Big Ideas Simply Explained - The Mythology Book

["","300 INTRODUCTION A Dutch ship under Captain James Cook Western missionaries The Netherlands rules Abel Tasman first explores the Pacific on convert the majority over the Marind encounters the three voyages, making of Polynesian peoples people of New Maori, leading to a observations about many violent confrontation. to Christianity. Guinea, Melanesia. island societies. 1642 1768\u20131779 1797\u20131850 1902\u20131938 1722 1788 1876 1936\u20132001 Dutch explorer Jacob British fleets arrive at William Wyatt Gill Raymond Firth Roggeveen discovers Botany Bay, establishing collects tales from studies the myths and Easter Island, home of various island peoples in history of Tikopia in the Rapa Nui people. the first colonies on Myths and Songs from the Solomon Islands. Australian soil. the South Pacific. A part from the landmass until the arrival of Europeans in the The peoples of Polynesia were of Australia, Oceania is late 18th century, the Papuans descended from a Melanesian group comprised of islands flung interacted more with other peoples called the Lapita, who were skilled across more than 3 million square who came to these lands. Between navigators and explorers. Splitting miles (8.5 million square km) of the 5,000 and 3,000 years ago, new into many tribes, the Lapita had Pacific Ocean. The myths of the sea-borne migrants from Southeast settled in the Bismarck Archipelago peoples of Oceania often differ Asia arrived in Melanesia, northeast northeast of New Guinea by 2000 greatly due to the vast geographical of Australia, settling on islands BCE, and populated the west Pacific distances between them. The such as Fiji and the Solomon from ca.1600 CE onward. Aboriginal Australians in particular Islands. By 1000 BCE, settlers had have traditions highly distinct from established themselves in the Key themes the rest of Oceania. The indigenous islands of Micronesia in the west A major theme in the mythologies peoples of Australia were the first Pacific, north of Melanesia. of Oceania is the creation of the people to settle in Oceania, and world. In many Aboriginal myths, probably came from South Asia The next wave of migration, creation occurred during \u201cThe around 65,000 years ago. around 2,000 years ago, was Dreamtime,\u201d a period when spirits eastward to Polynesia. Over the and supernatural beings wandered The next major group to arrive centuries, Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, across the world, forming the in Oceania were the Papuans, who Easter Island (Rapa Nui), and the landscape. While the Aboriginal arrived in New Guinea more than Hawaiian Islands were settled. creation is described as a gradual 40,000 years ago. The origins of New Zealand was the last major process, in Polynesian lore it is far many Oceanian tales can be traced area in Oceania to be inhabited more dynamic\u2014typified by the back to this period. While Australia by humans; the Maori arrived widespread figure of Ta\u2019aroa, a god was relatively culturally isolated there around the 13th century CE.","Alfred M\u00e9traux In D\u00e9ma, Jan van Baal Ronald and Catherine OCEANIA 301 studies the history of records the myths Berndt\u2019s The Speaking the Rapa Nui people and beliefs of the Michael Connolly\u2019s Marind people. Land records the Dreamtime Kullilla of Easter Island. Aboriginal myth traces the heritage of Luma-Luma. of Aboriginal communities. 1940 1966 1989 2009 1964 1989 2003 Edwin G. Burrows Stanley Breeden and John Flenley and Paul publishes his studies Belinda Wright\u2019s Kakadu Bah record the Rapa of the mythology of includes the Aboriginal Nui creation myth \u201cDreamtime\u201d mythology. the people of the in The Enigmas of Ifaluk Atoll. Easter Island. who broke out of his shell to bring appears in many Polynesian myths; family or clan. The Maori trace their everything into being. Creation as a mighty fisherman who hauled ancestry back to the canoe that myths also explore the birth of whole islands up from the ocean brought their first ancestors to New humanity. In the Maori tradition, floor, he is credited with the Zealand, and Papuan tribes link Tane\u2014a forest god who appears mythical origin of Hawaii and New themselves to their ancestral across many Polynesian cultures\u2014 Zealand, where fishing was central deities, the d\u00e9ma. Myth also made mankind by breathing life to island life. In Maori lore, New helped to establish the mana\u2014an into sand and mud. In Easter Island Zealand\u2019s North Island is the fish important concept in Oceania, myths, Makemake, the god of sea Maui caught, and the South Island meaning \u201cpower\u201d or \u201cprestige\u201d\u2014of birds, created life by ejaculating is his canoe. individuals or places, as well as into clay, while Papuan myths recording what was taboo. say that humans were originally Oral tradition featureless fish that were shaped The myths of Oceania are based on Oceania\u2019s myths were also into people by ancestral deities ancient oral poetic tradition. This central to the preservation of ritual. called the d\u00e9ma. was often closely bound up with In the story of Luma-Luma, for indigenous religion, as priests were example, the giant taught sacred Myths of the islanders frequently the repository of myths. rites to the Gunwinggu people of The island geography of Oceania Their stories were preserved down northern Australia before they has a big influence on its stories. the generations through prodigious killed him. Tales such as this began The Micronesian myth of Aluluei, feats of memorization. to be transcribed by European for example, emphasizes the anthropologists during the 19th importance of navigation and Remembering these tales was century, but were originally recited exploration. The trickster god Maui essential because many of them to audiences, learned and passed established the genealogy of a on as a sacred ceremonial duty. \u25a0","STORIES,COME AND HEAR OUR SEE OUR LAND THE DREAMING","","304 THE DREAMING D ating back to between Our spirituality is a oneness 50,000 and 65,000 years and an interconnectedness IN BRIEF ago, Aboriginal Australians have the longest with all that lives and THEME continuous cultural history of any breathes, even with what Living landscape peoples on earth. Prior to the does not live or breathe. European invasion of Australia in SOURCES 1788, around 600 different groups of Mudrooroo Oral tradition, recorded in Aboriginal peoples existed, each Kakadu, Looking After the with its own language. Common to Australian novelist and poet (b. 1938) Country the Gagudju Way, these groups is the Dreaming or S. Breeden and B. Wright, Dreamtime, a term anthropologists the Aboriginal people and why 1989; and in Dreamtime gave to the Aboriginal concept of a caring for nature and wildlife is so Kullilla Dreaming Stories: formative period or state in which important to Aboriginal culture. Michael J. Connolly ancestral creator spirits emerged (Munda-gutta Kulliwari), 2009. and landscapes, animals, and Fertility mother people were formed. The creator One of the most important SETTING spirits gave each group its tools, Dreaming stories for the Gagudju Dreamtime, Australia. language, and culture, and laid people of the Kakadu area in the down the laws by which the people Northern Territory is that of the KEY FIGURES were to live. creator spirit Warramurrungundjui. Warramurrungundjui The The story tells how life began when creator; fertility mother. The Dreaming can be expressed Warramurrungundjui emerged from through song, dance, painting, and the sea and gave birth to the first Rainbow Serpent A feared storytelling, creating a tapestry of people, equipping them with creator; also known as Almudj knowledge, cultural values, and various languages. She created and Ngalyod. belief systems that are passed mountains and creeks, and used down the generations. Each her digging stick to create water Biami A creator spirit. Aboriginal group has its own holes\u2014still important not only as creation stories, although some are a life source but also as a place Gumuk Winga An old shared. They explain the close to meet and honor the creator woman. relationship between the land and beings. She also carried a bag filled with yams and other plants to scatter on her wanderings. Warramurrungundji controlled the weather, too, and could summon rain, wind, and drought. Dancers perform at the Laura Aboriginal Dance Festival, in Laura, a sacred meeting ground for Aboriginal peoples in Cape York, a remote area in Far North Queensland. The area is known for its spectacular rock art.","OCEANIA 305 See also: Creation 18\u201323 \u25a0 Creation of the universe 130\u201333 \u25a0 Creation of the world by Pan Gu 214\u201315 \u25a0 Cherokee creation 236\u201337 \u25a0 Creation of the world by K\u00f3och 260\u201361 \u25a0 The creation 266\u201371 After creating the whole landscape, Warramurrungundji turned herself into a rock, so that she would be ingrained in the landscape forever. Today, the Gagudju people honor her in sacred fertility ceremonies. Rainbow serpent The rock paintings of fish at Dreamtime Like most Aboriginal tribes, the Nanguluwur Rock Art Site at Kakadu Gagudju people revere the Rainbow National Park, Northern Territory, The origin of the term Serpent. Dreaming stories tell how were made during the estuarine period \u201cDreamtime\u201d can be traced the serpent, whom the Gagudju call (6000 bce\u2013500 ce), when sea waters back to Francis Gillen, a late Almudj or Ngalyod, forged passages rose and valleys flooded. 