["POWERFUL GT CARS . 199 Ford Mustang GT500 1967 Origin USA Engine 7,010 cc, V8 Top speed 134 mph (216 km\/h) Carroll Shelby shoe-horned the big-block Ford V8 engine into the Mustang to create the 355 bhp GT500, which offered serious hot- rod performance in a luxury package. Gordon-Keeble 1964 British engineering, a powerful American Iso Grifo A3C 1965 Giotto Bizzarrini designed the Grifo Origin UK V8 engine, and delicately beautiful Italian Origin Italy A3C for racing, and it triumphed in Engine 5,395 cc, V8 styling by Bertone created this excellent Engine 5359 cc, V8 its category at Le Mans in 1965. It Top speed 136 mph (219 km\/h) GT, which some see as offering the perfect Top speed 170 mph (274 km\/h) was based on Bizzarrini\u2019s stunning combination of speed and style. V8-powered Grifo two-seat coup\u00e9. Lamborghini 400GT Lamborghini and Ferrari fought a Monza 1966 constant battle to be the top Italian Origin Italy supercar brand. The 400GT\u2019s four-cam Engine 3,929 cc, V12 V12 engine was far more advanced Top speed 156 mph (251 km\/h) than anything Ferrari could offer. The Monza was a one-off edition of the car. Lamborghini Miura 1966 Lamborghini eclipsed Ferrari when it Lamborghini Islero 1968 Origin Italy introduced the outstanding Miura, Origin Italy Engine 3,929 cc, V12 the \ufb01rst practical, mid-engined Top speed 177 mph (285 km\/h) supercar. The breathtaking styling Engine 3,929 cc, V12 was by Marcello Gandini for Bertone. Top speed 160 mph (257 km\/h) This simple and elegant restyling of the 2+2 Lamborghini 400GT was by Carrozzeria Marazzi. Unfortunately, it lacked the commercial appeal that the top stylists could create. Jensen Interceptor 1967 Jensen commissioned the Italian Studebaker Avanti 1962 Origin UK styling company Vignale to design Origin USA Engine 6,276 cc, V8 a new body for this Chrysler Top speed 133 mph (214 km\/h) V8-engined coup\u00e9. The result was Engine 4,736 cc, V8 a truly elegant, practical 2+2. Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) The \ufb01berglass-bodied Avanti was a bold move for a small manufacturer such as Studebaker, but it failed to save the company. Small numbers were made privately until 1991. Maserati Ghibli 1967 Origin Italy Engine 4,719 cc, V8 Top speed 154 mph (248 km\/h) Maserati\u2019s magni\ufb01cent four-cam V8 engine enabled this luxurious coup\u00e9 to perform like a supercar. The car\u2019s perfectly proportioned fastback body was styled by Ghia of Italy.","","Volkswagen crash-test dummies, c. 1968 With the emergence of strict safety regulations in the 1960s, the responsibility for car safety shifted from the consumer to the manufacturer. Safety features, such as seat belts, became widely tested using life-size plastic dummies.","202 . THE 1960S MG Midget 1961 Tiny, cute, and enormous fun to Origin UK drive at speeds much lower than Sports Cars Engine 948 cc, straight-four it feels, the Midget was a true fun Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) car and was built\u2014with engines Despite a wide choice of attractive, often extremely potent models, the open sports up to 1,500 cc\u2014into the 1980s. car was in decline in the 1960s as the popularity of civilized, closed-top Grand Touring cars grew: Most of these sports cars were launched in the \ufb01rst half of the decade; many were conceived in the 1950s. Japan now joined the United States and Europe on the world market. Ferrari 250 Jaguar E-type 1961 With double-overhead-camshaft California Spider 1959 Origin UK engine, all-disc brakes, and Origin Italy Engine 3,781 cc, straight-six all-independent suspension, the Top speed 149 mph (240 km\/h) E-type was a bargain compared Engine 2,953 cc, V12 with other 1960s supercars. Top speed 145 mph (233 km\/h) One of the most beautiful and desirable Ferraris ever made, now worth millions, the California Spider was a car of movie stars, and became something of a star itself. Maserati Mistral Spider 1963 Maserati fuel-injected its Origin Italy twin-cam six to get Jaguar-level Engine 3,692 cc, straight-six performance, and commissioned Top speed 145 mph (233 km\/h) Frua to design this understated and sophisticated two-seat body. Lotus Super Seven 1961 The Seven was a 1950s design Lotus Elan 1962 Origin UK that refused to die, thanks to Origin UK Engine 1,498 cc, straight-four uncompromising, timeless styling and Top speed 103 mph (166 km\/h) fabulous, seat-of-the-pants handling. Engine 1,558 cc, straight-four Versions are still made today. Top speed 122 mph (196 km\/h) Lotus cars were engineered for lightness, giving terri\ufb01c performance. The \ufb01berglass Elan sat on a steel backbone chassis and it went\u2014and handled\u2014superbly. Austin-Healey 3000 Introduced in 1953 with a MkIII 1963 four-cylinder engine, the Origin UK \u201cBig Healey\u201d grew up into a Engine 2,912 cc, straight-six comfortable 2+2 touring sports Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) car. Its low build and swooping curves had huge appeal. Innocenti Spider 1961 Innocenti of Milan commissioned Origin Italy Ghia to style a more upmarket Engine 948 cc, straight-four body for British Austin-Healey Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) Sprite running gear, with a trunklid, roll-up windows, and a heater. Mercedes-Benz 230SL 1963 The 230SL may seem like a Origin Germany sophisticated touring car, with its Engine 2,306 cc, straight-six pagoda roof and automatic option, Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) but a win at 1963\u2019s grueling Li\u00e8ge- So\ufb01a-Li\u00e8ge proved its toughness.","SPORTS CARS . 203 MGB 1962 Britain\u2019s best-selling sports car Origin UK sold over half a million in 1962\u201380. Engine 1,798 cc, straight-four Rugged, reliable, and long-legged, Top speed 103 mph (166 km\/h) it was a perfectly proportioned, truly practical enthusiast\u2019s car. Triumph TR4A 1964 Designer Giovanni Michelotti Sunbeam Tiger 1964 Carroll Shelby helped Rootes Chevrolet Corvette Origin UK restyled the separate-chassis TR Origin UK develop the Tiger from the excellent Sting Ray 1965 Engine 2,138 cc, straight-four sports car for 1961, and Triumph Engine 4,261 cc, V8 Sunbeam Alpine. The new engine Origin USA Top speed 109 mph (175 km\/h) added independent rear Top speed 117 mph (188 km\/h) gave it all the power it needed to suspension in 1964. \ufb02y, winning races and rallies. Engine 5,360 cc, V8 Top speed 147 mph (237 km\/h) A stunning restyle in 1963 turned Corvette into Sting Ray, with ultra-modern lines oozing macho potential, ful\ufb01lled in the ultimate 375 bhp fuel-injected \u201cL84\u201d model. Datsun Fairlady 1965 Derived from the 1,500cc Origin Japan predecessor of 1961, this MGB-beater Engine 1,595 cc, straight-four from Japan was superbly built and Top speed 100 mph (161 km\/h) tempted U.S. drivers to consider buying Japanese cars. AC Cobra 427 1965 Designer Carroll Shelby had the idea Origin USA\/UK to put the Ford V8 in the pretty Engine 6,997 cc, V8 British AC Ace\u2014and topped it with Top speed 164 mph (264 km\/h) this big block version, a road-legal race car with monstrous acceleration. Alfa Romeo Duetto Spider 1966 Origin Italy Engine 1,570 cc, straight-four Top speed 111 mph (179 km\/h) Battista Pininfarina styled this exceptionally lovely roadster, which is also a joy to drive with a lively double-overhead-camshaft engine and all-disc brakes. It continued into the 1990s. Fiat Dino Spider 1967 Pininfarina styled this gorgeous Vignale Gamine 1967 Recognizable to millions of UK Origin Italy Spider, which boasted a Ferrari V6 Origin Italy children as Noddy\u2019s car, Vignale\u2019s Engine 1,987 cc, V6 engine and \ufb01ve-speed gearbox; Engine 499 cc, straight-two Gamine fun car was based on Fiat Top speed 127 mph (204 km\/h) had it been called Ferrari, not Top speed 60 mph (97 km\/h) 500 running gear. But it was too Fiat, sales would have doubled. expensive to sell well.","204 . THE 1960s Mercedes-Benz 280SL The Mercedes-Benz SL class of sports roadsters from the 1960s were known for their supremely elegant styling. Also referred to as W113 within the company, they were manufactured from 1963 to 1971. The \u201cpagoda roof\u201d 230SL of 1963 offered good performance and exceptional handling, together with comfort and sophistication. It was followed by the larger-engined 250SL in 1967, and the 280SL in 1968. Both offered more power but retained the SL\u2019s signature styling. THE MERCEDES-BENZ SL was de\ufb01ned by cage around the cabin with \u201ccrumple zones\u201d SPECIFICATIONS Mercedes-Benz 280SL W113 (1968\u201371) the graceful styling of its optional hardtop. The at the front and rear that absorbed impact. Model Stuttgart, Germany 230SL, 250SL, and 280SL models had roofs with The \ufb01rst sports car in the world with this Assembly 23,885 raised outer edges. Some commentators likened new safety technology, the SL was the safest Production Unitary steel chassis this shape to the roofs of Chinese buildings, and roadster of its era. Construction 2,778cc, sohc straight-six the \u201cpagoda roof\u201d nickname was born. Styled by Engine 170 bhp at 5,750 rpm Mercedes\u2019 master designer Paul Bracq, the car\u2019s The original 2,306cc, 150bhp, six-cylinder Power output Four-speed automatic compactness and elegance was emphasized by its engine of the SL underwent two revisions. In 1967 Transmission Coil spring low build and wide track. The SL carried over its it was replaced by a longer-stroke, 2,496cc engine Suspension Discs front and rear basic structural layout from the 1959 Heck\ufb02osse offering more torque. The fuel tank was enlarged Brakes 124 mph (200 km\/h) or Fintail sedan. It had a steel body welded to a and disc rear brakes were added. The 1968 version, Maximum speed strong load-bearing \ufb02oorpan, and a protective shown here, was \ufb01tted with a bigger-bore, 2,778cc M130 engine, which powered the SL until 1971. A German alliance Daimler and Benz were automotive pioneers of the 19th century. The merger of Daimler (the manufacturer of Mercedes cars) and Benz came in 1926. The Mercedes-Benz logo combines the three-pointed star of Daimler with the Benz laurel wreath. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW Headlight units Windshield Hardtop Combination are vertical wipers point in is optional rear lights opposite directions Hubcaps Radial tires on Chrome trim adds Wide-opening Bumpers are painted in steel wheels a gleaming touch doors chrome-plated body color","MERCEDES-BENZ 280SL . 205 Sports-car sophistication With its low, wide stance, Lichtenheit (\u201clight unit\u201d) with bold vertical lights, and an oversized three-pointed star, this 280SL stood out as a sophisticated, luxurious, highly personal car that was all about quality and taste. With smooth six-cylinder power and excellent road manners, it had the performance to match its looks.","206 . THE 1960s THE EXTERIOR 3 46 5 The 280SL\u2019s styling was a combination of elegance, \ufb01ne proportion, and just enough ostentation to show 7 what the owner\u2019s money had purchased. It was very different from the cars it replaced: the fast but expensive 10 300SL roadster, and the affordable but slower 190SL with a removable hardtop. 1. Mercedes-Benz three-pointed star logos are prominent 8 2. 280SL was the last variant of the W113 3. Vertical lights similar to those on Mercedes sedans 4. Safety door handle 5. Filler cap on the tail 6. Opposed windshield wipers 7. Chrome plating on doors 8. Chrome-rimmed taillight 9. Twin exhaust on all models 10. Steel wheels with body-color hubcaps 1 9 2 THE INTERIOR 11 Diehard sports-car enthusiasts were not impressed by the 280SL\u2014it seemed too civilized. The doors opened wide to a well-trimmed interior, with full carpeting and a choice of vinyl or leather seats. An catchall tray between the seats with an ashtray at the front was a novelty. Chrome trim appeared everywhere, from the steering wheel to the dashboard and even to the seat-adjustment controls. The dashboard, painted to match the exterior, was yet more evidence of Mercedes-Benz\u2019s meticulous design approach. 