دروس مادة اللغة العربية للفصل الاول سنة ثانية متوسط

™{ÆaæA …f {A JRBeI uZk- ? AYB}{ • ? LB¶IæA §Y° ßs ZkBc{A •kX¶ ~ºG - f… {{ ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A LB° - : ™¶K¿A ™{ÆaæA ·k J∆ OC“ ~M ß BM{A • |•æA L¶I{A CZvA - JR{A u¶{R – B°XO… }¶ – B°A•° : ´ l} B} - ? |•æA L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A NXRK ~… k - ? AYB}{ • ? ß BM{A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A |}lKaA AY B} - ß BM{A • |•æA L¶I{{ ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A LB° - ™{ÆaæA ·k JOA ~M bXBa{A • b}BU{A • mIAZ{A • N{BM{A L¶I{A CZvA - : ™¶K¿A– LBMXBR{A ·• s – ~ ZK¶ – £sB yC – ~OkC – XRO¶ – §•ªK : ß l} B} - ~X… ¢} mIZ ? B ¶{k ·i•{A |gs XRO ·C `•O¶ |° - ? ·•y¶ u¶y ,·i•{A |gs XRO¶ ·} - ? mIAZ{A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A B } J{i AYB} - ? £wR ´a ¶ •C ·i•{A ~{j¶ ·} Z¶e} B} - ? ·i•{A Z}… X¶ • JZU… ¶ B}XlI ≠ByI{A X¶t¶ |° • - ? bXBa{A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A |}lKaA AYB} - bXBa{A • b}BU{A • mIAZ{A • N{BM{A L¶I{{ ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A LB° - : ™¶K¿A ™{ÆaæA ·k JOA ~… M ·}BM{A • mIBa{A L¶I{A CZvA - msZ¶ – ´vZK¶ : ´ l} B} - ? mIBa{A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A J{i¶ AYB} - ? ·i•{A ß I¶ • msZ¶ ·} - ? ·}BM{A L¶I{A ßs |kBt{A ·k £I |•lt}{A ~XwK AYB}{ - ? ·i•{A ~XwK¶ • Z•iK¶ u¶y - ? ~{a… {BI X•ew}{A B} - ·}BM{A • mIBa{A L¶I{{ ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A LB° - ? LB¶IæA §Y° ·} ZkBc{A hZo B} - ? LB¶IæA ßs |}lKa}{A J•{aæA n• B} -

? ZkBc{A ™tiBk • ? f {A ZBysC ¨ZK u¶y - |BO} •° • ºC ZUE |BO} ßs ·y{ • , f… {A m} J{Bi{A ®`¶`k- XkA•w{AZ}æA • ( ~`O{A • Je {A • msZ{A u•OC Ωls f… {A ·} QZUKaA - ? |lt{A AY° |Kl} uZR ®DI - ? u{æA §Y° |eC B} - ? A•A• u{æA |eA ·By AYG u•OæA ß}a AYB} - ? u•OæA ßs ≠B¶ u{æA |eA ·•y¶ ·A ·y}¶ |° - .ºBM} LB° - ? ≠B¶ u{æA |eA ·By AYG u•OæA ß}a AYB} - LºBR ßs ) nZBg}{A • ßgB}{A ßs \" ≠BO • ·By \" ·¶{lt{A X aC - ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{G ? ·¶{lt{A ·¶Y° LX aC B}XlI z{ SgK¶ AY B} - TZc{A |UX ~M £¶IC ·k ·¶X… {A ~•{k YUC • 1880 ™ a Ze}I \" ~¶K¢I \" ßs ßlsAZ{A ´tie} X{• V¶ZBK \"• \" ßlsAZ… {A ·A•¶X \" §ZBME ~°C ·} • . §Z}k ·} ©Zck ™¶ BM{A •R ßs •° • ™¶ÆAXKIºA ™aZX}{A \" JZl{A JAXEJZl{A • ~Ωa¬A ·k nBsX{{ £KºBw} ·} AZ¶Iy B}av ßlsAZ{A f… U \" ~{w{A ßR • \" • \" ·EZw{A `BOkG \" • . Z¶My{A ≠ßc{A nBsX ºA • ·¶X… K{A ·} B¢¶s ©X¶Xc ™¶}ΩaG ™k` £KBIBKy ßs £Kk` • . ~yR{A ·} AZ¶My ·¶XK{A • |wl{A £¶{k ß{}¶ Zyt{A Z¶`o ßlsAZ{A • . ~ 1937 ™ a ™¶ }{A £KsA• . B¶kB}KOA B¢¶O•K £KBIBKy ßs £ B¢O•¶ • , ™¶w{U{A jkA•}{A • . ·B}¶¬A ·} ·i•{A J… R ·º , £I `A`KkºA • ·i•{A J… R ´{G LB¶IæA §Y° ßs ZkBc{A •kX¶ - ·B}¶¬A ·} ·i•{A J… R : f… {{ ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A

2 – 1 : ´{•æA ©XR•{A B¢I…R : B°A•° - B¢}jl¶ : B°XO– }¶ - J… R{A x¶Xe : JR{A u¶{R - £I{v • £ Ba{I z{Y ·k NXRK • , £ i•I X¶Xc{A £w{lK • £IR ·k |•æA L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A NXRK -. §XΩI JÕ R¶ º ·} ßs AZ¶U ZjK ·C ·y}¶ º £ DI B { ·¶I¶{ , ßt {A ß BM{A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A |}lKaA - £ i•I X¶Xc{A £w{◊lK • £I…R ·k NXRK¶ ZkBc{A : ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A 6-5-4-3 : ™¶ BM{A ©XR•{A £¶}RK : £¶•DK - Zy ¶ : XRO¶ - ™}¶¢I{A : ~OkæA - £ BgRC : £sB yA - ´◊pK¶ : ~ ZK¶ - JÆBe}{A nA• C : LBMXBR{A ·• s - Z}… X} ·i• : ~X… ¢} mIZ - B ¶{k ·i•{A |gs XRO ·A `•O¶ º - B¶…}OkC B A•¶R ·•y¶ ·i•{A |gs XRO¶ ·} - Zlc¶ £sB yA ßs §A•C • §≠BO AYHs £c◊ k J… R¶ u¶y Z¶i◊ {A |}DK ·C mIAZ… {A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A B◊} J{i - . B¢{ |¶M} º ©XBlaI n• |y ·} JÆBe}{A £KDK £w◊R b ¶ •C £ i• ~{j¶ ·} - ·i•{A Z}… X¶ • JZ… U¶ B}XlI ~X {A • ≠ByI{A X¶t¶ º - Bg¶C ßt {A , bXBa… {A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A |}lKaA - ·i•{A •R B IOA• : ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A 8 – 7 : ™M{BM{A ©XR•{A ß I¶ : msZ¶ - Z•… iK¶ • ~XwK¶ ´v◊ZK¶ -YUD¶ • Zy… YK¶ ®C Z∆ IKl¶ ·∆ C £{ mv• B} ßa ·∆ G , ~B¶…æA |¢O ®Y{A ·} mIBa… {A L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A J{i¶ - . ßgB}{A ·} ©ZIl{A

|BOZ… {A ·Bi•æA ß I¶ - §`AZIG Xev |kBt{A ·k £I |•lt}{A ~X… wK - |BOZ{BI Z•… iK¶ • ·i•{A ~X… wK¶ - |BOZ… {A ®C ~{a… {BI X•ew}{A - |BOZ… {BI Z•… iK¶ • ~X… wK¶ ·i•{A : ™¶…aBaæA ©Zyt{A ·Bi•æA J… R ´{G ©•kX… {A , LB¶IæA §Y° ·} ZkBc{A hZo - . mIAZ{A L¶I{A AXk B} ®ZIU LB¶IæA ßs |}lKa}{A J•{aæA -™vXBe ߢs ™tiBl{A B}… C . J¶Zo B¢¶s b¶{ ™{¢a B¢jBt{C • X¶wlK B¢¶s b¶{ ™i¶aI ™RgA• LB¶IæA ß Bl} - ·i•{{ ZkBc{A J… R ¨X} ·k ZI…lK • £I £w{◊lK • XkA•w{A ( ·By ) ·y¶ : u•OæA |lt{A - u{æBI |Kl} - ( ·•y ) •A• : u{æA |eA - B¶«•A• Bs’•OC £¶}… a - u•OæA ßs ≠B¶ u{æA |eA ·•y¶ ·A ·y}¶ ~l - ( D¶O ) ≠BO : |M} - B¶ÆB¶ Bs’•OC £¶}… a - ßÆBI •C ®•A• •° • ·¶l{A |Kl} ·By B} : u•OæA

Z}æA ~•`O}{A nZBg}{A J•e }{ nZBg}{A n•sZ}{A nZBg}{A ßgB}{A Z¶}g{A |et }{A ≠∆ ´O . ·∆ y Ø∆ OC . ·∆ yC ~{ ≠ƒ ßOC .·ƒ •yC ·{ ≈ ≠ßOC . ·≈ •yCBƶO . B •y ≠∆ ´O . ·∆ y ~{ ≠ƒ ßO .·ƒ •y ·{ ≠≈ ßO . ·≈ •y L≈ ÆO .L≈ y B CA•Æ¶O.A• •y ≠∆ ´OK. ·∆ yK ~{ ≠ƒ ßOK.·ƒ •yK ·{ ≠≈ ßOK. ·≈ •yK B ÆO . B◊y ·RßƶO.ß •y BƶOK. B •yK ~{ BƶOK .B •yK ·{ ·ÿ BƶOK.·ÿ B •yK Lƒ ÆO.Lƒ y Lƒ C ·… ÆO . ·… y A•Æ¶OK.A• •yK ~{ A•Æ¶OK.A• •yK ·{ B}KÆO.B}K y B}K C ßƶOK.ß •yK ~{ ßƶOK.ß •yK ·{ ·ƒ •Æ¶OK .·ƒ • •yK ~KÆO . ~K y ~K A ·… ÆOK .·ƒ… yK ~{ ·… ÆOK . ·Ã yK ·{ ·ƒ ¶Æ¶OK.·ƒ ¶ •yK L  ÆO.L  y L  C ≠∆ ´O¶ . ·∆ y¶ ~{ ≠ƒ ßO¶ . ·ƒ •y¶ ·{ ·Ã ÆOK .·Ã yK ·ƒ… KÆO.·Ã K y ·… K A BƶO¶ . B •y¶ ~{ BƶO¶ . B •y¶ ·{ ≠≈ ßO¶.·≈ •y¶ ≠BO . ·By •° A•Æ¶O¶.A• •y¶ ~{ A•Æ¶O¶ .A• •y¶ ·{ A≠BO . B By B}° ≠∆ ßOK . ·∆ yK ~{ ≠ƒ ßOK.·ƒ •yK ·{ ·ÿ BƶO¶ . ·ÿ B •y¶ A•≠BO.A• By ~° BƶOK . B •yK ~{ BƶOK .B •yK ·{ ·ƒ •Æ¶O¶.·ƒ • •y¶ L≠BO.L By ß° ·… ÆO¶ . ·Ã y¶ ~{ ·… ÆO¶ . ·Ã y¶ ·{ BK≠BO.BK By B}° ≠≈ ßOK. ·≈ •yK ·… ÆO .·Ã y ·… ° ·ÿ BƶOK.·ÿ B •yK ·… ÆO¶ . ·Ã y¶ , £”¶k uYRK≈ zZ… RK} msZ Z¶}g ´{G X aC” AYG u•OæA ·C SgK¶. §Z}C • ~•`O}{A nZBg}{A ßs £”¶k uYRK≈ B}y , B¶ÆB¶ ·By AYG Zaƒ yK≈ • B¶•A• ·By AYG §ªBs ~… gK≈ • ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ß BM{A L¶I{A ZM C - J•e }{A • n•sZ}{A ) nZBg}{A • ßgB}{A ßs ≠Bc • |Bv |lt{A X aC - . ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{G Z}æA • ( ~•`O}{A •

