Car - The Definitive Visual History of the Automobile

["Opel Corsa\/Vauxhall SUPERMINIS . 249 Nova GTE\/GSi 1983 SEAT Ibiza 1985 Origin Spain Origin Spain Engine 1,461 cc, straight-four Engine 1,598 cc, straight-four Top speed 107 mph (172 km\/h) There was some Fiat in\ufb02uence Top speed 117 mph (188 km\/h) in SEAT\u2019s new hatch, although all of its engines were designed The \u201chot hatch\u201d GTE joined by Porsche. Engines ranged the Corsa family a bit later from 950 to 1,714 cc. than the other 1.0\/1.2\/1.3\/ 1.4-liter models and was by far the best looking. Like Ford\u2019s Fiesta, it was built in Spain. Sinclair C5 1985 The C5 was a brave attempt to Origin UK convert the world, starting in the Engine Electric motor UK, to light electric personal Top speed 15 mph (24 km\/h) transportation. The converts were few, however, with just 12,000 made. Fiat Uno 1983 Origin Italy Engine 1,301 cc, straight-four Top speed 104 mph (167 km\/h) The 127\u2019s successor was a great all-rounder, and sold 6.5 million by 1994. This was thanks to its good packaging, crisp styling by Giugiaro, and nimble handling. Autobianchi Y10 1985 Built by Autobianchi and sold in some Origin Italy markets as a Lancia, this compact city Engine 999 cc, straight-four car had dramatic styling and good Top speed 88 mph (142 km\/h) interior space for its size. However, it was a little cramped for long journeys. Renault 5 1984 This second-generation Renault 5 Citro\u00ebn AX 1987 Origin France had 956\u20131,721 cc engines turned Origin France Engine 1,108 cc, straight-four transverse for more interior space. Top speed 90 mph (145 km\/h) It was one of the best-selling Engine 954 cc, straight-four European cars of the 1980s. Top speed 83 mph (134 km\/h) Available at \ufb01rst as a three-door, then as a \ufb01ve-door model in 1988, the AX shared its running gear with small Peugeots, but had its own chic styling. Honda Civic CRX V-TEC 1987 Honda\u2019s Civic supermini was easily Geo Metro\/Suzuki Swift 1989 Built by Suzuki as the Cultus, or Swift, Origin Japan adapted to produce this coup\u00e9. Origin Japan\/USA and still produced 20 years later in Engine 1,590 cc, straight-four With the 150 bhp, V-TEC, variable Engine 993 cc, straight-three Pakistan, this \u201cworld car\u201d was sold by Top speed 129 mph (208 km\/h) valve timing, twin-cam engine, it Top speed 88 mph (142 km\/h) GM in the United States and built in was astonishingly quick. seven different countries worldwide.","250 . THE 1980S Great marques August Horch driving The Audi story a Horch-PKW, 1908 Through innovation, technical excellence, and competition-led promotion, Audi has become a giant of the motor industry. Yet this now-famous German name was dormant for around 20 years after World War II. Since \ufb01nding a home under the Volkswagen umbrella, Audi has come to epitomize Germany\u2019s pioneering spirit. THE MAN BEHIND AUDI was a The \ufb01rst Audi product was the \u201cWhen I dropped the clutch at 4,500 rpm, it was like German engineer and industrialist 2,612 cc Typ A 10\/22PS, with other, an explosion.\u201d named August Horch, who began larger-engined cars following soon manufcaturing cars after. Recognizing the under the Horch promotional value name in 1901. of beating his rivals In 1909, following in the public arena RALLY LEGEND WALTER ROHRL ON THE QUATTRO, 2010 a disagreement Audi logo of motor sport, the prize. After this famous victory, the Audi through World War I, when it between Horch and (introduced 1964) astute August Horch powerful Typ C became known as the made trucks for the German army, the other directors of began entering his cars in Alpensieger (Alpine Victor). Horch left in 1920 to work for the Ministry of Economics. A consortium his Zwickau-based \ufb01rm, Horch left long-distance races and other events, Although still a \ufb02edgling concern, of directors subsequently led the Audi was already at the forefront of company, but its habit of producing the company. The next year Horch including Austria\u2019s grueling Alpine automotive technology, being one overambitious, expensive-to-make, of the \ufb01rst German marques to adopt and slow-selling products took its toll. established another business, also Trial from 1911 through 1914. electric lighting and starter motors for In 1928 Jorgen Skafte Rasmussen, its cars in 1913. After shepherding in Zwickau, and began building cars Audi\u2019s aluminum-bodied, 3,560 cc under the Audi banner. Horch called Typ C entries completed the 1913 it Audi because he was prohibited event without penalties, and Audi from using his own surname by the took home the competition\u2019s team terms of the severance deal with his former \ufb01rm. Audi is a Latinized Sensational quattro version of Horch, which means With its sharp-edged styling and \u201chark\u201d or \u201clisten\u201d in German. powerful engine, the quattro was an immediate success. The permanent four-wheel-drive system gave excellent traction and cornering, making the quattro an ideal rally car. Audi Poster, 1921 This poster showcasing the Typ E Phaeton conveys an image of luxury and power. Relying on such expensive, slow-selling cars eventually took its toll on the company.","THE AUDI STORY . 251 100 AVANT SPORT QUATTRO S1 E2 TT ROADSTER R8 1910 Audi Automobilwerke is formed. 1966 Launch of the Audi 80 executive car; 1920 August Horch leaves the company. 1985 Mich\u00e8le Mouton wins the Pikes Peak 1998 Audi takes over Lamborghini. 1932 Audi, DKW, Horch, and Wanderer form it will remain in production until 1996. hill-climb race in the Sport quattro S1. 2000 Audi returns to the small car market 1968 The 100 is launched; the 100 and its the Auto Union conglomerate. 1986 Alleged safety problems lead to the with the three-cylinder A2; it also wins 1940 Last pre-war Audi made; the name later derivative, the A6, will be the core recall of 5,000 US cars; it is later found the Le Mans 24-hour race for the \ufb01rst of the range into the new millennium. that parts of the media rigged failures. time with the R8 racing car. disappears after World War II, when 1969 Audi is merged with its rival, NSU, to 2005 The Q7 full-size crossover SUV is Auto Union factories come under the to create Audi NSU Auto Union AG. 1990 Audi V8 wins the German Touring launched; the more compact Q5 control of Germany\u2019s Eastern Zone. 1977 The 100 saloon is the world\u2019s \ufb01rst car Championship for \ufb01rst time. appears in 2009. 1964 Volkswagen rescues the ailing Auto with an in-line, \ufb01ve-cylinder engine. 2006 The R10 TDI is the \ufb01rst diesel-powered Union\/DKW concern. 1980 The Audi quattro is unveiled. 1994 New A8 saloon features a weight- car to win Le Mans 24-hour race. 1965 Audi name is revived for new 60 1984 The short wheelbase Sport quattro saving, all-aluminium chassis\/body. 2009 Audi reveals plans to develop its new saloon, based on the DKW F102. (developed for rallying) is launched. e-tron electric-drive powertrain. 1996 Frank Biela wins the British Touring Car Championship driver\u2019s title in an A4; the A3 small family car is introduced. a Danish-born engineer, acquired a Successful slogan disappeared from the The quattro caused a furore, even controlling stake in Audi. Rasmussen Since the 1980s Audi has used the slogan market, although Horch more so when it began to clean up had been making his DKW motorcycles Vorsprung durch Technik (Progress through did make a brief comeback in rallying. It dominated the sport since 1920, and he was already a long Technology) to portray itself as an innovative, as an East German brand in from 1982 to 1984, with legendary way down the road to launching his visionary, energetic company. the 1950s. A new company drivers such as Hannu Mikkola, Stig \ufb01rst \u201clight car.\u201d However, he needed named Auto Union was Blomqvist, and Walter Rohrl all a suitable factory for car assembly, founded in West Germany, winning world drivers\u2019 titles. And and this was his main motivation for at \ufb01rst supplying spare parts, the victories kept on coming: Audis taking over Audi. New products were but later manufacturing won in the United States at the Pikes launched, but most lacked originality. cars under the Auto Union Peak International Hill Climb and The four-cylinder Typ P, for example, and DKW marques. the TransAm championship, in combined a Peugeot 201 engine with Daimler-Benz bought a addition to taking touring-car titles a chassis and body made by DKW. majority shareholding in in France, Britain, and Germany. As the company began to focus on Auto Union in 1958 and centered DKW-branded cars, the Audi marque production on low-cost, two-stroke- Audi increasingly took on a role became marginalized; just 77 Audis engined cars. By the time Volkswagen as the harbinger of new technologies took control in late 1964, the range and looks within the Volkswagen were made in 1931, and 22 the year was outmoded and unsophisticated. group, including pioneering the use after. In the midst of the economic Eager to compete with BMW as an of aluminum for its large A8 sedan slump of the early 1930s, a deal was aspirational brand, Volkswagen put of 1994 and introducing a bold new brokered between Audi, DKW, Horch, its new 1,696 cc, four-cylinder engine styling language with products such and another marque, Wanderer, to into the existing DKW F102 sedan as the TT of 1998. More recently, form the Auto Union conglomerate. and relaunched it as the Audi 60\u2014 Audi has made its mark in endurance From mid-1932 this broad-based the \ufb01rst Audi of the post-war era. racing, claiming its \ufb01rst win at the Le concern had blanket coverage of the The Audi renaissance grew steadily, Mans 24-hour race, France, in 2000. German car market, with bargain- and in 1969 Volkswagen merged it Six years later Audi became the \ufb01rst priced DKWs, mid-range Audi and with another of its brands, NSU, marque to win this classic event with Wanderer models, and prestigious to form Audi NSU Auto Union a diesel-powered car, the R10 TDI, Horch sedans and limousines. AG. Audi products in line with its mission statement Predictably, crossbreeding was rife\u2014 initially included several to showcase new and alternative but not always pro\ufb01table. The 1933 rebranded Volkswagens, technologies in competition. Audi Front, for example, had a and its reputation for front-wheel-drive Wanderer engine, innovation was only Audi R10 TDI DKW running gear, and styling that truly established with Winner at Le Mans from 2006 to 2008, the R10 aped Horch products; it was not a the launch of the used a longitudinally mounted, 5,499 cc, V12 success. From April 1940 production quattro coup\u00e9 in aluminum diesel engine with two turbochargers. was given over entirely to military 1980. This handsome vehicles to aid Germany\u2019s war effort. machine featured permanent four- After the division of Germany at wheel drive (then the end of World War II, the Auto still quite a novelty for a Union group lay in the Soviet- mainstream manufacturer) and controlled Eastern Zone, and the a turbocharged, \ufb01ve-cylinder engine. names Audi, Horch, and Wanderer","252 . THE 1980S Aston Martin Lagonda 1976 A computerized digital dashboard and Origin UK harsh wedge styling made the Lagonda Ultimate Sports Sedans Engine 5,340 cc, V8 seem futuristic in the 1970s. It took until Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) 1979 for the \ufb01rst car to be delivered, the By the 1980s, sedans were so re\ufb01ned that open sports cars became model truly coming of age in the 1980s. the preserve of hardy enthusiasts; speed-seeking drivers bought sports sedans instead. The surge in popularity of touring-car racing led manufacturers to build homologation specials\u2014road models adapted to meet racing regulations\u2014that would put their marque\u2019s cars at the front of the race grid. These limited-edition performance cars are highly collectable now. Holden VH Commodore 1981 Holden of Australia built tough Origin Australia sedans with engines from 1.9 liters Engine 5,044 cc, V8 upward; its VH Commodores were Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) successful locally in motor sport. The road version was known as the SS. Bentley Turbo R 1985 Origin UK Engine 6,750 cc, V8 Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) Rolls-Royce transformed Bentley\u2019s \ufb02agging sales by introducing turbochargers, giving the marque back its sporting credentials: ultimate luxury with a big kick. Rover 3500 Vitesse 1982 Simple mechanics, modern lines, and Origin UK a light V8 engine helped the Rover Engine 3,528 cc, V8 SD1 become European Car of the Year Top speed 133 mph (214 km\/h) in 1977; the Vitesse was the ultimate performance version in the 1980s. Maserati Biturbo 1981 To expand the market for his Maserati BMW M3 1988 In making its E30 3-series \ufb01t for Origin Italy marque, Alejandro de Tomaso launched Origin Germany racing, BMW produced one of the Engine 1,996 cc, V6 this two- or four-door, turbocharged Engine 2,302 cc, straight-four iconic cars of the 1980s. Terri\ufb01c Top speed 132 mph (212 km\/h) sedan; it drove well, but its staid looks Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) performance and handling were and poor build brought down its image. matched by luxurious trim. Vauxhall Lotus Carlton 1989 Origin Germany\/UK Engine 3,615 cc, straight-six Top speed 177 mph (285 km\/h) Sold in mainland Europe as the Opel-Lotus Omega, this was a modi\ufb01ed version of the standard Carlton sedan, with an enlarged engine and twin turbochargers to give phenomenal performance.","U LT I M AT E S P O RTS S E DA N S . 