerals, land, forest, plants animals etc. available in the nature are called natural resources. All living beings, including humans are dependent on these natural resources for the fulfillment of their basic needs. On the basis of renewability, the natural resources are classified as renewable resources, non-renewable resources, and perpetual resources. Renewable Resource: The resource which is renewed in the nature in human life time is called a renewable resource. For example, forest, trees, grasses, wild animals, fresh water, air, soil, etc. Non-renewable Resource: The resource which is not renewed in the nature in human life time is called a non-renewable resource. For example, petroleum products such as coal, petrol, minerals Perpetual Resource: The resources which are never finished in quantity and quality in human life time even after huge exploitation are called perpetual resources. For example, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. (See page no. 59 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What is natural resource? 2) Describe the types of natural resources. Day-23 Lesson: 5 Topic: Importance of Natural Resources Activity-1 Study the following key points. Natural resources are the sources to fulfill all sorts of our needs. Natural resources are the big sources of energy and main basis of industrial development. Living beings get air and water for basic survival. The importance of natural resources is described in the following points: Source of Fresh Air and Water: All living beings including human, plants, and animals get fresh air and water from natural environment. Without these resources, life is not possible. Source of Food: The land and forests are important natural resources which provide food for men, animals, birds etc. Besides, a man get meat, eggs, skin, and other materials from animals and birds. Similarly, human get different types of products such as timber, firewood, medicinal herbs rubber, paper raw materials to make colors, etc from natural resources. Natural resources provide shelter to living beings, maintain beauty in nature, source of economical development, balance ecosystem etc. (See page no.60 and 61 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Explain the importance of natural resource. --165--

Day-24 Lesson: 5 Topic: Water Resource Activity-1 Study the following key points. - Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula is H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. - Basic thing for human beings including all living things. It covers about 71% of earth surface. The whole body of water covering the surface of the earth is known as the hydrosphere. Water is basis of the life. To have a healthy body and survive, about 4 liters of water is needed for us daily. - About 97% of water is salty water in the ocean whereas remaining 3% is fresh water. Pure water is an odorless, tasteless, clear liquid. - Water is one of the best-known ionizing agents. Because most substances are somewhat soluble in water, it is frequently called the universal solvent. Water is the only substance that occurs at ordinary temperature in all three states of matte i.e. solid, liquid, and gas. Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Introduce water with its properties. Day-25 Lesson: 5 Topic: Importance of Water Activity-1 Study the following key points. Water is indispensible for all creatures and very important natural resource. It is needed in every step of our life. We cannot imagine a minute of life without water. It is needed for survival and used for industrial development. The importance of water is given below: - Water is used to perform daily activities like drinking, washing, cleaning utensils and cooking purposes. - It is useful for generating hydro-electricity. It is also important for fisheries and navigation. - Water is also required for plants. So, it is used for irrigation as well as photosynthesis process. - Water can also be used for fish farming, swimming and many other recreational activities. - Water is used for sustaining life. Our body also consists of more than 70% water. Without water we cannot survive. (See page no. 62 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Define water resources and explain its importance. --166--

Day-26 Lesson: 5 Topic: Sources of Water Activity-1 Study the following note. Life is possible on the earth due to the presence of water. There are various sources of water. The main sources are as follows: 1. Rain water: Rain water is the main source of water in an environment. The rain water collected can be stored for direct use or can be recharged into the ground water. Rain is the first form of water that play vital role in the hydrological cycle. Hence, it is a primary source of water for us. 2. Surface water: The water found on the surface of the earth is known as surface water. Nepal is rich in terms of surface water. The surface water is found in different forms such as river, lake, pond, rivulet, waterfall, and sea. 3. Underground water: It refers to the water found beneath the earth’s surface .sometimes due to high pressure this water sprouts out in the form of springs. Well, Tube-well, wetlands etc. are the examples of ground water. (See page 62 and 63 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) State any two sources of underground water. 2) Explain different sources of water in brief. Day-27 Lesson: 5 Topic: Conservation of Water Resources Activity-1 Study the following note. Conservation of water resources means wise and sensible use of water resource. Water resource must be used in a proper way. There is only about 3% fresh water .So, if we want to have drinking water in proper amount, its quality should be maintained and it should not be exploited. There are various measures of water resource conservation. Some of them are as follows: i) Proper use of water ii) Conservation of watershed. iii) Conservation of forest and land iv) Control of water pollution v) Awareness etc. (See page no.64 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Describe any five ways of conserving water resources. Day-28 Lesson: 5 Topic: Policy for Conservation of Water Resource Activity-1 Study the following note. Appropriate policies and legislations are essential to conserve our water resources. First, haphazard extraction of underground water should be discouraged. It is necessary to make proper laws and implement them strictly. From local level, we can conserve water by adopting the following measures: - Use less water to wash your face and hand --167--