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC : ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC -~¢ Bi•C |¶Ia ßs ~¢s ™IiBv B¶ X{A |BOZ{A Dc ¶ ·i•{A J… R ´{k £≈ ⁄C ~{l¶ ·C B } XRA• |y ´{k JO¶ -•OZ¶ , ·Bi•C ·} ~}ø{ J°• B} Z¶U ·} B i• £{{A zI°• Xw{ • , ·•X¢cKa¶ ~¢ Bi•æ ≠AXs • , ·•c¶l¶|•X{A ™l¶{i ßs Z¶e¶{ • uRA`{A ©ZBgR{A JyZ ßs N¶MR{A §Z¶a Z¶a¶{ §ZB°X`A • £¶…vZ{ |}lK ·A z } . ™}X… wK}{AZ}æA ~•`O}{A nZBg}{A nZBg}{A n•sZ}{A nZBg}{A ßgB}{A Z¶}g{A J•e }{A |et }{A D‘cC.|∆ vA ~{ ≠ƒ BcC.|ƒ •vA ·{ ≠≈ BcC . |≈ •vA L≈ Æc . L≈ {v B C D‘cK .|∆ wK ~{ D‘cK.|∆ wK ~{ ≠ƒ Bc .|ƒ •w \" ≠≈ Bc . |≈ •w B Æc . B {v ·R A≠BcK.º•wK ~{ A•≠BcK.A•{•wK ~{ ≠ƒ BcK.|ƒ •wK \" ≠≈ BcK . |≈ •wK Lƒ Æc . Lƒ {v Lƒ A ßÆBcK. ß{•wK \" ≠∆ ßc .|∆ v ·ƒ ÆcK . ·ƒ {wK \" A≠BcK.º•wK \" ·ÿ A≠BcK.·º•wK B}KÆc.B}K{v B}K A Bƶc.º•v Dc¶ . |∆ w¶ \"A•Æ¶c.A•{•v A≠Bc¶. .º•w¶ \" A•≠BcK.A•{•wK\" ·•≠BcK.·ƒ •{•wK ~KÆc. ~K{v ~K Aßƶc .ß{•v A•≠Bc¶.A•{•w¶\" ·… Æc . ·… {v ßÆBcK.ß{•wK\" ·ƒ ¶ÆBcK.·¶{•wK L  Æc . L  {v L  A ·ƒ ÆcK .·ƒ {wK\" ·ƒ ÆcK. ·ƒ {wK ·… KÆc.·… K{v ·K A ≠Bc¶ . |ƒ •w¶ \" ≠≈ Bc¶ . |≈ •w¶ ≠Bc . |Bv •° A≠Bc¶.º•w¶ \" ·ÿ A≠Bc¶.·ÿ º•w¶ A≠Bc . ºBv B}° A•≠Bc¶.A•{•w¶\" ·ƒ •≠Bc¶.·ƒ •{•w¶ A•≠Bc.A•{Bv ~° ≠ƒ BcK.|ƒ •wK\" ≠≈ BcK.|≈ •wK L≠Bc.L{Bv ß° ∆ DcK . |∆ wK\" A≠BcK .º•wK \" ·ÿ A≠BcK .·ÿ º•wK BK≠Bc.BK{Bv B}° A≠BcK.º•wK\" ·ƒ Æc. ·ƒ {v ·° ·ƒ Æc¶ .·ƒ {w¶\" ·ƒ Æc¶.·ƒ {w¶\" ·ƒ Æc¶. ·ƒ {w¶

·B}¶¬A ·} ·i•{A J… R ™¢O•} ™l{Bi} : iBc {A \" §ZBME • b¶XBI ·IA \" JBKy : mOZ}{A : iBc {{ `¶}}{A uX¢{AßK{A zKX{A• • R z¶{k L∆ ⁄R ßK{A z}C ™IBM}I •° ·i•{A ·A zZX¶ Y¶}{K{A |lO - . ~XwK{A • ZB°X`ºA •R £I Z¶a ´… KR £K¶BkZ • £{ fΩU¬A JO¶ AY{ , zKX{• . b¶XBI ·IA X¶}R{A XIk ~B}¬A ™¶ZÆA`O{A ™g¢◊{A XÆAZ ´{k uZl… K¶ Y¶}{K{A |lO -bZX{A ~¶}eK ~¶XwK f… {A ™{ÆaæA TZc{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

~¶XwK u¶y ~{lK f {A AY° LCZv AYG z… A • ,Z¶Iy ß i• • ßR•Z ~¶k` , b¶XBI ·I X¶}R{A XIk ~B}¬A . ™e… BU ·¶¶ZÆA`O{A • , ™}Bk ·¶}{a}{A b•t ßs ·i•{A JR • ZZRK{A T•Z N… I f… {AJ… RK ·A ·B}¶¬A ·} . ~Ωa¬A ßs LIBM S¶Re B°B l} ·… º , ·¶}{a}{A ™ a{A ´{k B}ÆAX ®ZOK ™}{y ? z i• |M} z¶{G ·ƒ aRA ·∆ }ƒ •,z¶{G ·aRA ·}z}C ~X ·} ~M , ZUE Bw{U ~… M , ™pg}s ™w{ls ™ti £ } L y ®Y{A ~≈ X{A ·ƒ •Ã yKs , z}C • z•IC ¨YpK £ } , z ¶•yK |eA £ A•¶R • £KBI • £ÆA•° • £ÆB} • £IAZKI •¢s , ZU¿A L C £ } L¶YpK ~… M , B¢ I{ ·} •≠BO B} • , ~¶jl{A ·aR}{A AY° J… RK ~{ AYG B }ª} ·•yK u¶ys . zIBIc • zK{•ti TZa}• , zÆAYo ©XB} • . ~}æA ≠B}yR £I uZKl¶ • , |wl{A £{Iw¶ • , ©Zit{A £¶gKwK B}I ºG ·i•{A ™I…R} ßs ~Ωa¬A , B¢ i• J… RK ·A ™¶IZl{A ™}æA Se ¶ \" •¶Z¶° \" Z¶Iy{A ~{Bl{A AY¢s™vXBe{A ™I…R}{A ·Ã æ ,£{ B¢{◊y B¢KB¶R |lOK ·A • , B¢ i•{ fΩU¬A ´{G B°•kX¶s , £I…RK u¶y B¢{ ·¶I¶ • . |}l{A b¶ZyK • fΩU¬A ßs Z¢jK·•yK ·A |}l{A b¶ZyK • z i• ≠B IC z{}k Zy C •, zƒ Zy C •{ • z i•{ |}lK ·A fΩU¬A •Xv ·•yKs , z i•I Z… gK ·A ·•X ~¢{◊y bB◊{A mt K ·A m¶iKaKs , z i• ´{k Z¶U{BI ©XÆBk z{B}kC m¶}O . bB {A ·} ~¢¶{G L aRC ·} J•{v ßs ™I…R} ·} £{ LkZ` B}I z i• L}XU

·•yK ·º X¢KOA |I , ¨ZUC B Bi•C ZgK º • z i• mt A , bB◊{A ·Bi•C hpIK º • z i• J… RDs . ~Bk mt • ™{}Bc ™I…R} ZXe} \" §ZBME • b¶XBI ·IA JBKy \" – b¶XBI ·I X¶}R{A XIk - ´{k uwK ·C b K º • uv•{A LB}Ωk B¢¶s B¶kAZ} ™¶ DK} • ™K}Be ©≠AZv f {A CZvA J{Bi{A ®`¶`k : ™¶{BK{A ™{ÆaæA ·k JOA ~M ™{eBt{A • ™iw {A X k ·yBa{A ™{ÆaæA : ®•p{{A b•}Bw{A Ω}lKa} ™¶{BK{A LB}{y{A TZcA bZ… y – ≠B}yR – ©Zit{A – £¶gKwK – ™pg}{A – ™w{l{A - ? b¶XBI ·I X¶}R{A XIk ·k uZlK AY B} - ? AYB}{ • ? ·¶}{a}{A ™ a{A ´{k B}ÆAX ®ZOK ßK{A ™}{y{A ß° B} - ? z¶{G ·ƒ aRC ·}• ? z¶{G ƒ·aRC ·} •R zIOA• •° B} - ? z{Y ZIKl¶ u¶y - ? ~¶jl{A ·aR}{A AY° J… RK ~{ AYG B }ª} ·•yK |° - ?≠ßc ®C JaR • ? ~Ωa¬A B Z}C ~I - ? £ i•{ ·Ba ¬A f{U¶ u¶y - ? z i•I Z… gK ·A ·•X ~¢{◊y bB◊{A mt K ·A m¶iKaK u¶y - ? z i• L}XU ·•yK ~I • - ? f… {A ZUE ßs b¶XBI ·IA B { B¢}Xw¶ ßK{A ™R¶e◊{A B} - . f… {{ ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A LB° - TZc{A X}… OK}{A ~X{A : ™w{l{A ~R{◊{A ·} ™liw{A : ™pg}{A £¶kXKaK : £¶gKwK ™l¶Ii{A : ©Zit{A ™IZOK{A maA•{A |vBl{A •° • ~¶yR §≈XZt} , m}O : ≠B}yR

fe… U : bZ… y ßs Dc • , ~ 1889 ~Bk ™ ¶i av ßs X{• , ™M¶XR{A ™¶ZÆA`O{A ™g¢◊{A NkBI b¶XBI ·I X¶}R{A XIk - ßs £a•ZX ´w{K • b •K ´{G |RZ ~M £aCZ iwa}I ~{lK , ≠AZM{A • §BO{A • ~{l{BI ™s•Zl} ™w¶Zk ©ZaC |¶ZsC 16 ßs ™¶ }{A £KsA• . ·¶}{a}{A ≠B}{l{A ™¶l}O baC ZÆA`O{A ´{G mOZ B}{ • , ™ •K¶`{A ™l}BO ~1940 ™ a . ~Ωa¬A ßs LIBM S¶Re B°B l} ·æ, \" ·i•{A J… R\" : ·¶}{a}{A ™ a{A ´{k B}ÆAX ®ZOK ßK{A ™}{y{A - . ß… {G ·aRC ®Y{A |M} , £I…RC” ·A ß… {G ·aRA ·} •R ßIOA• - .·B}¶¬A ·} z{Y ZIKl¶ - .~¶jl{A ·aR}{A AY° J… RA ~{ AYG B }ª} ·•yC º - , |wl{A £{Iw¶ • , ©Zit{A £¶gKwK B} JaR ·i•{A ™IR}I ~Ωa¬A B Z}A - . ~}æA ≠B}yR £I uZKl¶ • . £{ |}l{BI £ i• ´{G ·Ba ¬A f{U¶ - . ß i• ´{k Z¶U{BI ©XÆBk ß{B}kC m¶}O L By AYG, ß i•I Z… gA ·A ·•X ~¢{◊y bB {A mt C ·A m¶iKaC - . bB◊{A ·} ~¢¶{G L aRC ·} J•{v ßs ™I…R} ·} £{ LkZ` B}I ß i• L}XU Xv ·•yC • - J… R ·C : ß° f… {A ZUE ßs b¶XBI ·IA B { B¢}Xw¶ ßK{A ™R¶e… {A - .¨ZUC B’ Bi•C Z… g º • B i• mt ·A , bB◊{A ·Bi•C hpI º • B i•, £I…R ´{k m}KO}{A • ©ZaæA ßs Dc ¶ • , £ i•I BiIKZ} ©Zit{BI ·Ba ¬A X{•¶ : f… {{ ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A .£ } C`OK¶ º ≠`O £ A zZX¶ • b… R¶s ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ?£{ ´ }KK AYB} •,z i• •R ztiA•k ·k £¶s ZIlK AZ¶ev Bk•g•} JKyA