253 Audi V8 DTM 1988 Origin Germany Engine 4,172 cc, V8 Top speed 153 mph (246 km\/h) The four-wheel-drive, 4.2-liter V8 brought Audi credibility as a maker of top-league sedans. This smaller 3.6-liter won Germany\u2019s DTM race series in 1990 and 1991. Ford Sierra XR4i 1983 A Merkur in the United States, this last Ford Taurus SHO 1989 Ford ordered Yamaha engines for a Origin UK\/Germany rear-wheel-drive muscle car from Ford Origin USA planned sports car: when the car was Engine 2,792 cc, V6 Europe could be exciting in wet conditions, Engine 2,986 cc, V6 canceled, the engines were put in the Top speed 129 mph (208 km\/h) but re\ufb01ned high-speed cruising was its Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) limited-edition SHO. The SHO was so forte, the bi-plane spoiler keeping it stable. popular it went into full production. Ford Sierra Cosworth RS500 1987 Origin UK\/Germany Engine 1,993 cc, straight-four Top speed 149 mph (240 km\/h) With 224\u2013300 bhp, powerful brakes, and huge spoilers, this turbocharged homologation special kept the Sierra at the forefront of touring-car racing; just 500 cars were made. Lancia Thema 8.32 1987 Trimmed to the highest standard and Origin Italy hugely expensive, the Lancia Thema Engine 2,927 cc, V8 8.32 was \ufb01tted with an engine from Top speed 149 mph (240 km\/h) the Ferrari 308 sports car, modi\ufb01ed to suit the heavier sedan body. Volkswagen Golf Rallye G60 1989 Origin Germany Engine 1,763 cc, straight-four Top speed 134 mph (216 km\/h) For those who thought the Golf GTI wasn\u2019t quite fast enough, Volkswagen produced the supercharged, four-wheel-drive G60 for just one year, selling 9,780. Rather surprisingly, it was not built for rallying.","254 . THE 1980s DeLorean DMC-12 1981 Origin UK Pace-Setting Style from Engine 2,849 cc, V6 Italian Designers Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) Producers of ground-breaking car designs since the 1920s, the Italian styling Lotus drew up the chassis, Giugiaro styled houses were the single most in\ufb02uential styling force in the motoring world by the body, and it starred in the \ufb01lm Back to the 1980s. Italian stylists led not just fashion\u2014wedge shapes or rounded\u2014but the Future, but the DeLorean had quality whole concepts, such as the hatchback body style, adding glamour to problems that saw it out of production in 1982. everything from inexpensive runabouts to mid-engined supercars. Hyundai Excel\/Pony 1985 Hyundai brought in Italdesign \u0160koda Favorit 1987 \u0160koda\u2019s \ufb01rst front-engined, front- Origin South Korea to style its \ufb01rst Pony in 1975, Origin Czechoslovakia wheel-drive model was styled by Engine 1,468 cc, straight-four replacing it 10 years later with Engine 1,289 cc, straight-four Bertone and became one of Central Top speed 96 mph (154 km\/h) this similar but front-wheel-drive Top speed 92 mph (148 km\/h) Europe\u2019s most popular cars. It was model. It was built up to 1994. simple, with just one engine option. Lancia Delta Integrale 1987 Giugiaro\u2019s Delta was very modern Origin Italy for its time, and was European Engine 1,995 cc, straight-four Car of the Year in 1980. This is Top speed 134 mph (216 km\/h) the 4x4 rally development of what started as a shopping car. Chrysler TC by Maserati 1989 Origin Italy Engine 2,213 cc, straight-four Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) Though it was built in Italy by Maserati, the TC had a turbocharged Chrysler engine and was styled in the United States. Three years in gestation, it took too long to reach the market and sold poorly. Peugeot 405 1987 Citro\u00ebn BX 1982 Styled by Marcello Gandini of Bertone, Origin France Origin France 2.3 million BXs were sold in 12 years. Engine 1,905 cc, straight-four They shared the Peugeot 405\u2019s Engine 1,905 cc, straight-four Top speed 106 mph (171 km\/h) \ufb02oorpan, but with hydropneumatic suspension and 1.1\u20131.9-liter engines. Top speed 116 mph (187 km\/h) Built until 1997 in Europe and still made in Iran, the Pininfarina-styled 405 won European Car of the Year in 1988 and sold 2.5 million worldwide. It has 1.4\u20132.0-liter engines. Volvo 780 1986 Citro\u00ebn XM 1989 Styled by Bertone and derived Origin Sweden\/Italy Origin France from Gandini\u2019s Citro\u00ebn BX, the big, Engine 2,975 cc, V6 sleek XM had 2.0\u20133.0-liter engines Engine 2,849 cc, V6 Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) and electronically controlled hydropneumatic suspension. Top speed 114 mph (183 km\/h) Built by Bertone, the 780 began life with a live rear axle and an underpowered engine. By 1988 these had been replaced by independent rear suspension and a turbo.","PACE-SETTING STYLE FROM ITALIAN DESIGNERS . 255 Fiat Panda 1980 A Giorgetto Giugiaro-styled classic, Fiat Strada\/Ritmo Origin Italy this simple, no-frills car set the style Cabriolet 1983 Engine 1,100 cc, straight-four for 1980s Fiats. Steadily improved Top speed 86 mph (138 km\/h) with 650\u20131,100cc and even a 4x4, Origin Italy it was on sale until 2003. Engine 1,498 cc, straight-four Top speed 103 mph (166 km\/h) Bertone gave Fiat the most distinctively styled family hatchback of the 1970s. It was too radical to be popular at \ufb01rst, but by the 1983 Cabriolet launch it had come of age. Fiat Croma 1985 Origin Italy Engine 2,500 cc, straight-four Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) Giorgetto Giugiaro styled this big \u201cnotchback hatchback\u201c family car with 1.6\u20132.5-liter engines. It was the world\u2019s \ufb01rst passenger car with a direct injection diesel engine. Isuzu Piazza Turbo 1980 General Motors\u2019 Japanese brand had Origin Japan Giugiaro style its new coup\u00e9. Sold in Engine 1,996 cc, straight-four the United States as the Impulse, from Top speed 127 mph (204 km\/h) 1983 and in Europe from 1985, it was fast, but handled poorly at \ufb01rst. Ferrari Mondial Cabriolet 1984 Origin Italy Engine 2,926 cc, V8 Top speed 146 mph (235 km\/h) Pininfarina styled the striking wedge-shaped, mid-engined Mondial, which looked even better with its roof down, since it had no rollover bar. Its performance was exhilarating. Cadillac Allant\u00e9 1987 Designed and built in Italy, and \ufb02own Origin USA\/Italy to the U.S. as fully trimmed bodies to Engine 4,087 cc, V8 be united with the Cadillac chassis, Top speed 119 mph (192 km\/h) this upmarket roadster was criticized for having front-wheel drive. Lotus Etna 1984 Styled by Giugiaro for Italdesign, Origin UK\/Italy the Etna was a non-running Engine 3,946 cc, V8 prototype until 2008 when it \ufb01nally Top speed 180 mph (290 km\/h) ran with the intended V8 engine, derived from the Esprit slant-four. Aston Martin V8 Vantage Zagato 1986 Origin UK\/Italy Engine 5,340 cc, V8 Top speed 185 mph (298 km\/h) Echoing the DB4 GT Zagato of the 1960s, just 50 coup\u00e9s and 25 convertibles of the 1986 V8 Vantage Zagato were built. Though not as elegant, it was brutally fast\u2014and expensive.","256 . THE 1980S DeLorean DMC-12 It is dif\ufb01cult to separate the DeLorean from the \ufb01nancial scandal that engulfed it. Promoted as an \u201cethical\u201d sports car\u2014safe and durable\u2014it was the brainchild of former General Motors high-\ufb02ier John Zachary DeLorean, and was bankrolled by the British government, which paid for a brand-new factory in Northern Ireland. Dubious business practices and unbridled extravagance were matched by unrealistic market expectations for the DeLorean. When sales\u2014undermined by poor quality\u2014failed to match the hype, the business crashed. THE DELOREAN entered production in 1981, technology with a traditional Lotus steel-backbone SPECIFICATIONS DeLorean DMC-12, 1981\u201382 retaining the gull-wing doors and stainless-steel chassis and a two-piece, \ufb01berglass body using Model Dunmurry, Northern Ireland cladding of the prototype unveiled in 1977. its clever vacuum-assisted, injection-molding Assembly 9,000 approx. Little else remained, as the car was completely process. That the DeLorean made it to production Production Steel-backbone chassis redesigned by Lotus pre-production. Initial plans in a new factory within a very short period is Construction 2,849 cc, ohc V6 had been for a mid-mounted Wankel engine, essentially due to Lotus; but the rush to launch Engine 130 bhp at 5,500 rpm but the \ufb01nal powerplant was a Renault V6 hung the car meant that initial quality was atrocious. Power output Five-speed manual behind the rear axle. Despite this tail-heavy However, John Z. DeLorean\u2019s dream car found an Transmission All-independent coil con\ufb01guration, the car handled well. The British everlasting place in popular culture after it was cast Suspension All-round discs sports-car company ditched the DeLorean\u2019s plastic as plutonium-powered, time-traveling Brakes 121 mph (195 km\/h) body shell, which used a sandwich of \ufb01berglass transportation for Michael J. Fox in Back to the Maximum speed with a foam \ufb01lling. It substituted this unproven Future\u2014the biggest-grossing movie release of 1985. Founder\u2019s logo FRONT VIEW WITH OPEN DOORS FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW The symmetrical \u201cDMC\u201d logo was Small hatch Glass rear quarters an abbreviation of \u201cDeLorean Motor attempt to aid vision Company.\u201d The model title was always is only part of DMC-12. John Z. DeLorean himself window that opens was associated with the development of several cars for GM\u2019s Pontiac division. Plastic bumpers Long front calculated are in contrasting to absorb crash silver energy Heavy gull-wing doors added Black sills betray Rear wheels larger to production dif\ufb01culties \ufb01berglass hull beneath to aid in handling","DELOREAN DMC-12 . 257 Style over function The gull-wing doors serve no good purpose\u2014although DeLorean cited the safety bene\ufb01ts of the high sills. However, they look dramatic, as does the brushed stainless-steel body cladding. Both the doors and body cladding were seen as selling points, even though they added weight and complication. The rust-resistant steel cladding was chosen because the original \u201cplastic-sandwich\u201d body could not be painted satisfactorily\u2014and it eliminated the need for paint.","258 . THE 1980S 3 4 THE EXTERIOR 5 The DeLorean\u2019s appearance is dominated by the attention-grabbing 13 gull-wing doors\u2014insisted on by John Z. DeLorean for that very 14 reason. The sharp-edged style is typical of designer Giorgetto Giugiaro\u2019s 1970s output, during what has been termed his \u201cfolded paper\u201d era. The rear engine facilitates the pencil-thin front end treatment. Whatever one\u2019s feelings about the car\u2014and about DeLorean himself\u2014the effectiveness of its styling cannot be denied. 1. \u201cDMC\u201d stands for \u201cDeLorean Motor Company\u201d 2. Badging graphics typical of 1970s style 3. Headlights are U.S.-standard rectangular units 4. Door handles integrated into rubbing strip 5. Rear vent on right side provides fresh air intake to the engine 6. Alloy wheels are unique to the DeLorean 7. Slats are an impediment to rear vision 8. Taillight style only found on DMC-12 1 2 THE INTERIOR 10 Occupants in the cockpit are snugly sandwiched between the broad center tunnel\u2014necessitated by the backbone chassis underneath\u2014and the high sills demanded by the gull-wing doors. Thick front and rear pillars restrict vision, and early cars with all-black interiors can seem a bit claustrophobic; hence the use of gray trim on later cars. The two-door coup\u00e9 did not have even token rear seats. 9. Doors held up by torsion bars and gas struts 11 12 10. Cockpit comfortable even for tall drivers 11. Seats always in leather; note luggage net behind 12. Despite initial plans, steering-wheel not \ufb01tted with airbag 13. Minor controls are straightforward 14. Instrumentation is similarly clear yet comprehensive 9","DELOREAN DMC-12 . 259 67 UNDER THE HOOD 8 15 The all-alloy V6 comes from France, and was shared with the 17 Renault 30 and Peugeot 604, as well as the Volvo 264. In detuned, U.S. emissions-compliant form, power is only 130 bhp, resulting in a 0\u201360 mph time of 10.5 seconds. This put the DeLorean at a considerable performance disadvantage against its competitor\u2014the Porsche 911SC was barely more expensive, was lighter, and had a power output of 172 bhp. To improve matters, DeLorean planned a twin-turbo version, but this was never made. 15. Under-hood layout untidy by today\u2019s standards 16. Air conditioning is standard equipment 17. Front fuel tank means \ufb01ller under hood 16","260 . THE 1980S Six beats four By the early 1960s the Porsche Porsche 911 \ufb02at-four engine, used in the 356, had exhausted its development flat-six potential. Its \ufb02at-six replacement released the extra power the new Porsche\u2019s \ufb01rst sports car, the 356, utilized many components from the 911 model would need. The engine\u2019s Volkswagen, including its \ufb02at-four engine. When an all-new power plant was design allowed for progressively needed for the replacement 911, Porsche kept the horizontally opposed layout increased engine capacity as and air-cooling but upped the cylinder count to six. The result was one of the Porsche further developed the 911. most charismatic and enduring high-performance engines of all time. LASTING SUCCESS Low pro\ufb01le Although the cylinders and crankcase are obscured in this It is a measure of the quality of Porsche\u2019s original photo of a 1994 \ufb02at-six, the engine\u2019s low, wide stance is design that the \ufb02at-six remained in production\u2014 obvious. This helps the engine \ufb01t neatly into the tail of the through numerous variants of increasing capacity, 911, while the lowered center of gravity aids roadholding. including fearsome turbocharged units\u2014for more than three decades. The 911 refused to die, and its Silencer unique engine with it. While the 911 continues, the engine was eventually replaced in 1998, when Porsche retained the \ufb02at-six layout but abandoned air cooling for water cooling. One of the bene\ufb01ts was that, for the \ufb01rst time in the 911, Porsche was able to use four valves per cylinder and exploit the improved engine \u201cbreathing\u201d (air \ufb02ow) that resulted. ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS Dates produced 1963\u20131998 (air-cooled version) Cylinders Flat-six Con\ufb01guration Rear-mounted, longitudinal Engine capacities 1,991 cc, progressively increased to 3,746 cc Power output 128 bhp @ 6,200 rpm (ultimately 402 bhp with twin turbos) Type Conventional four-stroke, air-cooled, gas engine with reciprocating pistons, distributor (later distributorless) ignition, and a wet sump Head sohc per bank, chain driven; two valves and (later) twin spark plugs per cylinder Fuel System Single carburetor, later fuel injection Bore and Stroke 3.15 in x 2.60 in (80 mm x 66 mm) Power 64.3 bhp\/liter Compression Ratio 9.0:1 Tailpipe Ignition components There are two spark plugs per cylinder in this late version of the air-cooled \ufb02at-six, which helps to reduce emissions, increase power, and lower fuel consumption. See pp.346\u2013347 How an engine works","Induction system Idle speed positioner P O R S C H E 9 1 1 F L AT-S I X . 261 This is another part of the air inlet This device adjusts the \ufb02ow of air into the engine system. From 1993 the \ufb02at-six was to maintain the correct idle spee\u2014the speed the Control \ufb02ap location equipped with Porsche\u2019s Varioram engine runs at with the throttle closed (in other Part of the air inlet system, a \ufb02ap induction system. The Varioram words, with the foot off the accelerator pedal). (missing) that varies the resonance alters the con\ufb01guration of the of air in the inlet tracts \ufb01ts here. It air inlet tracts according to Multi-blade fan sits alongside a hot-\ufb01lm sensor that the engine\u2019s speed, exploiting The fan draws cooling air over measures the mass of air entering resonance effects to force more air the \ufb01nned cylinder heads and the cylinders and sends data to the into the cylinders and so maximize barrels, and helps to create the engine-management computer. the engine\u2019s output torque. engine\u2019s distinctive sound. Air-\ufb01lter housing Air inlet Air-conditioning compressor Alternator The engine\u2019s alternator (hidden) shares a common axis with the fan\u2014which obscures it in this view\u2014but has its own separate drive belt. Heat shield Three-way catalytic converter Silencer Tailpipe Beneath the heat shield, the catalytic converter uses a large-surface-area, precious-metal catalyst to reduce tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides.","262 . THE 1980S Lamborghini Countach The poster boy for the 1970s supercar boom, this rare and exotic road machine was \ufb01rst revealed as a prototype in the spring of 1971. The 25th Anniversary edition, to celebrate Lamborghini\u2019s dawn in 1962, was fundamentally the same car, but by 1988 it possessed a near-mythical reputation for mid-engined style and excitement. The word countach comes from the dialect of the Piedmont region in northern Italy; it is an expression of approval of a beautiful woman from admiring men. AFTER SEVERAL mid-engined the rear wheels. The engine was FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW supercar prototypes had stunned longitudinally positioned, with the visitors at late 1960s motor shows, \ufb01ve-speed gearbox in front, and Lamborghini and design house the driveshaft ran back through the oil Bertone were determined to be \ufb01rst sump to the rear differential. Bertone\u2019s to put such a car in customers\u2019 hands. star designer Marcello Gandini created Lamborghini\u2019s engineers were tasked the aggressive wedge-shaped design, with designing the tubular spaceframe and the car was manufactured with chassis for \u201cProject 112.\u201d Into this, aircraft-grade aluminum. The prototype the V12 power plant earlier seen was called the LP500, and the \ufb01rst in the Lamborghini Miura was installed, production car arrived in 1974 as the behind the two seats but ahead of Countach LP400 with a 3,929cc engine. Founder\u2019s star sign SIDE VIEW Company founder Ferruccio Lamborghini named the Lamborghini Miura after renowned Spanish bull\ufb01ghter Antonio Miura. But the company emblem of a charging bull signi\ufb01ed Ferruccio\u2019s own star sign, Taurus. He sold his car-making \ufb01rm in 1971, three years before the Countach went on sale. Pop-up Scissor-type Rear quarter Scoops funnel Smooth tail treatment, headlights in doors an window, but rear air on to without the rear wing the nose cone visibility still poor the engine of earlier cars innovation NACA-style duct on \ufb02ank Wider tires at ventilates the V12 engine rear for driven wheels","LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH . 263 Signature scissors SPECIFICATIONS Lamborghini Countach, 1974\u201390 The scissor-type doors are easily the Model Sant\u2019Agata Bolognese, Italy Countach\u2019s most distinctive feature, Assembly 2,042 (incl. 650 Anniversary cars) as seen here on this 25th Anniversary Production Spaceframe chassis, aluminum panels edition. They open upward and forward Construction 3,929\u20135,167 cc, V12 simultaneously, easing access in tight Engine 448 bhp (5.2 l) at 7,000 rpm spaces, but Bertone really designed Power output Five-speed manual them as a solution to the high sills Transmission All-independent coil inherent in the Countach\u2019s racing-car- Suspension All-round discs style tubular chassis. Brakes 183 mph (295 km\/h) (5.2 l) Maximum speed","264 . THE 1980S THE EXTERIOR 2 3 4 The Countach was the \ufb01rst high-performance road car with an uncompromising wedge shape. It is low and wide, with very little 16 frontal area, and a visual emphasis on the rear, where several intakes feed the high-performance engine with air to keep it cool under hard driving. Rear visibility is always tricky for Countach drivers, made even worse by the huge aerofoils \ufb01tted to many cars. This Anniversary model has custom wheelarch extensions and side skirts. 1. Lower-case nameplate is characteristically quirky 2. Charging bull emblem hints at ferocious performance 3. Pop-up headlights preserve purity of line 4. Door release in air duct 5. Lightweight polished alloy wheels 6. \u201cDesigned by Bertone\u201d in Italian 7. Sculptural air intake 8. Internal door release 9. Louvres on tail allow engine heat to disperse 10. Taillight clusters unique to Anniversary edition 1 THE INTERIOR 11 The extremely snug two-seater cockpit is notable for the recumbent angle of the two bucket seats, which give the authentic impression of this being a racing car tamed for road use. Many of the smaller controls and components in specialist Italian cars like this are taken from mass-production models\u2014often Fiats\u2014 but the craftsmanship that goes into the leather trim counteracts this and creates a purposeful ambience. 11. Leather-rimmed steering wheel fronts pleasing white-on-black dials 12. Push-buttons for minor controls, and an Alpine high-tech hi-\ufb01 13. Air vents skilfully incorporated from another car 14. Controls for electrically adjusted seats 15. Leather-covered gearshift and exposed gearshift \u201cgate\u201d 16. Well-bolstered hump between seats houses gearbox 12 15 13 14","LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH . 265 57 8 9 10 6 17 UNDER THE HOOD At the heart of any Lamborghini is the hand-built masterpiece that is its engine. All Countachs have V12 power units, and the one in the Anniversary car is a 5.2-liter version that was supplied with no less than six Weber carburetors for European markets, or else Bosch K-Jetronic fuel-injection for sale to the United States, which resulted in a power output drop of 35 bhp as a trade-off for cleaner exhaust emissions. The engine and its ancillaries are tightly packed in, and are accessible through an opening engine cover on the tail of the car. 17. The V12 engine designed by Giotto Bizzarrini was unveiled in 1963, and is still made today\u2014with double the capacity","266 . THE 1980s Two-Seater Aston Martin Bulldog 1980 Here was a fantasy Aston Martin: a Excitement Origin UK mid-engined, twin-turbo, gull-wing\u2013 Engine 5,340 cc, V8 door concept car that shocked the The 1980s was the decade of young, upwardly Top speed 191 mph (307 km\/h) car world in 1980. The only car built mobile professionals, or \u201cyuppies,\u201d whose fun achieved 191 mph in tests. cars gave rise to a rich heritage of roadsters and coup\u00e9s. Each had its own \ufb02avor at a time when, in retrospect, their manufacturers were generally untroubled by the demands of safety legislation. Evergreen classics mixed with newcomers boasting front- and four-wheel drive; the brute horsepower of the old guard vied with the cutting-edge technology of the new. There was rarely room for the kids. Alfa Romeo Spider 1982 Launched in 1966, the Spider got a Origin Italy major facelift in 1982. Purists decried Engine 1,567\u20131,962 cc, four-cylinder the rubber bumpers and tail spoiler, but Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) the crash precautions kept this living classic legally compliant in the U.S. Pontiac Firebird Trans Am The most aerodynamic GM car Chevrolet Corvette Convertible 1986 1982 ever, this third-generation Firebird Origin USA Origin USA was a 2+2 coup\u00e9. The Trans Ams Engine 5,733 cc, V8 Engine 5,001\u20135,733 cc, V8 were all V8s. One starred as KITT Top speed 142 mph (229 km\/h) Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) in the popular television series Knight Rider. The Corvette was fully redesigned in 1983, and three years later a proper convertible option made a return after a gap of 10 years TVR 350i 1984 TVR\u2019s traditional backbone chassis away. A digital dashboard was a notable feature. Origin UK and \ufb01berglass body blended with Engine 3,528 cc, V8 Rover\u2019s superb aluminum V8 engine Top speed 143 mph (230 km\/h) made for lightning acceleration and entertaining handling. Toyota MR2 1984 Marcos Mantula 1984 The classic Marcos of the 1960s Origin Japan Origin UK sprang back to life in the 1980s as Engine 1,587 cc, four-cylinder Engine 3,528\u20133,947 cc, V8 the Mantula. Features now included Top speed 120 mph (193 km\/h) Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) a soft top, a more aerodynamic nose, and a gutsy Rover V8 engine. The MR2 (Mid-engined Recreational Two-seater) wasn\u2019t the \ufb01rst affordable centrally powered sports car, but it was certainly the best yet: responsive and reliable. Caterham Seven 1980 Based on the 1968 version of the 1957 Origin UK Lotus Seven, the Caterham grew in Engine 1,588\u20131,715 cc, four-cylinder popularity during the 1980s. It still used Ford engines, and its handling and Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) acceleration excited a new generation.","TWO-SEATER EXCITEMENT . 