19th-century stationmaster through rocks, created waterholes, and ethnologist who worked and split rock faces to make hills. lay dormant underground until she in Alice Springs and spoke Unlike many Dreamtime figures awoke in the Dreaming and pushed Arrernte, the language of who could shapeshift into humans her way to the surface. She traveled Aboriginal people in central or animals and back again, Almudj the land, leaving behind the Australia. He coined the term never changed her form. imprint of her body wherever she Dreamtime to represent the slept. After covering the whole belief system of Altyerrenge, a Almudj created the wet season, earth, she called to the frogs, but word that means \u201cto see and enabling all forms of life to multiply. they were sluggish, their bellies full understand the law.\u201d She is a creative force, but she is of water after the long sleep of the also feared and does not like to be Dreaming. The Rainbow Serpent Gillen met and worked disturbed. If angered, she can flood tickled their stomachs and when with Walter Baldwin Spencer, the land and drown anyone who the frogs laughed, water flowed out a Lancashire-born biologist breaks her laws. She lives in a deep, of their mouths and filled the hollow and anthropologist studying dark pool beneath the waterfall at tracks left by the serpent on her Arrernte, who used Gillen\u2019s Djuwarr Rock, southeast of Darwin. travels. This created rivers and term in his 1896 account of At times, Almudj can be seen lakes, which, in turn, woke all the an expedition to Cape Horn. standing on her tail, creating a animals and plants of the land. Without this endorsement, rainbow in the sky. the term might never have The Rainbow Serpent then left Alice Springs. Today, the The image of the Rainbow created laws that would govern all term \u201cDreamtime\u201d is applied Serpent is common in rock art, living beings. When some of the to all Australian Aboriginal especially in paintings dating from creatures began to cause trouble, \u276f\u276f belief systems. the end of the pre-estuarine period (ca.60,000\u20136,000 bce), and often appears alongside images of yams. Archaeologists believe that rising sea levels caused changes in the physical environment that brought about a reliance on wild yams during this period. Yams needed water, and Almudj provided it. Creator and lawgiver According to the Dreaming stories of the Kullilli people of southwest Queensland, the Rainbow Serpent","306 THE DREAMING she pledged to turn those who The joyful cries of Australian We are all visitors to this obeyed her into humans and those magpies at daybreak are a celebration time, this place. We are just who did not into stone. The serpent of their success in creating the first passing through. Our purpose kept her word and gave those she dawn, according to the Wathaurong here is to observe, to learn, transformed into humans a totem of people of southwest Victoria. to grow, to love ... and then we the creature they had previously been, such as kangaroo, emu, and eating the creatures that their return home. carpet snake. The human tribes totems symbolized. This belief Aboriginal saying then began to distinguish partly explains why totems are themselves by their totems. such a significant part of longer sticks and pushed them up Aboriginal cultural identity. until the sky locked into place. The To ensure there was enough sun then appeared in the first ever food for everyone, the Rainbow First dawn dawn, prompting the birds to burst Snake forbade the people from Many Dreamtime stories describe into joyful song. the origin of natural phenomena and the formation of particular Creating a river landmarks. The Wathaurong people The Yorta Yorta people, who have of southwest Victoria, for example, traditionally occupied an area in have a Dreaming story that northeastern Victoria and southern explains the origin of the sunrise. New South Wales, recount a story They say that the sky once covered that explains the formation of the the earth like a blanket, blocking Murray River, Australia\u2019s longest out the sun\u2019s light and making watercourse. At the time of everyone crawl around in the dark. creation, Baiame, a creator spirit, The clever magpies decided to do something about the situation. They collected long sticks in their beaks and, working together, pushed them against the sky until they had lifted it up. However, the sticks were not strong and the sky was in danger of collapsing. Acting quickly, the magpies grabbed even The Rainbow Serpent the monsoon areas, for example, link the Rainbow Serpent to the One of the most important rain and wind. Its connection to characters in the Dreaming climate can make the serpent a stories of many mainland destructive force. Aboriginal groups, the Rainbow Serpent is often connected The Rainbow Serpent\u2019s with watercourses, such as mythology is further linked to billabongs (a pond left behind social relationships and fertility. after a river changes course), It is often featured in ceremonies rivers, creeks, and waterholes. marking young men\u2019s transition It is considered to be the source from adolescence to adulthood. of all life and the protector of the land and its people. A fearsome Rainbow Serpent bristling with sharp teeth decorates Stories vary among the the roof of a cavern in a sandstone tribes, depending on local overhang at Mount Borradaile, climatic conditions. Those of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory.","OCEANIA 307 Mount Elephant, a landmark in the Goldfields region of Victoria, is said by the Tyakoort Wooroong people to be the body of a man turned into stone after a bloody fight saw an old woman, Gumuk Winga, valleys. The rainbow colors from in exchange for the axe, Elephant with an empty coolamon (carrying Baiame\u2019s body covered the trees, accepted. The two men met at vessel). The old woman appeared plants, birds, butterflies, and all present-day Pitfield Diggings hungry, so Baiame suggested that other creatures. (a former mining site southwest she go search for yams. Picking up of Ballarat) and made the swap. her digging stick, the old woman All of a sudden, Baiame called Later, however, Buninyong set out, accompanied by her dog. out loudly. Thunder cracked, decided that he no longer needed Gumuk Winga walked and walked, lightning flashed across the sky, the axe and wanted to get back but could not find any yams. As and rain fell. It rained for days, and his gold. When Elephant refused time went on, she became weary the crevices left by Almudj filled up to return it, Buninyong challenged and slowed down, dragging her with water. When the rain stopped him to a duel at the same spot digging stick through the earth. and the mist cleared, the Murray where they had met. Day had turned to night, but still River\u2014called Dungala by the Yorta there was no sign of any yams. Yorta people\u2014was formed. No sooner had the fight got underway than Elephant put his Baiame waited for Gumuk Battle of the mountains spear through Buninyong\u2019s side. Winga, but she did not return. The Tyakoort Woorrong people Moments later, however, Buninyong Eventually the spirit summoned the of southwestern Victoria have struck Elephant\u2019s head with his Rainbow Serpent, who was another story about how the stone axe. The two wounded men sleeping beneath the earth, and landscape around them was staggered off in opposite directions asked him to search for the old created. They relate that the area\u2019s and soon both died. Their bodies woman and bring her back safely. two most prominent mountains, turned into mountains. On the Almudj set off, following the marks Mount Elephant and Mount side of Mount Buninyong, a hole left by the old woman\u2019s digging Buninyong, were once men. symbolizes the cut made with stick. The snake\u2019s body moved Elephant had a stone axe, which Elephant\u2019s spear, while another gracefully across the land, leaving Buninyong coveted. When hole on the top of Mount Elephant deep crevices in the hills and Buninyong offered some gold represents Buninyong\u2019s deadly blow to Elephant\u2019s head. \u25a0 The elders guard the Law and the Law guards the people. This is the Law that comes from the mountain. The mountain teaches the Dreaming. Guboo Ted Thomas Aboriginal leader (1909\u20132002)","308 ISTOSPETTAIELRALCMHHEAVYSEOLUOMWORLYE. THE KILLING OF LUMA-LUMA IN BRIEF L uma-Luma is one of many as a whale, swimming to Arnhem devious monsters that fill Land from the east and crossing THEME Aboriginal folklore. This the sea from Indonesia. Landing Sacred rituals version of his story, as told by at Cape Stewart, Luma-Luma Mangurug, a senior member of the and his two wives then set off SOURCE Gunwinggu tribe of Arnhem Land, westward, bringing with them Oral tradition recorded in in northern Australia, is often used sacred rituals and totems, known The Speaking Land: Myth and in local rituals conducted to initiate as mareein, which