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC ßÆBIE £¶s ß t{UKaA • , §B¶G ß MZ… • ®Y{A ·By}{A •° ß i•B¢l¶IB ¶ ·} L¶•KZA • , B¢KAZ¶U ·} L¶YpK • , B¢k•IZ ßs LDc • LX{• ßK{A hZæA •° • , ®XAXOC • |¶{l{A B°≠A•° L}a… K • , ©Z¶pe… {A ßKZaC XAZsC ·¶I ™}ÆBw{A ™ aR{A LΩe… {A •° ß i• ~{l{A ´w{KC ßK{A ™aZX}{A •° ß i• , Z¶Iy{A ßl}KO} XAZsC ·¶I • . B¢ AZXO ·¶I ™sZl}{A • ™}XwK}{A |•X… {A JyZ ßs Z¶a¶ ´KR , ZB°X`ºA • ~XwK{A |y ß i•{ ´ }KC . ©Z•iK}{A •

™¶}ΩaG ™¶eUc ue• ßIBKy{A Z¶IlK{A : iBc {A ®• l}{A • ®XB}{A ue•{A ´{k Y¶}ΩK{A J¶ZXK : iBc {{ `¶}}{A uX¢{A ·¶aR £i – ©Z¶a{A d}B° ´{k JBKy ·} : mOZ}{A·A z{ |¢s , ®• l}{A ue•{A • ®XB}{A ue•{A ´g} B}¶s LaZX J{Bi{A ®`¶`k- ? z{YI B ZyY… K , ®XB}{A ue•{BI XAZ}{A • , ≠ßc •C ·A•¶R •C fUc{ ue• •° ®XB}… {A ue•{A •¢s , ®• l}{A ue•{A B}C . ZeI{A £iwK{¶ ®Y{A fUc{A Z¢j}I x{lK}{A ue•{A.£KBy•{a • fUc{A LBsZeK |ΩU ·} £tcKy B} G • iwK{¶≈ º • ¨Z¶≈ º ß }g ue• bZX{A ~¶}eK ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC . B¶• l} • B¶XB} Bte • ™¶}ΩaG ™¶eUc ue• ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC 627 ™ a |Kv N¶R XRC” • ZXI ßs ~{a • £¶{k £{{A ´{e ß… I {A ≠A•{ |}R ßIBRe Z¶}k ·I Jle} d¶Zv ≠B¶ oC ·} ZIKl¶ • , ~ §BO{A ™laA• ©ZaC ·} JBc •°• , B°ByYC • JYk ·By • . ·¶IO{A xZc} , £O•{A ZgB , x{U{A |XKl} , JBIc{A ·ƒ eo Z¶}k≈ ·I Jle} ·By ´K…R ·YæA ßs mw¶ £K•e XBy¶ º • , bt {A §A•¢K ´KR ·¶l{A £¶{k mwK XByK º , N¶XR{A •{R , L•e{A . J{w{A £¶{G •Ie¶ , ™}l ·} BjR £{ ·… A ~{l¶ ´KR ßÆAZ{A §AZ¶ XBy¶ º , ©Z°Bj ™¶B k £{yc • £IB¶MI B ¶l} ®… `{A ·aR ·By • Z¶}k ·I Jle} AY° A•{Bv ºG £}•v b{BO} ·} b{O}I Z… }¶ º , Zc {A J¶…i ·By • . ZBa¶ ·} Ωgs • £ BIR¶ §A•IC ·By . ≠A•¢{A £I QZDK¶ uZk ·} £¶X¶ ·¶I ·} ~X… wK¶ B}I £¶{k ·•{XKa¶ ΩIw} B¢K•ZM ßs £}y– RK • , B¢K¶B lI £eKUK •, B¢ B R • B¢I…R £¶{k uwK ™eBU £}C L By • , £ AZMª¶ • . Z¶My{A B¢{B} • ™laA•{A ·aR • , mÆAZ{A £IBIc • , nZBI{A £{B}OI JOlK , B°ZB}aC n•g•} • d¶Zv ™M•XRC £{y AY¢{ ·By • B}I £ } JOl¶ • , £IBReC ´{G £ k NXRK¶ ~{a • £¶{k £{{A ´{◊e ßI {A ·By ´KR , £{B} ©ZMy • ,£K`… I , bB {A £ } JOl¶ d¶Zv ·B¶Ks £I u{y¶ B}I u{y¶ ·y¶ ~{s , QA`}{A JY¢} , mIi{A ßsBe bt {A ßgZ , x{U{A S}a ·By • • , |B}kæA • |B}{A N¶XR ·} B¢U•¶c • d¶Zv |•¢y £t{D¶ ·By B} u{D¶ ·y¶ ~{ • , f w{A • X¶e{A ·} . N¶XR{A •te • ©Zcl{A ·aR B¢}A•v , ™kXA• ™ÆXB° ©B¶R §AZBev L By B} G\" ©Z¶a… {A d}B° ´{k JBKy ·} \" – ·¶aR £i -

™¶ZcI{A XX¢K ZiBU} :‫اﻟـﻤـﺤـﻮر‬ ™¶ZcI{A ´{k ~{l{A ZiU ™¶XkBw{A ©≠Bty{A ™R¶Re ™¶IAZkG ©≠AZv f ©≠AZv ´{k ©ZXw{A -hlI • £I•{aC QAZUKaA • §ZBysC ·¶¶lK • £k•g•} ~¢s ´{k ©ZXw{A - ©Zws ßs B¢{¶OaK • ™¶ B¶I{A Z•e{A • ™¶l¶XI{A LB aR}{A i¶aI NXR XZa ´{k ©ZXw{A - ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{A §XB aG X k fvB {A LAZ¶pK ™sZl} ´{k ©ZXw{A Z}æA • nZBg}{A • ßgB}{A ßs f ™aAZX : iBc {A £KZys ·¶¶lK • f {A n•g•} ~¢s ´{k ©ZXw{A : `¶}}{A uX¢{A ™¶ B¶I{A Z•e{A • ™¶l¶XI{A LB aR}{A hlI • £I•{aC • ©Zws ßs bZX{A ~¶}eK X¶¢}K{A f {A f {A ™aAZX ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K{AJwM , N•{K{A B¢ } ~¢KRe• ~¢KB¶R • bB {A ·}DI ZgK ©Z¶Iy ZiBU} ™¶ZcI{A XX¢K . |}Bc{A ZB}X{A ™R{aC ™kB e ßs ~{l{A |B}lKaA • , AX¶a{By ™yBKt{A hAZ}æA , ·•`•æA|M} B¢{ Z}X} ZiU ´{G ™¶ZcI{{ msB ·} ~{l{A |•RK u¶y ZkBc{A ·¶I¶ ©X¶ew{A §Y° ßs • . ™¶ BIB¶{A ™ ¶X}{A B}¶c•Z¶° ßs NXR B} f {A B}_¶c° B¢_¶ BI} |à _y L∆ yZK * B}¶_cZ•° ßs ©÷X_RA• ©÷Z_y B}¶{k ·By ·} |¢O{BI LRgs * ß_K{A ~{_l{A ©`_Ol} §Y_° B}¶OZ B B_i¶c ~•¶{A |BRKaA• * AZ°B_i ByΩ_} ~{_l{A D_c B}¶l hZæA ´{k b}æBI ·By * * B_}XlI B}¶RO ~•_¶{A S_IeA B}¶X_a… {A zK_t{{ ZBKUBs £t_y * ~∆ {_s hZæA ™R_{aC ´{KIA • B}¶iR hw Ks LAZB_gR ·} * ß I¶ ·By B_} ~X¢¶ ´_g}• B}¶{j f w{A ßs XB¶…e{A XZi¶ * B}y hZæA ·} ~{a{A XZ_i¶ B}¶{R |¢O{A ™{◊` ·k B_RsBe * ·y¶ ~{B} ¨X° ~{_l{A ¨ZC º B}¶yR x_R{A ´{A x{U{A XcZ¶ B}y x{U{A ´{k xR{A hZl¶- ‫ ﻣﻦ دﻳﻮان ﻡﺤﻤﺪ ﺁل ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬- : LB}{y{A TZcB°B l} ™}{y{A . ™}X¢} • ©ZayK} B}¶c° |BRKaA¨ZUC ´{A ™{BR ·} |•RK B}¶Xa… {A . zKt{A • ~X¢{A Z¶My{A ™{◊` DiU{A • uAZR ºA B}¶{j ~Bl {A ·} Z» yY

f {A ™aAZX : ©≠AZw{A ™{RZ} I £g•}o ztK • £{ycK{ ´{•A ©≠AZv f {A CZvA - : ®C xIBa{A bZX{A ßs £K}{lK B}y |¶}O ®Zlc ≠AXDI ©X¶ew{A CZvA - . DiU ·•X ©≠AZv x . ZkBc{A ZkBc} • b¶aBRDI f {A ß Bl} ·k B¢¶s ZIlK x SgA• L•eI x : B¢KaAZX |•BR a ©X¶ew{A ©≠AZv XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k : ~Bl{A ~¢t{A II : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A QZUKa {? B}¶c•Z¶° Z… }X ®Y{A B} - ? ™{I w{A §Y° m e ·} - ? B¢¶{k ZiU ~C ™¶ZcI{{ Z¶U ß}{l{A uBcKyºA AY° |° - ´{A ~{l{A |•RK ·¶…I¶{ ZkBc{A B¢{}lKaA ßK{A LAZBIl{A ß° B} - ? ™¶ZcI{A ´{k ZiU ? ©X¶ew{A §Y° ßs ™¶ZcI{A XX¢¶ ®Y{A ~{l{A ZiU •° B} ·YG - . ZBiG ßs B¢l∆ g“ ? ·YG ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A ß° B} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv . ™¶•• ™{I v B}¶c•Z¶° Z}X ®Y{A - . ~{l{A ™¶•• {A ™{I w{A m e - . ™¶ZcI{A ´{k ZiU ß}{l{A uBcKyºA AY° : ß° ZiU ´{A ~{l{A |•RK ·¶I¶{ ZkBc{A B¢{}lKaA ßK{A LAZBIl{A . B}¶OZ B Bi¶c ~{l{A SIeA - hZæA ´{k B}¶RO - ©Z}X}{A ™R{aæA nZKUA - LAZBgR{A ~X° - ~{a{A XZi - . Z}X}{A ®•• {A TΩa{A ™kB e •° ©X¶ew{A §Y° ßs ™¶ZcI{A XX¢¶ ®Y{A ~{l{A ZiU

: ß° ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{AZ}X}{A ®•• {A TΩa{A ™kB e ™¶ZcI{A ´{k ~{l{A ZBiUC ·}. ™¶Æ`O ZBysC ´{A ©X¶ew{A |{R a ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A B OZUKaA ·A XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ™¶aBaC ZBysC ´{A ©X¶ew{A |¶{RK III ¨ZUC ©Z} ©X¶ew{A CZvA : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ´{k JOC ? B}¶c•Z¶° Z¶}XK ·k ~{yKK ßK{A LB¶IæA ß°B} - ? B}¶c•Z¶° Z}X ·} - ? ·} LRgs • B}¶c•Z¶° LZ}X ™¶•• {A ™{I w{A - ? 3 L¶I{A ßs B}¶c•Z¶° Z¶}XK ·k ~{yK¶ ZkBc{A |A`B} |° - ZBiG ßs B¢lg ? ·BK¶I{A B¢{}R¶ ßK{A ©Zyt{A ß° B} - . ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv . ~{l{A B¢l e ßK{A ™¶•• {A ™{I w{A B}¶c•Z¶° LZ}X - . ~{l{A |°C hlI LRgs • B}¶c•Z¶° LZ}X ™¶•• {A ™{I w{A - . ©Z}X}{A B}¶c•Z¶° ™ ¶X} ·k ~{yK¶ º N{BM{A L¶I{A -. ß BM{A • |•æA L¶I{A ß° B}¶c•Z¶° Z¶}XK ·k ~{yKK ßK{A LB¶IæA - : ß° ´{•æA ©Zyt{A 2 L¶I{A ´{A 1 L¶I{A ·} ~{l{A LRgs • B}¶c•Z¶° LZ}X ™¶•• ™{I v LB¶IæA ™¶wI CZvA ™¶ BM{A ©Zyt{A QZUKaK{ ™{ÆaæA §Y° ´{k JOA ? N{BM{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A B¢¶{G |•RK ßK{A ™{BR{A ß° B} - ? mIAZ{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A B¢¶{G |•RK ßK{A ™{BR{A ß°B} - ? b}BU{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A nZKUA AYB} • - ? bXBa{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A ~X¢¶ SIeA AYB} • - ? mIBa{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A XZi¶ AYB} • -ZiU ´{A ™¶ZcI{{ msB ·} ~{l{A |•RK ·¶IK ßK{A LB¶IæA ß° B} ·YG - ? B¢{ Z}X} ( ZBiG ßs B¢lg ) ? ·YG ™¶ BM{A ©Zyt{A ß° B} -

: ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv . ·Bi¶c ´{A zΩ} ·} N{BM{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A |•RK - . ~¶RO ´{A ~¶l ·} mIAZ{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A |•RK • - ™yBKt{A ©Z}X}{A ™R{aæA b}BU{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A nZKUA • - . B°B I ßK{A LAZBgR{A ~X¢¶ ~{l{A SIeA • - . ·}æA • ~{a{A mIBa{A L¶I{A ßs ~{l{A XZi¶ -´{A N{BM{A L¶I{A ·} ß° Z}X} ZiU ´{A ™¶ZcI{A ´{k Z¶U ·} ~{l{A |•RK ·¶IK ßK{A LB¶IæA - . mIBa{A L¶I{A : ß° ™¶ BM{A ©Zyt{A 7 ´{A 3 L¶I{A ·} . B¢{ Z}X} ZiU ´{A ™¶ZcI{{ Z¶U ·} ~{l{A |•RK . LB¶IæA ™¶wI CZvA . ™{ÆaæA §Y° ´{k JOA • ? ¨X° ´ l} B} - ? ¨X° ~{l{A ZkBc{A ¨Z¶ u¶y - ? ™¶ZcI{A • x{U{{ |lt¶ ·A ~{l{A ´{k AY B} - ? ·¶Z¶UæA ·¶K¶I{A ·¶Y° ßs ZkBc{A ·¶I¶ AYB} - . ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv . ™¶AX¢{A ß lK ¨X° ™}{y - ·A ~{l{A |k |¢O{A • DiU{A ·k AX¶lI B}¶{R ·•y¶ B}X k ™¶AX° • ¨X° ~{l{A ZkBc{A ¨Z¶ - . £¶{G ~°XcZ¶ • ™¶ZcI{A ´{k xR{A hZl¶ . xR{{ AXcZ} • bB {A ™¶AX¢{ ·•y¶ ®Y{A •° msB {A ~{l{A ·A ·¶K¶I{A ·¶Y° ßs ZkBc{A ·¶I¶ - : ß° ™M{BM{A ©Zyt{A 9 ´{A 8 L¶I{A ·} Z¶U{A • xR{A ´{A ~¢¶X¢¶ • ™¶ZcI{A XcZ¶ ®Y{A •° msB {A ~{l{AB¢I•{aC • ©X¶ew{A n•g•} bZX a B°ZBysC B OZUKaA • ©X¶ew{A B }¢s ·A XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k : B¢I•{aC • ©X¶ew{A n•g•} VI : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ´{k JOA ? ©X¶ew{A n•g•} •° B} -

? AYB}{ • ? ©X¶ew{A J•{aC •° B} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv ™R{aæA ™kB e ßs ~{l{A |ΩpKaA ZiU •° ©X¶ew{A n•g•} - . ™¶ZcI{A Z}XK ßK{A ™yBKt{A ™¶ZcI{A ´{k ~{l{A ZiU ·k ZIU¶ ZkBc{A ·º ®ZIU ©X¶ew{A J•{aC - xBIi{A • £¶IcK{A : ™}¢} ™¶IXC LB}•{l} : Zyà YKƒ ©Z•eI ©Z•e £¶IcK •° : £¶IcK{A -1 £¶Ic{A ©AXC • £I £Ic}{A , £Ic}{A , £Ic{A £O• : ß° £¶IcK{A ·ByZC -2 ™¶B¢ • ™¶AXI : |M} ´ l}{A ßs ·¶K}{y |IBwK •° : xBIi{A -3 : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k ·¿A JOC ? £¶IcK{A XO•¶ L¶I ®C ßs - ? £¶IcK{A AY° ·ByZC TZcA - ? b}BU{A • mIAZ{A ·¶K¶I{A ßs xBIi{A ·¶C - . ZBiG ßs £lg • QBK KaA ßs ™I•OæA m}OA : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv mIBa{A L¶I{A ßs £¶IcK{A XO•¶ - ~{l{A : •° £Ic}{A : ß° £¶IcK{A ·ByZC - XB¶…e{A : •° £I £Ic}{A ©XZBi}{A : •° £Ic{A £O• uBy{A : ß° £¶IcK{A ©AXC ·By• B}¶RO ~•¶{A SIeC : £{•v ßs mIAZ{A L¶I{A ßs ™{IBw}{A XO•K - [ ß I¶ • ~X¢¶ ] ßK}{y ·¶I bXBa{A L¶I{A ßs xBIi{A • B}¶l b}æBI : QBK KaºAL¶I{A ßs xBIi{A• mIAZ{A L¶I{A ßs ™{IBw}{A• mIBa{A L¶I{A ßs £¶IcK ©X¶ew{A ßs XO•¶ . bXBa{A £¶IcK{A • J•{aæA • n•g•}{A ™aAZX m}OA : J{Bi{A ®`¶`k

. ©Zwt{A §Y¢I B¢ ZBv ~M LBoAZt{A §Y° ≠|}I ©Zws ßs xBIi{A• ™{IBw}{A• ·k ZIU¶ ZkBc{A ·º.......... •° B¢I•{aC • ,... ....•° ©X¶ew{A §Y° n•g•}B}y........... ©ZBIk ßs......... L¶I{A ßs ........|}By £¶IcK ©X¶ew{A ßs XO•¶ •............ ........ßK}{y ·¶I........ xBIi{A•......... ßK}{y ·¶I.............. L¶I{A ßs ™{IBw}{A XO•K : ©Zwt{A• ™¶ZcI{A Z}XK ßK{A ™yBKt{A ™R{aæA m e ßs ~{l{A |B}lKaA ZiU •° ©X¶ew{A §Y° n•g•}|}ByI £¶IcK ©X¶ew{A ßs XO•¶ • ™¶ZcI{A ß{k ~{l{A ZiBU} XZa¶ ZkBc{A ·º ®ZIU B¢I•{aCB}¶{j f w{A ßs XB¶…e{A XZi¶ B}y hZæA ·} ~{a{A XZi¶ ) ©ZBIk ßs mIBa{A L¶I{A ßs §ZeB kßs • ( B}« ¶RO ƒ~•¶{A SIeC • B}« ¶l“ b}æBI ·By) ßK}{y ·¶I mIAZ{A L¶I{A ßs ™{IBw}{A XO•K B}y ( ( ß I¶ • ~X¢¶ ) ßK}{y ·¶I xBIi bXBa{A L¶I{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC : ™¶{BK{A ©Zwt{A z¶{GLAZck jtR B y • ©Z¶a¶ hlI{A B°X… l¶ ·By ©Z¶ak LBk•g•} ≠Bc ¬A ßs JKy B y \" \". `Bp{æBy ßK{A |ÆBa}{A z{K ·} n`sA L y JBaR{A B}C , ZM {A • Zlc{A ·} f•e {A B¢¶s X•O•}{A £¶IcK{A • xBIi{A QZUKaA • ©Zwt{A §Y° J•{aC ·¶I . £RZcA • ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC( `Bp{æBy ßK{A |ÆBa}{A z{K £¶IcK{A TZc • xBIi{A QAZUKaA • ©Zwt{A J•{aC ·B¶I ®ZIU : ©Zwt{A J•{aC -1 ©Z¶a¶ • ©Z¶ak •° : ©Zwt{A ßs X•O•}{A xBIi{A -2 ·} n`sA L y Xws JBaR{A B}C ) •° ©Zwt{A ßs X•O•}{A £¶IcK{A -3 JBaR{A |ÆBa} : •° £Ic}{A - : £¶IcK{A TZc -4 `Bp{æA : •° £I £Ic}{A - ™I•le{A : •° £Ic{A £O• - uBy{A : ß° £¶IcK{A ©AXC -

Z}æA • nZBg}{A ´{G fvB {A XB aGuZe : iBc {AßgB}{A • nZBg}{A ´{A fvB {A XB aG ´{k ©ZXw{A : `¶}}{A uX¢{A£KAZ¶pK ™sZl} • ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{A Z}æA •bZX{A ~¶}eK X¶¢}K{A bZX{A TZc ©XkBw{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K{A|BM}{A XB aG xIBa{A bZX{A ßs J{Bi{A ®`¶`k LsZkZÆB}g ´{A Z}æA • nZBg}{A , ßgB}{A ßs u•OæA •nZBg}{A ´{A fvB {A XB aG bZX a ~•¶{A • ™{et }{A msZ{A Z}æA • : ™{M}æAB}¶iR hw Ks LAZBgR ·} ß_ I¶ ·By B} ~X¢_¶ ´g}• - £{ JBOKaA £IZ ·}ª}{A BkX AYG - bZX{A TZc : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOA ™{M}æA ·} ™{Kl}{A |BlsæA QZUKaA - ? |BlsæA §Y° ßs ™{l{A uZR mv• ·¶C - ? ZU¿A |Kl}{A |lt{A ß}a AYB} - ? PK KaK AYB} - : ™¶{BK{A ™I•OæBI zKIBOG ·ZBvBkX , ´ I , ´g} : ß° ™{M}æA ßs ™{Kl}{A |BlsæA - |lt{A ZUE ßs ™{l{A uZR mv• - fvB {BI ZU¿A |Kl} ß}a - : |•æA QBK KaºABkX • ´ I : |M} §ZUE |KkA B} •° : |Kl}{A |lt{A u¶ZlKßs §XB aG ·¿A |•BR a ( BkX • , ´ I ) fvB {A |Kl}{A |lt{A B sZk ·A XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k J•e }{A • n•sZ}{A nZBg}{A , ßgB}{A ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{A Z}æA • ~•`O}{A • BkX • ´ I ß{ls uZe ~M |•XO{A AY° ßl} ~aZA J{Bi{A ®`¶`k

ZÆB}g ´{G Z}æA • nZBg}{A• ßgB}{A ßs fvB {A XB aG ™{et }{A msZ{AnZBg}{A nZBg}{A nZBg}{A ZÆB}g ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮع‬ msZ{A~•`O}{A ™{et }{A BC≈ nXA ~{ ß IA ~{ •kXC ·{ ߃ IA ·{ •kXC ß IA ·R •kX ·{ ߃ I ·{ •kX ßI •°≈ nX ~{ ·I ~{ •kX¶ ·{ ߃ I¶ ·{ •kX¶ ß I¶ ß° •ƒ kXK ·{ ß IK ·{ •kXK ß IK B}°n≈ X¶ ~{ ·I¶ ~{ A•ƒ kX¶ ·{ B“¶ I¶ ·{ ·A•kX¶ ·B¶ I¶ B}° A•kXK ·{ B¶ IK ·{ ·A•kXK ·B¶ IK ~°n≈ XK ~{ ·ÿ IK ~{ A•ƒ kX¶ ·{ A• I¶ ·{ ·•kX¶ ·• I¶ ·° ·•kX¶ ·{ ·ƒ ¶ I¶ ·{ ·… •k≈ Xƒ ¶ ·Ã ¶ I¶ LCA•ƒ kX¶ ~{ B“¶ I¶ ~{ •kXK ·{ ß IK ·{ •kX ß IK LC ßkXK ·{ ß IK ·{ ·¶kXK ·¶ IK B}K CA“•kXK ~{ B¶ IK ~{ A•kXK ·{ B¶ IK ·{ ·ÿ A•kXK ·ÿ B¶ƒ IKƒ ~K C A•kXK ·{ A• IK ·{ ·ƒ •kX∆ Kƒ ·• IK ·K CA•k≈ X¶ ~{ A•”I¶ ~{ ·… •kXK ·{ ·Ã ¶ IK ·{ ·Ã •kXK ·Ã ¶ IK·… •kX¶ ~{ ·… ¶ I¶ ~{n≈ XK ~{ ·ÿ I∆K ~{ßk  XK ~{ ß IK ~{A•ƒ kXK ~{ B¶ IK ~{A•kXK ~{ A•”IK ~{·Ã •kXK ~{ ·… ¶ IK ~{