267 Porsche 911 Cabriolet 1982 Fans of the 911 who craved fresh air Origin Germany waited until 1982 before Porsche Engine 2,687\u20133,299 cc, \ufb02at-six launched a fully convertible body Top speed 168 mph (270 km\/h) style. It was eventually offered with standard Carrera and Turbo engines. Porsche 959 1986 BMW Z1 1986 Originally a prototype to test Origin Germany Origin Germany suspension parts, BMW decided to Engine 2,494 cc, six-cylinder market the Z1 and sold 8,000. The Engine 2,994 cc, \ufb02at-six Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) doors slid down inside the plastic body for access to the cockpit. Top speed 190 mph (306 km\/h) Two hundred of these awesome cars were built to qualify the 959 for Group B rallying. It had four-wheel drive, 405 bhp from its twin-turbo engine, and electronic ride height. Jaguar XJS 1988 This fully convertible XJS (previously, Ferrari Testarossa 1984 Origin UK there had been a Targa-top cabriolet) Engine 5,343 cc, V12 came with an electric hood, anti-lock Origin Italy Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) brakes, Jaguar\u2019s silken V12 engine, and abundant style. Engine 4,942 cc, \ufb02at-twelve Top speed 181 mph (291 km\/h) Featuring in television\u2019s Miami Vice, the Testarossa symbolized 1980s glamour. The all-alloy, 390 bhp engine roared from the back of the widest car on sale at the time. Lotus Esprit 1987 Amazing performance from the Ferrari F40 1987 Origin UK 2.2-liter Esprit Turbo engine made Origin Italy Engine 2,174 cc, four-cylinder it a genuine Ferrari-baiter; 1987 Engine 2,936 cc, V8 Top speed 163 mph (262 km\/h) saw a Lotus restyle of the Giugiaro Top speed 201 mph (323 km\/h) original as part of a big revamp. From 1987 to 1989 this was the world\u2019s fastest production car, thanks to twin turbos, 478bhp, and lightweight composite bodywork. It marked Ferrari\u2019s 40th birthday. Lotus Elan 1989 Lotus\u2019s only front-wheel-drive sports Lamborghini Countach 1988 The wild-child Countach was cleverly Origin UK car, this shortlived Elan was exciting Origin Italy restyled for its \ufb01nal two years, to Engine 1,588 cc, four-cylinder to drive, partly due to clever Engine 5,167 cc, V12 commemorate the supercar-maker\u2019s Top speed 136 mph (219 km\/h) wishbone front suspension. The Isuzu Top speed 180 mph (290 km\/h) 25th anniversary. It gained the engine was usually turbocharged. widest tires then \ufb01tted to any car.","268 . THE 1980S Ferrari F40 It was \ufb01tting that the F40 was the \ufb01nal model commissioned by Enzo Ferrari before his death in 1988. Launched in 1987 to commemorate the marque\u2019s 40th anniversary, this was a supercar that, true to the spirit of Il Commendatore himself, incorporated racetrack technology in a road-going car to create a truly exhilarating package. Ferrari\u2019s army of devoted fans agreed, with a lengthy waiting list and wealthy customers willing to pay up to a million pounds sterling to get their hands on the fastest street-legal production car in the world. CONTAINING THE DNA of the similarly \ufb01rst time in a standard road car. FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW jaw-dropping 288 GTO model that Originally intended to be manufactured it replaced, the F40 was styled by in strictly limited numbers, demand the fabled Pininfarina design house was so high for this sublime yet that had shaped many of Ferrari\u2019s uncompromising model that Ferrari \ufb01nest creations for almost as long as ful\ufb01lled orders until 1992. By this the company had been producing cars. time the F40 was no longer the world\u2019s quickest road car, but this was The F40 was a coup\u00e9 with beauty a minor detail for Ferrari a\ufb01cionados and brawn in equal measure. Its and automotive writers who had run twin-turbo 478bhp V8 was capable of out of superlatives to describe one transporting a driver and passenger to of the \ufb01nest automobiles ever made. more than 200mph (322mph) for the Made in Modena Known as the Cavallino Rampante, Ferrari\u2019s Prancing Horse logo originated from an Italian \ufb02ying ace, who decorated his aircraft with the horse. The badge also features the colors of the Italian \ufb02ag, while the yellow background is the color of Ferrari\u2019s hometown of Modena. SIDE VIEW Forward-lifting hood Hood-opening Sliding side screens Slightly recessed Engine cover made Full-width aerodynamic typical of contemporary hook on \ufb01rst 50 models later doors emphasize of weight-saving wing contributes to sport-prototype models F40\u2019s muscular style Plexiglass increased down-force gave way to wind-ups","FERRARI F40 . 269 Wind-cheating design SPECIFICATIONS Every aspect of the F40\u2019s design was determined by aerodynamics and air\ufb02ow, from its steeply raked nose Model Ferrari F40, 1987\u20132002 Power output 478 bhp at 7,000 rpm to the three air intakes at the front of the car\u2014one large Transmission 5-speed manual central example for the radiator and two smaller side Assembly Maranello, Italy Suspension Front and rear independent vents for the brakes\u2014and the conspicuous scoops on Brakes Discs front and rear the hood. Pop-up headlights were supplemented Production 1,311 Maximum speed 201 mph (324 km\/h) by \ufb02ush-\ufb01tting indicators and fog-light assembly. Construction Oval-section tubular steel and composites Engine 2,936 cc, V8","270 . THE 1980S THE EXTERIOR 1 2 35 Made up of just 11 panels, the F40\u2019s carbon-\ufb01ber, Kevlar, and Nomex body shell was offered to customers in one color\u2014 Rosso Corsa, or Racing Red. The high-tech materials resulted in an exceptionally light kerb weight of just 2,420 lb (1,100 kg) which, combined with the ultra-rigid tubular-steel chassis, contributed to a car with exceptional handling. Unsubtle air vents of varying sizes peppered the bodywork, adding to the sense of menace generated by the F40\u2019s aggressive styling. 4 1. Prancing Horse logo with initials for Scuderia Ferrari, the racing team division 2. Ferrari script positioned above rear license plate 3. Pop-up headlights replaced by faired lights on some race-modi\ufb01ed F40s 4. Air duct for engine cooling 5. Traditional \ufb01ve-spoke wheel design given sporty makeover 6. Locking \ufb01ller cap for 32-gallon (120-liter) fuel tank 7. F40 logo etched into strut of rear aerofoil 8. Vents in engine cover direct air to wing 9. Cooling air vent on base of wing 10. Ferrari\u2019s traditional twin circular taillights 11. Triple exhaust pipes emerge from center of rear 12 13 14 THE INTERIOR The racing character of the F40 was re\ufb02ected in its bare-bones cockpit, which was functional and spartan in the extreme. There was no place for electric windows, carpets, or even door handles, with the only concession to luxury being the presence of air conditioning. Interior trim was virtually nonexistent, and the red cloth-covered Kevlar seats presented the sole splash of color in what was a predominantly monochrome driving environment. 12. All F40s were produced in left-hand drive 13. Logo ornament doubles as horn 14. Speedometer and rev-counter that red-lines at 8,000rpm 15. Five-speed gearshift lever in chrome 16. Lightweight drilled pedals","67 FERRARI F40 . 271 8 9 11 10 15 UNDER THE HOOD 19 17 20 Not only did the mighty 90\u00b0 V8 incorporate twin turbochargers, it also sported two intercoolers to squeeze additional power out of the engine. The unit\u2019s performance \ufb01gures were exceptional, with the engine\u2019s record-breaking 478bhp output equating to a staggering 160bhp per liter. The absence of power steering or anti-lock braking system provided further proof that this sublime example of automotive engineering really was aimed at those able to drive at the extremes. 17. Engine had a bore (internal cylinder diameter) of 82mm and a stroke (distance traveled by pistons) of 69.5mm 18. Horizontally mounted exhaust muf\ufb02er 19. Coil springs and shock absorber, adjustable on later models 20. Storage area under hood 16 18","272 . THE 1980s Nissan Prairie 1983 Origin Japan Multi-Purpose Vehicles Engine 1,809 cc, straight-four Top speed 99 mph (159 km\/h) The 1980s saw the Sport-Utility Vehicle (SUV) market continue to Boxy and spacious, and with sliding grow, spawning some powerful 4x4s with exceptional mud-plugging rear doors, the Prairie, a Stanza ability, and some comfort-oriented cars with only limited ability on Wagon in the United States, revealed rough terrain. At the same time, a new niche was discovered, for a new market for van-like road cars spacious seven-seat Multi-Purpose Vehicles (MPVs), based on car and sold over a million in six years. or van platforms and aimed at larger families with a lot to carry. Land Rover Discovery 1989 Nissan Patrol 1982 Origin UK Origin Japan Engine 2,495 cc, straight-four Top speed 107 mph (172 km\/h) Engine 3,246 cc, straight-six Bridging the gap between the luxury Range Rover and the basic Land Rover, Top speed 80 mph (129 km\/h) the Discovery was superb off-road and had a plush Conran-designed interior. Rugged and basic compared with It won a British Design Council award. more upmarket rivals, the Patrol was an unashamed workhorse with live axles, semi-elliptic springs, and four- and six-cylinder engines. Land Rover 88 SIII 1971 The basic Land Rover continued to Origin UK be among the best off-road vehicles Engine 2,286 cc, straight-four throughout the 1980s. Creature Top speed 68 mph (109 km\/h) comforts were limited, especially on this ex-army lightweight model. Mitsubishi Chariot 1984 Also sold as the Space Wagon, the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen 1979 Origin Japan Nimbus, and the Expo, this compact Origin Germany\/Austria Engine 1,725 cc, straight-four \ufb01ve- or seven-seater was one of Engine 2,746 cc, straight-six Top speed 97 mph (156 km\/h) the \ufb01rst ever MPVs. It had two- Top speed 92 mph (148 km\/h) and four-wheel-drive models. Coil-sprung live axles gave the G-Wagen a smoother ride than its rival Land Rover, but high price and basic looks limited sales until Mercedes-Benz improved these in 1991. Plymouth Voyager 1984 Plymouth\u2019s version of Chrysler\u2019s Origin USA all-new Minivan responded to a Engine 2,213 cc, straight-four new MPV craze, previously only Top speed 96 mph (154 km\/h) served by van adaptations like the Volkswagen Microbus. Suzuki Vitara 1988 Origin Japan Engine 1,590 cc, straight-four Top speed 87 mph (140 km\/h) Suzuki mixed its off-road expertise with normal road car comforts in this compact soft-roader. Called a Sidekick in the United States, it established a niche market for the mini 4x4.","M U LT I - P U R P OS E V E H I C L ES . 273 Lamborghini LM002 1986 Italian supercar maker Lamborghini Origin Italy gave the LM002 a huge V12 engine Engine 5,167 cc, V12 feeding from six Weber carburetors. Top speed 125 mph (201 km\/h) Super-fast on sand, it became a favorite among Arab oil sheikhs. Renault Espace 1984 Matra\u2019s MPV took years to reach Daihatsu Rocky 1987 Origin France production; scheduled to be a Simca, it Origin Japan Engine 1,995 cc, straight-four ended up a Renault. Features included Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) a galvanized inner shell, \ufb01berglass Engine 1,589 cc, straight-four skin, and seven movable seats. Top speed 89 mph (143 km\/h) Sold as the Sportrak or Feroza in some markets, the Rocky was a compact leisure 4x4. Two- and four-wheel- drive options gave fair on- and off-road performance. Pontiac Trans Sport 1989 General Motors responded to Origin USA the Chrysler Minivans with this Engine 3,135 cc, V6 rakishly styled, long-nosed MPV. It Top speed 107 mph (172 km\/h) had a galvanized shell and plastic panels like Matra\u2019s Espace. Rayton Fissore Magnum 1985 Origin Italy Engine 2,492 cc, V6 Top speed 104 mph (168 km\/h) The Magnum was built by Fissore, using a shortened military Iveco four-wheel- drive chassis. It had Fiat\/VM\/Alfa 4- or 6-cylinder engines\u2014or a V8 in the United States, where it sold as the Laforza. Jeep Cherokee 1984 The \ufb01rst Jeep to have its chassis Origin USA combined into a monocoque welded- Engine 2,838 cc, V6 steel bodyshell was a much more Top speed 96 mph (154 km\/h) civilized car than its predecessors. It enjoyed greater sales as a result. Jeep Wrangler 1987 Conceived by AMC to rejuvenate the Origin USA basic Jeep model with overtones of Engine 3,956 cc, straight-six its wartime ancestor, the Wrangler Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) used 2.5-liter 4-cylinder or 4.0-liter 6-cylinder engines.","274 . T H E 1 9 8 0 S Armand Peugeot Great marques (far left) in his Type 21 Phaeton, 1900 The Peugeot story Peugeot can rightfully claim to be among the oldest car manufacturers still in existence. In business long before the advent of the automobile, Peugeot has been making cars for more than a century. A giant of the industry, it remains one of the world\u2019s largest producers, having absorbed several former rivals. ARMAND PEUGEOT WAS born in the pioneering 1894 Paris-Rouen 3,000 by the time Sporty poster of its withdrawal in In this poster from 1849 in H\u00e9rimoncourt, eastern Rally. In 1895 Peugeot became the 1916. Rather larger than around 1918, artist the B\u00e9b\u00e9 was Peugeot\u2019s Ren\u00e9 Vincent uses France. In 1865 he joined the family \ufb01rst marque to adopt pneumatic 7.6-liter racer, which the colors of the claimed the 1912 French French \ufb02ag as a metalworking business, which tires rather than solid rubber Grand Prix and the swirling backdrop following year\u2019s to showcase a Peugeot made a range of tools and ones, along with sliding Indianapolis 500 honors. racing car. domestic goods. Armand gear transmission. During World War I, Peugeot\u2019s manufacturing While the move was was the main driving The business parted facilities were largely given over to bold, it was not a the production of armaments and commercial success: force behind the \ufb01rm\u2019s company with Daimler and military vehicles. The company The French car-buying public proved emerged from the hostilities with resistant to their charms, and all entry into bicycle manufacture began designing and building bolstered coffers, enabling it to three variations on the theme expand greatly during the 1920s, were slow sellers. in 1882. He was intrigued its own engines in-house taking over both the Ballanger and As with all other French marques, De Dion marques in 1927. A year Peugeot\u2019s factories were taken over by by the prospect of Peugeot logo from 1896. In the same the Nazis after France was occupied developing a \u201chorseless (introduced 2002) year, Armand Peugeot by German forces in 1940. Postwar carriage,\u201d and by the broke free of family ties end of the decade he had built a batch and set up his own company in of high-wheeled chassis intended for Audincourt. By 1900 output was steam propulsion. He abandoned the running at 500 cars per year, and project after meeting Gottlieb Daimler three years later the \ufb01rm was and \u00c9mile Levassor, who persuaded responsible for manufacturing half him instead to produce cars based on of all cars produced in France. a Daimler concept. Peugeot\u2019s vehicles Yet as Armand Peugeot\u2019s \ufb01rm grew \u201cI cleared the ground for the . . . public appreciation were powered by gas-fueled internal in stature, his personal wealth began of the automobile.