11. Interiors trimmed in leather or vinyl 12. Inner metal ring on the steering wheel acts as horn push 13. Wooden windshield air vent 14. Spacious glove compartment 15. Dashboard air vent 16. Seat controls 17. Automatic transmission selector 18. Sideways facing \u201cjump seat\u201d was optional","UNDER THE HOOD MERCEDES-BENZ 280SL . 207 The engine of the original 230SL was 19 derived from the 230 sedan. It was a 2.3-liter, overhead-camshaft, straight- 12 13 six with an alloy block and alloy 14 cylinder head, and four-bearing crankshaft. In 1967 this was replaced by a 2.5-liter, which was more than just a long-stroke version of the same engine. It had seven main bearings for greater smoothness and reliability, though this also made it less eager to rev. For the 280SL, Mercedes moved the cylinders further apart to accommodate larger 3.3-in (8.65-cm) bores, giving 2,778 cc and 170 bhp. 19. The 280SL had the largest engine in the W113 series, a 2.8-liter in-line six; like its predecessors \u2014the 230SL and 250SL\u2014it was fuel-injected 18 15 17 16","","The 1970s Supercars & superminis | Fuel crisis & fuel injection | Hatchbacks & big bumpers","210 . THE 1970s Supercars The 1970s saw a dramatic shift in car styling away from the \ufb02owing curves of the 1960s. Now stark, sharp-edged lines were epitomized by the dramatic wedge pro\ufb01les that swept the car-show circuit. As television boosted the in\ufb02uence of motor racing, supercars were created by manufacturers who had never made them before, to homologate cars that would grab race-winning headlines. Monteverdi 375C 1967 Switzerland\u2019s only car maker De Tomaso Pantera 1969 Origin Switzerland\/Italy commissioned Fissore to style his cars Origin Italy Engine 7,206 cc, V8 and Frua to build them, with Chrysler Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) \u201chemi\u201d engines. Only a handful were Engine 5,763 cc, V8 custom-built annually until 1973. Top speed 160 mph (257 km\/h) This big-block Ford V8 in an Italian suit was styled by Ghia and built by De Tomaso in Italy, initially in partnership with Ford USA. It was so stunning, it was built into the 1990s. Ferrari 365GTB\/4 The last and fastest of Ferrari\u2019s Daytona 1968 front-engine, rear-drive Origin Italy two-seaters had its heyday Engine 4,390 cc, V12 in the early 1970s: The Top speed 174 mph (280 km\/h) 365GTB\/4 is simple, brutal, and stunningly effective. Citro\u00ebn SM 1970 Ferrari 400GT 1976 This executive four-seater is a Origin France Origin Italy civilized car with an automatic Engine 2,670 cc, V6 Engine 4,823 cc, V12 transmission, capable of speeds Top speed 142 mph (229 km\/h) Top speed 156 mph (251 km\/h) over 150mph (241km\/h). A \ufb01ne Ferrari, if not as exotic as most. When Citro\u00ebn bought Maserati, this was the result: an aerodynamic and Ferrari 308 GTS 1978 hydropneumatic French supercar Origin Italy with a powerful Italian V6 engine. Engine 2,926 cc, V8 Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) Ferrari dropped the Dino name for its 1970s small sports car and gave it a new four-cam V8, mid-mounted as in the 246GT, with a Pininfarina-styled hardtop or targa body. Lancia Stratos 1973 Origin Italy Engine 2,418 cc, V6 Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) Lancia\u2019s \ufb01rst pure sports car, built to homologate the model for rallying, this Bertone-styled supercar with Dino Ferrari power unit was a winner from the start.","BMW 3.0CSL 1972 BMW M1 1979 Origin Germany Origin Germany Engine 3,003 cc, straight-six Engine 3,453 cc, straight-six Top speed 133 mph (214 km\/h) Top speed 162 mph (261 km\/h) One of the \ufb01rst \u201chomologation BMW turned a race-car project specials,\u201d built primarily to into a roadgoing supercar, make high performance with mid-mounted 24-valve six parts eligible for touring-car in a sharp suit by Giorgetto racing, the CSL also made Giugiaro, around Lamborghini- a fabulous road car. designed chassis. Jaguar E-type Series III 1971 To replace the XK engine, Jaguar Porsche 911 Carrera RS 1973 For many, the 2.7 Carrera RS is the Origin UK needed something special, with Origin Germany ultimate Porsche 911, combining Engine 5,343 cc, V12 more than six cylinders: What Engine 2,687 cc, \ufb02at-six the classic lightness of the original Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) better than this aluminum V12 Top speed 149 mph (240 km\/h) design with serious power and in an enlarged E-type shell? great handling. Porsche 934-5 1976 Origin Germany Engine 2,994 cc, \ufb02at-six Top speed 190 mph (306 km\/h) Derived from the 911 Turbo road car, the 934 was a highly successful sports racer, winning championships in Europe, the U.S., and Australia into the early 1980s. Mercedes-Benz C111-II 1970 Lamborghini Countach Origin Germany LP400 1974 Engine 4,800 cc (four-rotor Wankel) Top speed 186 mph (300 km\/h) Origin Italy Mercedes\u2019 C111s were experimental Engine 3,929 cc, V12 cars, starting with a three-rotor Wankel-engined car in 1969. This Top speed 170 mph (274 km\/h) Phase II version had 350 bhp, but fuel consumption was huge. When Bertone styled this ultimate wedge-shaped Alfa Romeo Navajo 1976 supercar, it could hardly Origin Italy have expected it to enter Engine 1,995 cc, V8 production and continue being Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) made well into the 1990s. Bertone used the Alfa Romeo Vauxhall SRV concept 1970 General Motors sent Wayne Cherry Tipo 33 racing car chassis for Origin UK to the UK to shake up Vauxhall\u2019s this dramatic wedge concept Engine 2,279 cc, straight-four styling department. This concept car. Its front and rear spoilers Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) heralded a \u201cdroop-snoot\u201d look change angle as speed rises. across the production range. Aston Martin V8 1972 Origin UK Engine 5,340 cc, V8 Top speed 162 mph (261 km\/h) The big, macho Aston Martin V8 with 282\u2013438 bhp was sharply styled by William Towns and proved a huge success, continuing in production for two decades. Lotus Esprit Turbo 1980 Lotus road cars reached supercar Origin UK status when the exotic Giugiaro- Engine 2,174 cc, straight-four styled Esprit, introduced in Top speed 148 mph (238 km\/h) 1976, gained a turbocharger, making this light car \ufb02y.","212 . THE 1970s Jaguar E-type Lusted after by generations of car enthusiasts, the E-type, known as the XKE in the United States, caused a sensation on its 1961 introduction. Sexily styled and technically advanced, the Jaguar promised 150mph (241km\/h) performance for a fraction of the cost of exotic Italian rivals, and made cars such as the Aston Martin DB4 seem overpriced and under-endowed. As a symbol of the Swinging Sixties, nothing comes close. Later, the E-type suffered a middle-aged sagging, and the \ufb01nal runs of V12s proved dif\ufb01cult to shift in the key U.S. market. WITH ITS racing-inspired looks, the E-type inherited from the preceeding XK150 model, SPECIFICATIONS Jaguar E-type, Series III, 1971\u201374 could be excused anything. But no excuses was a 3,781 cc version of Jaguar\u2019s famed XK Model Coventry, England were necessary: Under the skin it was more twin-cam straight-six. In 1964 this gave way to Assembly 72,507 sophisticated than any rival. The monocoque a 4,235 cc unit, and the slow-changing gearbox Production Steel monocoque body tub, joined to a bolt-on, square-tube front \u2014made by a long-time Jaguar supplier\u2014was Construction 5,343 cc, ohc V12 (Series III) structure, evoked that of the D-type racer. The replaced by a unit of Jaguar\u2019s own design. Engine 272 bhp at 5,850 rpm (Series III) suspension used torsion bars at the front, but at Two years later a longer-wheelbase 2+2\u2014with Power output Four-speed manual; optional auto the rear there was a new, all-independent setup a higher roo\ufb02ine and a taller, more upright Transmission Independent; torsion-bar front using coil springs and four dampers. The result windshield\u2014joined the roadster and two-seater Suspension Four-wheel discs was excellent roadholding allied to a genuinely coup\u00e9. This longer chassis formed the basis of Brakes 150 mph (241 km\/h) subtle ride, at a time when most sports cars had the V12-powered Series III, introduced in 1971 Maximum speed board-\ufb01rm suspension. The E-type\u2019s engine, to replace the 1968-on Series II. From Swallow to Jaguar Jaguar began life as a maker of motorcycle side-cars under the Swallow name. Cars under its own banner arrived in 1931 with the SS1, and in 1935 the SS Jaguar was launched. After World War II the \u201cSS\u201d pre\ufb01x was dropped for its negative connotations. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW Exposed Long hood adds Longer wheelbase Headrests Rear over-riders are headlights to virile image of is \ufb01rst seen on are standard replaced by rubber bumpers introduced in 1967 E-type 2+2 in 1966 on Series III on last U.S.-bound cars Large front Bumpers more indicators beefy and mounted arrive with SII higher on SII and SIII","JAG UA R E-T Y P E . 2 1 3 Compromising on form The Series III iteration of the E-type was a softer, less overtly aggressive makeover of the 10-year-old original. New features included subtly \ufb02ared wheelarches and a \u201cbird cage\u201d grille. The hump in the hood top accommodated the V12 engine. As before, there was no place for a license plate\u2014it was usually sported in the form of a large sticker. There was still no other car like it on the road, including in the United States, where this example featured in a scene from the British-\ufb01nanced 1978 movie Convoy!","214 . THE 1970S THE EXTERIOR 3 Even in lengthened and over-embellished Series III form, the E-type remains voluptuously impressive. Created by Jaguar stylist and aerodynamicist Malcolm Sayer, the basic long-nosed lines are a development of the shape of the D-type racers that were so successful at the Le Mans 24-hour race in France. At this time, all Jaguar styling was evolved with the participation of marque founder Sir William Lyons, who had a keen eye for design. 1. Jaguar emblem is only found on grille logo 2. All SIIIs are V12\u2014although a straight-six was considered 3. Exposed headlights more ef\ufb01cient, but less attractive 4. \u201cBird cage\u201d grille 5. Typically sparing, yet stylish door handle 6. Knock-on hubs on optional wire wheels no longer have ears 7. Hood louvers help evacuate engine heat 8. Fuel \ufb01ller always under \ufb02ap on E-type 9. Bigger taillights\u2014shared with some Lotuses\u2014come in with 1968 SII 10. V12\u2019s \ufb02amboyant four-exit exhaust gives way to twin-pipe design in 1973 12 4 5 14 THE INTERIOR 12 The E-type was never spartan, but from the introduction of the 4.2-liter model in 1964, the interior became a little more plush. Most notably it gained more comfortable seats, square-backed in place of the previous buckets, with headrests as standard on the Series III. It is only 3.8-liter cars that have a patterned-alloy dashboard center section, accompanied by an alloy-topped center console on early versions. 11. Interior of SIII largely as SII, but leather-rimmed steering wheel is new 12. Classic 13 white-on-black instruments are typical Jaguar 13. E-type always has dials with non-re\ufb02ecting black rims 14. Sturdy release for hood 15. Rocker switches replace toggles from \u201cSeries 11\u20442\u201d onward 16. Four-speed manual is standard; automatic optional on 2+2 and all V12s 17. Armrests come in with late 3.8s 18 Broad-pleat leather seats arrive with the 4.2 in 1964 11 15","JAG UA R E-T Y P E . 2 1 5 67 89 10 16 17 UNDER THE HOOD The Series III derives its character from the effortless performance of its V12 engine. This gives a maximum speed closer to 150 mph (241 km\/h) than was ever possible with a standard six-cylinder car. The 272 bhp quoted is a more realistic DIN \ufb01gure than the 265 bhp that Jaguar had proclaimed for the 3.8 and 4.2 straight-sixes. It is achieved while using just a single camshaft for each bank of cylinders. 