ZÆB}g ´{G Z}æA• ßgB}{A ßs fvB {A XB aG .™{et }{A msZ{A Z___}æA ßgB}___{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ™{et }{A B__kX ´“_I BC L•kX L∆ ¶ I ·R •° B •kX B ¶ I ß° B}° BkX ´“I B}° ~° LkX L∆ I ·° LC A•ƒ kX B¶ƒ I LC B}K C BKkX BK I ~K C ·K C A•∆ kƒ Xƒ A•∆ “Iƒ ·ƒ •∆ kƒ Xƒ ·ƒ ¶ I n≈ XC ·ÿ I∆A L•kX Lƒ ¶ IßkXG ß IAA•ƒ kXC” B¶ƒ IA L  •kX L  ¶ IA•kXC A• IA·ƒ •kXC ·ƒ ¶ IA B}ƒ K≈•kX B}ƒ K≈¶∆“Iƒ ~K•kX ~K≈¶ I ·Ã K•kX ·Ã K¶ IZ}æA • nZBg}{A • ßgB}{A ßs ( BkX • ´ I ) ·¶evB {A ·¶{lt{A B X aA ·A XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k . LAZ¶pK ·} ·¶{lt{A ´{k CZi B} bZX ·A Bl} |•BR a , ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{A : ß{¶B} ßl} |}DK B_ƒ_kXƒ ´_ƒ _ƒI L •__k X L__¶ _I ? ( BkX • , ´ I ) |ls ßs ™{l{A uZR SIeA u¶y - ? •A• ´{A BkX |ls ßs J{w A • ≠B¶ ´{A ´ I |ls ßs ™{l{A uZR J{w A AYB}{ -

? ßgB}{A ßs fvB {A X aA B}X k PK KaK AYB} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv|ls ßs ™{l{A uZR SIeC • , ≠B¶ ´ I |ls ßs ™{l{A uZR SIeA - . A•A• BkX |ls ßs ™{l{A uZR J{w A • , ≠» B¶ ´ I |ls ßs ™{l{A uZR J{w A - . •A• ´{A BkX . •A• •C ≠» B¶ fvB {A ßs ™{l{A uZR |eC ·º - : 1 QBK KaºA .ßgB}{A ·}` ßs X aC AYG •A• •C ≠B¶ ´{A fvB {A |lt{A ßs ™{l{A uZR J{w ¶ : ß{¶ B} ßl} |}DK B_ƒkXƒ ´_ƒ _IA•_&_kX ~_° A•_&_ I ~_°uYR uYR ? ·¶{lt{A ´{A X aA ®Y{A Z¶}g{A n• B} - ? ·¶{lt{A ßs ™kB}O{A ´{k |X¶ ®Y{A B} - ? ™kB}O{A •A• ß° ·¶{lt{A ßs •A•{A ·A ´{k |X¶ ®Y{A B} - ? ·YG ·¶{lt{A ßs ™{l{A uZR ·¶C - ? PK KaK AYB} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv. JÆBp{A ™kB}O Z¶}g •° ·¶{lt{A ´{A X aC ®Y{A Z¶}g{A n• -™{eK}{A ™kB}O{A •A• •° ·¶{lt{A ßs ™kB}O{A ß{k |X¶ ®Y{A -•A• ß° ·¶{lt{A ßs ©X•O•}{A •A•{A ·A ´{k |X¶ ®Y{A ·¶{lt{BI . |lt{A • ~aºA ·¶I xZtK ßK{A ™vZBt{{ u{æA• ™kB}O{A : 2 QBK KaºA. ™{l{A uZR uYRK ™kB}O{A •A• ´{G ßgB}{A ßs fvB {A |lt{A X aA AYG

1 ~vZ |•XO : ß{¶ B} ßl} |}DK BkX ´ I BkX ´IA•kXK ~{ ß I∆ Kƒ ~{ A• IK ~{ ßkXK ~{ 2 ~vZ |•XOBkX ´ I BkX ´ IA•_kXA A•_ IA ß_kXA ß_ IA ? ·}` ®C ßs • ? 1 ~vZ |•XO{A ßs ·Ωlt{A X aA Z¶}g ®C ´{A - ? JiBU}{A N ª}{A ´{A AX aC ·¶{lt{A ·A ·¶I¶ ®Y{A B} - ? ·¶{lt{A ßs ™{l{A uZR ·¶C - ? ·}` ®C ßs • ? 2 ~vZ |•XO{A ßs ·Ωlt{A X aC Z¶}g ®C ´{A - ? JiBU}{A ™kB}O ´{A AX aC ·¶{lt{A ·A ·¶I¶ ®Y{A B} - ? ·¶{lt{A ßs ™{l{A uZR ·¶C - [ ZBiG ßs £lg ] ? PK KaK AYB} - : ™IBO¬A §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv. ‫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﻥﺚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع‬1 ‫ ُأﺳﻨﺪ اﻟﻔﻌﻼن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ‬- ·¶{lt{A |BeKA •° JiBU}{A N ª}{A ´{A AX aA ·¶{lt{A ·C ·¶…I¶ ®Y{A - . ™IiBU}{A ™M ª}{A ≠B¶I . ·¶{lt{A ßs ™{l{A uZR uYR - ™kB}O Z¶}g ´{A 2 ~vZ |•XO{A ßs ·AX•O•}{A ·Ωlt{A X aA - . Z}æA ·}` ßs JiBU}{A. ™kB}O{A •A•I ΩeKA ·¶{lt{A ·A •° JiBU}{A ™kB}O Z¶}g ´{A AX aA ·¶{lt{A ·C ·¶I¶ ®Y{A - . BsYR ™{l{A BsZR - QBK KaºA. ™{l{A uYR uYR¶≈ ™IiBU}{A ™M ª}{A ≠B¶ •C ™kB}O{A •A• ´{A fvB {A |lt{A X aA AYG : ß{¶ B}I £ ZBv • ~j } XRA• ZBiG ßs LBOBK KaºA m}OA J{Bi{A ®`¶`k

©XkBw{A . §ZUE •C £}º |KkA B} •° : fvB {A u¶ZlK -1 : ™{et }{A msZ{A ZÆB}g ´{A §XB aG X k fvB {A LAZ¶pK -2 . ™kB}O{A •A• ´{A §XB aG X k ßgB}{A ßs ™{l{A uZR uYR –]≠B¶ •C ™kB}O{A •A• ´{A X aC” AYG Z}æA • nZBg}{A ßs ™{l{A uZR uYR -J . ™IiBU}{A ™M ª}{A . •A• •C ≠B¶ ´{A ™{l{A uZR J{v -t ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC : |•æA ·¶Z}K{A ß{BK{A |•XO{A JaR \" BO • ´}Z \" ß∆ {ls uZe nZBg}{A Z}æA ~•`O}{A n•sZ}{A ßgB}{A ZÆB}g{ABO ´}Z BO ´}Z BO ´}Z BO ´}Z Lƒ C ~K A : ß BM{A ·¶Z}K{A : ß{BK{A |lt{A ßs ~¢aæA ~– a •_kX_¶ ·•_}Z_¶ ?? ?? ?

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC . |•XO{A JaR \" BO \" , \" ´}Z \" |lt{A u¶ZeK : |•æA ·¶Z}K{A nZBg}{A Z}æA ~•`O}{A n•sZ}{A ßgB}{A ZÆB}g{A BO ´}Z P≈ A ~ÿ ZA BO ´}Z BO ´}Z BO ´}ZA•O≈ A A•≈ }ZA P≈ K ~{ ~ÿ ZK ~{ •O K ß}ZK Lƒ •O Lƒ ¶}ƒ Z Lƒ C A•O K ~{ A•}ZK ~{ ·•O K ·•}ZK ~K•O ~K¶}Z ~K A : ·¶{lt{A ßs ©X•O•}{A ~¢aæA ™¶}aK : ß BM{A ·¶Z}K{A •__kX__Kƒ ·•___}Z__KuZR uZR™{l{A nZBg}{A ™}Ωk •A• uZR ™kB}O{A nZBg}{A nZBg}{A ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮع‬

·•`•æA JwM ™¢O•} ™l{Bi} : iBc {A ™R¶Re ™¶IAZkG ©≠AZv f {A ©≠AZv ´{k ©ZXw{A : `¶}}{A uX¢{Af {A f¶U{K ~M , §ZiBU} hlI • ·•`•æA JwM ´{k uZlK{A • .©Zws ßs §ZBysC mÿ }OI bZX{A ~¶}eK X¶¢}K{A f {A bZX{A TZc ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K{A ™yBKt{A hAZ}æA• x BU{A ßƶI{A N•{K{A • ™}Ba{A LAZXU}{A ™¶ZcI{A XX¢K ßK{A ZiBU}{A ·} . X¶A`K}{A ·•`•æA JwM • , AX¶a{By ? B¢IIa¶ ßK{A ZiBU}{A ß° B} • ? ucK≈yA ´K} • ? ·•`•æA JwM ·k uZlK AYB}s ? ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k J¶OK{ f {A m{Bi f {A•Os , ©B¶R{{ S{Be{A ßa}c{A ~Bj {A ßs X¶R•{A Jy•y{A ß° LBaAZX{A |XK B}y hZæA . ©B¶R{{ ™}`Ω{A i•Zc{A Zs•¶ hZæA·} B ¶}RK ·•`•æA `Bo ·} ™wIi ´{A ™sBg¬BI , ≠A•¢{A ´{k ®•KR¶ • ©ZAZR{A bIR¶ £ A . ©ZBg{A b}c{A LBkBlcGßs \" JwM{A •C xZU{A \" uBcKyA ·k ™¶ Bi¶ZI{A ™IvAZ}{A ™iR} ≠B}{k ·{kC 1985 ~Bk ßs • . m¶IZ{A |es ßs ·•y¶ B} Sg•C JwM{A z{Y ·A • , ©X}OK}{A ©ZBw{A x•s ·•`•æA ™wIi ·¶OayæA |BycC ·} |yc • , ™vZ`{A ´{A |ÆB} `Bo ·•`•æA •ßs ~¢a¶ N¶R ™¶{ta{A •O{A ™wIi ·} Bg¶C |ycK¶ £ y{ , ·•`•æA ™wIi ßs X•O•} £}jl} •~XA•k ·} ™MlI }{A LA`Bp{A hlII b}c{A ≠•g Q`K}¶ B}X k §≈ZiU XAX`¶ • , ≠A•¢{A N•{K LAZB¶a{A . ™¶`Bp{A B¢KBt{◊U} • m Be}{A ·BUX •~¢KZcII ™eBU • ZcI{A ™ReI ZgK B¢ C B¢ } ©Z¶iU ·•`•æA xZU ·k ™}OB {A ZAZgæA • , b}c{A x•ZR{ hZlKK N¶RLBIAZigA ´{A ™sBg¬BI % 3 _I X{O{A ·BiZa XA` %1 _I ·•`•æA fw B}{ys X{O{A ·BiZa • . ™¶l¶Ii{A ™kB }{A ~Bj I uBlgG • , ·¶l{A ßsx{A•l{A |KwKs , ZRI{A xB}kC ™¶Oat I{A x•s LBkBlc¬A xAZKUA ´{A ·•`•æA JwM S}a¶ B}y . ©X¶Xk ™¶ZRI LB A•¶R zΩ° BI«I…a} ™¶KBI {A. x{i} Z¶I{E Z•KyX{A