- Prevent water leakage from pipes while distributing it. - Use drip irrigation system. - Do not let the water overflow from the tap. (See page no. 65 of your book) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. List down the water resources in your locality and describe any one of the sources mentioning following points: i) Status of water source ii) Purpose of use iii) Sanitation condition of source iv) Role of local people for conservation Day-29 Lesson: 5 Topic: Soil/Land Activity-1 Study the following key points. - Land is part of the earth which is not covered by water body occupied by continents and land mass. It is also one of the most important natural resources and a major component of the lithosphere. - The top layer of the earth’s crust is called soil. It is the important part of life. - It is formed by weathering of rocks, decomposition or organic materials and minerals through a long term process of physical and chemical changes. It takes a number of years to form soil. - Land supports most forms of biological life. Many human activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, physical infrastructures and industries are carried out on land. (See page no. 66 ) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) What is soil? How is it formed? Explain briefly. Day-30 Lesson: 5 Topic: Importance of Land Activity-1 Study the following note. Land is one of the most important natural resources and a major component of lithosphere. It is a source of nutrients necessary for living beings. Without land we would not be able to plant trees and food crops. Land is one of the most basic elements in our lives.It is the source of food grains .We grow many crops and obtain food from land. It provides shelter to many living creatures. It is also the source of many treasures. Major minerals are obtained from land. Wetland ecosystem of the land helps to preserve some species that are in the state of extinction. The importance of land is given below: i) Basic things for survival ii) Source of producing food, water and other things. iii) Maintains balance in Eco-system IV) Source of different materials v) Balance in agricultural system VI) Bases of development etc. (see page no.66 and 67) Activity-2 Answer the following questions. 1) Why is land important for us? Give any five reasons. --168--

Model Question Class: Nine Time: 2:15 hrs. F.M: 75 Subject: Environment Science Students are suggested to answer in their own words as far as practicable on the basis of given instructions. Attempt all the questions. Group A (11×1=11) Very short answer questions. 1. What determines the acidity and basic condition of soil? 2. In which factors is humidity included? 3. Define ecology. 4. Write any two tertiary consumer of mountain ecosystem. 5. Define climate change. 6. Write the full form of GLOF. 7. Write any two causes of global warming. 8. Write any two mitigating measures of global warming. 9. Give any two examples of perpetual resources. 10. State any one natural cause of climate change. 11. Why mountain ecosystem is taken as sensitive? Give a reason. Group B (8×5=40) Short answer questions. 12. Write short notes on the importance of environment education in our life. 13. Describe the energy flow in forest ecosystem. 14. “Excess use of energy is the main cause of climate change”. Justify it. 15. Mention any five effects of global warming. 16. Define trophic level. Draw a diagram showing different trophic level. 17. Define water .Explain any two major sources of water. 18. How does global warming affect the water cycle? Explain. 19. List out any four importance of land and explain any one of them in detail. Group C (2×12=24) Long answer questions. 20. What is environment? Describe any three abiotic factors of environment. (1+2×3+1×5=12) 21. What is ozone layer? Explain any two ways of protecting ozone layer. Define biodiversity along its type. Nepal is one of the richest country in biodiversity Support your answer. (1+ 4+1+3+3=12) The End --169--

Subject: Accountancy Day-1 Activity :1 Office: The central/main part of an organization which is established to perform various types of regular and incidental jobs in a coordinated manner to achieve common predetermined goal. An office is also called the heart of the business. Function of office: [Source pg . no: 3] 1. Main /Basic function 2. Administrative function Activity: 2 1. Define an office. 2. Explain any five functions of an office. 3. What do you mean by human resource function? 4. Where are incoming and outgoing information stored? Day: 2 Activity : 2 Importance of office: [Source pg. no: 4 &5) Methods of formation of office Generally formation of office means establishment of office. It can be performed on the basis of nature, volume of work, objectives and time duration. 1. Permanent / Long term office 2. Temporary / Short term office Permanent office: Those offices which are established to continue its business activities for a long or uncertain period of time. Temporary office: Those offices which are established to perform certain specific work. This types of office is closed after the expiry of time or achievement of objectives. Activity: 2 1. What do you mean by an office? Explain its any four importance 2. What are the different method of formation of office? 3. Define permanent office with suitable examples 4. List the types of temporary office. Day : 3 Activity: 1 Government office: Those offices which are established, managed and controlled by the government of any country . Examples; All ministries, Departments, District level offices etc Objectives of government office. 1. To formulate plans and policies and to implement them. 2. To maintain law and order and peace and security in the country. 3. To create good environment for economic and social development. 4. To protect the country from internal and external attacks and violation. 5. To maintain cordial relationship with domestic and foreign agencies and government. --170--