\u201d combustion engines made by Panhard to dwindle. In 1910 he joined forces et Levassor under license from with his cousin, Eug\u00e8ne, who still Daimler. ran the family business. Peugeot\u2019s The \ufb01rst \ufb01ve cars emerged in 1891, Audincourt factory was modernized although all were very different in to aid ef\ufb01ciency, and in 1913 the design. Serious manufacture began in company unveiled the tiny 6CV Type ARMAND PEUGEOT, C.1900 earnest two years later, with 24 cars BP-1, designed by Ettore Bugatti. The being built. Peugeot was present at production of the popular B\u00e9b\u00e9, as the later it introduced the Peugeot 201, manufacture restarted in 1945, and then the cheapest conventional car three years later Peugeot\u2019s \ufb01rst new the birth of motor sport, taking part in BP-1 was nicknamed, would exceed on sale in France. The 201 was also model, the 203, entered production. the \ufb01rst Peugeot model to feature a Although it borrowed some of its 402 \u00c9clipse D\u00e9capotable zero in its model designation. running gear from pre-war models, The convertible version of Peugeot\u2019s 402 the 203 had a roomy body that looked The 1930s saw Peugeot struggle very much in tune with the times. family car featured a power-operated during the Depression, not helped by The success of the 203 would be retractable hardtop roof\u2014the \ufb01rst the fact that its rapid expansion had long-lived, with nearly 700,000 being of its kind in the world. saddled it with a vast and incoherent made until the end of the model\u2019s model range and a multitude of production in 1960. inef\ufb01cient factories. During the second half of the decade it showed An even bigger seller than the 203 great daring by adopting designer was 1955\u2019s handsome 403 sedan, Jean Andreau\u2019s aerodynamic outlines styled by the Italian design company for the 202, 302, and 402 models. Pinin Farina (later called Pininfarina).","THE PEUGEOT STORY . 275 BP-1 (B\u00c9B\u00c9) 403 205 TURBO 16 908 HDI FAP 1965 Peugeot\u2019s \ufb01rst front-wheel-drive car is 1984 Ari Vatanen wins Rally Finland (the 1810 Peugeot begins commercial life 1923 Annual production exceeds 10,000 producing steel and hand tools. vehicles for the \ufb01rst time. the 204; in 1967 it offers the world\u2019s \u201c1,000 Lakes Rally\u201d) in a 205 Turbo 16 smallest-capacity diesel engine. \u2014Peugeot\u2019s \ufb01rst major victory of the 1889 Production of automobiles commences 1926 The 100,000th Peugeot car is made. 1969 Total vehicle production passes the World Rally Championship era. under the Peugeot Fr\u00e8res banner. 1928 Firm is divided to create Automobiles 5-million mark. 1985 Peugeot team wins the World Rally 1974 Peugeot takes major stake in Citr\u00f6en, Championship for drivers and 1890 Armand Peugeot unveils his gas- Peugeot and Cycles Peugeot (also increasing to 90 percent in 1976. manufacturers with the 205 T16. powered \u201cPeugeot Type 2\u201d prototype. making household appliances). 1978 Peugeot acquires Chrysler\u2019s European 1987 Peugeot claims the \ufb01rst of four 1934 402 \u00c9clipse D\u00e9capotable is the world\u2019s interests, eventually making the \ufb01rm consecutive Dakar Rally victories. 1895 Peugeot becomes the \ufb01rst car \ufb01rst convertible with an electrically Europe\u2019s number one producer. 2009 908 HDi FAP diesels \ufb01nish \ufb01rst and manufacturer to equip its vehicles operated retractable hardtop roof. 1979 Peugeot offers a turbocharged diesel second at Le Mans, breaking Audi\u2019s with pneumatic tires. 1955 Arrival of the 403 sedan is the \ufb01rst engine in its 604\u2014a world \ufb01rst. decade-long stranglehold on the class. fruit of a longstanding relationship 1912 Peugeot wins the French Grand Prix. with Italy\u2019s Pinin Farina styling house. 1913 Jules Goux wins the Indianapolis 500 aboard Peugeot\u2019s 7.6-liter racing car. Turbo in the snow Ari Vatanen and his co-driver, Terry Harryman, are seen here in their Peugeot 205 Turbo 16 on their way to \ufb01rst place in the 1985 Swedish Rally. Their victory helped Peugeot win the manufacturers\u2019 championship. This was followed in 1960 by the 404, 204, which, after a protracted gestation turnover and production capacity, but taking the World Rally Championship which used a 1,618 cc version of the period, emerged in 1965. The 204 was its expansionist aims were not yet title in 1985 and 1986, and the 1992 403 engine tilted at 45 degrees. The the \ufb01rst Peugeot with front-wheel satis\ufb01ed, and in 1978 it also acquired World Sports Car Championship. 404 proved rugged enough to win the drive\u2014soon to be a standard feature Chrysler\u2019s European subsidiaries. The More recently, the marque has also East African Safari Rally in four of the of the marque\u2014and over 1.5 million new parent company, Peugeot Soci\u00e8t\u00e9 returned to the race track, taking the six competitions between 1963 and 204s were made from 1965 to 1976. Anonyme (PSA), aimed to maintain 2009 Le Mans 24-hour title with its 1968. More models followed, many separate identities for Peugeot and diesel-engined 908 HDi FAP. of which were styled by Pininfarina, In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Citro\u00ebn while sharing resources. While including the 504 of 1968\u2014one of Peugeot embarked on joint ventures Citro\u00ebn models subsequently lost some Future Peugeot plans include Peugeot\u2019s most distinctive cars. with other marques, including Volvo of their individuality, the Peugeot developing diesel-hybrid road cars and and Renault. In 1974 the company brand remained strong. In 1983 expanding further into the Chinese Despite the success of its sedans, acquired a substantial stake in its Peugeot scored a big hit with its and Latin American markets. The Peugeot was losing out in the market archrival Citro\u00ebn, which became a 90 205 hatchback. It used the 205 to Peugeot family still retains a quarter because its range lacked a small car. percent shareholding two years later. reestablish itself as a force in rallying, share of the business, itself something The company addressed this with the This effectively doubled Peugeot\u2019s of an achievement in such a \ufb01ckle industry. Despite facing many storms, Peugeot has managed to sustain its position as one of the world\u2019s foremost marques.","276 . THE 1980S Premium Luxury In the 1980s car manufacturers remained convinced that the best way to build a luxury car was with a front engine and rear-wheel drive, plus a good deal of weight. Lightweight construction and materials had yet to in\ufb02uence this sector of the market, and fuel economy was not a priority. The Saab 900 was an exception\u2014a light, front-drive vehicle that opened a new niche in the market for luxury cars. Aston Martin V8 Vantage 1977 The ultimate 1970s Aston Martin Origin UK became even more potent in 1986 Engine 5,340 cc, V8 with 432 bhp. The style remained Top speed 168 mph (270 km\/h) the same, complete with sumptuous leather and walnut veneers. Shanghai SH760 1964 The Shanghai Automotive Industry Bristol Beau\ufb01ghter 1980 Origin China Corporation built 79,526 of this Origin UK Engine 2,200 cc, straight-six imposing car almost unaltered from Top speed 85 mph (137 km\/h) 1964 to 1991. It was inspired by Engine 5,900 cc, V8 Soviet and Mercedes models. Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) Based on the 412, rather bluntly styled by Zagato, the niche market Beau\ufb01ghter had the extra appeal of turbocharging for its Chrysler V8 engine and a lift-off roof panel. Lincoln Mark VII 1984 The Mark VII was a two-door coup\u00e9 Origin USA with optional designer interiors. Engine 4,949 cc, V8 Based on the four-door Continental Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) platform, it had BMW turbodiesel or Ford V8 engine choices. BMW 3-series Convertible 1986 By engineering rollover protection into Origin Germany the windshield frame, BMW produced Engine 2,495 cc, straight-six the cleanest-looking convertible of its Top speed 135 mph (217 km\/h) day. The power hood all but disappeared when it was retracted. Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit 1980 Origin UK Engine 6,750 cc, V8 Top speed 119 mph (192 km\/h) The Silver Spirit was the ultimate in luxury and quality of build, but its sheer weight, its aging engine, and its stately styling lost it sales to more modern luxury cars.","PREMIUM LUXURY . 277 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham 1980 The top of Cadillac\u2019s prestige line Jaguar XJ12 1979 Jaguar\u2019s 350 bhp \ufb02agship sedan Origin USA remained conventional with large Origin UK looked more elegant than ever with Engine 6,037 cc, V8 dimensions, a large V8 engine, and Engine 5,343 cc, V12 its makeover by Pininfarina for the Top speed 104 mph (167 km\/h) live rear axle. Luxury trim and Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) 1980s. It continued to make other power steering came as standard. luxury cars seem overpriced. Cadillac Sedan De Ville 1985 Cadillac gave the world a front-wheel- Saab 900 Convertible 1986 Origin USA drive V8. It had the same interior space Origin Sweden Engine 4,087 cc, V8 as before, but in a smaller bodyshell. U.S. Engine 1,985 cc, straight-four Top speed 119 mph (191 km\/h) buyers still wanted big cars, however, Top speed 126 mph (203 km\/h) and sales suffered. Despite being no more than a progressively developed 1960s front-drive model, the Saab 900 Convertible sold well into the 1990s, and was spoiled only by its turbo lag. Lexus LS400 1989 Origin Japan Engine 3,969 cc, V8 Top speed 147 mph (237 km\/h) The Lexus was Toyota\u2019s \ufb02agship car of 1989. It successfully challenged existing U.S. and European high-end cars on aerodynamics, quietness, top speed, and fuel ef\ufb01ciency. Volvo 760GLE 1982 Aimed at the U.S. luxury market, Ferrari 412 1986 Ferrari\u2019s executive family car came Origin Sweden the 760GLE helped the 700 series Origin Italy with comfortable seats, leather Engine 2,849 cc, straight-four sell over a million. In 1984 it became Engine 4,942 cc, V12 trim, air conditioning, and anti-lock Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) turbocharged and intercooled, Top speed 158 mph (254 km\/h) brakes. Vitally, it was still as exciting greatly improving performance. to drive as a Ferrari should be. Mercedes-Benz 190 1982 Mercedes-Benz 560 Origin Germany SEC 1985 Engine 1,997 cc, straight-four Origin Germany Top speed 117 mph (188 km\/h) Engine 5,547 cc, V8 Mercedes\u2019 entry-level model for the Top speed 156 mph (251 km\/h) 1980s was very well equipped and extremely durable. It easily ran for The 560 SEC was at the top of 300,000 miles (480,000 km) or so Mercedes\u2019 quality-laden coup\u00e9 without needing major attention. range. Very expensive when new, it had 300 bhp from its big V8 engine and 6.8-second 0\u201360 mph acceleration.","","The 1990s Race-tuned & retro | American resurgence & Korean emergence | Hummers & Hondas","280 . THE 1990s Modern Roadsters Nissan Figaro 1989 Nissan popularized retro styling with Origin Japan this Micra-based two-seater with The 1990s saw the resurgence of sports cars, as fears that Engine 987 cc, straight-four roll-back sunroof and three-speed legislation would ban open cars receded. Manufacturers were Top speed 106 mph (171 km\/h) automatic transmission. It was divided on whether the best sporting solution was the traditional fun, but not sporting. front-engine rear-drive, mid-engine rear-drive, or front-engine front-drive. Rounded styling returned, along with the arrival of retro\u2014and luxury, including folding hardtop roofs. Porsche 944 S2 The \ufb01nal development Porsche Boxster 1996 Cabriolet 1989 of the 1976 Porsche 924 Origin Germany Origin Germany was the 944 S2, which Engine 2,480 cc, \ufb02at-six Engine 2,990 cc, straight-four was also at last available Top speed 152 mph (245 km\/h) Top speed 149 mph (240 km\/h) as a convertible\u2014but production ended in 1991. Almost 50 years after its \ufb01rst mid-engined prototype, Porsche \ufb01nally introduced a mid-engined road sports car, which became its fastest-selling sports car ever. Mazda MX-5 MkI 1989 Inspired by the 1960s Lotus Elan, Origin Japan Mazda reintroduced the world to Engine 1,597 cc, straight-four traditional sports-car fun with the Top speed 114 mph (183 km\/h) twin-cam, front-engined, rear-wheel drive MX-5 (also called Miata\/Eunos). BMW Z3 1996 BMW\u2019s \ufb01rst-ever volume sports car Morgan Plus 8 1990 Origin Germany had retro looks, rear-wheel drive, Origin UK Engine 1,895 cc, straight-four and an uncompromized roadster Top speed 123 mph (198 km\/h) feel. The Z3 was \ufb01tted with 1.8, 1.9, Engine 3,946 cc, V8 2.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.0, or 3.2-liter engines. Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) The ultra-traditional Morgan, with its wood-framed body and separate chassis, started using Rover\u2019s 3.5-liter V8 engine in 1968. It got the 3.9-liter version in 1990. Suzuki Cappuccino Restricted to 85 mph, the TVR Grif\ufb01th 400 1992 1991 Cappuccino was designed to Origin UK Origin Japan give fun motoring within Engine 3,948 cc, V8 Engine 657 cc, straight-three Japan\u2019s Kei car tax regulations. Top speed 148 mph (238 km\/h) Top speed 85 mph (137 km\/h) Front-engined and rear-driven, it is a real mini-sports car. The best British sports car of the 1990s had stunning lines and effortless Rover V8 power (with the ultimate soundtrack), but reliability issues dogged it, like all TVRs. Renault Sport Renault wanted to inject Spider 1995 some sporty excitement into Origin France the brand, so it commissioned Engine 1,998 cc, straight-four this roo\ufb02ess, mid-engine, Top speed 131 mph (211 km\/h) aluminum-chassis roadster for road and track use.","MODERN ROADSTERS . 