bZX{A TZc ™l{Bi}{A • ©≠AZw{A ™{RZ} . ·l}KI f {A CZvA.SgA• L•eI ™R¶Re ™¶IAZkG ©≠AZv ©Zwt{A CZvA ~M ™}{y{A JAZkG JaR ©Zwt{A §Y° |ycC ~Bj {A ßs X¶R•{A Jy•y{A ß° LBaAZX{A |XK B}y hZæA ]™te ZIU |kBs CXKI}™te [©B¶R{{ ™}`Ω{A i•Zc{A Zs•¶ hZæA •Os , ©B¶R{{ S{Be{A ßa}c{A £I |•lt} £¶{G uBg}. ©Zwt{A CZvA ~M :™IBO¬A §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBvß– a  }∆ c⁄ {A ~ÿ Bj“ fi{A ßs  X≈ ¶R  •{A J≈ yƒ •∆ yƒ {A ߃ °  L≈ BaAZX– {A Õ|XK B}y h≈ ZæA ][ ƒ ™}ƒ `ÿ Ω{A i“ •Z≈ c{A Z≈ s …•ƒ ¶≈ hÿ ZæA •Õ Oƒ s , ©B¶ƒRƒ {‘{  Sÿ { Ãe{A. ™R¶Re ™¶IAZkG ©≠AZv f {A CZvA J{Bi{A ®`¶`k : ™cvB }{A • ™l{Bi}{A ™{RZ} ~Bl{A ~¢t{A – I . ·l}KI f {A ©≠AZv XkC : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOA? ©B¶R{{ S{Be{A ßa}c{A Jy•y{A •° B} -? b}c{A LBkBlcG ·} B ¶}RK ßK{A ™wIi{A ß°B} -? ™wIi{A §Y° ßs NXR AYB} - ? JwM{A AY° JIa AYB} -: ©Zyt{A §Y¢I B¢ ZBv ~M ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A ´{k |eRKK{ ©X¶t} ™{}O ßs ™I•OæA m}OA - : ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A ·Ba ¬A ©B¶R ´{k ·•`•æA JwM ZAZgC. ™¶aBaæA §ZBysC XXR a ™}Bk ™teI f {A B }¢s ·A XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k \" ©ZBg{A b}c{A LBkBlcG............ |XK B}y hZæA \" ©Zwt{A CZvA

: ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOA ? LBaAZX{A L{X AYB} ´{k - ? ©B¶R{{ hZæA •O B°Zs•¶ ßK{A i•Zc{A ß° B} - ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A §Y° ´{k |eRKK{ ©X¶t} ™{}O ßs ·¶IA•O{A m}OA - : ´{•æA ©Zyt{A ©B¶R{{ JaB }{A X¶R•{A Jy•y{A §ΩlO ·•`•æA ™wIi• hZæA •O \" m¶IZ{A |es ßs.............. 1985 ~Bk ßs • \" ©Zwt{A CZvA : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ? ≠B}{l{A ucKyA AYB} - ? ·•`•æA JwM ucKyA ™ a ®C ßs - ? JwM{A AY° ucKyA ·¶C - . ©Zwt{A §Y° ©Zys ´{k |eRKK{ ©X¶t} ™{}O ßs ™I•OæA m}OA : ™¶ BM{A ©Zyt{A ©X}OK}{A ©ZBw{A ßs ·•`•æA JwM ucKyA 1985 ~Bk ßs \" ™¶`Bp{A B¢KBt{U} •............. `Bo ·•`•æA • \" : ©Zwt{A CZvA : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ? ·•`•æA •° B} - ? `Bp{A AY° XO•¶ ·¶C - ? `Bp{A AY° |ycK¶ B}} - ? §ZiU ·} X¶`¶ ®Y{A B} - ©Zwt{A §Y° ©Zys ´{k |eRKK{ ©X¶t} ™{}O ßs ™I•OæA m}OA : ™M{BM{A ©Zyt{A ·•`•æA ™wIi u¶ZlK\" ©X¶Xk ™¶ZRI LB A•¶R zΩ°..... ™}OB {A ZAZgæA•\" ©Z¶UæA ©Zwt{A CZvA ? ·Ba ¬A ™Re ´{k ·•`•æA xZU ZAZgC ß°B} - ? ·A•¶R{A ´{k ·•`•æA JwM ZAZgC ß° B} - ©Zwt{A ©Zys ´{k |eRK { ©X¶t} ©Zws ßs ™I•OæA m}OA -

: ™lIAZ{A ©Zyt{A ·A•¶R{A ©B¶R • ·Ba ¬A ™Re ´{k ·•`•æA JwM ZAZgC hlI ©Zws ßs ™¶ BM{A • ´{•æA ©Zyt{A m}OI f {A fU{ J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ©Zwt{A §Y¢I zKZws ·ZBvJaB }{A X¶R•{A Jy•y{A §ΩlO b}c{A LBkBlcG ·} B ¶}RK ßK{A ·•`•æA ™wIi • hZæA •O . ©B¶R{{ ,©X}OK}{ ©ZBw{A ßs ·•`•æA JwM ≠B}{l{A ucKyA 1985 ~Bk ßs • . m¶IZ{A |es ßs ·•y¶ B} Sg•C £ C• ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC : |•æA ·¶Z}K{A.\" ™w¶vX ™¶IAZkG ©≠AZv B°CZvA ~M ™}{y{A JAZkG JaR ™{}O{A §Y° |ycC -1 uBcKyA ·k ™¶ Bi¶ZI{A ™IvAZ}{A ™iR} ≠B}{k ·{kC 1985 ~Bk ßs \"Z•ZO} ~aA ™te £¶{G uBg} .|kBs .hŸ B} |ls \" ·•`•æA ™wIi ßs JwM £¶{G uBg} : ß BM{A ·¶Z}K{A . B°CZvA ~M iU B¢KRK ßK{A LB}{y{A ßs ©X•O•}{A LByZR{{ ßIAZk¬A JIa{A ·¶I\" ·¶}XBw{{ ™’ ¶RK §X¶I T•{¶ •° • x¶Zi{A JZv ~B oæA ·} Bl¶iv ´kZ¶ Ωti x≈ Æ Ba{A jRº \"

: N{BM{A ·¶Z}K{A• ™¶ BM{A • ´{•æA ©Zyt{A ~M ©Zws ßs ™lIAZ{A • ™M{BM{A ©Zyt{A m}OI \" ·•`•æA JwM \" f fU{ . ©Zws ßs ™lIAZ{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC : |•æA ·¶Z}K{A ™w¶vX ™¶IAZkG ©≠AZv B¢K≠AZv ~M ™}{y{A JAZkG JaR ™{}O{A |¶ycK\" ·•`•æA ™  w“ƒIi“ ßÿ s JÀ w‘ M≈  uBc“ K y∆ A ·∆ kƒ ™  ¶Ã  Bi“ ¶∆ÿZI∆{A ™  Iƒv“AƒZ}≈ {A ™  i⁄ Rƒ }ƒ ≠≈ B}ƒ {“k≈ ·ƒ {“k∆ C 1985 ~Bk ßs \" : ß BM{A ·¶Z}K{A´kZ¶ Ωti xÆBa{A jR º iU B¢KRK ßK{A LB}{y{A ßs ©X•O•}{A LByZR{{ ßIAZk¬A JIa{A ·B¶I. ·¶}XBw{{ ™¶ÃRK §X¶I T•{¶ •° • x¶Zi{A JZv ~B oæA ·} Bl¶ivßIAZk¬A JIa{A B¢KyZR ™}{y{A|kBs B¢ æ ©Z°Bj{A ™}g{A xÆBa{A£I |•lt} B¢ æ ©Z°Bj{A ™RKt{A Bl¶iv£¶{G uBg} ZU¿A |Kl} n•sZ} nZBg} ©ZXw} ™}g ´kZ∆ ¶£{Oº |•lt} ©Z°Bj ©Zay{A xƒ ¶Zi{A ©Z°Bj{A ™RKt{A ™’ ¶RK : N{BM{A ·¶Z}K{A . ·•`•æA JwM f f¶U{K ©Zws ßs 4 • 3 ©Zyt{A m}O -C.m Be}{A ·BUX • b}c{A ≠•gI Q`K}¶ B}X k §ZiU XAX`¶ ™vZ`{{ |ÆB} `Bo ·•`•æA.·A•¶R{A ©B¶R • ·Ba ¬A ™Re ´{k ©Z¶iU ZAZgC ·•`•ø{ • ©Zws ßs 4 .3 .2 . 1 ©Zyt{A f¶U{KJaB }{A X¶R•{A Jy•y{A ΩlO b}c{A LBkBlcG ·} B ¶}RK ßK{A ·•`•æA ™wIi X•O•• hZæA •O .©B¶R{{ . ©X}OK}{A ©ZBw{A ßs ·•`•æA ™wIi ßs BIwM ≠B}{l{A ucKyA 1985 ~Bk ßs • ´{k ©Z¶iU ZAZgC £{ • b}c{A ≠•gI Q`K}¶ B}X k §ZiU XAX`¶ ™vZ`{{ |ÆB} `Bo ·•`•æA • •¶R{A ©B¶R • ·Ba ¬A ™Re

i¶aI NXR XZaßIBKy Z¶IlK : iBc {A™RgA• ™{a{aK} ™w¶ZiI i¶aI NXR XZa ´{k ©ZXw{A : `¶}}{A uX¢{AbZX{A ~¶}eK X¶¢}K bZX{A TZc ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K z{ mv• NXR XZa XRC z } J{i¶ Xv J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ™w¶ZiI £lÆBv• ZyYK• §XZaK u¶ys , £ k Ll}a •C £KX°Bc •C ? ™RgA• ™{a{aK} . B} BM«XR XZa u¶y ~{lK a AY° B aZX ßs NXR{A z‘ } J¶Zw{A ´tcKa}{A ßs B’«g¶Z} LZ` ? NXR{A AY° XZa u¶y bZX{A TZc mÆBv• ´{A NXR{A AY° ∫`OK{ ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ? h¶Z}{A ©ZB¶`{ J°YK Lv• ®C ßs - ? h¶Z}{{ zl} YUDK ·A JO¶ AYB} - ? ™¶X¢{A ≠AZc XlI |ltK AYB} - ? ´tcKa}{A ´{A |eK B}X k £O•KK ·¶C - ? h¶Z}{A ´{A |eK B}X k £{ltK ≠ßc |•C •° B} - ? £KZB¶` ·} ߢK K B}X k £{ ´ }KK AYB} - . ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv . h¶Z}{A ©ZB¶`{ JaB }{A Lv•{A XXRA - . ™¶X° h¶Z}{A ©ZB¶`{ ßl} YUE ·A JO¶ -. h¶Z}{A £¶s XO•¶ ®Y{A ·By}{A ´{A £O•KC ´tcKa}{A ´{A |eA B}X k - £KRe ´{k ·Æ}iA• £¶…¶RA h¶Z}{A X•O• ·By} ´{A |eC B}X k -