Activity : 2 1. List the types of office. 2. What do you mean by government office. 3. Mention any five objectives of government office. 4. List any four features of government office. Day : 4 Activity : 1 Business office: Those offices which are established with the investment of government or private individuals with a view to earn profit by providing goods or services to the general people. Types of business office 1. Office with government investment: The business office which is established with full or partial investment of the government. Examples: Nepal Oil Corporation, Nepal Airlines Corporation, Nepal Telecom etc 2. Office with private investment: Those offices which are established with the full investment, management and controlling of private individuals. Examples: Saleways, Bhatbhateni etc Activity: 2 1. List the types of business office. 2. Define business office. 3. What do you mean by office with government investment? Write its any 4 features. 4. What is the main purpose of business office? Day : 5 Activity: 1 Service motive office: Those offices which are established by the government or private individuals for rendering service and for public welfare and interest. Examples: Nepal scout, Red Cross Society, Nepal Eye Hospital, SOS etc. Features of service motive office (Source pg. no :8) Activity : 2 1. Write any two examples of service motive office. 2. What do you mean by service motive office? List its types. 3. Why is service motive office established? Day : 6 Activity: 1 Office Personnel : Office personnel are the employees engaged in an office holding different positions from lowest to the highest level to perform the various technical and administrative jobs for achieving the predetermined organizational goal. Types of office personnel Office Personnel Office chief Sectional chief Office assistant --171--

Activity: 2 1. Define office personnel. 2. State the types of office personnel. 3. Which level personnel is involved in planning? Day : 7 Activity : 1 Office chief: Office chief is the highest level position in an office having the responsibility of setting objectives, formulating the plans and policies, managing resources and coordinating with sub ordinates and departments for achievement of target goal. [Hints]: Office chief is also called boss/ Main person/ head person/ Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Functions of office chief (Source pg .no : 13) Activity : 2 1. Write the full form of CEO. 2. Who is office chief? State some major functions of office chief. Day : 8 Activity : 1 Sectional chief / Chief of the branch: Sectional chief is the middle level staff of an office having the responsibility of performing the jobs under the instruction and direction of the office chief. [Hints]: Sectional chief is also known as departmental head. Functions of sectional chief (Source pg . no : 15) Activity : 2 1. Who is a sectional chief? 2. Mention any six functions of sectional chief. Day : 9 Activity : 1 Office Assistant : Office assistant is a lower level employees of an office who is appointed to assist (help) the office chief and sectional chief in their office procedure by doing various regular jobs. Types of office assistant (Source pg. no : 15 & 16) 1. Sectional clerk: The office assistant who is appointed to perform the jobs of particular section under the direction of sectional head. 2. Personal Assistant (PA): Personal Assistant is the office assistant who is appointed to assist the chief in his/her official activities. 3. Receptionist: Receptionist is the office assistant who is appointed to deal with the visitors, handle telephone calls and serve the customers and visitors in an office. Activity: 2 1. State the types of office assistant. 2. Who is receptionist? 3. Briefly explain different types of office assistant. --172--

Day: 10 Activity : 1 Qualification of office assistant Qualification refers to the ability of a person or employee to perform the assigned job in effective and efficient manner. Qualification of office assistant (Source pg. no : 16& 17) Activity: 2 1. Briefly explain the qualities of office assistant. 2. Why office assistant should have the knowledge of foreign language and office procedure? Activity: 1 Day : 11 Functions of office assistant: (Source pg .no : 18) Activity: 2 1. Briefly explain any six functions of office assistant. 2. Write the full form of CEO. Activity: 1 Day : 12 Qualities or traits of office assistant (Sourced pg. no : 19 & 20) Activity: 2 1. Briefly explain the essential qualities of an office assistant. 2. What do you mean by tactfulness? 3. Define the term transcribing and stake holders. Day : 13 Activity : 1 Office resources Office resources can be defined as the means and resources including manpower, finance which are required for the smooth operation and functioning of an office. Needs/ Importance of office resources (Source pg . no : 26) Activity: 2 1. Define office resources. 2. Explain the importance of office resources. Day : 14 Activity : 1 Types of office resources (5M) 1. Manpower 2. Money/ Finance/ Source of income 3. Means of communication 4. Means of transportation 5. Material and suppliers --173--