19. The all-alloy V12 is of 5,343cc and delivers 272bhp (DIN) at 5,850rpm, with maximum torque of 304lb-ft at 3,600rpm; it breathes through four Stromberg carburetors 19 18","216 . THE 1970S Datsun Cherry 100A 1970 Origin Japan Small Cars Engine 988 cc, straight-four The Mini revolutionized small cars in the 1960s, so in the 1970s manufacturers battled for a slice of its market with their own Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) interpretations of the ideal small car. Almost all kept the Mini\u2019s front-engine layout and added a hatchback, but not all were The \ufb01rst front-wheel-drive Datsun transverse, and some still had rear-wheel drive. Some offered was inspired by the Mini and sold more space than the Mini, but none matched its nifty packaging. 390,000 in \ufb01ve years, a period that saw Nissan\u2019s worldwide market share grow enormously. Fiat 127 1971 Fiat had always had a knack for well- Origin Italy packaged, quick, small cars; the 127 was Engine 903 cc, straight-four another success, with sales of 3.7 million. Top speed 83 mph (134 km\/h) The 1300 Sport option had a 1,300 cc engine and could reach 95mph (153km\/h). Mini Clubman 1969 By adding a longer, modern-looking Origin UK front to the Mini, improved trim, and Engine 998 cc, straight-four 1- or 1.1-liter engines, British Leyland Top speed 75 mph (121 km\/h) maintained a presence in the market until the Metro was ready in 1981. Renault 5 1972 The class-de\ufb01ning and perhaps most popular Origin France supermini, the 5 sold 5.5 million in 12 years. Engine 956 cc, straight-four Known as the Le Car in the United States, it was Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) reasonably priced, with six engine choices\u2014from 782 to 1,397 cc\u2014and independent suspension. Volkswagen Polo 1975 VW completed its modern revolution Origin Germany with the Polo. It had a new overhead- Engine 895 cc, straight-four cam front engine, all-independent Top speed 80 mph (129 km\/h) suspension, and front-wheel drive, with engines from 0.9 to 1.3 liters. Mazda Familia\/323 1977 Mitsubishi\/Colt Mirage 1978 Sold in some markets as Colt, Origin Japan Origin Japan Mitsubishi\u2019s \ufb01rst front-drive car Engine 1,244 cc, straight-four had a two-speed \ufb01nal drive, giving Engine 985 cc, straight-four Top speed 90 mph (145 km\/h) eight forward gears in total, for economy or performance. Top speed 80 mph (129 km\/h) First of a long and successful line of small Mazdas, the Familia was old- fashioned\u2014with a front engine and rear-wheel drive\u2014but reliable. Mazda introduced front-wheel drive in 1980.","SMALL CARS . 217 Opel Kadett 1973 The German version of the Origin Germany General Motors T-car was sold with Engine 993 cc, straight-four engines from 1.0 to 2.0 liters. The Top speed 74 mph (119 km\/h) car was rear-wheel drive, betraying its U.S. design ethos. Citro\u00ebn 2CV6 1970 Toyota Starlet 1978 Origin France Origin Japan Engine 602 cc, \ufb02at-two Engine 993 cc, straight-four Top speed 68 mph (109 km\/h) Top speed 84 mph (135 km\/h) Due to its combination of spacious Restricted by its outdated live rear interior, large sunroof, stylish axle, most Starlets were loaded with appearance, and economy, the 2CV equipment such as \ufb01ve gears to win stayed in production until 1990, sales over the front-wheel-drive, selling almost 3.9 million. all-independent opposition. Citro\u00ebn Visa 1978 Origin France Engine 1,124 cc, straight-four Top speed 89 mph (143 km\/h) Conceived as an economy sedan to replace the Ami, the lightweight Visa became Citro\u00ebn\u2019s choice for rallying in the early 1980s. It was \ufb01tted with engines from 653 cc upward. Peugeot 104 1973 Ford Fiesta 1976 Ford\u2019s \ufb01rst supermini for Europe Origin France Origin Spain was basic, with only four gears, but Engine 957 cc, straight-four it had engines up to 1,600 cc and Engine 954 cc, straight-four Top speed 79 mph (127 km\/h) was competitively priced. Sales were 1.75 million by 1983. Top speed 84 mph (135 km\/h) Unusually, Peugeot\u2019s \ufb01rst supermini was launched as a 5-door model only; a shorter 3-door followed later. The all-new engine and independent suspension added to its appeal. Vauxhall Chevette HS 1978 Vauxhall made a virtue of a live Talbot Sunbeam Lotus 1979 Origin UK rear axle by adding a big, tuned Origin UK Engine 2,279 cc, straight-four dual-cam engine. The Chevette Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) went on to win rallies. Most were Engine 2,174 cc, straight-four 1.3-liter hatchbacks. Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) The Talbot Sunbeam had a shortened rear-wheel-drive Avenger platform, so was quite outdated. But adding a big, powerful Lotus engine made it ideal for rallying.","218 . THE 1970S Toyota Land Cruiser Japan\u2019s answer to the Land Rover FJ40 1960 was this robust off-roader that 4x4 and Off-Roaders Origin Japan saw few changes from 1960 to Engine 3,878 cc, straight-six 1984. Front disc brakes and 3.0- In the 1970s Jeep and Land Rover \ufb01nally saw serious Top speed 84 mph (135 km\/h) and 4.2-liter engines were added opposition in the off-road market. As a trend toward leisure between 1974 and 1976. off-roading and even beach cars developed, thousands of home-build dune buggies were sold in the United States and Chevrolet Blazer K5 1969 elsewhere. Alongside capable four-wheel-drive off-roaders, there were early examples of the less serious two-wheel-drive Origin USA soft-roaders that would become popular 30 years later. Engine 5,735 cc, V8 Top speed 98 mph (158 km\/h) Chevrolet shortened its pickup truck and added a full cab with two- or four-wheel drive and 6-cylinder or 8-cylinder engines to compete against the Jeep, Ford Bronco, and Scout. It sold well. Ford Bronco 1966 Conceived by the same team who gave Origin USA Ford the Mustang, the Bronco was a Engine 2,781 cc, straight-six brave early take on the SUV but was too Top speed 76 mph (122 km\/h) small to capture the U.S. market; models from 1978 onward were larger. Subaru Leone Estate 1972 The \ufb01rst of the four-wheel-drive, Origin Japan everyday road cars, the Leone Engine 1,595 cc, \ufb02at-four (1600 in the UK and US) Estate Top speed 87 mph (140 km\/h) was a pioneer, and Subarus were still modeled on it 40 years later. Suzuki Jimny LJ10 1970 Origin Japan Engine 359 cc, straight-two Top speed 47 mph (76 km\/h) In 1967, Japan\u2019s Hope Motor Co. developed a design for a 4x4 with a Mitsubishi engine; Suzuki bought it and \ufb01tted its own engine, creating a successful line of tiny 4x4s. Fun Cars Meyers Manx 1964 As the roads became increasingly clogged with Origin USA traf\ufb01c and restricted by legislation, adventurous drivers sought excitement off the tarmac. In the Engine 1,493 cc, \ufb02at-four United States they ripped bodies off old VW Beetles, bolted on light, open shells, and roared off over the Top speed 90 mph (145 km\/h) sand in their dune buggies. Meanwhile, in France Matra tried to emulate the Range Rover with a Californian Bruce Meyers began two-wheel-drive leisure vehicle, and in the UK the dune buggy craze with his even three-wheelers brie\ufb02y became trendy. Manx, which won the Baja 1000 race. With a \ufb01berglass roadster body and a VW Beetle \ufb02oorpan, it sold about 6,000 to 1971.","4X4 AND OFF-ROADERS . 219 International Harvester The Scout was launched in 1960 Scout II 1971 as the world\u2019s \ufb01rst SUV. The Scout Origin USA II, which had a wheelbase of up to Engine 4,981 cc, V8 100 in (254 cm) and a choice of Top speed 90 mph (145 km\/h) 4-, 6-, or 8-cylinder engines, was in production until 1980. Land Rover Series III 1971 Jeep Commando 1972 The Commando was the ultimate Origin UK Origin USA evolution of the 1940s Jeepster, with Engine 2,286 cc, straight-four Engine 4,980 cc, V8 short or full cab and a range of AMC Top speed 68 mph (109 km\/h) Top speed 90 mph (145 km\/h) 6-cylinder or 8-cylinder engines; 20,223 were sold in two years. Evolved from the original 1948 Land Rover, the Series III was still the benchmark capable off-roader. With an all-synchromesh transmission and updated dashboard, it enjoyed a 14-year life. Range Rover 1970 This step up from the Land Rover Origin UK offered superb off-road ability and Engine 3,528 cc, V8 comfort. With vinyl seats and a plastic Top speed 99 mph (159 km\/h) dashboard, its interior could be hosed clean. Luxury came later, in the 1980s. Jeep Wagoneer 1972 AMC took over Jeep in 1970 and Origin USA improved its cars with new engines. Engine 5,896 cc, V8 The Wagoneer was the original Top speed 95 mph (153 km\/h) luxury 4x4, with re\ufb01ned Quadra-Trak four-wheel drive added in 1973. Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen Expensive but tough, this reliable 1979 off-roader came with either two- or Origin Austria four-wheel drive. The G-Wagen had Engine 2,299 cc, straight-four low-ratio gears like the Land Rover, Top speed 89 mph (143 km\/h) but with the bene\ufb01t of coil springs for its live axles. Leyland Mini Moke 1968 Impractical in rainy Britain, Mokes Bond Bug 1970 The three-wheeled Bug embodied the Matra-Simca Rancho 1977 Origin Australia made much more sense in warm, Origin UK spirit of youth, freedom, humor, and Origin France Engine 998 cc, straight-four dry climates. Production was in Engine 700 cc, straight-four optimism with which Britain entered Engine 1,442 cc, straight-four Top speed 75 mph (120 km\/h) Australia from 1968 to 1981, later Top speed 76 mph (121 km\/h) the 1970s. But fewer than 3,000 Top speed 89 mph (143 km\/h) transferring to Portugal. people were inspired to buy one. While not as rugged as a full-blown 4x4, this front-wheel-drive soft-roader was ideal for rural tracks too challenging for normal road cars. It was rebranded as a Talbot in 1979.","220 . THE 1970S Great marques Guy Moll driving an Alfa The Alfa Romeo story Romeo P-3 in Berlin, 1934 Originating in the Italian city of Milan a century ago, the Alfa Romeo marque conjures up images of sophisticated road cars and legendary competition success. In the 1930s Alfa Romeo\u2019s racers were the \ufb01nest in the world and provided the foundation for a wealth of superbly engineered, stylish road-going models. DESPITE BEING REGARDED as a for Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica ranging from 2,413 cc to 6,082 cc and as Giuseppe Campari, Enzo Ferrari, featuring innovations that included and Uvo Sivocci secured competition quintessentially Italian car maker, Automobili. The \ufb01rst Alfa-badged a double overhead camshaft. successes for the marque. Alfa Romeo\u2019s roots go back to the model was the 24HP, which was As with many other car makers, A signi\ufb01cant development occurred World War I initiated a switch at Alfa in 1923, with Vittorio Jano replacing early 20th century and the designed by the company\u2019s from automobile manufacture to the Giuseppe Merosi as Alfa Romeo\u2019s production of military components chief engineer. The ex-Fiat employee French auto manufacturer chief engineer, Giuseppe such as aircraft engines. In 1915 would prove fundamental to Alfa businessman Nicola Romeo took a Romeo\u2019s future success, developing a Alexandre Darracq. Merosi, in 1910 and controlling stake in Alfa, and, after number of models that cemented the post-war car manufacture had marque\u2019s reputation for producing Looking to expand his featured a 4,082 cc, resumed, the company was renamed superb racing cars. His initial creation Alfa Romeo in 1920. The 6.3-liter, was Alfa Romeo\u2019s \ufb01rst eight-cylinder operations into Italy, straight-four engine. The straight-six G1 was the \ufb01rst new model, the P2. It won the inaugural offering, and in this model drivers such Grand Prix World Championship in Darracq set up a factory model\u2019s entry in the 1911 on the outskirts of Milan Targa Florio race in Sicily in 1906. The venture was an early indication of failed, and four years later Alfa Romeo logo Alfa\u2019s sporting intentions. a consortium of Italian (introduced 1971) Merosi went on to develop investors took over to create a a range of successful models over the company called Alfa\u2014an acronym next 12 years, with engine capacities Alfasuds in competition With great styling and superb handling, the Alfasud was one of the marque\u2019s best-selling models. A one-model race series called Trofeo Alfasud was staged between 1975 and 1981.","THE ALFA ROMEO STORY . 