. |OBl{A ≠Btc{A £{ ´ }KC ©ZB¶`{A ߢK K B}X k - : ß{¶ B} ´{k |eRKs B¢{a{aK JaR ™I•OæA m}OC J{Bi{A ®`¶`k (AZ¢j b¶}U{A ~•¶ ) ©ZB¶`{A Lv• ZB¶KUA . h¶Z}{{ ™IaB } ™¶X° ≠AZc . ´tcKa}{A ´{A £O•K{A . h¶Z}{A ·By} ´{A |•e•{A . £¶{k ·B Æ}iºA • £K¶RK . £KZXBp} X k ≠Btc{BI £{ ≠BkX{A : ´{k |eRKK{ ™{a{aK}{A mÆBv•{A §Y° B¢¶s XZaK ©Zws JKyC J{Bi{A ®`¶`k h¶Z}{ ™IaB } ™¶X° LYUC AZ¢j b¶}U{A ~•¶ ßs £KZB¶`{ B } J¶Zv ´tcKa} ´{A L¢O•K• £K¶CZ B}X k • £K}BvG ·By} LXev L{e• B}X k• X k • , £{A•RC • £KRe ´{k L D}iA • £K¶¶R . |OBl{A ≠Btc{BI £{ L•kX ©ZB¶`{A ≠B¢K A\" h¶Z} ©ZB¶` \" NXR mÆBv• B¢¶s XZa ©Zws ™IBKy{ B¢I B }v ßK{A LA•iU{A ß° B} J{Bi{A ®`¶`k [ QBK KaA ßs JA•O{A |Oa ] ? : QBK KaºA : ß{¶ B}I ~•w ©Zws ßs NXR mÆBv• XZa { NXR{A XXR -1 £lÆBv• ≠≈ `O -2 B¢{a{aK JaR mÆBv•{A JKZ -3 . ©Zws ßs mÆBv•{A XZa -4

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaCQBK KaA BwIi} \" NRI XAXk¬ z¶…R ™IKy} ßs JBKy ·k NRI{A \" NXR B¢¶s B°XZaK ©Zws JKyC . bZX{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC\" NRI{A XAXk¬ zI…R ™IKy} ßs JBKy ·k NRI{A \" NXR B¢¶s XZaK ©Zws ™IBKy NXR{A -1 zt{y NRI XAXk¬ ßR{A ™IKy} ßs JBKy ·k NRI{A . YBKaæA £I JBKy{A n•g•} ·¶¶lK - ´{A NXR{A ™Æ`OK -2 ßR{A ™IKy} ´{A £O•K{A - B¢I¶KZK • mÆBv•™IKy}{A ßs JBKy{A ·k NRI{A - £¶{k Z•Ml{A - £KZBlKaA - ™IKy}{A ©ZXBp} - ´{G L¢O•Ks NRI XAXkHI YBKaæA B t{y NXR{A mÆBv• XZa -3 ®Y{A JBKy{A ·k NRI{{ ßR{A ™IKy}mK}} NRI XlI • , ß{}k ßs ß XkBa¶≈ßK{A ™IKy}{A ·} £KZlKaA • £¶{k L≈ ZMk . AZ•Za} B¢KZXBo

NZA•y{A |•æA Z•R}{A ™¶{we ™MZBy ™¶XkBw{A ©≠Bty{A ~¢s |¶OaK• |¶}O• ZIl} ®Zlc ≠AXFI f ©≠AZv ´{k ©ZXw{A -1 . ™RgA• ™¶ s ™vBiI ßs §ZBysC• f n•g•} .©Zws ßs ™¶wi } ™{a{aK} ™w¶ZiI JyZ} NXR XZa ´{k ©ZXw{A -2 .£kA• C ·¶¶IK• x{i}{A |•lt}{A X¶XRK ´{k ©ZXw{A -3 f ™aAZX• ©≠AZv : iBc {A : `¶}}{A uX¢{A . |¶}O ®Zlc ≠AXFI ©X¶ew{A ©≠AZv ´{k ©ZXw{A -≠Bc ºA q¶e hlI• ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A QAZUKaA ´{k ©ZXw{A - bZX{A ~¶}eK X¶¢}K{A f… {A ~Bl{A ~¢t{A ™¶IXæA ™aAZX{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K{A |KwK ©Z}X} |`º`• ·¶yAZI N•XR ZU¿ ·¶R ·} ~{Bl{A B¢{ `K¢¶ ßK{A ™}¶jl{A NZA•y{A ·}, hZæA L`° ßK{A |`º`{A ~jkC ·} |l{• , ¨•D} ΩI u•{æA LBÆ} SIe¶ B} ¶I , bB◊{A u•{C .|A•°C ·} NXR B} hlI ZkBc{A XZa¶ f {A AY° ßs• . ™¶{we |A`{` f… {A!?·ÿ AX_vZt{A B¢¶C ·•y{A ´° X B} * ·ÿ B_}{l_K B__}K y ·G ß B_ÆI ·ÿ B__yZI{A• Z_RI{A ßs ·AZ•M * £__ k bt hZæA ßs ·B¶{o ·ÿ A•__Mƒ ßs £{_y Z_}æA ßgv” * LXB__I ~M LvZoC ~M L_taU ·ÿ AX__{I{A ™“ _ ¶` b}æBI z≈ _Kƒ * ~∆ _{ ·∆ Dy L_RgDs B°Z}C ´KC• ·ÿ B_¶pi” B__}¶C Z≈ RI{A ´_pi• * B__¢¶{k |≈ B_IO{A• h≈ ZæA L  p“ Iƒ ·ÿ B__¶{p{A ©Z__My ·} B_vBwc A * xÕ _c Ks B__¢¶{k AXwR ß{pK z{K ·ÿ BUX• QZB__} ·} jA•__cI * BsYv• B_}OZ |≈ B__IO{A J≈ ¶OKs ·ÿ B_lOc{A ~≈ __ÆA`k LZBU• b∆ * D¶{A ~yRKaA• ≠≈ BO {A |ƒ B__RKaBs * ZæA ·iBI ßs WBa Xv |Ÿ ti Jà Z≈ß B_yZÿ XC !ßIC ! ß}C ®XB ¶ hÿ * Z}O{A ´{k ¨•_cK≈ ≠ƒ Bt¶° ©ÀBKs• ß BlK B} §Z… __R ·} ß B__lK * B}} ZRI{A ~UKC , h≈ ZæA J  e… o ·ÿ AX__IæA §Y° ·__} §≈A•__i“– JXæA Z°A•O JBKy ·} - ? ZkBc{A u¶ZlK : LAXZt}{A TZcB°B l} ™}{y{A£I ®XK¢¶ ß{B}c{A Jiw{A ·} ·BI¶Zv ·B}O ·AXvZt{A Bt¶ k A`A`K°A L`K°A LpI £ BO¶° XK…cA ZRI{A ´pi .ZR{A X¶Xc{A J≈ ¢{◊{A QZB} ·} iA•c Ltlg LZBU LvBg - LøK}A Le… o

: ©≠AZw{A ™{RZ} : zaAZy ´{k LB}•{l}{A §Y° |O… a |¶}O ®Zlc ≠AXDI CZw u¶y ~{lK a J{Bi{A ®`¶`k .™RgA•• ™{¶}O , ©ZI–l}≈ ©≠AZv •° : ≠AX¿A u¶ZlK -1: i•Zc{A §Y° ≠AXæA ßs Zs•K¶ ·C JO¶ |¶}O ®Zlc ≠AXDI CZw ßy{ : ®Zlc{A ≠AX¿A i•Zc -2 .DiU ·•X ©≠AZv -C SgA• L•eI ©≠AZv -J f {A ßs ©X•O•}{A ß Bl}{A ·k ZIlK ©≠AZv -t [.... ZBIU¬A • Z}æA• ~B¢tKaºA• JlK{By] - TZt{By ] ZkBc{A B¢I ZIl¶ ßK{A ZkBc}{A• b¶aBRæA ·k ZIlK ©≠AZv -≠ [ JBOk¬A – ·`R{A©≠AZv f {A CZw ·C |•BR a £i•Zc• ≠AXæA B sZ… k ·C XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ™{¶}O ™¶Zlc [ £g“ •}o zà tK• £≈ {“yc ~KK≈{ ] ´{•C ©≠AZv f {A CZvA (1 .™{¶}O ™¶Zlc ©≠AZv L¶I{A AY° ©≠AZv |•BR { (2 ? ·AXƒ _v“ƒZt“{A B¢¶C ƒ·•y{A ´°X B} * : L¶I{A * ·ÿ B_}{lK B__}K y ·G ß B_ÆI : L¶I{A |yc *ÿ·AXƒ _v“ƒZt“{A B¢ƒ ¶ÕC“ ·ƒ •∆ yƒ {A ´°ƒ Xƒ B}ƒ * ·ÿ B_}ƒ {“l∆ Kƒ B__}ƒ K≈‘ y≈ ·∆ Gÿ ß B_ƃI–“®XB ¶ ~¢tKa¶ Z}D¶: L¶I{A ß Bl} * : £a¶aBRC• ZkBc{A ZkBc} * ZŸ •kY} JOlK}≈ b¶aBRC : L¶I{A ©≠AZv * u•U • ZŸ kY • JOlKI XB } ~Ÿ ¢tKa}≈ ZŸ }E ©≠AZv L¶I{A CZvA

ZIlK SgA• L•eI , DiU ·•X ©≠AZv ®C |¶}O• ZIl} ®Zlc ≠AXDI ] ™¶ BM ©≠AZv f {A CZvA (3 .ZkBc{A ZkBc}• b¶aBRDI f {A ß Bl} ·k B¢¶s : f {A ™aAZX ™{RZ} J A•O ©X… k ·} ©X¶ew{A ™aAZX |•BR a J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ~Bl{A ~¢t{A - I : ™¶{BK{A LA•iU{BI ~•w a ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A QZUKa {  :|Aªa{A AY° ·k ™IBOºBI ©X¶ew{A §Y° n•g•} XXR -C ? ©X¶ew{A §Y° n•g•} •° B} - . ™¶{we |A`{` •° ©X¶ew{A §Y° n•g•} * : |Aªa{A AY° ·k ™IBO¬BI n•g•}{A AY° ßs ZkBc{A £ k ~{yK¶ ®Y{A J BO{A XXR -J ? n•g•}{A AY° ßs ~{yK¶ ~… k - . §ZAZgC hlI• |A`{`{A ue• ·k ~{yK¶ * ´{k |eRK { ©X¶t} ™{}O ßs ·¶IA•O{A m}O -t : ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A §ZAZgC hlI • ™¶{we |A`{` ue• ZBiG ßs QBK KaºA JKyA ? PK KaK AYB} ·YG : QBK KaºA : ™¶{BK{A LA•iU{BI ~•w ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A QZUKa { f {A CZw -1 ? f {A n•g•} •°B} - : ·¶}¢}{A ·¶{Aªa{A ·k J¶O -2 ? n•g•}{A AY° ßs ~{yK¶ ~… k - ©X¶t} ™{}O ßs ·¶IA•O{A m}O -3 B°B OZUKaA• ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A XXR u¶y B }{lK ·C XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k . ™¶aBaC ZBysC ´{G f {A ~aw a