Manpower: manpower refers to the staffs engaged in an office at different level and positions to perform various technical and administrative jobs as per the organizational goal. Types of manpower 1. Technical manpower: The staffs who are engaged in technical jobs. Examples: Doctor, engineers, teachers, plumbers etc 2. Administrative manpower: The staffs involving in an office for performing day to day managerial and administrative function. Activity: 2 1. List the types of office resources. 2. Define manpower. 3. What do you mean by unskilled manpower? 4. Explain the types of manpower. Day : 15 Activity : 1 Communication: The process of exchanging news, views, idea or experience between or among the people in and outside the organization through oral, written or symbolic means. Importance of communication (Source pg . no : 29) Types of communication 1. Internal communication: System of communicating within the staffs of organization. a. Downward communication : Flow of information form upper level to lower level. b. Upward communication: Flow of information from lower level to upper level. c. Sideward communication: Horizontal flow of information among the employees with same level. 2. External communication: System of communicating with other organization. Activity: 2 1. Define communication. 2. Write any 5 importance of communication. 3. What do you mean by upward communication? Day : 16 Activity : 1 Means of communication 1. Telephone 2.Fax 3. Internet 4. E-mail 5. Letters 6. Telegram Barriers to communication Barriers means obstacles or problems that occurred in communication. 1. Organizational barrier (Source pg. no : 31) 2. Physical barrier (Source pg. no : 31) Activity : 2 1. Briefly explain the means of communication. 2. What do you mean by organizational barrier? 3. What is downward communication? Day : 17 Activity : 1 Transportation: Transportation is the act of carrying peoples and things from one place to another place inside or outside through various means. --174--

Types and means of transportation (Source pg. no : 32 & 33) 1. Road transportation 2. Rail transportation 3. Water transportation 4. Air transportation Activity: 2 1. Define transportation. 2. Write any two examples of water transportation. 3. Briefly explain the means of transportation. Day : 18 Activity : 1 Material and Supplies : All the durable and non-durable things which are used by an office for performing day to day administrative and technical jobs are called material and supplies. Types of material 1. Durable material: Those goods which can be used for more than a year and help to generate regular income for the year. 2. Non-durable material : Those goods which are used by an organization only for short period of time i.e. less than a year. Activity :2 1. What do you mean by office material and supplies? 2. Explain types of materials. Day : 19 Activity : 1 Money / Finance /Source of income Finance is the regular source of income needed to perform the various administrative and development function of an office. Source of finance in different offices (Source pg . no : 34) Activity: 2 1. What is meant by finance? 2. State the sources of finance for different offices. 3. “Human resource is the most important among various office resources.” Justify this statement Day : 20 Activity : 1 Correspondence : The process of exchanging news, view, idea or experience between or among the people inside or outside the organization in written form. Objectives of correspondence (Source pg. no :40) Importance of correspondence (Source pg. no: 40&41) Activity : 2 1. Define correspondence. 2. Explain the objectives of correspondence. 3. Write the importance of correspondence for an office. --175--

Day : 21 Activity : 1 Essential qualities of letter (Source pg .no: 41& 42) a. Simplicity b. Clarity c. Correctness d. Completeness e. Conciseness f. Politeness g. Courteousness h. Originality i. Attractiveness j. Effectiveness k. Sincerity Activity: 2 1. Briefly explain the essential qualities of good letter. 2. Why the letter should be attractive? Day : 22 Activity : 1 Structure / Parts of letter (Source page no: 41 to 43) 1. Heading: It is the first and top most part of the official letter which consist of name and address of correspondent, contact number, e-mail & mail address. 2. Inside address: It is the second part of a letter which consist of name and address of the receiver. 3. Subject and reference: It is the third part of letter which is also understood as main theme of the letter. 4. Salutation: Salutation refers to the initial respect greeting or honor given to the receiver by the sender . Example: Dear madam, Respected sir, Dear MR Hari etc 5. Body of the letter: It is the main part of the letter which reflect the whole message send to the receiver. 6. Complementary closing: It is the final greeting or respect given to the receiver. 7. Name and signature: It is next another important part of letter which is made after complementary closing. 8. Enclosures 9. Carbon copy 10. Post script Activity : 2 1. Briefly explain the parts of letter. 2. What do you mean by carbon copy? 3. Which parts of letter show the content of letter? Day : 23 Activity: 1 Types of letter (Source pg . no : 45) On the basis of priority Activity : 2 1. Briefly explain the letters on the basis of priority. 2. What do you mean by the term confident? 3. Which letter subject matter should not be brought to public? --176--