281 Alfa Romeo Spider 1995 Available with 2-liter or 3-liter Origin Italy engines, Alfa\u2019s Spider for the 1990s Engine 2,959 cc, V6 was a striking front-wheel-drive Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) sports car designed by Pininfarina, with a high tail but small trunk. MG RV8 1992 The car MG should have built MGF 1995 Origin UK 25 years earlier \ufb01nally entered Origin UK Engine 3,946 cc, V8 limited production in the 1990s, Top speed 136 mph (219 km\/h) with a pumped-up MGB bodyshell, Engine 1,796 cc, straight-four Rover V8 engine, and leather trim. Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) The \ufb01rst serious, new MG sports car for over 30 years was a pretty mid-engined two-seater with clever packaging and good handling from its Hydragas suspension system. Lotus Elise 1996 Using a Rover K-series engine in Origin UK an extruded aluminum chassis with Engine 1,796 cc, straight-four \ufb01berglass body, the Elise weighs Top speed 124 mph (200 km\/h) just 1,599 lb (725 kg), giving superb handling and performance. De Tomaso Guar\u00e0 Spider 1994 More commonly sold as the Coup\u00e9 Mercedes SLK 230K 1997 Origin Italy or Barchetta (just \ufb01ve Spiders were Origin Germany Engine 3,982 cc, V8 built), this was the last project of Engine 2,295 cc, straight-four Top speed 170 mph (274 km\/h) founder Alejandro de Tomaso Top speed 148 mph (238 km\/h) and used BMW running gear. Mercedes\u2019 answer to the BMW Z3 and Porsche Boxster was a more Audi TT Roadster 1999 Honda S2000 1999 civilized sports car (almost all those Origin Germany Origin Japan sold were automatics) with an Engine 1,781 cc, straight-four Engine 1,997 cc, straight-four electric hardtop and a supercharger. Top speed 138 mph (222 km\/h) Top speed 150 mph (241 km\/h) Fiat built the Barchetta on the Built in Hungary with either 4X2 or 4X4, This rear-wheel-drive sports car was built Punto platform but, with a brand Audi\u2019s TT uses Volkswagen Golf technology. to the highest standards to mark Honda\u2019s new twin-cam engine and beautiful, It suffered bad press due to high speed 50th birthday celebration. It had the world\u2019s in-house-designed body, it\u2019s a far instability, prompting recall modi\ufb01cations. highest-revving production car engine. better sports car than many expect. Fiat Barchetta 1995 Origin Italy Engine 1,747 cc, straight-four Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h)","282 . THE 1990s Mazda MX-5 The original MX-5 of 1989, also called the Miata, was a smart mix of all that was best in the classic 1960s sports cars. The difference was that it used cutting-edge technology, from its all-wishbone suspension to its fuel-injected, 16-valve, twin-cam engine. The MX-5 was the product of a rigorous design process carried out in both North America and Japan. The result was a car that was delightful to drive and had no obvious failings, and it soon developed an enthusiastic worldwide fanbase. THE MX-5 was brought to production required, which meant that the FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW by a small team of car-loving engineers, car could have a small 1,600cc and was aimed above all at the U.S. engine\u2014although an 1,800cc unit market. Intended to achieve \u201cthe was later available. It also meant the ultimate unity of car and driver,\u201d the car could be light in weight. Despite MX-5 was designed around a rear- sceptics within Mazda, the MX-5 mounted front engine, to give 50:50 went on to become a huge success, weight distribution. The aluminum and in its original form lasted until backbone chassis helped the car give 1997, by which time over 400,000 crisp responses when driven. For had been made. Two subsequent an affordable, compact sports car, evolutions of the car have stayed out-and-out performance was not true to the character of the original. Oriental symbolism SIDE VIEW WITH CLOSED TOP Mazda has tried various logos over the years. This design was Door mirror designed said to represent the sun with a to control air\ufb02ow over \ufb02ame within. It was introduced shoulder of occupants in 1991, but replaced with a new stylized \u201cM\u201d symbol in 1997. Flush-sitting hood was insisted upon Quarterlight incorporated by project chief Elliptical taillight into windshield to exhibited in New York\u2019s limit buffeting Museum of Modern Art Sides slimmed down for more svelte look U.S.-compliant marker lights re\ufb02ect destination of most MX-5s Bumpers in \u201cOne-\ufb01nger\u201d door handle evokes blow-molded that of Alfa Romeo Spider plastic save weight","MAZDA MX-5 . 283 SPECIFICATIONS Mazda MX-5, 1989\u201397 Power output 114 bhp at 6,500 rpm (1.6 liter) Model Hiroshima, Japan Transmission Five-speed manual Assembly 433,963 Suspension All-around coil-and-wishbone Production Steel monocoque; aluminum hood Brakes Discs front and rear Construction 1,597 cc\/1,839 cc, dohc in-line four Maximum speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) Engine Eclectic in\ufb02uences Although the low air intake and pop-up headlights can be seen as a reference to the Lotus Elan, Mazda\u2019s designers were equally inspired by Japanese culture. The interior allegedly evoked the inviting simplicity of a tea room, and the rounded hood and front re\ufb02ected themes from the carved wooden masks used in Noh theatre. This MX-5 California is one of only 300 made in 1995\u2014all in Sunburst Yellow\u2014to mark the MX-5\u2019s \ufb01fth anniversary.","284 . THE 1990S 1 THE EXTERIOR 2 4 Although the details seem to make reference to past eras, the design of the MX-5 was intended to be timeless. 6 That it still looks fresh is proof of the abilities of its creators, 10 who succeeded in evoking European sports-car heritage without resorting to imitation. Beyond the aesthetics, though, lies intelligent engineering that has resulted in a lightweight, yet strong body. 1. Logo found on later cars, such as this limited-edition California 2. European logo 3. Pop-up headlights feature only on MkI 4. Aerodynamics shape mirror design 5. Alloy wheels, part of California pack 6. Slick, weatherproof hood 7. Fuel \ufb01ller cap located behind hood 8. Round motif in taillights hints at 1960s designs 3 5 78","MAZDA MX-5 . 285 9 THE INTERIOR Mazda\u2019s designers tried to make the interior as intimate and inviting as possible, while keeping costs low. A controversial decision was made to design a cockpit that would be cozy and comfortable for average-sized people, but too tight for particularly large people\u2014accepting that this would lose the company some buyers. Existing Mazda \ufb01ttings were used wherever possible, and door trims were kept simple and \ufb02at. 9. Tight-\ufb01tting interior with Nardi steering wheel 10. Simple controls and round ventilation grilles have a slightly \u201cretro\u201d \ufb02avor 11. Silver dial rims hint at instrumentation of classic British sports cars 12. Seat fabric inspired by Japanese tatami mats 13. Interior door-release echoes external handle 12 11 13 14 15 UNDER THE HOOD The MX-5 uses the same engine as the contemporary Mazda 323, but with retro-look cam covers. The power delivery, however, was changed, and a new silencer system evolved. Recordings of classic exhaust notes were made 16 and their sound waves analyzed, to arrive at a suitably sporty burble. The gearbox, borrowed from the bigger 929, was similarly modi\ufb01ed. The \ufb02ywheel and synchro rings were lightened, the ratios changed, and the throws made shorter. 14. Mazda MX-5 engine has cam covers that echo those of Jaguar, Lotus, and Alfa Romeo power units 15. Fuel injection always standard, rather than carburetors 16. Spare tire is space saver, in trunk with battery","286 . THE 1990S Great marques Toyota RH, The Toyota story 1953\u20131955 With 7.8 million cars and trucks rolling off the production line in 2009, Toyota is the world\u2019s largest vehicle producer. A pioneer of hybrid technology, this Japanese marque prides itself on quality and innovation. Its range extends from tiny economy cars through state-of-the-art sports and racing cars to executive limousines. AFTER GRADUATING in mechanical he was allowed to use the money 3,389cc engine. Called the Toyoda GM plants were closed, and the Model AA, it entered production in government imposed restrictive duties engineering at Tokyo Imperial from this deal to set up the automobile 1936. The following year, the Toyota on imports. Toyota was quick to exploit Motor Company Limited was formed. the opportunity, boosting its monthly University, Kiichiro Toyoda wanted side of the business. The name was changed from Toyoda output of cars, trucks, and buses from to Toyota because it was easier to 100 to 1,500\u20132,000 by the end of the to start building cars in his In 1930 Kiichiro built pronounce in English,and, crucially, 1930s. To bring more of the production when written in Japanese it had eight process in-house, the company set up father Sakichi\u2019s factory, a two-cylinder engine strokes\u2014a lucky number in Japan. the Toyoda Steel Works to supply steel, and the Toyoda Machine Works to which produced and then a small car At the time, almost all cars sold in make machine tools and auto parts. Japan were U.S. imports, but that was automatic weaving to run it, but it was about to change as the Japanese During World War II, Toyota made government struggled with a balance- trucks for the Japanese army. Post-war looms. To learn about not successful. Starting of-payments de\ufb01cit. Japan\u2019s Ford and production of civilian vehicles began slowly under the economic restrictions the automotive again from scratch, he imposed by the Allied Occupation Authority. One of Toyota\u2019s \ufb01rst vehicles business, Kiichiro visited Toyota logo then produced a more was a 4x4, which in 1951 would be car manufacturers in Europe (introduced 1989) conventional, American-type used as the basis for the Land Cruiser and the United States. After car, with a Chevrolet-sourced \u2014a model that went on to sell over 6 million worldwide by the end of 2008. the sale of one of his father\u2019s loom chassis, a \ufb02owing, Chrysler-like body, Back in 1950, with the company still patents to a British company in 1929, and an overhead-valve, straight-six, struggling, wage reductions and Toyota Tiara The Tiara sedan was an export version of the Corona. Here, model Diane Chiljan poses for the cameras at a publicity event to mark the car\u2019s of\ufb01cial U.S. unveiling in New York, 1960.","THE TOYOTA STORY . 287 COROLLA MR2 LAND CRUISER IQ 1935 Toyoda G1 truck is launched (20 built). 1962 Toyota produces its 1-millionth vehicle. 1989 Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK 1999 Toyota produces its 100-millionth 1936 The 3,389 cc, six-cylinder Toyoda Model 1966 The Corolla is launched; it soon is formed, producing cars for the vehicle. European market and beyond\u2014even AA is the \ufb01rst production car. becomes a worldwide best-seller. for export to Japan. 2002 Toyota\u2019s \ufb01rst race in Formula 1. 1937 Toyota Motor Company Limited is 1970 Celica sports coup\u00e9 is introduced. 2007 Toyota sells its 1-millionth hybrid 1972 Toyota produces its 10-millionth vehicle. 1989 The Lexus brand is launched to target formed: All future cars will be known 1980 Toyota becomes the world\u2019s largest the luxury market outside Japan. vehicle. as Toyotas. 2008 The iQ compact car is launched; it is 1947 Toyota\u2019s 100,000th vehicle is produced. volume producer of private vehicles. 1993 Toyota Celica wins the World Rally 1951 The Toyota Land Cruiser is launched. 1984 The mid-engined MR2 sports car Championship, and again in 1994. the world\u2019s smallest four-seat car. 1957 First Toyota Crown exported to the U.S. 2010 Toyota recalls over 8 million vehicles 1961 The Total Quality Control program debuts; Toyota reopens a disused GM 1994 RAV4 compact leisure off-roader is launched in a bid to raise Toyota\u2019s factory in California. is introduced. to correct faults. It is \ufb01ned $16.375 production standards. 1986 The 50-millionth Toyota vehicle million for the delayed recall of cars comes off the production line. 1997 The Prius hybrid goes on sale in Japan; over faulty accelerator pedals; total it will be sold worldwide from 2001. recall costs are $1.93 billion. layoffs were announced, leading to an Breakthrough model never entered serious production, but Championship in 1993, 1994, and eight-week strike by the workforce that The Corolla proved to the did earn Toyota the respect of sports- 1999, and in 2002 Toyota made its \ufb01rst caused Kiichiro Toyoda to resign. His world that Toyota could make car buyers\u2014just what it needed to foray into Formula 1. Toyota has also nephew, Eiji Toyoda, then took the small, cheap cars without launch the affordable Celica coup\u00e9 in carved out a name for itself as a leader helm, keeping the family link alive. compromising on their quality. 