: ™¶aBaC ZBysC ´{G f {A ~¶awK II ¨ZUC ©Z} f {A CZvA .: ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ? |•æA L¶I{A ßs ZkBc{A |Da ≠ßc ®… C ·k - ? ·ByZI{A ·AZ•M• hZæA ·B¶{o |X¶ AYB} ´{k - ? ´{•æA ™lIa{A LB¶IæA ßs B°ZyY ßK{A uBe•æA ß° B} - ? uBe•æA §Y° |XK AYB} ´{k - (B¢KB¶IC XXR• ZBiG ßs B¢lg) ? 7 ´{G 1 ·} LB¶Iø{ ™¶aBaæA ©Zyt{A ß° B} - : ß{¶ B}I zKIBOG ·ZBv ·•y{A ßs NXR ®Y{A ·k ZkBc{A |Da - Z¶Iy |A`{` N•XR ´{k |X¶ - : ß° ´{•æA ™lIa{A LB¶IæA ßs ZkBc{A B°ZyY ßK{A uBe•æA -nºX A -xBwc ºA -ZRI{A ·B¶pi -LZ}X • hZæA LtaU – ZRI{A ·AZ•M – hZæA ·B¶{o .·BUX{A ZBcK A • ·AZ¶ {A . |A`{`{A N•XR ©Xc ´{k |XK uBe•æA §Y° - : ´{•æA ©Zyt{A 7 ´{G 1 L¶I{A ·} £K•v• |A`{`{A ©Xc ue¶ ZkBc{A[ 11 8] LB¶IæA ™¶wI CZvA ™¶{BK{A ™{ÆaæA ·k JOC ? ZBME ·} |A`{`{A u{U AYB} -, u•U{A , bD¶{A : ß° |A`{`{A B¢t{U ßK{A ZBM¿A ZkBc{A ·¶…I [ 11 ´{G 8 ·}] LB¶IæA §Y° ßs -. ´RZO{A• LA•}æA ©ZMy , ©BO {{ |BpiæA J{iZBiA ßs B¢lg • ©Zys ßs JA•O{A AY° ~∆ j -11 ´{G 8 L¶I{A ·} : ™¶ BM{A ©Zyt{A Z}X}{A |A`{`{A ZBME. ™¶IXC ™aAZX ©X¶ew{A bZX a B°B OZUKaA• ZBysæA B }¢s ·C XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k

™¶IXæA ™aAZX{A -II B¢k•g•}• B¢I•{aC• ©X¶ew{A hZo : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ? ©X¶ew{A ß}K K hZo ®C ´{G - ? ©X¶ew{A n•g•} B} - ? ©X¶ew{A ´{k J{Bp{A J•{aæA •° B} - ? ≠Bc ¬A J•{aC XO•¶ L¶I ®C ßs - ? ~B¢tKaA ~C ≠AX ~C JOlK ~C Z}C ~C ßt ≠Bc ¬A ™p¶eC - ? ™p¶e |y ´{k |XK ßK{A LAZBIl{A ß° B} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv .ue•{A hZo ´{G ©X¶ew{A ß}K K - .Z}X}{A ™¶{we |A`{` ue• ©X¶ew{A n•g•} - .®ZIU ©X¶ew{A J•{aC - . |•æA L¶I{A ßs ßÆBc ¬A J•{aæA XO•¶ - .≠AX {A• ~B¢tKaºA Z}æA ß° £≈ p” ¶e  - [ ? ·ƒ •y{A ´°X B} ] £{•v ßs ~B¢tKaºA , [ ß BÆI ] £{•v ßs Z}æA - [ ·AXvZt{A B¢¶…C ] £{•v ßs ≠AX {A• : ™¶{BK{A ©Zwt{A LBoAZs ≠|}{ ™I•OæA §Y¢I ·lKaA J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ..............B¢I•{aC•..............B¢k•g•}•...........B¢gZo ©X¶ew{A ..... L¶I{A ßs ßÆBc A J•{aC B¢¶s • ßs.........£Kp¶e• , ©ZBIk ßs...........£Kp¶e• ,............©ZBIk ßs.........£Kp¶e .........©ZBIk:™IBO¬A §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv ßÆBc A J•{aC B¢¶s• ®ZIU B¢I•{aC • Z}X} |A`{` ue• B¢k•g•}• ue•{A B¢gZo ©X¶ew{A ·ƒ •y{A ´°X B} ] ©ZBIk ßs ~B¢tKaºA £Kp¶e• [ ß BÆI ] ©ZBIk ßs Z}æA £Kp¶e• |•æA L¶I{A ßs .[ ·AXvZt{A B¢¶…C ] ©ZBIk ßs ≠AX {A £Kp¶e• , [ ?

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC : |•æA ·¶Z}K{A ? ©X¶ew{A §Y° LB¶IC XXk ~y - ? ©X¶ew{A §Y° ßs ®•Z{A •° B} - ? 7 L¶I{A `Ok• 4 L¶I{A ZXe •° B} - : ß{BK{A L¶I{A TZcA : ß BM{A ·¶Z}K{A ·ÿ A•M ßs £{¤y Z≈ }æA ߃ gv” L∆ XBI ~M L∆ vZoC” ~M L∆ taU : N{BM{A ·¶Z}K{A £KaZX B} ´{k ≠B I ©Zwt{{ ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A QZUKaAB} £{ §ZyA• zat { JRK≈ B} zƒ Z¶p{ J∆ I R∆ D“s , zZ¶o ·¶I• z ¶I B} ßs B A`¶} zat |lOA ! ß… I B¶ \"JRK≈ º B} |wK º• , z¶{G ·aR¶≈ ·C JRK B}y ·aRC• , ~{jK≈ ·C J… RK º B}y ~{jK º• , B¢{ §ZyK \".·BaR¬A ´{k z } ¨•vC ©≠Ba¬A ´{k ·… yK º• , z{ |Bw¶≈ ·C

ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC : ™{ÆaæA ·k ™IBO¬A : |•æA ·¶Z}K{A BK¶I Zck XRC •° ©X¶ew{A LB¶IC XXk - \" ·• {A \" •° ©X¶ew{A ßs ®•Z{A - \" ~{ ·Dy LRgDs B°Z}C ´KC• \" : •° mIAZ{A L¶I{A ZXe - \" ·BUX• QZB} ·} iA•cI \" : •° mIBa{A L¶I{A `Ok - L¶I{A TZc : ß BM{A ·¶Z}K{A. |A`{`{A ©•v ©Xc{ ©X•Xl} ·A•M ßs L¶R}≈ Z LXBI ~M B¢¶ BI} LvZoC• ™¶{we ™ ¶X} LtaU : ß° ©Zwt{{ ™}Bl{A ©Zyt{A : N{BM{A ·¶Z}K{A £ Iº JC SÆBe

x{i}{A |•lt}{A .XkA•v : iBc {AZ¶IlK{{ £{B}lKaA• x{i}{A |•lt}{A X¶XRK ´{k ©ZXw{A : `¶}}{A uX¢{A.§XXk •C £k• ·¶¶IK •C |ls X¶yDK ´{k bZX{A ~¶}eK ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ bZX{A TZc ©XkBw{A ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A S¶ReK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K{A|•lt}{A ´{k bZX{A AY° ßs uZ… lK a• ™wIBa{A za•ZX ßs £I |•lt}{A J{Bi{A ®`¶`k LsZk .£kA• C• £t¶ZlK x{i}{A : ™{M}æA . ·B¶{p{A ©ZMy ·} BvBwc A xc Ks B¢¶{k AXwR ß{pK z{K bZX{A TZc : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ? ·B¶{p{A ©ZMy ·} mv• AYB} - ? Ωls xBwc ºA mv• |° - ? Ω’ ls mv• xBwc ºA ·C ´{k XyªK ßK{A ™}{y{A ß° B} - : ß{¶ B}I zKIBOG ·ZBv . ·B¶{p{A ©ZMy ·} B¢{BIO• ™ ¶X}{A hZC Lwc A - .Ωls xBwc ºA mv• - \" BvBwc A\" ™}{y ß° Ω’ ls mv• xBwc ºA ·… C ´{k XyªK ßK{A ™}{y{A - \" BvBwc A\" ™}{y dvB ´{BlK J{Bi{A ®`¶`k : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC ? NXR ´{k |X… K |° ? uZR ~C |ls ~C ~aA BvBwc A ™}{y |° - ? £¶{k |XK ®Y{A NXR{A •° B} - ? ·¶l} ·}`I ·ZKw} NXR{A |° - ? ·}`I ·ZKw} Z¶o NXR ´{k |X¶ ®Y{A ~aºA ß}a AYB} - ? •° B} , B¢{ls XlI LZyY BvBwc A ™}{y - ? ™{}O{A ßs £{ls XlI ZyY¶≈ ®Y{A ZXe}{A ß}a AYB} - ( QBK KaA ßs JA•O{A JKyA ) ? x{i}{A |•lt}{A •° B} ·YG - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ·ZBv ~aA : BvBwc A ™}{y -

NXR ´{k ™}{y |XK - . ·}`I ·ZKw} Z¶o NXR{A AY° -ZXe}{BI : ·}`I ·ZKw} Z¶o NXR ´{k |X¶ ®Y{A ~aºA ß}a - . xc A •°• B¢{ls BvBwc A ™}{y xIa - x{i}{A |•lt}{BI : ™{}O{A ßs £{ls ZyY ®Y{A ZXe}{A ß}a - : 1QBK KaºA£{ls XlI ZyY¶ J•e } ZXe} •° : x{i}{A |•lt}{A u¶ZlK|}DK £kA• C Bl} uZl a x{i}{A |•lt}{A u¶ZlK B sZk ·C XlI J{Bi{A ®`¶`k : |}O≈ {A §Y° AXeR iBw {A XeRA - ~B}¬A b•{O X{•{A b{O - ·¶K•iU BiU - : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC . |}O{A §Y° ßs x{i}{A |•lt}{A ·¶k - ? ´{•æA ™{}O{A ßs XeR{A n•v• Xyª¶ ®Y{A B} - ? AYB} n•v• LXyC AX« eR ·YG - ? ´{•æA ßs x{i}{A |•lt}{A XBsC AYB} - ( QBK KaA ßs JA•O{A JKyA ) ? x{i}{A |•lt}{{ |•æA n• {A •° B} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv ·¶K•iU , b•{O , AX« eR : •° |}O{A ßs x{i}{A |•lt}{A - AX« eR : ™}{y ß° ´{•æA ™{}O{A ßs XeR{A n•v• Xyª¶ ®Y{A - Xƒ eR |lt{A n•v• LXyC AX« eR - .|lt{A n•v• X¶yDK ´{•æA ™{}O{A ßs x{i}{A |•lt}{A XBsC - : 2 QBK KaºA|lt{A n•v• X¶yDK •° x{i}{A |•lt}{{ |•æA n• {A[ ™¶ BM{A ™{}O{A ]: ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC• |}DK

? X{•{A b{O u¶y - ? |lt{A n•v• n• ·¶I¶ ®Y{A B} - ( QBK KaA ßs JA•O{A JKyA) ? x{i}{A |•lt}{{ ß BM{A n• {A •° B} - : ™I•OæA §Y¢I zKIBOG ·ZBv ~B}¬A bƒ •{”O X{•{A b{O - \" b•{”O\" ™}{y ß° |lt{A n•v• n• ·¶I¶ ®Y{A - : 3 QBK KaºA n•◊{A ·¶I¶ x{i} |•lt} •° x{i}{A |•lt}{{ ß BM{A n• {A [ ™M{BM{A ™{}O{A ] : ™{ÆaæA §Y° ·k JOC• |}DK ? XXl{A ·ƒ ¶Ià ~C |lt{A Xyª¶ ~C n• {A ™M{BM{A ™{}O{A ßs x{i}{A |•lt}{A ·¶…I¶ |° - ( QBK KaA ßs JA•O{A JKyA ) ? x{i}{A |•lt}{{ N{BM{A n• {A •° B} - : ™¶{BK{A ™I•OæBI zKIBOG ·ZBv XXl{A ™M{BM{A ™{}O{A ßs x{i}{A |•lt}{A ·¶…I¶≈- : 4 QBK KaºA XXl{A ·¶I¶ x{i} |•lt} •° x{i}{A |•lt}{{ N{BM{A n• {A: ™¶{BK{A ©XkBw{BI B¢ ZBv• ™}j } ©XkBv ßs LBOBK KaºA m}OA J{Bi{A ®`¶`k ©XkBw{A £{ls XlI ZyY¶ J•e } ZXe} •° : x{i}{A |•lt}{A u¶ZlK * : x{i}{A |•lt}{A nA• C x n• {A ·¶I¶ x{i} |•lt} -1 |lt{A Xyª¶ x{i} |•lt} -2 XXl{A ·¶I¶ x{i} |•lt} -3