Day: 24 Activity: 1 On the basis of objectives 1. Government letter (Source pg .no : 46 & 47) 2. Application letter (Source pg .no : 46 & 47) 3. Personal letter (Source pg . no : 48) 4. Business letter (Source pg . no : 48) Activity : 2 1. Write a job application letter to the Human Resource Manager of Everest Saving and Credit Co-operative, Pokhara for the post of receptionist. Activity : 1 Day : 25 Types of Business letter 1. Enquiry letter 2. Quotation letter 3. Order letter 4. Confirmation letter 5. Letter of complaint 6. Adjustment letter 7. Reference letter Activity : 2 1. Differentiate between government letter and business letter. 2. Who writes complaint letter and why? Day : 26 Activity : 1 Handling mail: The process of recording the incoming mails and outgoing mails in a systematic manner by maintaining the separate books for receiving and dispatching of mail. Types of mail 1. Inward / Incoming mail: It is recorded in entry book (Darta kitab). 2. Outward mail: It is recorded in dispatch book (Chalani kitab) . Process of handling incoming mail ( Source pg . no : 57) Process of handling outgoing mail ( Source pg .no : 58) Activity : 2 1. Which book is used to keep the record of incoming mail? 2. What do you mean by incoming mail? Write the procedure of handling incoming mail. 3. What do you mean by chalani kitab? Day : 27 Activity : 1 Official Information: Communication of various types of information from one place office to another office. Official Information Notice C-i-rc1u7l7ar-- Mandatory order

Notice: Notice is the kind of official information given on a particular topic, matter or event which is issued by an individual or office using oral or written means of communication. Circular: It is a means of written communication or notice delivered by an office to another office for official purpose. Mandatory order: It is a written instruction given by the office chief to his subordinate to take necessary action according to the rules for specific job. Activity : 2 1. Differentiate between notice and circular. 2. What do you mean by government notice? 3. Explain the different types of notice. Day : 28 Activity : 1 Book keeping : It is an art and science of making records of day to day financial transactions of a business in appropriate books of account. Objectives / Functions of Book Keeping (Source pg . no : 148) Accounting: Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgment and decisions by the user of information. Objectives of Accounting: (Source : pg . no : 149 & 150) Activity : 2 1. Define book keeping. 2. Explain the function of book keeping. 3. What do you mean by accounting? Write any 5 advantages of accounting. Activity: 1 Day : 29 Branches of accounting (Source pg . no : 151) Activity : 2 1. Briefly explain the branches of accounting. 2. Define money measurement concept. 3. What do you mean by going concern concept? Day : 30 Activity : 1 Types of accounting system 1. Single entry system 2. Double entry system Single entry system: It is the traditional system of accounting under which the transactions are not recorded showing double effect. Advantages and disadvantages of single entry system.(Source pg . no : 154) Double entry system: The modern and scientific way of recording financial transaction in two different columns i.e. in debit side and credit side. Advantages and disadvantages of double entry system (Source pg . no : 156 & 157) Activity : 2 1. Show the differences between single entry and double entry system. 2. What do you mean by single entry book keeping system? Mention its any four advantages and disadvantages. The End --178--

Class: 9 Model Question Paper- 2077 F.M.: 75 Time : 2.15 hrs Group ‘A’ P.M.: 30 Answer the following questions in one sentence. 5×1=5 1. Write any two examples of service motive office. 2. Write the fill form of CEO. 3. Define technical manpower. 4. Within how many days the response of urgent letter should be given? 5. What do you meant by going concern concept? Group ‘B’ Give short answer to the following questions. 8 ×5=40 6. What do you mean by office? Explain its importance. 7. What are the types of office? Write some points to differentiate government and business office. 8. Introduce office chief. Introduce his/her function. 9. What do you mean by communication? Mention its importance. 10. Explain the types of letter on the basis of priority or importance.. 11. List all the parts of letter and explain any three. 12. What is accounting? Write its features. 13. Differentiate between single entry system and double entry system. Group ‘C’ Give long answer to the following questions. 3×10=30 14. What do you mean by office assistant/ Briefly explain the qualification of office assistant. 15. Introduce office resources and explain its types. 16. Explain the qualities of an effective and responsive letter. The End --179--