221 8C 2300 1900SSZ 1300 DUETTO SPIDER 156 1910 The Alfa company is formed in Milan. 1938 Alfa Romeo wins the Mille Miglia 1967 The Alfa Romeo Montreal is unveiled 1995 The GTV sports car is introduced; 1911 The marque\u2019s \ufb01rst model, the 24HP, for the 10th time since 1928. as a concept car at Montreal\u2019s Expo several setbacks cause Alfa Romeo competes in the Targa Florio race. 1946 Car manufacture resumes after the 67; the Montreal enters production to withdraw from the U.S. market. 1920 Under Nicola Romeo, the company three years later. 1998 The 156 is named European Car of end of World War II. 1971 The Alfasud is lauded by critics; along the Year. is rebranded Alfa Romeo. 1950 Nino Farina wins the inaugural with the Sprint variant, more than 2001 The 147 is named European Car of 1921 The G1 becomes the \ufb01rst Alfa Romeo 1 million will be sold by 1989. the Year. Formula 1 World Championship in 1975 Alfa Romeo wins the World Sports 2004 Launch of the Bertone-designed GT, model. the Alfa 158. Car Championship; it repeats the feat followed by the Brera in 2005. 1925 An Alfa Romeo P2 wins the \ufb01rst ever 1959 After more than 20,000 sales since two years later. 2010 In celebration of Alfa Romeo\u2019s being introduced in 1950, the Alfa 1986 Alfa Romeo is taken over by the centennial, the new Giulietta hatchback Grand Prix World Championship. 1900 is replaced by the 2000 model. Italian Fiat Group. is launched, winning critical acclaim. 1933 The Italian government saves Alfa 1966 The Spider roadster is introduced; it will be produced until 1993. Romeo from bankruptcy; holding company IRI takes over the \ufb01rm. 1925 and continued to take Grand Prix the 1900 was the \ufb01rst 20\/30HP ES Sport number of years the brand struggled titles to the end of the decade. In the Alfa Romeo with an This 4,250 cc model to \ufb01nd a place within the giant Fiat 1930s, Jano-designed cars\u2014including integrated chassis and was the last in a series corporation. It was during this period the P3, 6C 1750, and 8C 2300\u2014 body. That same year, of cars derived from that poor returns on exports to the enabled Alfa Romeo to dominate Nino Farina won the the Merosi-designed United States, combined with the Grands Prix and races such as Le \ufb01rst Formula 1 World 24HP of 1910. dif\ufb01culties of meeting U.S. regulations Mans, France, and Italy\u2019s Mille Miglia. Championship in the on safety and emissions, prompted Alfa Alfa 158, which had 1966, which had a Romeo to withdraw from the The recession following 1929\u2019s Wall dominated racing starring role in the American market. Street crash plunged Alfa Romeo into since its introduction 1967 \ufb01lm The serious \ufb01nancial dif\ufb01culty. In 1933 in 1938. Further Graduate. The Spider With the arrival of the sporty GTV, the Italian government stepped in to success came in 1951, continued in launched to a critical fanfare in 1995, save the marque. Operating under when Juan Manuel production until 1993. Alfa Romeo seemed to have found its the state-owned holding company Fangio drove the 159 feet once again. Three years later the IRI (Instituto per la Ricostruzione to Alfa Romeo\u2019s Back on the track, universally lauded 156 garnered the Industriale), Alfa Romeo\u2019s operations second Formula 1 Alfa Romeo had retired European Car of the Year award, a were streamlined so the company World Championship title. from Formula 1 after feat repeated in 2001 by the compact concentrated on producing aircraft 1951, but from the 147. Since then Alfa Romeo has gone engines and cars for wealthy buyers. At the 1954 Turin Motor Show, Alfa 1960s it competed in the World Sports from strength to strength, releasing Coachbuilders, including Pinin Farina Romeo revealed the landmark 1,300 cc Car Championship, triumphing in models such as the GT, Brera, and (later called Pininfarina) and Touring, Giulietta Sprint. This car featured the 1975 and 1977. Modi\ufb01ed versions of all-new Giulietta. These new Alfa Alfa Romeo\u2019s road cars began to Romeos hark back to the engineering \u201cI still have, for Alfa, the feature in rallying, touring-car, and GT excellence and cutting-edge styling tenderness of a \ufb01rst love. series, amassing a host of titles from the that captivated car-buyers in the The pure affection of a 1960s through to the new millennium. company\u2019s formative years. child for his mother.\u201d Alfa Romeo struggled in the global economic slump of the 1970s, but still Alfa Romeo V6 ENZO FERRARI, 1952 managed to produce a number of Designed by Giuseppe Busso, the V6 powered successful new cars. Stylistically daring Alfa Romeo models for more than 25 years. crafted beautiful bodies on Alfa world\u2019s \ufb01rst mass-produced aluminum, models like the 1970 Montreal won Displacements ranged from 2.0 liters to 3.2 Romeo chassis, with models such as double-overhead-cam, four-cylinder critical acclaim, and cars such as the liters. Shown above is the 2,959 cc engine the 8C 2900B of 1938 exemplifying engine, which would be used in Alfa million-selling Alfasud of 1971 and from the 164, launched in 1988. the company\u2019s desire to blend road Romeo\u2019s models for 40 years. Building the 1972 Alfetta gave the marque a and race attributes. on the success of the Giulietta, in 1962 solid backbone, remaining in Alfa Romeo unveiled the Giulia. The production for 18 and 15 years World War II saw car production winning formula of a powerful engine respectively. The Alfasud was halted once more, and heavy Allied in a relatively light body won the made in a new factory in Naples, bombing of the company\u2019s factories Giulia many export orders, and it which was funded by the Italian meant that it did not resume until remained in production through to the government in an effort to reduce 1946, when the decision was made late 1970s. Even more enduring was unemployment in the south of the to produce smaller vehicles for the the iconic Spider roadster, unveiled in country\u2014hence the car\u2019s name (sud family market. Launched in 1950, meaning \u201csouth\u201d). The company\u2019s continuing \ufb01nancial problems eventually led to Alfa Romeo being taken over by Fiat in 1986. For a","222 . THE 1970s Morris Marina 1971 Sedans Origin UK The 1970s saw the production of numerous Engine 1,798 cc, straight-four innovative cars, such as the fuel-injected BMWs, the turbocharged Saabs, and the Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) 16-valve Triumphs, but for mainstream sedans it was a decade in which time stood still. An Mechanically little different extraordinary number of sedans that were from the 1948 Morris Minor, already in production in 1970 were still in the Marina sold surprisingly production in almost unchanged form in 1980. well for Britain\u2019s struggling car maker. It lasted, as the Wartburg Knight 1966 Ital, until 1984. Origin East Germany Engine 991 cc, straight-three Triumph Dolomite Sprint 1973 Triumph built innovative cars with Top speed 74 mph (119 km\/h) Origin UK attractive styling on a tight budget. An East German car with a two- Engine 1,998 cc, straight-four The Sprint, which challenged the stroke engine, the Knight sold well Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) BMW 2002 series, was one of in Eastern Europe throughout the the \ufb01rst 16-valve family sedans. 1970s. It fared less well in Western Europe, despite incredibly low prices. Citro\u00ebn CX2400 1974 The Citro\u00ebn DS\u2019s successor combined Saab 99 Turbo 1977 Origin France all of its predecessor\u2019s innovation Engine 2,347 cc, straight-four with a transverse engine for Origin Sweden Top speed 113 mph (182 km\/h) increased space. It had 2.0\u20132.5-liter engines, and was made until 1989. Engine 1,985 cc, straight-four Top speed 122 mph (196 km\/h) Saab showed the world that turbocharging could be used in a mainstream sedan, not just for racing homologation. It sold well and lifted the company\u2019s whole image. De Tomaso Deauville 1970 Though styled by Ghia, the \u0160koda 120S 1970 Origin Italy Deauville suffered from looking like Origin Czechoslovakia Engine 5,763 cc, V8 the Jaguar XJ12\u2014which offered Engine 1,174 cc, straight-four Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) similar performance\u2014while trying to Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) sell for double its price. The \u201cpeople\u2019s car\u201c for communist Czechoslovakia sold on price alone in Europe, being noisy and dif\ufb01cult to drive. This one did remarkably well in its class in rallying. Hillman Avenger 1970 Origin UK Engine 1,498 cc, straight-four Top speed 91 mph (146 km\/h) An all-new design for the 1970s from Chrysler\u2019s Rootes Group, the Avenger was thoroughly conventional and lasted until 1981 in various guises.","SEDANS . 223 BMW 2002Tii Alpina A4S 1972 BMW 520 1972 Origin Germany Origin Germany Engine 1,990 cc, straight-four Engine 1,990 cc, straight-four Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) Top speed 106 mph (171 km\/h) The 02 series from 1966 established BMW as a serious car maker, selling Key to BMW\u2019s success in the 1970s, the 750,000 in 10 years. Its \ufb01nest model 5-Series combined handsome looks with (apart from the Turbo) was Alpina\u2019s modern running gear. It offered four- and tuned, fuel-injected A4S. six-cylinder engines from 1.8 to 3.0 liters. Rover 3500 SD1 1976 Ford Escort Mk2 RS1800 1973 Ford boosted sales through motor Origin UK Origin UK sport success, and the RS1800, Engine 3,528 cc, V8 Engine 1,835 cc, straight-four with its BDA engine, was a Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Top speed 112 mph (180 km\/h) formidable rally car. It won the Despite its advanced looks, high 1979 World Rally Championship. speci\ufb01cation, and excellent dynamics, the SD1 rapidly gained a reputation for poor quality in the 1970s. Later models fared little better with buyers. Ford Cortina MkV 1979 The best-selling Cortina changed Origin UK little from 1970\u2019s MkIII to the last Engine 1,993 cc, straight-four MkV in 1982, and sold over two Top speed 103 mph (166 km\/h) million, mostly in the UK. It was spacious, ef\ufb01cient, and cheap. Cadillac Seville 1975 General Motors added a more Origin USA mainstream line to its upper-crust Engine 5,737 cc, V8 Cadillac marque in 1975. Stylist Bill Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) Mitchell targeted the Mercedes\/ Rolls-Royce market; it sold well. Maserati Conceived when Maserati Quattroporte II 1975 was owned by Citro\u00ebn, the Origin Italy Quattroporte II had a Merak\/SM Engine 2,965 cc, V6 engine and plenty of SM hydraulic Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) equipment. Just \ufb01ve of these four-door models were built.","224 . THE 1970s Sports Cars Morgan 4\/4 four-seater 1969 After almost two decades, Origin UK Morgan suddenly realized some North American safety laws impacted heavily on sports-car design Engine 1,584\u20131,798 cc, straight-four of its devotees also had families, in this decade, often spoiling pretty shapes with big bumpers, Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) leading to the reintroduction of a and peppy performance with detuned but low-emission engines. four-seater model for the 1970s. The sports car was declining as \u201chot hatchbacks,\u201d typi\ufb01ed by the Volkswagen Golf GTI, drew the attention of thrill-seeking drivers. Peugeot 504 Cabriolet 1969 This handsome four-seater was MG Midget MkIII 1969 Origin France\/Italy designed and built for Peugeot by Origin UK Engine 2,664cc, V6 Pininfarina. There was a coup\u00e9 version Top speed 110 mph (177 km\/h) too; both used mechanical parts from Engine 1,275 cc, straight-four the 504 and 604 sedans. Top speed 95 mph (153 km\/h) The beloved Sprite\/Midget was updated for the 1970s. New features included round rear wheelarches, a Mini Cooper S-type engine, trendy matte-black trim, and a better hood. Triumph TR6 1969 Triumph Stag 1970 Britain\u2019s rival to the Mercedes-Benz Origin UK Origin UK SL had a distinctive T-shaped Engine 2,997 cc, V8 rollover bar. The unique V8 engine Engine 2,498 cc, straight-six Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) suffered teething troubles, but the Italian styling was a hit. Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) The zenith of the British sports car boasted 150 bhp from the fuel-injected straight-six, rear-wheel drive, fresh air, a loud exhaust, and crisply cool styling. Triumph TR7 1975 The TR7 was built to meet Triumph TR8 1980 Origin UK anticipated safety laws, which Origin UK Engine 1,998 cc, straight-four meant a hardtop only; a convertible Top speed 110 mph (177 km\/h) followed \ufb01ve years later. TR7 was a Engine 3,528 cc, V8 civilized cruiser and a big seller. Top speed 135 mph (217 km\/h) Fitting Rover\u2019s V8 engine gave the TR8 punchy performance as a roadster or coup\u00e9. The TR line was axed in 1981, with just 2,500 TR8s sold, mostly in the United States. Lotus Elan Sprint 1971 Mercedes-Benz 350SL 1971 An all-new SL for the 1970s, this Origin UK Origin Germany car shared suspension hardware Engine 1,558 cc, straight-four Engine 3,499 cc, straight-six with the S-Class limousine. Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) Top speed 126 mph (203 km\/h) Powerful, fast, and stylish, it had a standard hardtop for winter. The \ufb01fth, \ufb01nal, and \ufb01nest incarnation of Colin Chapman\u2019s benchmark sports Jensen-Healey 1972 car, this car had superb road manners matched by 126bhp of power, a Origin UK \ufb01ve-speed gearbox, and spiffy livery. Engine 1,973 cc, straight-four Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) Created by legendary sports-car designer Donald Healey and built by Jensen, this roadster used a Lotus twin-cam engine. It was great to drive and light on fuel, but could be temperamental.","SPORTS CARS . 225 Matra-Simca Bagheera 1973 Origin France Engine 1,294\u20131,442 cc, straight-four Top speed 110 mph (177 km\/h) This mid-engined coup\u00e9 was built by an aerospace company, using engines and transmissions from Simca family cars. Three-abreast seating and a plastic body were among its interesting facets. MGB GT 1974 Origin UK Engine 1,798 cc, straight-four Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) Being more aerodynamic than MG\u2019s B Roadster, the GT had a much higher top speed. It was also far more practical, with its rear tailgate and extra luggage space. MGB 1974 The \u201crubber bumper\u201d MGB era began Origin UK in 1974. Added to a raised suspension Engine 1,798 cc, straight-four height and a cleaned-up engine, this Top speed 90 mph (145 km\/h) made the car legal for U.S. sale, but blunted its feisty character. Lancia Beta This exhilarating mid-engined Fiat X1\/9 1972 Montecarlo\/Scorpion 1975 two-seater came with a steel or Origin Italy Origin Italy canvas roof. It suffered from poor Engine 1,756 cc, straight-four brakes and was withdrawn from Engine 1,290\u20131,498 cc, straight-four Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) 1978 to 1980 to \ufb01x them, returning in 2-liter form. Top speed 110 mph (177 km\/h) TVR 3000S 1978 The X1\/9 brought mid-engined Origin UK sports cars to the masses, and Engine 2,994 cc, V6 remained popular in Europe Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) and the U.S. until 1989. It was designed and built by Bertone. TVR produced this convertible after three decades of being in business. An open version Panther Lima 1976 A Morgan alternative, this car had a of the Ford-powered 3000M, abundant power Origin UK 1930s roadster look but offered and low weight made it very fast. Engine 1,759\u20132,279 cc, straight-four a modern driving experience, owing Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) to the powerful Vauxhall engine underneath its \ufb01berglass body.","226 . THE 1970S NSU Wankel Low-tension (LT) lead rotary This lead carries Felix Wankel, a German designer of torpedo motors, came closer than any other low voltage. High-tension engineer to creating a successor to the reciprocating piston engine. His rotary (HT) lead design was small, light, and almost vibration-free. NSU, Curtiss-Wright, This lead carries high voltage. Mercedes-Benz, Rolls-Royce, and Citro\u00ebn all experimented Vacuum advance with it, but Mazda developed the rotary engine the furthest. Dipstick WHIRLING DERVISH Carburettor Wankel disliked the piston engine because of its complexity and its need to turn reciprocating (up-and-down) motion into circular motion at the crankshaft. Wankel's rotary design generated circular motion directly and, like classic two-stroke piston engines, did away with valves and camshafts to control intake and exhaust, replacing them with simple ports. The Wankel engine has an almost triangular (\u201ctrochoidal\u201d) rotor that turns within a housing shaped like two partly merged circles. Early rotor-tip sealing problems were solved, but lasting concerns about emissions and fuel economy proved fatal, and the design fell out of use. ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS Dates produced 1967\u20131977 Cylinders Replaced by twin rotors and housing Con\ufb01guration Front-mounted, longitudinal Engine capacities 1,990 cc Power output 113 bhp @ 5,500 rpm Rotor housing Behind this cover the housing for the Type Rotary engine with twin rotors, distributor ignition, and a wet sump twin rotors takes the place of a conventional cylinder head and block, Head Not applicable\u2014valves are replaced using valveless inlet and exhaust ports. by inlet and exhaust ports in the rotor housing, eliminating Housing material camshafts, tappets, and valves The rotor housing is made of aluminum alloy with a nickel-silicon Fuel System Twin Solex carburetors carbide coating that is electrically deposited on the wearing surface. Bore and Stroke Not applicable (cylinder-free engine) Compact power plant Power 56.8b hp\/liter The engine is so compact Compression Ratio 9.0:1 that it was mounted longitudinally in the nose of the NSU Ro80. It drove the front wheels via a transmission located behind it. Oil sump See pp.346\u2013347 How an engine works","NSU WANKEL ROTARY . 227 HT lead connector Oil \ufb01ller cap Ignition coil Distributor Alternator The coil generates The relative size of the distributor The electricity to run the car high-voltage pulses highlights the tiny dimensions of and charge the battery is for the spark plugs. the Wankel engine. generated by the alternator. Flexible drive belt Water pump Water-pump pulley (also carries the engine cooling fan) Oil pump (behind pulley) Crankshaft pulley This pulley is connected to the engine\u2019s eccentric shaft, which engages with the twin rotors via gear teeth. Wankel renaissance? Attributes of compact size, light weight, and smooth running were not enough to ensure the Wankel\u2019s success in the past. But Audi\u2014the company into which NSU was absorbed\u2014has recently developed a prototype electric car that uses a tiny single-rotor Wankel as a \u201crange extender\u201d to recharge the battery pack. So perhaps the Wankel's day has come at last.","228 . THE 1970S Stylish Coup\u00e9s Ford Capri RS 3100 1973 With its image kept exciting by Origin UK wild racing cars like this one, the The \ufb02amboyance of the 1950s and curvaceousness of the Engine 3,093 cc, V6 roadgoing Ford Capris continued to 1960s had gone: With the 1970s came wedge pro\ufb01les, straight Top speed 123 mph (198 km\/h) notch up healthy sales\u2014around lines, and angular shapes. Some cars looked better than others; 750,000 in the 1970s. as so often, it was the Italian stylists who seemed to have the best eye for producing a stunning car\u2014though for the \ufb01rst time, Japanese stylists showed they could do it just as well. Opel Manta GT\/E 1970 Despite attractive styling and Ford Mustang III 1978 Origin Germany almost a half-million made, most Origin USA Engine 1,897 cc, straight-four Mantas have rusted away\u2014a shame, Top speed 116 mph (187 km\/h) as they were civilized touring cars Engine 4,942 cc, V8 with engines from 1.2 to 1.9 liters. Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) The third-generation Mustang was a full four-seater for the \ufb01rst time, as a larger car based on Ford\u2019s \u201cFox\u201d platform. It continued, with revisions, until 1994. Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1970 Chevrolet launched a new Origin USA coup\u00e9 for the 1970s, bigger than Engine 5,735 cc, V8 a Chevelle and more luxurious, Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) but still with a useful turn of speed for stock-car racing. Jaguar XJ12C 1975 To draw sporting kudos for its XJ6\/12-derived Origin UK coup\u00e9, British Leyland campaigned this Engine 5,343 cc, V12 car\u2014the \ufb01rst factory-backed racing activity Top speed 148 mph (238 km\/h) since 1956. Prepared by Broadspeed, it took pole at Silverstone in 1975. Rolls-Royce Corniche 1971 Datsun 260Z 1973 Origin UK Origin Japan Engine 2,565 cc, straight-six Engine 6,750 cc, V8 Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) The 240\u2013280Z series was the world\u2019s best-selling sports car in the 1970s, The Silver Shadow was a monocoque from what, at the time, seemed a but this did not stop Rolls-Royce most unlikely source. Japanese cars from adapting the structure into this were about to conquer the globe. two-door coup\u00e9. The Corniche looked very elegant, too. Volkswagen Scirocco GTI 1974 Origin Germany Engine 1,588 cc, straight-four Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) This car was styled by Giorgetto Giugiaro and built by Karmann on the VW Golf \ufb02oorpan. The Scirocco was a hit, selling 504,200 in seven years, with three engine specs: from 1.4- to 1.6-liter GTI. Buick Riviera 1971 Origin USA Engine 7,458 cc, V8 Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Buick\u2019s status symbol coup\u00e9 had a stunning new look for the 1970s, with a centrally divided wraparound rear window and accentuated rear \u201chips.\u201d","STYLISH COUPES . 