were gifts for Story in Aboriginal Australia, boys into manhood. mankind. Luma-Luma kept the Ronald M. Berndt and ritual objects in a basket, or dilly Catherine H. Berndt, 1989. The story shows the origin and bag, and also carried long spears importance of vital rituals he gave to be used for fighting. SETTING to humanity, at a terrible cost to all: Arnhem Land, northern he would wreak havoc across the Greed takes over Australia. land, and die for it, but he still Wherever they went, Luma-Luma wanted to pass these rituals on. declared that the food gathered KEY FIGURES and cooked by the people they Luma-Luma A greedy giant Luma-Luma was a giant who encountered was taboo, and so who ate everything, even had two wives, although in some sacred that only he could eat it. dead children. versions of the story he began life Terrified, the people abandoned their food\u2014wild honey, large yams, Luma-Luma\u2019s wives Two freshly speared kangaroos, and mortal women. fish\u2014leaving it for him to consume. His wives scolded him for making the people go hungry, but it was no use. Luma-Luma kept on eating, using the mareein he carried in his basket to justify his An Arnhem Land aboriginal hunter spears a kangaroo in a 20,000-year-old rock painting at Nourlangie Rock, Kakadu National Park, in Australia\u2019s Northern Territory.","OCEANIA 309 See also: The Dreaming 302\u201307 \u25a0 Ta\u2019aroa gives birth to the gods 316\u201317 \u25a0 Tane and Hine-titama 318\u201319 He\u2019s eating our children. What are we going to do to him? The Speaking Land This full-breasted woman, shown with two dilly bags and a digging stick, is probably associated with a fertility ritual. behavior. In the evenings, he wore people saw the empty platforms too many spears, to give him time the basket full of mareein around and Luma-Luma\u2019s giant tracks, to show them the rituals he knew. his neck and beat his special they were horrified. Sick of him They included ubar (which clapping sticks together, while his eating their food\u2014and now their reminded women they should wives danced, all to demonstrate children\u2014they plotted to kill him. obey their husbands); lorgun sacred rituals. (an initiation ritual); and gunabibi Imparted knowledge (a string of songs and dances to One day, Luma-Luma and his Armed with sticks and spears, win the favor of totemic spirits). wives arrived at a place where the the people attacked Luma-Luma According to some versions of the corpses of children were laid out and his wives. The giant told them story, he also gave them the sacred on platforms. Luma-Luma started to spear him slowly and not use criss-cross designs they painted on to eat these corpses. When the their faces during these ceremonies and the dances that were part of the rituals. Once Luma-Luma was satisfied that the people had received the rituals, and after giving them his basket of totems, he finally died. The people did not bury him but instead propped him up against a tree on the beach, tied ropes around him, and built a canopy to shade him. In time, his body was swept into the sea and disappeared under the water. There, he came back to life as a sea creature; some claimed he became a whale once more. \u25a0","MYTHTHE WORLD OF IS NEVER FAR OFF THE D\u00c9MA","","312 THE D\u00c9MA I n the beginning there were Marind territory. As they ate two d\u00e9ma, or spirt beings: and drank, the d\u00e9ma gradually IN BRIEF Nubog, the female Earth, burrowed eastward. Up on the and Dinadin, the male sky. Their surface of the Earth, a d\u00e9ma dog THEME children Geb and Mahu (also called named Girui heard the commotion. Foundation and fertility Sami) are the mythical ancestors of Wondering what was going on, he the Marind-Anim people of tracked the underground journey SOURCE Western New Guinea, who all of the d\u00e9ma. D\u00e9ma: Description and regard themselves as descended Analysis of Marind-Anim from one or the other. Traditionally, Girui followed the noise until Culture (South New Guinea), the ritual reenactment of the myths he reached Kondo, where the sun Jan van Baal, 1966. about these d\u00e9ma, and the many rises. There the noise became very other d\u00e9ma they engendered, was loud and he scratched away at the SETTING central to Marind-Anim identity bank of a creek to discover its Papua New Guinea. and culture. A yearly cycle of source. As he dug, water poured reenactments began with the ritual out of the earth, bringing with it KEY FIGURES of the Mayo (a cult initiation) in the strange beings like catfish, with Nubog The Earth. dry season and concluded with a no facial features and with arms, headhunting expedition and a legs, fingers, and toes that formed Dinadin The sky. celebratory feast after the Imo ritual part of their torsos. These were the in the wet season. Marind-Anim people. A stork d\u00e9ma Geb and Mahu (Sami) The then began to peck away at the d\u00e9ma forefathers. Humans take form creatures, but they were so hard The story of how the first humans that the bird\u2019s beak bent, giving it Girui A d\u00e9ma dog. originated begins with a great the slight curve that it has today. feast that the d\u00e9ma were holding Aramemb The d\u00e9ma of underground in the far west of Aramemb, the d\u00e9ma of medicine men. medicine men, warned off the dog Marind-Anim wear elaborate and the stork and made a big fire Piakor Wife of Mahu and Geb. costumes representing their d\u00e9ma of bamboo to dry out the fish totems in a photograph taken at a people. Each time the bamboo Uaba Son of Geb and Piakor. ritual reenactment of myth in Dutch stems cracked in the heat, their New Guinea in the 1920s. bodies erupted and ears, eyes, Rugarug-\u00e9vai A d\u00e9ma hostile noses, and mouths sprang out. to Uaba. Aramemb then took his bamboo Often when listening to a myth being told, I had the impression that it all happened only a few months ago. Father Jan Verschueren Missionary and ethnographer","OCEANIA 313 See also: The night barque of Ra 272\u201373 \u25a0 Ta\u2019aroa gives birth to the gods 316\u201317 \u25a0 Tane and Hinetitama 318\u201319 When the first human The d\u00e9ma shaped them Kinship groups beings emerged, they into true people. were like featureless fish. In many ways, the invisible The uninitiated are like world of the d\u00e9ma was once The Mayo rituals shape featureless fish. more important to the Marind- them into true people. Anim than the world in which so excited at the sight of the they lived. Jan van Baal, an knife and cut the arms, legs, fingers, women that Mahu took pity on him, anthropologist and governor and toes free. The trimmings that and gave him one of his wives, of Dutch New Guinea during he threw away became leeches, Piakor, as a gift. As the wife of Geb, the 1950s, observed that which are abundant in the Marind- Piakor gave birth first to birds, then everything comes from the Anim lands to this day. to fish, and after that to two boys d\u00e9ma. Marind-Anim society and a girl. When the girl, Bal\u00e9wil, is divided into two strands In fact, the dog had dug two was in the final stage of pregnancy (moieties), each of which holes. From the second hole came herself, she went to the beach to comprises two kinship groups all the other tribes, or the Ikom- give birth. She was in labor for so (phratries), with their own anim (outsiders), who quickly long that the tide carried her out d\u00e9ma totems, such as dog, dispersed. Geb and Mahu then to sea, where she became a bank stork, coconut, banana, arrived in their canoes and took the of hardened loam. sago, and many more. In new Marind-Anim humans aboard. a cohesive and relatively Geb and Aramemb took the people Geb was a headhunter. He peaceful society, the different who made up the Geb-z\u00e9 and kidnapped children, especially groups went headhunting Aramemb \u201cphratries\u201d (kinship red-skinned boys, took them back together, repelling outsiders groups), and Mahu took charge to the anthill, and cut off their who could pose a threat. of the Mahu-z\u00e9 people. heads in his fiery lair. Eventually, the people decided that something While all Marind-Anim A bamboo wife must be done about Geb, but the share the same myth world, The myths of the Geb-z\u00e9 phratry men were reluctant to approach each phratry has its own say that Geb is a self-created being, the anthill. To encourage them, the specific myths, versions of whose face was pecked out of women brought water to quench myths, or cycles of myths that a stone by a stork. In the west, its heat. When they poured it onto inform its particular rituals. he grew into a red-skinned man the anthill, Geb emerged, and the Some myths are shared across trapped in an anthill, where he people cut off his head. the phratries, such as the suffered unbearable heat from the story of Uaba and Ualiwamb setting sun. Unable to find a wife, Sun, moon, and first fruits (see p.314) and the tale of the he mated instead with a stem of Terrified by this assault, Geb\u2019s origin of man. It was common bamboo into which a stone axe head fled underground and for phratries to visit one could be fitted. The stem bore eastward to Kondo, the place of the another to view reenactments him several children. sunrise, where it climbed up a yam of d\u00e9ma stories. tendril into the sky to