1970. The Celica became a hit in the in the \ufb01eld of hybrid vehicles, which United States and Europe, winning combine conventional engines with Eiji spent three months in the United apart from Volkswagen. races and rallies around the world. electric motors. The Prius, on sale from States visiting Ford, and what he saw The family-size Corolla, 1997, was the world\u2019s \ufb01rst mass- there would later help him to turn launched in 1966, rapidly Shoichiro Toyoda, Kiichiro\u2019s son, produced hybrid; by the end of 2010, it Toyota into one of Japan\u2019s most became Japan\u2019s best- became president of the Toyota Group had notched up around 2 million sales. ef\ufb01cient car manufacturers. In the selling car. Well in 1982. One of the \ufb01rst all-new cars to short term, Toyota was saved from engineered, well be launched under his tenure was an As Toyota grew, it established bankruptcy by a large order for military designed, compact, affordable, mid-engined sports model, factories throughout the world. It now vehicles from the Allied Occupation and affordable, it had a universal the MR2. With a 16-valve, double- has a manufacturing presence in 26 Authority, during the Korean War of appeal and proved especially popular overhead-cam engine and all-disc countries, and always tries to exploit 1950\u20131953. In an ingenious effort to in Europe. By 2009 the Toyota Corolla brakes, the expertly engineered MR2 the opportunities that each presents; boost sales, Toyota began teaching had sold 25 million worldwide. was an instant success. Four years later, one example is the Aygo city car, built people to drive. The strategy was a Toyota introduced both a supercharged in the Czech Republic since 2005 as a success, since most new drivers were Under Eiji Toyoda, the company edition of the MR2 and a T-bar joint project with Peugeot. eager to buy the make of car in which adopted an aggressive acquisitions semi-convertible version, turning to they had learned. policy, taking over Hino in 1966 and turbocharging for the second Akio Toyoda, son of Shoichiro, was Daihatsu in 1967. Expansion was rapid, generation MR2 in 1989. In 1989, made president in 2009 and led Toyota Toyota launched its Lexus brand in through its most dif\ufb01cult challenge for \u201cWe will develop . . . a car the United States, recognizing that 60 years: the recall of over 8 million that can rival foreign cars luxury-car drivers might hesitate cars due to faulty accelerator pedals. in performance and price.\u201d to buy a brand known for making With recall costs of $1.93 billion, the compact cars. Lexus products have crisis resulted in huge losses for Toyota KIICHIRO TOYODA, C.1935 since gone global, arriving on the and tarnished its reputation for quality. Japanese market in 2005. The Crown, one of the marque\u2019s and Toyota grew from the world\u2019s Toyota Prius hybrid power plant best-known models, was launched in \ufb01fth-largest car maker in 1969 to the For Toyota, motor sport has become The Prius has both an electric motor and a 1954, and it spearheaded Toyota\u2019s \ufb01rst third-largest three years later. Toyota an increasingly important marketing gas engine. The car can start and travel attempt to break into the American also began moving into sports cars. Its tool: The Celica won the World Rally at low speeds on its electric motor; above market in 1957. Although it was some \ufb01rst model, the cute and innovative a certain speed, the gas engine kicks in. time before the U.S. public became Sports 800, had a lift-off hardtop. This receptive to Japanese cars, the \ufb01rm\u2019s 790cc midget was soon joined by the production continued to rise as other 2000GT, Japan\u2019s \ufb01rst serious grand markets around the world gradually tourer. The 2000GT had beautiful lines, opened up to Toyota. By 1965 Toyota double overhead camshafts, a straight- was building 50,000 cars and trucks per six engine, a \ufb01ve-speed synchromesh month, and by the end of the decade it gearbox, all-independent suspension, was exporting more cars to the United all-disc brakes, and a top speed of States than any other manufacturer 140mph (225km\/h). The 2000GT","288 . THE 1990s Porsche 962 1984 A sports prototype designed for Origin Germany races such as Le Mans and the Competition Machines Engine 2,995 cc, \ufb02at-six IMSA GTP series, the aluminum- Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) chassis 962 was winning races This was the decade of technology, as manufacturers strove well into the 1990s. to achieve more performance than ever before. Restricted by regulations, they designed to reduce speeds and danger. Active suspension, active differentials, traction control, and semi-automatic transmissions were among the developments aimed at helping drivers get the most from cars, while twin turbochargers and their intercoolers helped get the most out of the engines. Benetton-Ford Benetton\u2019s answer to the BMW V12 LMR 1998 B193 1993 high-tech revolution in Formula 1, Origin Germany Origin UK the B193 had active suspension Engine 3,493 cc, V8 and traction control. Michael Engine 6,100 cc, V12 Top speed 200 mph (322 km\/h) Schumacher used one to win the Portuguese GP in 1993. Top speed 214 mph (344 km\/h) This striking roadster was built to win the Le Mans 24-hour race in France. It became the \ufb01rst BMW ever to do so in 1999, and won the Sebring 12 Hours in the United States that same year. Leyton House\u2013Judd CG901B 1990 Leading Formula 1 designer Adrian Newey Origin UK tried out some advanced aerodynamic Engine 3,496 cc, V8 ideas on this Formula 1 racer; it had little Top speed 205 mph (330 km\/h) success, though it did lead for most of the French GP in 1990. Sauber-Mercedes C11 1990 With 950 bhp from its twin- Origin Switzerland turbocharged Mercedes V8 engine, Engine 4,973 cc, V8 the C11 dominated the 1990 World Top speed 240 mph (386 km\/h) Sportscar Championship and continued winning into 1991. Subaru Subaru Impreza WRC 1993 Origin Japan Subaru was a little-known Japanese car maker Engine 1,994 cc, \ufb02at-four producing anonymous road cars that happened Top speed 135 mph (217 km\/h) to have four-wheel drive and \u201cboxer\u201d engines\u2014 until it started rallying. After showing potential Prodrive began \ufb01elding Imprezas in 1993, with the Legacy, Subaru engaged British motor- won its \ufb01rst rally with Carlos Sainz in sport company Prodrive to prepare Imprezas for 1994, and took the World Driver\u2019s the World Rally Championship. With top drivers title with Colin McRae in 1995. such as Colin McRae, Richard Burns, Carlos Sainz, and Juha Kankkunen, their spectacular success made Subaru world famous.","COMPETITION MACHINES . 289 Ferrari F300 1998 The F300 was the \ufb01rst Ferrari Origin Italy built under the highly successful Engine 2,997 cc, V10 pairing of Ross Brawn and Top speed 210 mph (338 km\/h) Rory Byrne: it gave Michael Schumacher six wins in 1998. Audi R8R 1999 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Known by the dinosaur painted Origin Germany \u201cT-Rex\u201d 1997 on the roof, Jeff Gordon\u2019s car Origin USA won the 1997 NASCAR All Star Engine 3,596 cc, V8 Engine 5,850 cc, V8 race so easily that, even though Top speed 215 mph (346 km\/h) it was legal, of\ufb01cials asked him Top speed 208 mph (335 km\/h) not to bring it back. Audi\u2019s \ufb01rst Le Mans racer, with twin-turbo 600 bhp V8, proved reliable from the start but needed development to match the pace of rivals Toyota and BMW. Williams-Renault FW16B 1994 Chevrolet Monte Carlo The hugely popular NASCAR Origin UK 2000 racing series features Engine 3,493 cc, V10 Origin USA composite silhouette bodies Top speed 210 mph (338 km\/h) Engine 5,850 cc, V8 resembling road cars, such Top speed 215 mph (346 km\/h) as this Chevy, mounted on full Damon Hill won six Grands Prix in 1994 race chassis with tuned V8s. in the FW16B; he would have won the World Championship if a brush with Michael Schumacher hadn\u2019t taken him out of the last race. Williams-Renault FW18 1996 Origin UK Engine 3,000 cc, V10 Top speed 210 mph (338 km\/h) The dream team of Patrick Head and Adrian Newey developed another world beater in the FW18, giving Damon Hill a World Championship title in 1996. Subaru Impreza WRC 1999 Subaru Impreza WRC 2000 Origin Japan Origin Japan Engine 1,994 cc, \ufb02at-four Engine 1,994 cc, \ufb02at-four Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) Richard Burns and Juha Kankkunen led the Subaru comeback in 2000 with the The Impreza was steadily redesigned intercooled and turbocharged Impreza, to make full use of rule changes Burns taking four wins in the season. in World Rallying, with active differentials and semi-automatic Subaru Impreza WRX 2000 From its launch, Subaru included transmission in place for 1999. Origin Japan a turbocharged, intercooled version Engine 1,994 cc, \ufb02at-four of its new sedan with racing and Top speed 137 mph (220 km\/h) rallying in mind: it proved extremely successful in motor sport.","","Renault Zoom, 1992 The electric-powered Zoom was a 90s-style low-emission concept car. A tiny, two-seater city runabout, it had rear wheels that could fold forward when parked, allowing it to squeeze into the smallest of urban parking spaces.","292 . THE 1990S Buick Park Avenue 1990 Origin USA U.S. Design Reinvigorated Engine 3,791 cc, V6 In the 1970s and 80s, other than a few notable exceptions, North American car design seemed to lag behind Europe. U.S. car manufacturers were mildly updating Top speed 108 mph (174 km\/h) their over-large, slab-like sedans, while smaller Japanese cars picked away at U.S. market share. Finally, in the 1990s U.S. designers found new life with retro-inspired This big sedan, made until 1996, models and striking pickup trucks that everyone in the United States seemed to want. was the last Buick of\ufb01cially sold in Europe. U.S. buyers had the option of Cadillac Eldorado 1991 a supercharged version capable of Origin USA close to 130mph (209km\/h). Engine 4,893 cc, V8 Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) This last incarnation of the longest- running U.S. personal luxury car model ended in 2002\u2014despite modern styling, large, space- wasting cars had gone out of style. Chevrolet Camaro 1993 The fourth-generation Camaro Origin USA was built in Canada with V6 or V8 Engine 5,733 cc, V8 power, and an optional six-speed Top speed 155 mph (249 km\/h) transmission on the V8. It was good value against Ford\u2019s Mustang. Saturn SL 1990 Dodge Neon 1994 Origin USA Origin USA Engine 1,901 cc, straight-four Engine 1,996 cc, straight-four Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) GM founded the Saturn brand in The Neon marked a move by 1985 to counter Japanese imports. Chrysler to sell worldwide, even in The stylish, aerodynamic S-Series Japan and UK, in right-hand-drive was among the most fuel-ef\ufb01cient form. It was a compact front-wheel- cars then sold in the United States. drive sedan with a 2-liter engine. Dodge Intrepid 1993 Closely related to the Chrysler New Origin USA Yorker, the Dodge had more success; Engine 3,301 cc, V6 it was built until 1997 and was Top speed 112 mph (180 km\/h) followed by a second generation. Engines were 3.3 or 3.5 liters. Oldsmobile Aurora 1994 GM revitalized the Oldsmobile Dodge Ram 1500 1994 Origin USA brand with this striking new Origin USA Engine 3,995 cc, V8 low-drag sports sedan. Well built, Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) fast, and immensely strong, the Engine 5,211 cc, V8 Aurora\u2019s downfall was its high price. Top speed 105 mph (169 km\/h) Styled to look like a trailer truck, the Ram was unsubtle, with engines from a 3.9-liter V6 to a Viper\u2019s 8-liter V10. It was what the U.S. market wanted, and sold rapidly. Plymouth Prowler 1997 Origin USA Engine 3,528 cc, V6 Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) A brave and truly American concept, the Prowler was based on a design by Chip Foose and boasted 5.9-second 0\u201362 mph (0\u2013100 km\/h) acceleration to match its exterior.","U.S. DESIGN REINVIGORATED . 