229 Alfa Romeo Junior Zagato 1970 Ercole Spada at Zagato achieved the Origin Italy impossible: He took an Alfa Romeo GT Engine 1,290 cc, straight-four Junior and turned it into something Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) even more arresting to look at. Only the cost held back sales. Maserati Kyalami 4.9 1976 When Alejandro De Tomaso took Mazda RX-7 1978 Lancia Gamma Coup\u00e9 1976 Origin Italy over Maserati, he developed his 1972 Origin Japan Origin Italy Engine 4,930 cc, V8 Ghia-designed Longchamp model Engine 2,484 cc, \ufb02at-four Top speed 160 mph (257 km\/h) into the Kyalami, with a choice of Engine 2,292 cc, two-rotor Wankel Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) potent Maserati V8 engines. A striking two-door body by Top speed 117 mph (188 km\/h) Pininfarina transformed Lancia\u2019s big Gamma sedan. Mechanically Mazda succeeded where German sophisticated too, it soon became manufacturer NSU had failed: in a desirable machine. persuading the world to accept the rotary engine as a serious option. Porsche 924 1976 570,500 were sold in seven years. Origin Germany Engine 1,984 cc, straight-four Porsche 911S 2.2 1970 The 911 gained improved handling Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Origin Germany for the 1970s by moving the rear Purists disapprove of the VW Engine 2,195 cc, \ufb02at-six wheels back by 2.2 in (5.5 cm) and van engine, but the front-engined Top speed 144 mph (232 km\/h) the fuel-injected S took full advantage, 924 was a best-seller for Porsche becoming a junior supercar. and expanded its market beyond the dedicated sporting driver. Porsche 911T 2.4 Porsche introduced the Suzuki SC100 Coup\u00e9 1978 Suzuki sold 894,000 rear-engined Targa 1972 Targa to offer fresh-air Origin Japan \u201cWhizzkids,\u201d mainly on looks\u2014they Origin Germany driving with rollover protection; Engine 970 cc, straight-four were cramped for four and had Engine 2,341 cc, \ufb02at-six it was heavier and less sporting Top speed 76 mph (122 km\/h) poor performance. The Mini was Top speed 128 mph (206 km\/h) than the 911 Coup\u00e9, but found a roomier and more nimble. ready market.","","NASA Lunar Roving Vehicle, 1971 Four of these battery-powered LRVs were built during the Apollo Program. With aluminum frames, titanium-tread wheels, and antennae for beaming footage back to Mission Control, three made it to the Moon, where they remain today.","232 . THE 1970S Great marques Ferdinand Porsche with The Volkswagen story a Volkswagen prototype Volkswagen began in 1937 with the humble Beetle, which went on to become the best-selling car of all time. Since then, Volkswagen has grown into Europe\u2019s largest automotive group, with a diverse range of products and brands\u2014from the mass-market \u0160koda and SEAT to luxury brands such as Bugatti, Bentley, and Lamborghini. VOLKSWAGEN IS GERMAN for platform chassis, rear-mounted, to be the right car at the right time. The success of the Beetle, as the car It was even successful in the United was nicknamed, nearly became the \u201cpeople\u2019s car,\u201d and it was Adolf Hitler\u2019s air-cooled engine, and torsion-bar States, where it grew into a cult car company\u2019s downfall. Throughout the that sold on its anti-establishment, 1960s Volkswagen relied on the Beetle vision of a car for the German masses suspension. It fell to a British army anti-fashion image. The Doyle Dane and its derivatives, ignoring advances Bernbach agency produced a classic in technology and the improvements that led directly to the of\ufb01cer, Major Ivan Hirst, to series of advertisements that turned in living standards that its customers what many Americans might have were enjoying in Germany\u2019s post-war establishment of the reorganize the war-ravaged seen as the Volkswagen\u2019s weaknesses economic boom. Production of the \u2014such as its small size, four-cylinder Beetle hatchback in Germany ended in company. Hitler factory and \ufb01nally get engine, and lack of annual styling 1978, and the cabriolet remained on changes\u2014into positive selling points. sale until 1980. Manufacture of the sketched out his the Volkswagen into ideas in 1932, and in production. The British 1934 the renowned forces in Germany ordered automotive engineer 20,000 cars, and soon Ferdinand Porsche was production was running at engaged to design the Volkswagen logo 1,000 per month. Output rose real thing, known as the (introduced 1938) as labor and materials became Kdf-Wagen. Prototypes more readily available, and designed by Porsche and Erwin exports began in 1947. A second Komenda, which were running by model line\u2014the Type 2 van\u2014was 1938, had many similarities to the added in 1950. By 1955 more than products of Tatra, the Czech car 1 million Volkswagen cars and manufacturer. In response, Tatra sued vans had been built. Volkswagen; the Czech company was Simplicity, reliability, and awarded damages many years later. low cost were the major Only a few production Volkswagens attractions of the Volkswagen. were built before World War II. During As Europe struggled to repair the war, the design was adapted to itself in the aftermath of the produce military vehicles, including war, the Volkswagen proved the amphibious Schwimmwagen. In 1945 the Volkswagen factory came Cool camper under the control of the Americans, Beloved of hippies, surfers, then the British, but no existing car and families, the Type 2 manufacturer could see a future for the Camper Van combined the curious German vehicle with its simple freedom of the road with essential home comforts. \u201c Nobody gave me a real brief. I was just told to go there and do something.\u201d MAJOR IVAN HIRST, THE BRITISH OFFICER WHO REORGANIZED VOLKSWAGEN AFTER WORLD WAR II","THE VOLKSWAGEN STORY . 233 BEETLE (TYPE 1) KOMBI (TYPE 2 VAN) SCIROCCO GOLF RALLYE 1999 Volkswagen buys the Czech car 1932 Adolf Hitler sketches out his \ufb01rst ideas 1955 The 1-millionth Volkswagen is built 1975 The Golf GTI proves an unexpected for a people\u2019s car. at the Wolfsburg factory. success, becoming a mainstream marque \u0160koda. part of the Golf range. 2000 Volkswagen founds Bugatti 1934 Ferdinand Porsche is hired to design 1965 Volkswagen buys Auto Union, including the Kdf-Wagen. the brands Audi, DKW, Horch, and 1978 Beetle production in Germany ends, Automobiles SAS at Ch\u00e2teau Saint Wanderer, from Daimler-Benz. but the car is still produced in Brazil Jean in Dorlisheim, France. 1938 Final Volkswagen prototypes are put and Mexico. 2003 Production of the original Beetle \ufb01nally on show, but few cars are built before 1969 Volkswagen takes over NSU and ends in Mexico, with more than 21 World War II. adopts an unlaunched NSU sedan 1990 Volkswagen buys the Spanish million having been made worldwide. as the Volkswagen K70. manufacturer SEAT, whose previous 2009 Volkswagen rescues Germany\u2019s 1945 Volkswagen factory resumes technology partner was Fiat. Karmann from bankruptcy. production under the leadership of 1974 Volkswagen launches the Scirocco and 2010 After a battle for control, Volkswagen British army major Ivan Hirst. Golf, followed by the Polo in 1975, at 1998 Volkswagen buys Lamborghini and and Porsche plan a merger. last replacing the Beetle with modern, Bentley, as well as the rights to the 1950 The Type 2 Volkswagen, a van based water-cooled, front-wheel-drive cars. Bugatti name. on the Beetle (Type 1), is launched. Beetle then moved to Brazil and New car, retro appeal China and establish low-cost of 1998. Critics argued that, apart from Mexico, where the car continued The New Beetle evoked its manufacturing plants in Eastern styling, it had nothing in common with to sell strongly. namesake\u2019s styling; unlike the Europe after the fall of the Berlin the original car, but it still became a original, it had a front-mounted Wall in 1989. Volkswagen\u2019s Polo, Golf, successful niche model. The Beetle\u2019s eventual replacements engine and front-wheel drive. and Passat ranges gained technical were the Golf and Polo\u2014modern, sophistication through successive Under the leadership of Ferdinand front-wheel-drive hatchbacks that \ufb01rst The Golf\u2019s arrival was generations. The marque\u2019s reputation Pi\u00ebch, grandson of Ferdinand Porsche, appeared in the mid-1970s. Although timely, since European for reliable, well-designed products Volkswagen acquired Lamborghini and they were not the only front-wheel- and U.S. buyers were was enhanced by innovations such as Bugatti in 1998. The same year it also drive Volkswagens\u2014there had been switching to small cars narrow-angle, \ufb01ve- and six- cylinder bought Rolls-Royce and Bentley Motor the K70 and Passat hatchbacks\u2014the in the wake of the engines in the 1990s and the DSG Cars, but failed to secure the rights to Golf and Polo were the \ufb01rst direct early-1970s oil crisis. The Golf twin-clutch transmission in 2003. the Rolls-Royce name, which went to alternatives to the Beetle. took over as the marque\u2019s core model, BMW. Volkswagen claimed it had only its image bolstered by the surprising Meanwhile, the Volkswagen ever wanted Bentley; most observers success of the Golf GTI. The fuel- product range was expanding into saw it as a missed opportunity. injected GTI of 1975, developed as new market sectors. A small car, the an after-work project by some Lupo, was launched in 1998. There In 2009 Porsche launched a daring Volkswagen engineers, was only was also a special-edition of the Lupo, takeover bid for Volkswagen, but it expected to sell a few thousand. the 3L, with a 1.2-liter failed to raise enough money to buy turbodiesel engine that the stake it needed and ran up large But the GTI\u2019s combination of pace, gave a fuel consumption debts in the process. Volkswagen good handling, practicality, and of more than 90 mpg injected cash into Porsche to help it modern styling proved irresistible. (3 liters per 100 km). avoid bankruptcy, and the two then At the other end of the planned a friendly merger for 2011. GTI models became a key part range, the Phaeton of the Golf range for limousine of 2002 Meanwhile, Volkswagen\u2019s relentless decades to come. offered both a powerful new product offensive continued with Volkswagen extended 6.0-liter W12 engine excellent cars such as the new Scirocco, its horizons in the 1980s (effectively two VR6 Passat CC, and the \ufb01fth-generation and 90s, becoming one units merged together) Polo, capable of superb fuel economy. of the \ufb01rst European and an extraordinary 5.0 liter V10 car makers to set up diesel\u2014the latter also being used High-speed hot hatch a joint venture in in the Touareg SUV of 2002. More The Golf GTI, one of the \ufb01rst \u201chot hatches,\u201d controversial was the New Beetle was a regular on the rally circuit. Here, Franz Wittmann and Matthias Feltz put their GTI through its paces in the 1986 Monte Carlo Rally.","234 . THE 1970s Plymouth Road-Runner The Superbird, endorsed by Superbird 1970 the TV cartoon character Muscle Cars Origin USA Road-Runner, was a NASCAR Engine 7,213 cc, V8 racer made legal for the road. In the late 1960s, U.S. manufacturers Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) Just 1,900 of these winged were bitten by the high-performance bug. wonders were built. Sacri\ufb01cing ef\ufb01ciency for brute force, they installed powerful V8 engines in otherwise humdrum coup\u00e9s, hardtops, and convertibles. Fearsome competition cars, they were also thrilling to drive on the road. The \u201cmuscle cars\u201d reached their pinnacle in 1970, after which power outputs were drastically reduced in the face of the unfolding oil crisis. Oldsmobile 442 1970 The 442 was launched in 1964; Plymouth Hemi \u2018Cuda Origin USA the \ufb01gures signi\ufb01ed a four-barrel 1970 Engine 7,456 cc, V8 carburetor, four-speed gearbox, and Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) dual exhausts. It was a stand-alone Origin USA model from 1968 to 1972. Engine 7,210 cc, V8 Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) The \u2018Cuda crowned the large Plymouth Barracuda series, and with its hemispherical- head Chrysler V8 pumping out up to 425 bhp, it was the series powerhouse. Pontiac Firebird Trans Often distinguished by a huge Am 1973 hood decal depicting a Origin USA phoenix, the Trans Am was Engine 7,459 cc, V8 named after the race series in Top speed 132 mph (212 km\/h) which Firebirds excelled in the late 1960s. Pontiac Trans Am 1975 The Firebird was restyled with a longer Origin USA nose and a bigger rear window to become Engine 6,556 cc, V8 the Pontiac Trans Am. It was still a race Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) contender, despite a cut in power to 185 bhp forced by tighter emissions rules. Dodge Challenger R\/T 440 1970 Origin USA Engine 6,276 cc, V8 Top speed 114 mph (183 km\/h) This practical hardtop coup\u00e9 was enlivened by electric acceleration to rival the hottest Mustangs. A 7.2-liter engine option boosted its bhp from 300 to 385. Mercury Cougar 1973 Origin USA Engine 7,030 cc, V8 Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) For a while in the 1970s, the Mercury Cougar\u2014especially in 390 bhp XR-7 guise\u2014headed Ford\u2019s high-power offerings. It was based closely on the Mustang.","Ford Mustang Mach 1 1972 The ultimate performance MUSCLE CARS . 