become the After a while, Mahu, who lived sun. It then traveled through the sky to the western horizon before in a beehive nearby, brought his returning underground to Kondo, two wives to visit Geb, who became a journey it has repeated every day since. Meanwhile, Geb\u2019s headless body was divided up among the different clans and became the land. There are also myths of Geb as the white-skinned moon. As a boy, Geb lived on the beach near \u276f\u276f","314 THE D\u00c9MA Everything comes from the d\u00e9ma. That is the way the Marind see it when they refer to the d\u00e9ma as the originators of all things. Jan van Baal Skulls decorate the tomb of a Geb out and cleaned off the been organized by the d\u00e9ma headhunter warrior in a longhouse barnacles with digging sticks and Wokabu to celebrate the first pig in New Guinea. Headhunters believed stone axes. The men then sexually hunt. It was customary on such the skulls contained a sacred force that assaulted Geb and treated his occasions for guests to take gifts of would enable their d\u00e9ma to multiply. wounds with their seed. That night the new fruit. At this pig feast, the first banana grew from Geb\u2019s Wokabu\u2019s wife Sangon ate so much Kondo and spent all his time neck. People came from all around she repeatedly had to defecate. Her fishing. He stayed so long in the to try the new fruit, which had the feces formed the first sago palm, sea that his body became covered secret name of Kand\u00e9wa. A banana which became a staple foodstuff and with barnacles. One day, two d\u00e9ma has lived near a deep pool at a totem of the Geb-ze phratry. women of marriageable age came Kondo ever since. along the beach. Geb was so Meanwhile, Geb was still a ashamed of his body that he hid in A myth of the Mahu-z\u00e9 phratry prisoner. After being assaulted for the sand. When the women saw goes on to relate how the banana the second time, he decided to him, they told some men, who dug d\u00e9ma Wangai and Warungai escape. He climbed up to the sky attended a feast at Sangar. It had on a yam tendril and became the moon\u2014the spots on the moon are his wounds, and the other marks ringworm. As both a red-skinned man imprisoned in the west, and a white-skinned boy trapped in the east, Geb unites the opposite powers of sun and moon in the figure of one dualistic d\u00e9ma. Uaba and Ualiwamb Geb and Piakor\u2019s son, the fire- d\u00e9ma, Uaba, is also the sun incarnate. When Uaba was to be initiated into the Mayo cult at Kondo, he brought with him a young woman, Ualiwamb (also called Kanis-iwag, Betel Woman), to take part in the otiv-bombari, a","OCEANIA 315 Controversial rituals reasons, to facilitate marriage The story of Sosom is the root of and to mark a woman\u2019s return to the ritualized homosexuality that Marind-Anim girls and boys menstruation after giving birth. was practiced among the Aramemb. were indoctrinated in the way Ceremonies such as the otiv- Castrated by the people for his of the d\u00e9ma from an early age. bombari, intended to make a unruly behavior\u2014or in some The sexual assault of Geb, the woman fertile, were viewed as versions of the story, by the mother prolonged copulation of Uaba a duty by the Marind-Anim. Yet of a girl with whom he had become and Ualiwamb, and other myths the sexual behavior in these locked in sexual intercourse\u2014 were reenacted in six-month- rituals shocked outsiders, who Sosom then chased the women long cycles of initiation rituals. viewed it as cruel and immoral. away with his growling and Elaborate costumes were worn, initiated the men in homosexual and the performers temporarily The Marind-Anim lived rites. The Marind-Anim believed embodied the spirit of the d\u00e9ma. under Dutch rule from 1902 to that it was through such rites that 1938. By the 1920s, the Dutch boys became strong and learned These ceremonies were authorities had outright banned to be men. intended to promote the fertility otiv-bombari, as well as orther of humans, livestock, and crops. Marind-Anim rites, such as Grand celebration They were held, among other headhunting and cannibalism. Traditionally, the Marind-Anim\u2019s annual cycle of ritual reenactments sexually promiscuous ritual that cassowary and the first stork, of the d\u00e9ma stories ended in an formed part of the Mayo ritual. whose feathers were singed intervillage feast, and a d\u00e9ma-wir: However, before the ceremony got black by the flames. in this grand retelling of the myths, underway, Ualiwamb ran away. the protagonists competed to put Pursuing her westward, Uaba Fanned by the monsoon winds, on the best show. The characters eventually reached the coast, where the primal fire spread, creating a performed dramatic dances in he saw her enter a hut with a large broad beach on the coast, valleys elaborate costumes while d\u00e9ma- amount of sago. He waited until that became riverbeds inland, nakari (\u201clittle sisters\u201d) represented nightfall and then followed her. and many natural features in the their d\u00e9ma\u2019s minor attributes and landscape. The fire also caused acted out the many subplots. \u25a0 The next morning, groans were animals to flee into the sea, but heard coming from the hut, and the lobster was scorched by the Uaba and Ualiwamb were found flames and turned red. locked in sexual intercourse, unable to separate. The people put them In some versions of the myth, on a stretcher and carried them the cassowary d\u00e9ma, Dawi, tried back to Kondo, preceded by the to beat out the fire with its hunting d\u00e9ma Rugarug-\u00e9vai, who laughed club, an attempt that led to a and scoffed at them all the way. piece of land covered in coconuts When they arrived at Kondo, breaking away and being caught in Uaba managed to kill Rugarug- an iguana\u2019s jaws. This story helped \u00e9vai, but he still could not free to explain the origins of the nearby himself from Ualiwamb. island of Habee and its appearance, which resembled an animal\u2019s head. Meanwhile, Aramemb had been searching for Uaba ever since he The story of Sosom had set off to find Ualiwamb. When In the Aramemb phratry, Uaba\u2019s he came to Kondo, he entered the brother is a giant called Sosom, hut where Uaba and Ualiwamb lay who wears a string of enemy heads. entangled, and seized Uaba in an attempt to shake or twist him free. Kar-a-kar, d\u00e9ma of sweet potato, The friction sparked the first fire is evoked during funeral rites. This (rapa), which shot out of Ualiwamb. oil painting of Kar-a-kar is by Pater As the flames erupted around P. Vertenten, a Belgian missionary in her, she gave birth to the first New Guinea in the early 1900s.","316 EMTVHAEASRTTYEITSRHOINFG TA\u2019AROA GIVES BIRTH TO THE GODS IN BRIEF B efore the cosmos was created, there was just a THEME blank void. Amid this The cosmos is made from expanse of nothingness floated a a shell huge egg-shaped shell. Inside was the feathered creator god, Ta\u2019aroa, SOURCE who had no mother or father. Oral tradition, transcribed in The World of the Polynesians: Eventually, Ta\u2019aroa grew tired of Seen through Their Myths and this confined existence. He forced Legends, Poetry and Art, open his egg, cleaving it in two, Antony Alpers, 1987. and crawled out to the edge of the broken shell. When he called out to SETTING the darkness, there was no reply\u2014 The beginning of time in the only sound was Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s voice. Tahitian mythology. Growing up alone on the shell from which he had emerged, Ta\u2019aroa KEY FIGURES became frustrated at having no Ta\u2019aroa The creator god, one to do his bidding, so he originator of the entire cosmos. resolved to bring creation and life to the void. Tane Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s son, the god of light and forests. In some Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s first action was to places, Tane is a woman push up one half of the broken rather than a man. shell, which formed the dome of the sky. He then used the other half Tu Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s son, the god of of the shell to make the rocks that war and craftsmen. formed the earth\u2019s foundation. To create a habitat for life, Ta\u2019aroa used his own flesh to make soil Ta\u2019aroa creates other gods and and his innards to make the human beings in this wooden statue clouds. Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s tears then formed (ca.17th\u201318th century) from Rurutu, the waters of the earth, filling up one of the Austral Islands in what the oceans, lakes, and rivers. His is now French Polynesia. backbone became the mountain ranges and his ribs their ridges.","OCEANIA 317 See also: Pan Gu and the creation of the world 214\u201315 \u25a0 Viracocha the creator 256\u201357 \u25a0 Tane and Hine-titama 318\u201319 Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s feathers made vegetation Ta\u2019aroa in Polynesian cultures and his guts became lobsters, shrimps, and eels. He used his Name Place Role toe- and fingernails to give sealife its shells and scales. Ta\u2019aroa Society Islands (including Tahiti) The creator deity. Finally, his blood became Kanaloa Hawaii A sea deity, and a god of death. the glowing colors in the sky and in rainbows. Great Ta\u2019aroa Tagaloa Samoa Creator of the universe. had used his entire body except for his head; that part remained Tangaloa Tonga Ancestor of a long-running dynasty. sacred to himself. Tangaroa New Zealand God of the sea. The god\u2019s children Ta\u2019aroa then summoned forth a Ta\u2019aroa had created the world with in the cosmos was contained in multitude of other gods from his seven levels, placing humanity a shell. He had been contained body (which is why he is often on the bottom one. Much to his within a shell, the sky was the depicted with them crawling over delight, people multiplied more and shell of heavenly bodies, and Earth him). One of his children, Tane, more quickly. As they shared their the shell of everything that lived illuminated creation by hanging space with plants and animals, there. The shell of all humanity the sun, moon, and stars in the sky. they soon occupied all the levels was the womb of the woman from Tane became the god of peace and of the earth. whom they had emerged. beauty, and sometimes the god of forests and birds. Inside the shell Despite this awareness, Ta\u2019aroa When Ta\u2019aroa had finished knew that everything still belonged Of all Ta\u2019aroa\u2019s children, the the task of creation, he had a to him. Although he had come out most able craftsman was Tu, who revelation: everything that existed of a shell, he was still the supreme had helped his father create more creator of all. \u25a0 species of plants and animals to fill the world. Ta\u2019aroa then made the first man and woman and persuaded them to procreate. Tiki: Polynesian wood carvings Polynesia encompasses over carvings are known as tiki and Carved wooden tiki keep watch 1,000 islands that form a are made across Polynesia. In as a Russian sailor explores a morai triangle in the southern Pacific, some parts of Polynesia, Tiki was (cemetery) on the island of Nuku from Hawaii at the peak to New also the name of the first man to Hiva, in this engraving from ca.1807. Zealand in the southwest and be created. Tiki can be made in a Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the range of sizes, from large human- southeast. The indigenous shaped statues to pendants worn peoples of these islands as necklaces. generally share the belief that gods are all-pervasive and can When Europeans began take many other forms, such as colonizing Polynesia, they tried humans, animals, or features of to suppress traditional culture the landscape. People present and religious practices, destroying offerings to the carvings that many tiki in the process. However, depict these forms. These tiki statues are still made today throughout Polynesia.","318 DPMOEAWANTKEHIRNODOBVTEARINED TANE AND HINE-TITAMA IN BRIEF I n Maori mythology, before the to pry the couple apart, Tane world was created, there was did so by placing his shoulders THEME only Rangi, the sky father, and on Papa and pushing Rangi up Mortality his wife, Papa, the earth mother, with his legs. who lay in an embrace so tight their SOURCE sons lived in total darkness in the With this, Tane began to fill Oral tradition, transcribed in narrow space between their bodies. the world with forests, but his Polynesian Mythology and work was disrupted by his brother Ancient Traditional History of Tired of these conditions, their Tawhirimatea, who had grown the New Zealand Race, as sons discussed how to force apart angry that their parents were forced Furnished by their Priests and their mother and father. The to live apart. Tawhirimatea sought Chiefs, Sir George Grey, 1855. warlike Tu wanted to kill them revenge by raising a great storm both, but the forest god Tane across the earth. It was Tu, the SETTING persuaded his brothers that their god of war, who withstood him, The beginning of time. parents should just be separated. bringing peace to the earth. After each of his brothers had failed KEY FIGURES World of darkness Rangi The sky father. Over time, Tane grew lonely. Woman had not yet been created, Papa The earth mother. so he coupled with nonhumans, fathering insects, stones, streams, Tu God of war and hunting. and plants. Finally, Tane, longing for a partner, went to a beach and Tawhirimatea God of storms. shaped the first woman out of sand and mud, which led to her Tane God of forests. being named Hine-hau-one, meaning \u201cearth-formed maiden.\u201d Tangaroa God of the sea. She and Tane conceived a daughter and named her Hine-titama, Hine-hau-one The first meaning \u201cmaiden of the dawn.\u201d woman; mother of Hine-titama. Rangi and Papa copulate in an Hine-titama Daughter and 18th-century Maori carving. In Maori wife of Tane. culture, whakairo (carving) is both an artistic and a spiritual practice. Maui A demigod and trickster.","OCEANIA 319 See also: Creation of the universe 130\u201333 \u25a0 Ahura Mazda and Ahriman 198\u201399 \u25a0 Brahma creates the cosmos 200 \u25a0 Izanagi and Izanami 220\u201321 Rangi Papa The Maori people can trace their genealogy back to sky father Rangi and earth mother Papa, and their sons, as well as the waka (\u201ccanoe\u201d) in which their ancestors traveled to New Zealand over 800 years ago. Tu Tawhirimatea Tangaroa Rongo Haumia Tane Hine-titama War canoes, or waka tua, are still Hine-titama chose to remain in The war god Tu used in Maori ceremonies. At the the underworld to care for those annual IRONMAN race in New who entered the world of darkness. Of all the sons of Rangi Zealand, waka escort competitors There she took on a new name, and Papa, only Tu withstood to the start of the swimming leg. Hine-nui-te-po, meaning \u201cgreat the attack from the storm maiden of the darkness.\u201d god, Tawhirimatea: Tane Hine-titama was raised not could do nothing to stop knowing who her father was. No humans had entered the his trees being destroyed, When she grew up, Tane married underworld until the actions of the Tangaroa fled to the ocean, her. Hine-titama lived happily as trickster Maui, who had been told and Haumia and Rongo hid Tane\u2019s wife, and had children with that anyone who crawled through themselves in their mother\u2019s him, until she found out that he Hine-nui-te-po\u2019s body would banish body, the Earth. was actually her father. Appalled, death from humanity. While the she fled to the underworld. Her goddess slept, Maui turned into a After the winds had died father followed her and begged her worm and tried to enter her body down, Tu blamed his brothers to return, but Hine-titama refused. through her vagina. When Hine- for not supporting him and She told him that he should stay nui-te-po realized this, she quickly attacked them. He cut down where he was to look after his shut her legs, crushing Maui to trees in Tane\u2019s forests, caught children in the world of light. death. From then on, humanity was fish from Tangaroa\u2019s water, forever doomed to be mortal. \u25a0 and dug up the plants from the soil where Haumia and Rongo had hidden. Tu\u2019s actions supplied humans with a template for making use of the resources of the natural world through ritual and farming. Tu also set a precedent for war between humans by fighting with his brothers. The Maori name for New Zealand\u2019s armed forces is Ngati Tumatauenga, meaning \u201cTribe of the God of War,\u201d in honor of Tu.","320 IN BRIEF RDNBMIEOUASDTTUCOITOTUWOHUBREABTSAEAGBELDE THEME The gift of fire MAUI OF A THOUSAND TRICKS SOURCE Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, William Wyatt Gill, 1896. SETTING Polynesia at the beginning of time; the Underworld. KEY FIGURES Maui A trickster god. Buataranga Maui\u2019s mother; a goddess. Tane The forest god. Akaotu Tane\u2019s favorite red pigeon. Mauike The fire god. Ru Maui\u2019s father and a god. Tama-nui-te-ra The \u201cgreat god of the sun,\u201d called Ra. W hen he was a youth, Maui, the great hero of Polynesian mythology, was given the task of guarding the path to the Underworld. Maui lived in the upper world, where humanity resides. Buataranga, Maui\u2019s mother, spent most of her time in the Underworld but sometimes visited her son in the upper world. The food she gave him was always cold, whereas the meals she brought for herself were always hot, thanks to the (closely guarded) secret of fire that was kept in the Underworld and unknown to the upper world. One day Maui stole some of his mother\u2019s meal while she was sleeping. Maui preferred the cooked","OCEANIA 321 See also: Prometheus helps mankind 36\u201339 \u25a0 Fire and rice 226\u201327 \u25a0 Ta\u2019aroa gives birth to the gods 316\u201317 \u25a0 Tane and Hine-titama 318\u201319 food and resolved to discover how Tane is known as Tane Mahuta (\u201cKing The fire god, confident she heated it. For that, he knew of the Forest\u201d) in Maori legend. The in his own prodigious he had to gain access to the largest Kauri tree in Waipoua Forest, Underworld. Following his mother New Zealand, over 1,000 years old, strength, resolved as she returned to her home, Maui bears this name in honor of the god. to destroy this saw her speaking to a black rock, which opened up when she recited Maui then put himself inside the insolent intruder. a poem. bird and flew into the Underworld. Myths and Songs from As he darted past the demons, they So that he, too, could visit the could only grab at