293 Ford Mustang GT 1994 This successful restyle by Patrick Ford Windstar 1994 Ford\u2019s \ufb01rst front-wheel-drive, seven- Ford Taurus 1996 Origin USA Schiavone retained hints of the original Origin USA seat MPV beat rivals with its Origin USA Engine 4,942 cc, V8 Mustang, and also saw the return of a Engine 3,797 cc, V6 smoother performance and handling. Top speed 136 mph (219 km\/h) convertible to the Mustang range. Engines Top speed 116 mph (187 km\/h) It guaranteed Ford a big slice of the Engine 2,967 cc, V6 were 3.8-liter V6, or V8 like this model. U.S. minivan market. Top speed 130 mph (209 km\/h) Jack Telnack\u2019s dramatic 1996 restyle of the Taurus did not prove popular, and it lost its place as the best-selling U.S. car after the \ufb01rst year, despite its user-friendly interior. Mercury\/Ford Cougar 1999 Origin USA Engine 2,540 cc, V6 Top speed 140 mph (225 km\/h) Ford\u2019s second attempt (after the Probe) to repeat the success of its 1970s Capri was built in the United States, and was too large for most customers in the rest of the world. Mercury Villager 1993 A joint project with Nissan, which sold Chrysler New Yorker 1993 Origin USA it as the Quest. this car could seat Origin USA Engine 2,960 cc, V6 seven\u2014with a removable two-seat Top speed 112 mph (180 km\/h) bench in the middle and a sliding\/ Engine 3,494 cc, V6 folding bench for three at the back. Top speed 134 mph (216 km\/h) This \ufb01nal version of Chrysler\u2019s \ufb02agship model had just a three- year life, during which sales tailed off dramatically despite its high speci\ufb01cations and large, airy cabin. General Motors EV1 1996 Chrysler PT Cruiser 1999 Origin USA Origin USA\/Mexico Engine electric motor Engine 2,429 cc, straight-four Top speed 80 mph (129 km\/h) Top speed 121 mph (195 km\/h) GM\u2019s purpose-built electric two-seater Retro-styled and with a resemblance had a 55\u2013150 mile (90\u2013240 km) range; to the Chrysler Air\ufb02ow, this car sold just 1,117 were leased to owners, so GM 1.35 million worldwide in 11 years. The recalled and crushed them in 2002, new millennium brought convertible due to a lack of consumer interest. and turbocharged options.","294 . THE 1990s Fiat Cinquecento 1991 Giugiaro styled Fiat\u2019s tiny four- seater for the 1990s, abandoning Family-Friendly Cars Origin Italy\/Poland the rear-engined layout that had By the 1990s the everyday family car had been transformed. Improvements had been made Engine 903 cc, straight-four served Fiat for almost 40 years. It in the unsung areas of car development, such as soundproo\ufb01ng, windproo\ufb01ng, heating, and ventilation. Electronics to make engines start instantly and run smoothly through a wide rev Top speed 83 mph (134 km\/h) was neat and ef\ufb01cient and sold well. band were also introduced. Almost all cars, from the smallest models up, would now run quietly and comfortably at legal speed limits. Toyota Previa 1990 Origin Japan Engine 2,438 cc, straight-four Top speed 108 mph (174 km\/h) Toyota made this seven- or eight-seater exceptionally spacious for its length by placing the engine near-horizontal under the front seats, behind the line of the front axle. 4x4 was optional. Fiat Multipla 1998 Origin Italy Engine 1,581 cc, straight-four Top speed 106 mph (171 km\/h) Short and wide compared with rival MPVs, the Multipla has two rows of three seats. It was hailed as one of the most innovative cars of its day, though it was also described as ugly. Citro\u00ebn Berlingo Related to Peugeot\u2019s Partner, the Multispace 1996 Berlingo (shown here after its Origin France 2002 facelift) was offered as a van Engine 1,360 cc, straight-four or an adaptable and inexpensive Top speed 94 mph (151 km\/h) passenger vehicle, with an electric powered option. Peugeot 406 TD 2.1 1995 This large family car proved popular. Origin France It had engines from 1.6 to 3.0 liters, Engine 2,088 cc, straight-four and in turbodiesel form it enjoyed a Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) 10-year production life until it was replaced by the 407. Citro\u00ebn Xsara Picasso 1999 Taking over from Renault\u2019s Peugeot 206 By the end of production Origin France\/Spain Sc\u00e9nic as the best-seller in the XR 1998 in 2010, 6.8 million 206s Engine 1,749 cc, straight-four compact MPV market in most Origin France had been made, making Top speed 118 mph (190 km\/h) of Europe, the Picasso was Engine 1,124 cc, straight-four it Peugeot\u2019s best-seller. versatile and family-friendly. Top speed 98 mph (158 km\/h) Engines ranged from 1.0 liter to the 2.0-liter GTi.","Alfa Romeo 156 TS 2.0 1997 Alfa achieved class-leading FA M I LY- F R I E N D LY C A R S . 29 5 Origin Italy styling with this sporting Engine 1,970 cc, straight-four sedan. Features include Subaru Forester 1997 Top speed 133 mph (214 km\/h) concealed rear door handles Origin Japan to give it a coup\u00e9 look. Engine 1,994 cc, \ufb02at-four Top speed 111 mph (179 km\/h) Rover 25 VVC 1999 Based on engineering Subaru\u2019s tough 4x4 station wagon Origin UK from Honda pre-1994, the offered comfortable road driving Engine 1,796 cc, straight-four 25 was well equipped and thanks to its low, \ufb02at engine. This Top speed 127 mph (204 km\/h) good value, with engines made it more versatile than its from 1.1 to 2.0 liters. competitors, though its looks were fairly uninspiring. Volkswagen Sharan 1995 Origin Germany\/Portugal Engine 1,984 cc, straight-four Top speed 110 mph (177 km\/h) Also sold as the SEAT Alhambra and produced alongside the similar Ford Galaxy, Volkswagen\u2019s people-carrier didn\u2019t have the best reliability record. Engines ranged from 1.8 to 2.8 liters. Volkswagen Golf GTI Mk4 1997 The perennial hot hatch Origin Germany continued to sell well in its Engine 1,781 cc, straight-four fourth generation with a turbo Top speed 138 mph (222 km\/h) option. Volkswagen added a 3.2-liter 4x4 model too. Volvo V70 T5 1997 Origin Sweden Engine 2,319 cc, straight-\ufb01ve Top speed 152 mph (245 km\/h) After the success of the 850 T5, Volvo rounded off the angular style and added a high-pressure turbocharger to create this unassuming, high-spec \u201cQ-car.\u201d Renault M\u00e9gane Sc\u00e9nic 1996 Renault Kangoo 1997 Volkswagen Beetle 1998 Origin France Origin France Origin Germany Engine 1,390 cc, straight-four Engine 1,598 cc, straight-four Top speed 97 mph (156 km\/h) Engine 1,984 cc, straight-four Top speed 106 mph (171 km\/h) Renault\u2019s adaptable van\/MPV (sold Top speed 115 mph (185 km\/h) as a Nissan in some markets) boasted Having led the MPV market with the Espace, sliding side doors and a wide range A bulky front-wheel-drive hatchback Renault kickstarted the compact MPV of options, including 4x4. The model based on the Golf platform seemed an market with the Sc\u00e9nic, based on the small, shown re\ufb02ects a 2003 facelift. unlikely retro successor to the original family-car platform of the M\u00e9gane. The Beetle, but the Beetle\u2019s long-lasting Sc\u00e9nic sold far more than expected. Audi A2 2000 appeal has kept it selling into 2011. Origin Germany Mercedes-Benz Engine 1,390 cc, straight-four A-class 1997 Top speed 107 mph (172 km\/h) Origin Germany Audi brought high technology to the supermini with the Engine 1,598 cc, straight-four aluminum, ultra-economical A2. However, Audi discovered Top speed 113 mph (182 km\/h) that customers were led more by price and looks than quality Offering a compact hatchback and pedigree, and sales were car was a radical step for somewhat disappointing. Mercedes-Benz, forced by market trends. Doubts over its responsiveness\u2014though challenged by Mercedes-Benz\u2014 forced an embarrassing recall.","296 . THE 1990S Throttle body Oil \ufb01ller Inside the throttle body is the C h r y s l e r\/ D o d g e butter\ufb02y valve, which regulates the \ufb02ow of air into the engine. Viper V10 With the launch of the Dodge Viper in 1992, Chrysler opened a new chapter in the vibrant history of the U.S. muscle car. Instead of the large-capacity V8 engine that was traditional for the breed, the Viper had an 8-liter V10\u2014a con\ufb01guration that had recently been adopted in Formula 1, but at the time was virtually unknown in road cars. FROM TRUCK TO SPORTS CAR Wiring pipe This pipe carries Despite its mold-breaking layout, the Viper V10 electrical wiring had humble origins, being based on the engine of Chrysler\u2019s LA truck. The LA engine\u2019s cast-iron to the engine. construction made it too heavy for a sports car, Hose connection so Lamborghini was commissioned to design an aluminum-alloy block and heads. The low-tech A \ufb02exible hose Viper 10 retained pushrod valve actuation and had that links to the only two valves per cylinder, even though some Chrysler personnel had advocated a four-valve head. water radiator The result was an unimpressive speci\ufb01c output of connects here. only 50 bhp per liter\u2014but all those cubic inches and massive torque still ensured blistering performance. Water pump Cylinder bank ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS One of the two cylinder banks lies Dates produced 1991 to present under the cover and valve gear. Cylinders 10 cylinders in two banks, Opening up space 90-degree \u201cV\u201d The use of a 90-degree angle between the two banks of Con\ufb01guration Front-mounted, longitudinal cylinders, rather than the natural 72-degree angle for a Engine capacity 488 cu in (7,990 cc), later 505 cu in V10, opens up space between (8,285 cc) and 510 cu in (8,382 cc) the banks for the inlet components. It also reduces Power output 400 bhp @ 4,600 rpm, later 415, the overall height of the 450, 500, 600 bhp engine, allowing the car to have a lower hood line. Type Conventional four-stroke, Heat shield water-cooled petrol engine with This covering protects reciprocating pistons, distributorless other components in ignition, and a wet sump the engine bay from high exhaust Head ohc actuated by pushrod and temperatures. hydraulic tappets; two valves per cylinder Fuel System Multipoint port fuel injection Bore and Stroke 4.00 in x 3.88 in (101.6 mm x 98.6 mm) Speci\ufb01c power 50.1 bhp\/liter Compression Ratio 9.1:1 Drive belt Air-conditioning Aluminum-alloy Driven by the crankshaft compressor cylinder block pulley, this wide, \ufb02exible belt powers the water pump and other ancillaries. See pp.346\u2013347 How an engine works","CHRYSLER\/DODGE VIPER 10 . 297 Fuel injector Inlet plenum chamber Fuel rail Connection for Valve cover Here, vaporized fuel squirts Air enclosed in this chamber Gas \ufb02ows through \ufb02exible hose Beneath the cover is the into the inlet port under resonates, forcing more air-fuel this pipe to the fuel from fuel pump valve gear for this bank electronic control from the mixture into the cylinders and injectors. of cylinders, including engine-management system. boosting engine performance. rockers, valve springs, and valve stems. Ignition lead High-voltage cables run from \ufb01ve ignition coils to the spark plugs. Spark-plug cap Aluminum-alloy cylinder head Aluminum saves weight over the cast iron used on the original LA engine, from which the Viper V10 was derived. Starter- motor mounting Aluminum-alloy sump Exhaust manifold Engine stand This merges the exhausts of one cylinder bank. (for display only)","298 . THE 1990S Ferdinand Porsche (far left) Great marques in the L\u00f6hner-Porsche electric car, 1900 The Porsche story A string of legendary road and race cars has borne the name of Ferdinand Porsche, one of the 20th century\u2019s \ufb01nest automotive engineers. The marque he founded has been synonymous with performance cars since the 1950s, and its most famous product, the Porsche 911, has been a sports-car icon for half a century. FERDINAND PORSCHE WAS born Porsche was into his 70s when he in 1875 in the town of Mattersdorf in Bohemia, part of Austro-Hungary \u201c It has always been [our]went into full-time car manufacture. (now part of the Czech His Volkswagen design provided the Republic). The son of a plumber, he showed an philosophy . . . that functionstarting point, supplying the engine, suspension, and and beauty are inseparable.\u201d platform chassis for the early interest in all one-off Type 64\u2014a small FERRY PORSCHE, 1985 things mechanical and coup\u00e9 designed in 1939 for electrical, and went to a race that never took place work for an electrical due to the outbreak of World engine. Originally called the 901, the performance. The rear-engined design company in Vienna. War II. In 1950 Porsche\u2019s car was renamed the 911 to avoid ensured excellent traction, although it There he developed the son Ferry revived and re\ufb01ned confusion with Peugeot\u2019s numbering also produced oversteer, which could idea of electric wheel Porsche logo the concept into the 356, system. The car\u2019s simple styling was surprise an unwary driver. motors to propel a (introduced 1950) a road-going sports car designed by Ferry\u2019s son Ferdinand The 911 gradually became more vehicle, a concept that that became the Porsche Alexander, who was also known as powerful and faster, and in 1973 came to fruition in the L\u00f6hner- company\u2019s \ufb01rst production model. \u201cButzi.\u201d The 911 was reliable and racing demands resulted in the iconic Porsche electric vehicle, displayed at The 356 was initially built at practical enough to use every day, yet Carrera RS version, with its big-bore, the Paris World Fair in 1900. Porsche\u2019s workshops in Gm\u00fcnd, it also offered scorching straight-line 2.7-liter engine and lightweight body. Ferdinand Porsche went on to Austria, but as demand for the car design cars and aircraft engines for increased, more space was needed Porsche 959 in rally mode Austro-Daimler and Daimler-Benz, to establish a proper assembly line. One of the \ufb01rst high-performance cars before setting up as a consulting By 1950 production had relocated to use four-wheel drive, the 959 was engineer. He was hired to design Auto to a larger factory in Zuffenhausen, the most technologically advanced Union\u2019s enormously powerful Grand a suburb of Stuttgart in southwest sports car of its day. It proved itself in Prix cars in the 1930s. In complete Germany. Ferdinand Porsche died competition, claiming \ufb01rst and second place in the 1986 Paris\u2013Dakar Rally. contrast, Porsche also designed the the following year, at the age of 75. Volkswagen \u201cpeople\u2019s car,\u201d which The 356\u2019s \ufb02at-four engine was later became the world\u2019s gradually increased in capacity from best-selling car 1,086 cc to 1,488 cc by using special when it went into crankshafts and connecting rods. production after There were also four-camshaft World War II. versions developed for racing, which proved both powerful and temperamental. In 1954 a lightweight version called the 356 Speedster became an instant hit Father and son in the United States, cementing Ferdinand Porsche Porsche\u2019s reputation as the maker of is pictured here with the best small sports cars in the world. his son Ferry (far left), who was also In 1963 Porsche replaced the 356 an automotive with the 911\u2014a bigger, more re\ufb01ned, engineer. Ferry and more powerful car powered by designed the 356. a new 2.0-liter, air-cooled, \ufb02at-six"]