235 Origin USA Mustang of the 1970s was also Engine 5,753 cc, V8 the largest, and starred in a famous Ford Falcon XA hardtop 1972 Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) two-wheeled stunt in the James Origin Australia Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever. Engine 5,673 cc, V8 Top speed 160 mph (257 km\/h) Chevrolet Camaro 1966 MGB GT V8 1973 This GT-HO version tore up Australia\u2019s Origin USA Origin UK race tracks, leading to a public outcry\u2014 Engine 6,489 cc, V8 Engine 3,528 cc, V8 known as the \u201cSupercar Superscare\u201d\u2014at Top speed 136 mph (219 km\/h) Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) the prospect of 160-mph (257-km\/h) cars The Camaro was Chevrolet\u2019s answer to A short-lived entry into the muscle car canon, speeding on the country\u2019s roads. Ford\u2019s Mustang, and joined the expanding the GT\u2019s light alloy Rover V8 engine weighed \u201cpony car\u201d club with its reliable drive train 40lb (18kg) less than the regular four-cylinder Chevrolet Corvette 1980 and electric acceleration available for MGB motor, which boosted its agility. Origin USA the biggest V8 engine. Engine 5,733 cc, V8 Chevrolet Camaro Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Chevrolet Nova SS 1971 SS 396 1972 Corvettes of the 1970s, like other Origin USA Origin USA sporty U.S. cars, gradually surrendered Engine 5,736 cc, V8 Engine 6,588 cc, V8 outright performance to tighter Top speed 107 mph (172 km\/h) Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) emissions laws. This 1980 model The fastest of the compact Nova SSs A 240 bhp V8 engine was a hot offered a relatively tame 190 bhp. could reach 60 mph (97 km\/h) from option on the SS. This Camaro, standstill in under 6 seconds. Abundant visually updated like the entire wheelspin and heavy steering only range in 1970, was too polluting boosted the car\u2019s macho appeal. to be sold in California.","236 . THE 1970s Tyrrell-Cosworth 001 1970 When Ken Tyrrell was stood up Origin UK by Matra, he had Derek Gardner Racing Cars Engine 2,993 cc, V8 design an all-new car to bear the Top speed 190 mph (306 km\/h) Tyrrell name. This car showed In the 1970s it became clear that every category of motor racing great potential in late 1970. needed restrictions to power outputs, to prevent cars from taking off at the speeds of over 200 mph (322 km\/h)\u2014which many were now capable of. Advances in turbocharging then kept legislators on their toes, as speeds continued to rise. Ford Escort RS1600 1970 Fitted with a Cosworth BDA 16-valve Origin UK double-overhead camshaft, which Engine 1,599 cc, straight-four was a development of the basic Ford Top speed 113 mph (182 km\/h) engine, the RS1600 was a successful rally\/race car. About 1,000 were built. Tyrrell-Cosworth 002 1971 In its \ufb01rst full year as a Formula 1 Mirage-Cosworth GR7 1972 Lola-Cosworth T500 1978 Origin UK constructor, Ken Tyrrell\u2019s team Origin UK Origin UK Engine 2,993 cc, V8 achieved a fabulous double: World Engine 2,993 cc, V8 Top speed 195 mph (314 km\/h) Champion team and driver, the Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) Engine 2,650 cc, V8 latter for Jackie Stewart. The 1972 Mirage M6 was the \ufb01rst Cosworth Top speed 210 mph (338 km\/h) DFV-powered car to win a Sports Car Championship. It was developed into the Indianapolis racers were faster than GR7 for 1974, and \ufb01nished fourth at Le Mans. contemporary Formula 1 cars, due to the high-speed capacity of the oval track. The T500 turbo won the Indy 500 in 1978 at 161.4 mph (260 km\/h). Brabham-Cosworth BT44 1974 Origin UK Engine 2,993 cc, V8 Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) The BT44 was designed by Gordon Murray with very clean lines, incorporating early thoughts on ground-effect aerodynamics. It took several Grand Prix wins in 1974. Lotus 72 1970 Colin Chapman and Maurice Philippe Origin UK achieved a revolutionary design Engine 2,993 cc, V8 with the 72, using wedge Top speed 198 mph (319 km\/h) aerodynamics, radiators in side pods, and an overhead air intake. Lotus 79 1977 The \ufb01rst Formula 1 car to take Origin UK full advantage of ground-effect Engine 2,993 cc, V8 aerodynamics, which caused it to suck Top speed 205 mph (330 km\/h) itself to the road for maximum grip on corners, the 79 was a great success.","RACING CARS . 237 Porsche 917\/10 1971 The 917 gave Porsche its \ufb01rst Le Origin Germany Mans wins in 1970 and 1971. The Engine 4,998 cc, \ufb02at-twelve 917\/10 was turbocharged for Top speed 213 mph (343 km\/h) the CanAm Challenge; its 850bhp gave Penske Racing the win in 1972. Porsche 936\/77 1977 Jacky Ickx almost single-handedly Origin Germany took a superb win at the 1977 Engine 2,142 cc, \ufb02at-six Le Mans in the 936; he had won Top speed 217 mph (349 km\/h) with a 936 in 1976 (also winning the WSC), and would win again in 1981. Matra-Simca Matra wanted to be the \ufb01rst MS670B 1972 French marque since 1950 to Origin France win Le Mans: it succeeded Engine 2,993 cc, V12 when Henri Pescarolo achieved Top speed 210 mph (338 km\/h) a hat trick with the MS670B in 1972, 1973, and 1974. Surtees-Hart TS10 1972 World Champion John Surtees Origin UK turned race-car constructor Engine 1,975 cc, straight-four to win the European Formula 2 Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) title, with Mike Hailwood driving the TS10. Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 McLaren-Offenhauser M16C 1974 McLaren won the Indianapolis 500 TT12 1975 Origin UK three times\u2014the second with Johnny Origin Italy Engine 2,650 cc, straight-four Rutherford driving this M16C in 1974. Engine 2,995 cc, \ufb02at-twelve Top speed 205 mph (330 km\/h) Almost every car taking part had the Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) 770 bhp \u201cOffy\u201d engine. Alfa Romeo \ufb01tted the ageing Renault RS10 1979 Thanks to gritty determination T33 with a new 48-valve engine, Origin France by Jean-Pierre Jabouille, this was slab-sided bodywork, and a huge Engine 1,496 cc, V6 the \ufb01rst turbocharged car to win rear spoiler. It won the World Top speed 215 mph (346 km\/h) a Grand Prix, heralding an era of Sportscar Championship with ease. power outputs up to 1,500 bhp. Chevrolet Nova NASCAR 1979 Origin USA Engine 5,817 cc, V8 Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) North American Stock Car racing used a strict formula of racing chassis clad with silhouette bodies. Dale Earnhardt raced this car in 1979 as a Pontiac and in 1985 as a Chevrolet.","238 . THE 1970s Hatchbacks Austin Maxi 1750 1969 Origin UK Italian designers were the \ufb01rst to introduce rear hatches Engine 1,748 cc, straight-four to compact family sedans, realizing the huge bene\ufb01ts Top speed 97 mph (156 km\/h) they had in terms of cargo capacity. Previously the style had only been seen on some exotic fastback Alec Issigonis\u2019s packaging skills coup\u00e9s, but cars such as the Austin A40 Farina showed were at their best in the transverse- the way forward in the 1960s, and as the 1970s engined, hydrolastic-suspended progressed, the world\u2019s manufacturers increasingly Maxi. An extremely spacious sedan, turned to hatchbacks. it sold well into the 1970s. Ford Pinto 1971 Origin USA Engine 1,993 cc, straight-four Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) Ford\u2019s sub-compact, two-door Pinto of 1970 was joined in six months by the three-door hatchback. It had British 1,600 or German 2,000 cc engines, and four-speed gearboxes. Chevrolet Vega 1970 Chevrolet\u2019s all-new sub-compact for Honda Accord 1976 Origin USA the 1970s was conventional, with Origin Japan Engine 2286 cc, straight-four an aluminum overhead-cam engine Top speed 95 mph (153 km\/h) and three-speed manual gearbox. Engine 1,599 cc, straight-four It sold 274,699 in its \ufb01rst year. Top speed 94 mph (151 km\/h) Introduced as hatchback only, and joined by sedan versions in 1978, the Accord was a sophisticated car with \ufb01ve-speed manual or optional Hondamatic transmission. Reliant Robin 1973 Origin UK Engine 848 cc, four-cylinder Top speed 80 mph (129 km\/h) This plastic-bodied three-wheeler was popular in the UK during the 1970s oil crisis. It was thrifty, due to its low weight, and could be driven on a motorcycle license. AMC Pacer 1975 Short and wide, the Pacer was a AMC Gremlin 1970 Origin USA development of AMC\u2019s pioneering Origin USA Engine 3,802 cc, straight-six Gremlin hatchback of 1970. Its Top speed 92 mph (148 km\/h) rounded form contrasted with the Engine 3,258 cc, straight-six boxy shape of its contemporaries. Top speed 95 mph (153 km\/h) This \ufb01rst U.S. sub-compact car was cramped in the back and had a column-change three-speed gearbox. It posed little threat to European imports, though the V8 model was popular. Volkswagen Passat 1973 First of the modern front-wheel- Origin Germany drive VWs, the Passat was based on Engine 1,470 cc, straight-four the Audi 80 and styled by Giugiaro. Top speed 98 mph (158 km\/h) Known as the Dasher in the United States, it sold 1.8 million by 1980. Volkswagen Golf GTI 1975 Origin Germany Engine 1,588 cc, straight-four Top speed 112 mph (180 km\/h) The original \u201chot hatchback\u201c that started a whole new sporting trend was famous for its black trim. It had 110 bhp from its fuel-injected engine and handled beautifully.","HATCHBACKS . 239 Volvo 340 1976 Volvo\u2019s DAF plant in Holland needed Chrysler Horizon 1977 Chrysler\u2019s compact hatchback, intended Origin Netherlands a modern small car. Volvo\u2019s answer Origin France\/UK\/USA for sale in Europe and the United States, Engine 1,397 cc, straight-four was this long-lived, rear-drive hatch Engine 1,118 cc, straight-four was derived from the Simca 1100, and so Top speed 94 mph (151 km\/h) \ufb01tted with Renault engines and Top speed 95 mph (153 km\/h) had a European style. It had front-wheel De Dion rear suspension. drive and all-independent suspension. Renault 20TS 1975 Renault adopted the hatchback Origin France style right across its range, up to Engine 1,995 cc, straight-four the big luxury 20 and 30 sedans, Top speed 104 mph (167 km\/h) which had 1.6\u20132.7-liter engines, central locking, and power steering. Renault 14 1976 Fiat Strada\/Ritmo 1978 Opel Kadett 1979 Origin France Origin Italy Origin Germany Engine 1,218 cc, straight-four Engine 1,585 cc, straight-four Engine 1,297 cc, straight-four Top speed 89 mph (143 km\/h) Top speed 111 mph (179 km\/h) Top speed 93 mph (150 km\/h) Renault sold almost a million of this Fiat was eager to stress that this General Motors\u2019 compact hatchback bulbous 5-door hatch. It featured car was built by robots. Some \ufb01nally adopted front-wheel drive in a transverse, canted-over Peugeot suggested it had been styled by this version, sold as the Vauxhall 104\/Citro\u00ebn Visa-type engine with them too, but the tuned Abarth Astra in British markets from 1980. its transmission in the sump. versions were great fun to drive. It had 1.0\u20131.8-liter engines.","","1980The s Turbos & tail-spoilers | Yuppies & gull-wings | Super-sedans & sport-utilities","242 . THE 1980s Boosted Performance The 1980s was the decade of the turbocharger, transforming the top echelons of motor sport both in racing and rallying: Reliability was heavily affected at \ufb01rst by the increased power output, but soon it became impossible to win without one (or more). As technology sent power and speed soaring, legislators struggled to keep up. In the end, turbos became so heavily penalized that normally aspirated engines returned. Ferrari 126C4\/M2 1984 Despite an 850 bhp power output, Origin Italy the 126C4\/M2 struggled against the Engine 1,496 cc, V6 dominant McLaren MP4\/2 in 1984, Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) and \ufb01nished second in the Formula 1 Constructors\u2019 Championship. Lancia Beta Monte Carlo 1979 Lancia developed this car to contest the Origin Italy Sports Car Racing World Championship. Engine 1,425 cc, straight-four Known as the Scorpion in the United States, Top speed 168 mph (270 km\/h) it dominated the 2-liter class in 1980\u201381, beating the Porsche 935s three times. Lancia Rallye 037 Evo 2 1984 Through consistency and great Origin Italy handling on tarmac, the 037 beat Engine 2,111 cc, straight-four Audi\u2019s quattro to win the 1983 World Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) Rally Championship. Abarth built lighter Evo 2s with 350 bhp for 1984. Porsche 956 1982 Built for the World Sportscar Porsche 911 SCRS 1984 Origin Germany Championship, the aluminum Origin Germany Engine 2,650 cc, \ufb02at-six monocoque 956 was a winner from Top speed 221 mph (356 km\/h) the start. Jacky Ickx and Derek Bell led Engine 2,994 cc, \ufb02at-six the 1982 Le Mans (France) to the \ufb01nish. Top speed 160 mph (257 km\/h) This Group B Porsche lacked four-wheel drive but handled superbly on tarmac, taking Henri Toivonen to second place in the 1984 European Championship. Porsche 953 4WD 1984 Origin Germany Engine 3,164 cc, \ufb02at-six Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) Four 953s (effectively four-wheel- drive 911s) were built for the 1984 Paris\u2013Dakar Rally, and two of them \ufb01nished 1\u20132. Ren\u00e9 Metge and Dominic Lemoyne drove the winning car. Opel Manta 400 1985 Origin Germany Engine 2,410 cc, straight-four Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) Without four-wheel drive, the Mantas couldn\u2019t really compete at World Rally Championship (WRC) level, but both Jimmy McRae and Russell Brookes won British Rally Championships in them. Audi quattros Audi quattro 1980 Origin Germany Audi revolutionized the world of rallying with its four-wheel drive, four-seat quattro coup\u00e9. In its \ufb01rst Engine 2,144 cc, straight-\ufb01ve event, the 1981 Monte Carlo Rally, it failed to \ufb01nish\u2014but Hannu Mikkola was a minute faster than the opposition Top speed 138 mph (222 km\/h) on almost every stage, demonstrating the car\u2019s sensational potential. The competition was forced to go 4x4 too, Hannu Mikkola and Mich\u00e8le kicking off the super-fast Group B rally phenomenon. Mouton were the \ufb01rst quattro works drivers, overcoming growing pains and showing tremendous pace in 1981.","BOOSTED PERFORMANCE . 