Akaotu\u2019s tail, the South Pacific Underworld, Maui committed the pulling off a few of his feathers. poem\u2019s words to memory. He knew fire god Mauike, who gave her that getting in unnoticed would Buataranga\u2019s warning lighted sticks. Buataranga warned require trickery, so Maui visited his Maui flew to where his mother her son, however, not to approach friend Tane, the forest god, who Buataranga lived whenever she was Mauike because of his violent temper owned many pigeons. Maui in the Underworld. Because there and great strength. demanded Tane\u2019s most prized bird, were no red pigeons living in the Playing with fire a red pigeon called Akaotu who lower realm, Buataranga knew that Undeterred, Maui went straight to was tame and well-trained. Tane something was amiss and quickly Mauike\u2019s house and asked him for lent Maui the bird but made him deduced that her son was involved. a firebrand. When he was given \u276f\u276f promise to return it unharmed. Maui resumed his human form, Taking the pigeon with him, Maui and the red pigeon settled on a returned to the rock where his breadfruit tree. mother had entered the Underworld. He recited the poem and the portal Maui told his mother that he had opened. Using his trickster powers, come to find out how to kindle fire. She told him that she did not know the secret herself and that whenever she needed to cook she went to the Maui in Polynesian mythology Tales of the trickster god differ. In the Cook Islands, he appear throughout Polynesian is believed to have ascended mythology, although the god\u2019s to the heavens. In some name may vary; Maui\u2019s Samoan Hawaiian myths, he has his equivalent is called Ti\u2019iti\u2019i. In brains dashed out. The other Maori mythology, Maui is said gods tire of his tricks and hurl to be a human, miraculously him against the rocks after he saved from death by ocean tries to steal a banana they are spirits when he was very young roasting. In Maori mythology, after his mother threw him into Maui is a mortal killed by the the sea. The exact details of his goddess of death as he tries to exploits tend to vary with win eternal life. Maui\u2019s most location. Common elements recent incarnation is in the 2016 include the stories of Maui Disney animation Moana, where pushing up the sky, snaring the the eponymous heroine, a chief\u2019s sun, and gaining the secret of daughter, searches for Maui in a fire, but accounts of Maui\u2019s end bid to save her people.","322 MAUI OF A THOUSAND TRICKS Maui fishes for it, he immediately threw it into a across the Underworld. Maui the islands stream. Maui repeated his request grabbed the two fire sticks and ran and again threw the firebrand away. back to his mother\u2019s house, where One of Maui\u2019s greatest feats When Maui asked for fire a third Akaotu was still waiting for him, was pulling up land from the time, Mauike gave him live coals on lacking some of his beautiful ocean floor using his magic a piece of dry wood, which Maui feathers. Repairing his tail, Maui hid fish hook, thereby creating the also threw into a stream. His inside the bird again, grasped a fire islands of the South Pacific. insolent behavior was calculated to stick in each claw, and flew back to The magic hook was fashioned provoke Mauike, who snapped when the upper world before returning the from the jaw of one of Maui\u2019s Maui asked for flame a fourth time. pigeon to Tane. ancestors, according to Maori He ordered Maui to leave, mythology, and helped the threatening to toss him in the air. Meanwhile, flames from the god to create New Zealand. great fire in the Underworld had While out fishing with his two Maui stood his ground, and now spread to the upper world, and brothers in a canoe, Maui cheekily replied that he would relish people began using them to cook baited the hook with blood a trial of strength. Mauike went their food. Like Maui, they found from his nose and hauled up inside his house to don his war they preferred hot meals. Once a fish that became the land maro (loincloth). When he returned, the fire had been put out, however, mass that formed North he was shocked to find that Maui there was no one in the upper world Island, known in Maori as had magically grown larger. Mauike who knew how to make flames\u2014no Te Ika-a-Maui (\u201cThe Fish of seized Maui and tossed him to the one except Maui, who kept a fire in Maui\u201d). The South Island was height of a coconut tree, but in mid- his house. The people went to Maui formed from Maui\u2019s canoe; it air, Maui made himself so light that and asked him to share his secret, is known as Te Waka-a-Maui the fall did not hurt him at all. which he did. (\u201cThe Canoe of Maui\u201d). In Mauike threw Maui even higher. Hawaiian myth, Maui is Once more, Maui used magic to Maui raises the sky credited with hauling up the ensure he would be unharmed. At this time, the sky, which was Hawaiian Islands, while in the Exhausted from his efforts, Mauike made of solid blue stone, was about Cook Islands, he is said to panted for breath. Maui then threw 6\u00bd feet (2 m) above the ground. This have brought up Manihiki the fire god high into the air twice, did not leave much space for from the briny depths. causing him grave injuries. humans. Maui\u2019s father, Ru, planted stakes in the ground, which raised Maui hooks the fish that became As Maui prepared for a third the sky just enough for all humans to New Zealand\u2019s North Island. Maori throw, Mauike begged him to stop, walk unimpeded. Maui, however, legend has it that Maui\u2019s brothers fearing another fall could be fatal. was unimpressed and impudently squabbled over parts of the fish, Maui relented on condition that he asked his father what he was doing. creating mountains and fjords. be taught the secret of fire. Mauike agreed and led Maui into his house. He showed Maui some bundles of dry coconut fiber and dry sticks. Mauike gathered some of them together and rubbed two smaller sticks over the pile. This started a fire that quickly became a mighty blaze. Maui, still angry at having been tossed in the air, spitefully allowed it to burn down Mauike\u2019s house. The flames then spread Clouds cannot stay over Hawaiian islands for long. Legend says that if they do, Maui will hurl them away so far that they never return.","OCEANIA 323 From that memorable day all the dwellers in this upper world used fire-sticks with success, and enjoyed the luxuries of light and cooked food. Myths and Songs from the South Pacific Ru was in no mood for Maui\u2019s Maui resolved to remedy this. He Maui\u2019s greatest battle was with insolence and threatened to throw made six ropes of strong coconut the sun, called Tama-nui-te-ra in Maori him into oblivion. Maui persisted in fiber and fashioned them into mythology. Here, his brothers hold the annoying his father, who angrily nooses. He went to where Ra rose ropes tight and Maui forces the sun to flung him up into the sky. from the Underworld and placed a give his people longer days. noose there. Maui then positioned Maui transformed himself into the other five nooses along Ra\u2019s by appearing more regularly. Maui a bird and flew to safety. He then customary path. then released him, but kept the returned to Ru in the form of a giant ropes attached, so the sun could be human. Placing his head between When Ra rose up, the first noose raised up and down in the sky. his father\u2019s legs, he raised himself tightened around his feet. As he to his full height, thrusting Ru up moved, the other nooses trapped his Maui\u2019s bold feats became well above him. He did this with such knees, hips, waist, underarms, and known and admired across all force that the sky moved far from neck. Maui then tied the sun god to Polynesian cultures. Through his the Earth, creating the present great a rock, pulling the ropes so tight that masterful cunning, he was able to distance between them. Ru became Ra could barely breathe. Fearing outwit all other gods, to the great stuck\u2014his head and shoulders got death, Ra agreed to help the people benefit of humanity. \u25a0 caught up in the stars. Unable to move, Ru eventually died, and his bones fell to earth as the pumice stones that litter the volcanic landscapes across Polynesia. A last battle with the sun Maui still had one great task to achieve. The sun god, Ra (short for Tama-nui-te-ra, \u201cgreat god of the sun\u201d), was unreliable, appearing at erratic times during the day and night and making it difficult to get work done. No one had been able to persuade him to appear regularly.","324 ESWTAHAHSYEATTBTEOIRWRODIOUSSURLTLADODNRDYIV?OIUNG MAKEMAKE AND HAUA IN BRIEF I n the mythology of the Prehistoric carvings line the coast of Rapa Nui people, who are Easter Island and overlook Moto Nui THEME indigenous to Easter Island, Island, the destination of a dangerous Creation and worship the world was created by a god annual race competition, which would named Makemake. The chief god often claim lives. SOURCES of the birdman cult, he was often Ethnology of Easter Island, depicted in art as a skull with but that did not work either. Lastly, Albert M\u00e9traux, 1940; The goggle eyes, or as a sooty tern. he masturbated into clay, and as a Enigmas of Easter Island, John result, four gods were born\u2014Tive, Flenley and Paul Bahn, 2003. Makemake created the first Rorai, Hova, and Arangi-kote-kote. human beings. Trying to procreate, SETTING the god first masturbated into a One day, these gods gave a Easter Island; the beginning calabash full of water, but this priestess the task of guarding a of time. produced no offspring. Then he skull in the bay of Tongariki, on copulated with stones\u2014which still Easter Island. When the skull was KEY FIGURES bear the holes he created in them\u2014 swept away by a huge wave, the Makemake God of seabirds. Haua Goddess; wife of Makemake. Priestess A local preacher.","OCEANIA 325 See also: Viracocha the creator 256\u201357 \u25a0 Tane and Hine-titama 314\u201315 \u25a0 Ta\u2019aroa gives birth to the gods 316\u201317 \u25a0 to find a place that man could not reach. So they settled on the rocky islets of Motu Nui and Motu Iti, just off the coast of Rapa Nui. We shall have Egg hunt Rongorongo boards no peace until we find All this time, the priestess traveled around Rapa Nui, teaching people Some of the most intriguing a place where men how to worship their new gods and artifacts to survive the cannot find us. to set aside a portion for them before collapse of Easter Island Easter Island each meal and say \u201cMakemake and culture are rongorongo boards. Haua, this is for you.\u201d Since their discovery in 1864, priestess swam after it for three these pieces of wood, carved days, until she eventually came At the sacred site of Orongo, the with hieroglyphs, have been ashore on the island of Matiro-hiva. skull-mask of Makemake and the a source of much debate vulva of Haua were carved all over over whether or not they The goddess Haua, wife of the rocks, along with depictions of actually represent a consistent Makemake, appeared and asked a bird-headed man clutching an written language. While the the priestess what she was doing. egg. From this spot, competitors glyphs remain undeciphered She replied that she was looking for representing the Easter Island to this day, oral history means a skull. \u201cThat is not a skull,\u201d Haua chiefs set off and vied to collect that the rongorongo boards told her, \u201cit is the god Makemake.\u201d the first egg of the season from the are believed to have been islets. When a chief was victorious, viewed as sacred objects, he was declared the birdman, the probably used by trained living representative of Makemake chanters or bards for telling on earth for the coming year. \u25a0 myths. On one board, out of a total of 960 symbols, 183 New gods Makemake as depicted in an Easter are representations of a sooty The priestess stayed on the island Island petroglyph carved from red tern, symbolizing the god with Haua and Makemake, and the scoria, ca.1960. Scoria was also used Makemake. The \u201cSantiago gods fed her the fish they caught. to build the red hatlike structures Staff\u201d has the longest of any Then Makemake suggested that of Easter Island\u2019s famous moai statues. inscription, with 2,320 glyphs. they should drive all the seabirds to Rapa Nui, as this was what he had In 1995, independent come to the island to do. Haua linguist Steven Fischer stated agreed, and said that the priestess that he had deciphered 85 should join them and teach people percent of the rongorongo how to worship their new gods. boards. He proposed that the significant rongorongo The three of them set out, texts, including the Santiago driving the birds in front of them, in staff, documented, through search of a place where they could a triad structure of images, leave them to nest. First they tried the creation of the world the island of Hauhanga, where they and everything in it through stayed for three years, but men a series of copulations. found the nests and took the eggs His claims, however, have to eat. Then they went to Vai Atare, attracted several objections but once again men stole the eggs from scholars who note that, and used them as food. Makemake among other discrepancies, and Haua agreed that they needed only half of the inscriptions on the Santiago staff fully obey Fischer\u2019s triad structure.","HWIHSENNI AUTMTEER, HHEEHEAAVRSEINNTSHE MAPUSIA AND THE WORK OF THE GODS","","328 MAPUSIA AND THE WORK OF THE GODS IN BRIEF C ommunal rites known as Kafika, as a habitation and the Work of the Gods a name, was the prize for THEME bound Tikopian society which the aspirants for Gods and society together at every level\u2014mythology, religion, community values, social leadership strove. SOURCE status, economics, and simple History and Traditions Oral tradition, transcribed by survival. The rites were said to Raymond Firth in The Work of have been instituted by Saku, the of Tikopia the Gods in Tikopia, 1940; hero of the people of Tikopia, a tiny History and Traditions of Pacific island. Saku (whose name a pile, and the earth to cover it, Tikopia, 1961; Tikopia Ritual was a sacred taboo, so never creating a platform on which the and Belief, 1967; Rank and uttered) was the son of Asoaso, a Kafika temple could be raised. Religion in Tikopia, 1970; Kafika chief, and a woman from and Tikopia Songs, with neighboring Faea. Born some Asserting his authority Mervyn McLean, 1990. generations after the first creator Saku had a friend and rival whose gods brought the island into being powers were similar to his own. SETTING and at a time when their successors The man\u2014Te Samoa\u2014was said to Tikopia, Solomon Islands. exercised dangerous supernatural have come to Tikopia from Samoa, powers, Saku established order more than 1,243 miles (2,000 km) KEY FIGURES and consolidated the power of the away. In friendly contests, the two Saku Hero and, as Mapusia, Kafika, one of Tikopia\u2019s four clans. men pitted their skill and speed in supreme god. planting and harvesting crops, for Saku clothed the island people, example, but Saku was usually the Te Samoa Companion and and by doing so awoke their human winner. The rivalry grew more rival of Saku. consciousness, giving them minds intense, however, when they began with which to acquire knowledge. Te Sema Saku\u2019s killer. He also made the sacred adzes (axelike tools), whose blades were Atua Fafine Ancestral traditionally fashioned from the goddess of Tikopia. shell of the giant clam. At that time, everything in the world had a voice, Atua i Raropuka Ancestral even the trees and the rocks, but god of Tikopia. Saku ordered them to be silent. He then commanded the rocks to form Tikopia in 1928, the island\u2019s population was about 1,200. Firth became A mere 1.9 sq miles (5 sq km), fascinated by the culture of Tikopia is part of the Solomon Tikopian society\u2014at that time Islands of Melanesia, but its quite untouched by Western culture is essentially Polynesian. ideas\u2014and wrote 10 books and Although the first Europeans numerous articles about the arrived here more than 400 island people. years ago, until the 1980s, there were no stores, electricity, or When Firth died in 2002, the motor vehicles. A strong belief president of the Polynesian in the gods flourished in this Society, Sir Hugh Kawharu, paid remote place, whose inhabitants tribute to him with a lament, always felt they were at the which included the promise: mercy of the elements. When \u201cYour spirit is still alive among us, New Zealand anthropologist we who have become separated Raymond Firth first went there from you in New Zealand, Tikopia, and elsewhere.\u201d","OCEANIA 329 See also: Fire and rice 226\u201327 \u25a0 The killing of Luma-Luma 308\u201309 \u25a0 Maui of a thousand tricks 320\u201323 Chiefs of Tikopia meet with officers from the French ship Astrolabe. The explorer Jules Dumont d\u2019Urville and his men visited the islands of Polynesia in an expedition from 1826 to 1829. to build the Kafika temple. Saku the deity Atua i Raropuka were the Ariki Tapu \u201cMy Sacred Chief\u201d by felled a great tree to create the ancestral gods of Tikopia. In the the Ariki Kafika (head of the clan). temple\u2019s supporting post and dug a earliest times, when the island He was also Te Atua Fakamataku, deep pit to set it in. He jumped in was pulled up from the sea, the two \u201cthe Fear-Causing Chief,\u201d who and asked Te Samoa to lower the deities were already sitting on the created thunder by clattering his base of the tree into the pit. Saku ground. Atua Fafine was weaving a staff from side to side in the sky. had worked out how to escape mat of pandanus leaf, while Atua i between its roots to avoid being Raropuka braided a mat of coconut Mapusia was regarded as the crushed, and was able to climb out. fiber\u2014both traditional island crafts. god above all others by the people Now it was Te Samoa\u2019s turn to of Tikopia. As the anthropologist jump in and dig, but Saku promptly Just as Atua Fafine had planned, Raymond Firth was told, \u201cNo god moved the trunk so that his rival Saku\u2019s acceptance of death meant can come and supplant him; he is was trapped. Te Samoa begged to that he arrived among the gods high because he is strong.