243 Lotus-Renault 97T 1985 With Ayrton Senna at the wheel, the Origin UK 900 bhp Lotus 97T could have won Engine 1,492 cc, V6 the 1985 Formula 1 World Championship Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) had it been reliable: It took eight pole positions in the season. Toyota Celica Twin It was far from the ultimate Cam Turbo 1985 in Group B technology, but Origin Japan this Toyota did well in Engine 2,090 cc, straight-four Africa, with Bj\u00f6rn Waldeg\u00e5rd Top speed 135 mph (217 km\/h) winning two Safari and two Ivory Coast rallies. Peugeot 205 T16 With huge turbo, mid-engine, Peugeot 405 T16 GR 1986 Evo 2 1985 and 4x4, Timo Salonen took Origin France Origin France the 1985 WRC Drivers\u2019 title Engine 1,775 cc, straight-four in the big-wing 500 bhp Engine 1,905 cc, straight-four Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) Evo 2 and won the last Group B event in Europe. Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) After Group B rallying was canceled, Peugeot turned to the Paris\u2013Dakar desert endurance rally: Ari Vatanen won in 1989 and 1990 in the mid-engined 405 T16. McLaren-Honda MP4\/4 1988 McLaren secured the best engine for MG Metro 6R4 1984 Origin UK 1988 and Gordon Murray designed the Origin UK Engine 1,496 cc, V6 best chassis to host it, Ayrton Senna Top speed 210 mph (338 km\/h) and Alain Prost winning all but one Engine 2,991 cc, V6 race of the 1988 Formula 1 season. Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) Schemed by Williams\u2019 designer Patrick Head, with a mid-mounted engine later used in the Jaguar XJ220 and four-wheel drive, this was an ultimate Group B rally car. Benetton-Ford B188 1988 Origin UK Engine 3,493 cc, V8 Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) The Italian-sponsored Benetton Formula 1 team turned to Ford Cosworth DFV non-turbo power for 1988. With Alessandro Nannini and Thierry Boutsen driving, they achieved a couple of third places. Audi Sport quattro 1983 Audi chopped 12.6 in (32 cm) out of Audi Sport quattro S1 E2 1985 In a last-ditch \ufb01ght with the Origin Germany the center of the quattro to keep it Origin Germany purpose-built Group B cars, Audi Engine 2,133 cc, straight-\ufb01ve competitive against purpose-built Engine 2,133 cc, straight-\ufb01ve added wings and spoilers to make Top speed 154 mph (248 km\/h) Group B opposition. It had 306 bhp in Top speed 154 mph (248 km\/h) the Evo 2, with 550bhp. Walter Rohrl road form, and double that for rallying. won the Sanremo Rally in 1985 with it.","244 . THE 1980s U.S. Compacts Dodge Aries 1981 This spacious front-wheel-drive Origin USA sedan was Motor Trend\u2019s Car of It took a long time for U.S. manufacturers to take much notice of Engine 2,213 cc, straight-four the Year in 1981. It sold a million the world trend toward small, fuel-ef\ufb01cient cars. Plentiful Top speed 98 mph (158 km\/h) cars in seven years, helping improve inexpensive fuel, wide open roads, and for the most part low traf\ufb01c Chrysler\u2019s fortunes in the 1980s. densities, encouraged the use of large cruising cars. But the 1980s saw Japanese and European cars make increasing headway into the market, forcing U.S. manufacturers to reconsider. Dodge Lancer 1985 Origin USA Engine 2,213 cc, straight-four Top speed 111 mph (179 km\/h) Also available as a 125 mph (201 km\/h) turbo, the \ufb01ve-door Lancer was a lively performer. It had a \ufb01ve-speed manual or a three-speed automatic gearbox. Pontiac Phoenix 1980 Sold as a two-door coup\u00e9 or a Origin USA \ufb01ve-door hatchback, Pontiac\u2019s \ufb01rst Engine 2,838 cc, V6 front-wheel-drive compact was more Top speed 109 mph (175 km\/h) ef\ufb01cient than its rear-wheel-drive predecessor. It was made until 1984. Buick Reatta 1988 Pontiac Grand Am 1985 Pontiac Fiero GT 1985 Origin USA Origin USA Origin USA Engine 3,800 cc, V6 Engine 3,000 cc, straight-four Engine 2,838 cc, V6 Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Top speed 100 mph (161 km\/h) Top speed 124 mph (200 km\/h) Buick\u2019s \ufb01rst two-seater for 50 years Pontiac brought back an old name General Motors astonished the world had touch-screen climate control, for its mid-80s compact sedan. with the mid-engined, part-plastic- a radio, and electronic diagnostics. It had front-wheel drive, 2.5-liter bodied Fiero two-seater sports car, Unfortunately, its gadgets deterred 4-cylinder or 3.0-liter V6 engines, which sold 370,158 in \ufb01ve years. Base rather than attracted buyers. and coup\u00e9 or sedan body styles. models had a 4-cylinder engine. Chrysler LeBaron Coupe 1987 Turbocharged engine options and Origin USA a radical new look\u2014including sliding Engine 2,501 cc, straight-four covers over the headlights\u2014gave the Top speed 103 mph (166 km\/h) LeBaron Coup\u00e9, and its convertible counterpart, real 80s appeal.","U.S. COMPACTS . 245 Ford Escort 1981 Origin USA Engine 1,597 cc, straight-four Top speed 96 mph (154 km\/h) Not until 1981 was the U.S. market ready for as small a car as the European Ford Escort. This car became the best-selling car in the United States for part of the decade. Chevrolet Spectrum 1985 GM\u2019s Japanese af\ufb01liate built this Ford Probe 1988 Origin Japan compact hatchback and sedan Origin USA Engine 1,471 cc, straight-four as the Isuzu Gemini; it was renamed Top speed 100 mph (161 km\/h) the Chevrolet Spectrum for the U.S. Engine 2,184 cc, straight-four and Canadian markets. Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) Originally planned to replace the Mustang, but launched as a new model alongside it, the front-wheel- drive Probe was designed by Mazda and built in its new U.S. factory. AMC Eagle 1979 In the late 1970s, AMC combined Origin USA its Jeep-derived four-wheel-drive Engine 4,228 cc, straight-six expertise with its sedan range. The Top speed 88 mph (142 km\/h) result was this pioneering U.S. four-wheel-drive crossover vehicle. Cadillac Cimarron 1981 In a rush to enter the compact car Origin USA market\u2014and to compete with European Engine 1,835 cc, straight-four imports\u2014General Motors failed to turn its Top speed 100 mph (161 km\/h) J-car platform into a convincing Cadillac, despite its high-tech equipment. Eagle Premier 1987 Origin USA Engine 2,464 cc, straight-four Top speed 117 mph (188 km\/h) Styled by Giugiaro and developed by AMC and Renault, the Premier boasted electronically controlled four-speed automatic transmission, fuel injection, and air conditioning. Volkswagen Jetta Adapting to the U.S. 16V 1987 market\u2019s resistance to Origin USA\/Germany hatchbacks, Volkswagen Engine 1,781 cc, straight-four added a trunk to its Golf in Top speed 126 mph (203 km\/h) 1979. It sold millions, a third going to the United States.","","Toyota, 1980 By 1980, the Japanese car industry had gained major footholds in the United States and European markets. Toyota Corollas, Cressidas, and Hilux pickup trucks, here awaiting export, proved to be affordable and reliable.","248 . THE 1980s Austin Mini-Metro 1980 Origin UK Superminis Engine 998 cc, straight-four Once the British-made Mini had shown how large the market was for compact four-seater cars with small Top speed 84 mph (135 km\/h) engines, manufacturers worldwide stepped in to satisfy demand. With safety legislation becoming increasingly Only 21 years after the Mini, in 1980 in\ufb02uential, the minis grew into superminis, which were a new British supermini arrived. The larger, but still triumphs of packaging. Virtually all car\u2019s engine dated back to 1953, manufacturers followed the Mini\u2019s example of having but it was well packaged and had a transverse four-cylinder engine and front-wheel drive. comfortable Hydragas suspension. Talbot Samba 1982 Ford Festiva 1986 The Ford Festiva was designed by Origin France Origin Japan\/South Korea Mazda on a Mazda platform for Engine 1,360 cc, straight-four Engine 1,138 cc, straight-four the United States, Australasia, Top speed 87 mph (140 km\/h) Top speed 93 mph (150 km\/h) and Japan. It was produced as the Peugeot took over Chrysler\u2019s Kia Pride by Kia Motors of Korea. European arm in 1978, so the Samba was no more than a dressed-up Peugeot 104. This meant it was a good car, with 954\u20131,360 cc options. Peugeot 205 GTi 1984 The sparkling GTi was an impressive Origin France derivative of Peugeot\u2019s 2.7-million- Engine 1,905 cc, straight-four selling hatchback\u2014even more so Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) when it grew to 1905cc, 130bhp, and 121mph in 1986. Nissan Cherry Turbo 1983 Origin Japan Engine 1,488 cc, straight-four Top speed 114 mph (183 km\/h) Nissan\u2019s Cherry hatchbacks sold an impressive 1,450,300 between 1983 and 1986. Top of the range was this 114 bhp Turbo, but it suffered from poor handling and turbo lag. Volkswagen Polo 1981 The second-generation Polo sold Nissan March\/Micra 1983 Origin Germany 4.5 million from 1981 to 1994, the Origin Japan Engine 1,043 cc, straight-four extra space and more powerful Top speed 94 mph (151 km\/h) engines making it much more Engine 988 cc, straight-four competitive. It was restyled in 1990. Top speed 88 mph (142 km\/h) Nissan\u2019s starter car had durable mechanics and 1.0- or 1.2-liter engines. It was not the most elegant supermini, but it was easy to drive and sold two million in nine years."]
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
- 155
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
- 185
- 186
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
- 192
- 193
- 194
- 195
- 196
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
- 215
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
- 243
- 244
- 245
- 246
- 247
- 248
- 249
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
- 261
- 262
- 263
- 264
- 265
- 266
- 267
- 268
- 269
- 270
- 271
- 272
- 273
- 274
- 275
- 276
- 277
- 278
- 279
- 280
- 281
- 282
- 283
- 284
- 285
- 286
- 287
- 288
- 289
- 290
- 291
- 292
- 293
- 294
- 295
- 296
- 297
- 298
- 299
- 300
- 301
- 302
- 303
- 304
- 305
- 306
- 307
- 308
- 309
- 310
- 311
- 312
- 313
- 314
- 315
- 316
- 317
- 318
- 319
- 320
- 321
- 322
- 323
- 324
- 325
- 326
- 327
- 328
- 329
- 330
- 331
- 332
- 333
- 334
- 335
- 336
- 337
- 338
- 339
- 340
- 341
- 342
- 343
- 344
- 345
- 346
- 347
- 348
- 349
- 350
- 351
- 352
- 353
- 354
- 355
- 356
- 357
- 358
- 359
- 360
- 361
- 362