\u201d The \u276f\u276f be released, but Saku rammed in unpolluted. As a result, he could earth around the post, burying him. say to each god, \u201cGive me your Because [Saku] had mana\u201d\u2014that is, their supernatural power below here, Saku\u2019s strength was legendary. powers. After this, he was renamed when he died he When his mother\u2019s relatives in the Mapusia and became the most went to the gods village of Faea asked him to cut powerful of the gods, feared and palm fronds for thatching their appeased by the people of Tikopia. and was lofty roofs, he uprooted a whole sago among the gods. palm\u2014a tree that stands around Supreme power History and Traditions 82 ft (25 m) tall. Another time, he The name Mapusia was taboo asked the people of Faea if he could except in certain rituals invoking of Tikopia take some seedlings of taro, a root the god\u2019s help. \u201cWhen I utter his crop, to plant on his own land. They name he hears in the heavens and agreed, but instead of seedlings, he bends over to listen to what is seized the entire plantation of taro. being said,\u201d runs one traditional Tikopian song. He was called Te Rising to the heavens Atua i Kafika (\u201cthe Deity of Kafika\u201d) When Saku tried to appropriate his by the clan as a whole, or Toku neighbor\u2019s land and plant crops there, however, the neighbor\u2019s family joined forces against him. Saku was killed by the youngest son\u2014Te Sema\u2014whose name means \u201cthe left-handed one.\u201d According to the myth, Saku\u2019s death was divinely ordained. His spiritual mother, the goddess Atua Fafine, had advised Saku to leave the earth rather than use his great strength to kill Te Sema. She and","330 MAPUSIA AND THE WORK OF THE GODS Mapusia! Fly in your paths. Cyclone Zo\u00eb. Whole villages were Tikopia islanders integrate dance Stroll about in the Heavens swept away, and their land was and songs, calling such recreational and enter the Surumanga. soaked with seawater, taking three performances mako. Serious songs are years to recover. termed fuatango. Firth described their The Heavens shall obey. urge to dance as \u201calmost obsessional.\u201d Tikopia Songs\u00a0 To appease the gods The rituals known as the Work of of temples, harvest and planting all-seeing god had four eyes, two in the Gods were considered essential ceremonies, and a sacred dance front and two behind, and his anger for mollifying the gods and earning festival. Turmeric, extracted in the was terrible. An individual who their protection. Because Mapusia trade wind season and said to be offended Mapusia might be struck was the principal atua, or god, of the perfume of Mapusia, also had a down with illness or death. If the the Kafika clan, the Ariki Kafika special preparation ritual, as it was whole society failed to appease (clan chief) acted as the high priest. used in an edible form, in a sacred him, he might send pestilence, a It was the Ariki Kafika who decided dye for bark cloth, and in a ritual tropical cyclone, or drought. when to \u201cthrow the firestick\u201d\u2014the body paint. The priest would chant: laying of a ceremonial brand across \u201cI eat ten times your excrement, My Such events are realities in the fire\u2014to formally start the ritual. Sacred Chief,\u201d using a conventional Tikopian life. The remote island is Charcoal from the brand would Tikopian expression to indicate particularly vulnerable to tropical then be placed on the chief\u2019s brow. his subservience to the god. \u201cYour storms and subsequent famines, as turmeric-making will be prepared.\u201d was demonstrated in December The Work of the Gods was The priest then offered Mapusia 2003, when it was devastated by divided into two six-week ritual food and kava. The drink was made cycles, the Work of the Trade Wind from the root of the kava plant, and the Work of the Monsoon; both which grows throughout Southeast natural forces were crucial to the Asia and the Pacific islands, and success of crops and the prevention has psychoactive, anesthetic, and of famine. The whole of Tikopian sedative properties. society devoted itself to performing the necessary sacred tasks. These Remembering the sequence of included the rededication of the rituals and accompanying dances, sacred canoes, the reconsecration and ensuring that all were carried","The Tikopia perform Rededication of the OCEANIA 331 ceremonies. sacred canoes Reconsecration of temples The gods grant Turmeric-making Harvest and the necessities planting rites of life. out correctly, was an impressive breadfruit or yams. They were not was of food and kava, as the atua collective act of memory and simply acts of worship, but part of a consumed only the essence of the commitment. The purpose was to logical system of trade between the food and kava offered, the rest was maintain contact with the atua, the Tikopia and the atua. The people available for human consumption. gods whose favor was required to performed the rituals for the gods, feed and protect the Tikopia. and in return the gods granted the The real sacrifice was of time Tikopia the necessities of life. and energy, but it was not wasted, A practical exchange as many of the activities\u2014such as The food and kava offered to the It was a system in which ritual braiding mats, making thatch, or gods were believed to be the most performance and economic activity, fixing canoes\u2014were economically effective way of ensuring a plentiful such as food production, were valuable. The rites ceased in the harvest of staple crops, such as inextricably combined. Although 1950s, when there were too few the ostensible sacrifice to the gods atua believers to perform them. \u25a0 In most types of dance Atua the atua, whom they could there is vigorous bodily collectively see, were not visible movement of rhythmic kind, The word atua is translated as to the camera. Throughout the often with highly structured \u201cgod\u201d or \u201cspirit,\u201d but atua were 20th century, Christianity gestures of hands and arms thought to be as real as human eroded traditional Tikopian beings. One of the ceremonial beliefs. After an epidemic in in progressive style. dances of the monsoon season 1955, in which 200 people died, Tikopia Songs\u00a0 was the Taomatangi, the dance including the Ariki Kafika, there to quell the wind. The atua were were not enough believers left believed to be present, sitting to carry out the Work of the with their backs against sacred Gods. The remaining chiefs stones, the male atua cross- performed a final ceremony, a legged, the female atua with \u201ckava of parting,\u201d to inform the legs stretched out in front of atua that their rites were being them. When Raymond Firth abandoned and that they should photographed this dance, the drink their kava and retire to Tikopia were amazed that rest forever in their spirit homes.","332 IGFODUROIDGNIENOTGTTSHTEARS ALULUEI AND THE ART OF NAVIGATION IN BRIEF A luluei is one of the oldest and although his upper body was gods of navigation in the human, his bottom half was that THEME world. He was the son of a stingray. The Ifaluk, based Knowledge of the seas of the canoe captain P\u00e4l\u00fclop, but on the Ifaluk atoll (in the Caroline was killed by his older brothers Big Islands, in Micronesia) believe that SOURCES Rong and Little Rong. His father Aluluei did not initially know all the Oral tradition transcribed in then brought him back to Earth as lore of the sea\u2014until he acquired An Atoll Culture, Edwin a spirit with many eyes, which the it with his daughter\u2019s help. G. Burrows and Melford people of Micronesia believe then E. Spiro, 1953; A Flower in My became the stars, which they use Visiting gods Ear, Edwin G. Burrows, 1963. for navigation. Long ago, Aluluei was living on the island of Bwennap\u2014a sandy SETTING Aluluei was not an ordinary island with just one tree growing Ifaluk Atoll, Micronesia, man; according to the Ifaluk people on it. There he took a wife and northwest Pacific islands. of Micronesia, he had two faces so had several sons and a daughter. that he could see all around him, KEY FIGURES Early one morning, Aluluei\u2019s Aluluei The god of daughter was bathing in the sea seamanship. when she saw a canoe approaching. Three gods were paddling the Aluluei\u2019s daughter One canoe: Segur, god of navigators; of the god\u2019s three children. Valur, the god of fish; and Werieng, the god of birds. Valur and Werieng Segur The god of navigators. were two of Aluluei\u2019s sons. Aluluei\u2019s daughter ran to her father and Valur The god of fish; son asked him to prepare food for their of Aluluei. visitors, and then she went back to the shore to welcome them. But the Werieng The god of seabirds; gods kept paddling, and it seemed son of Aluluei. Coconuts are abundant and important Paluelap The great navigator; to the people of the Pacific islands, who another son of Aluluei. called the coconut palm the \u201cTree of Life\u201d because all of its parts can be used in their communities.","OCEANIA 333 See also: Viracocha the creator 256\u201357 \u25a0 The first canoe 258\u201359 \u25a0 Ta\u2019aroa gives birth to the gods 316\u201317 \u25a0 Maui of a thousand tricks 320\u201323 Islanders spot a coral reef as they sail by Puynipet in the Caroline Islands. These long boats, also used in Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti, and New Zealand, are fast and stable in choppy waters. they were going to pass by without stopping. So Aluluei\u2019s daughter picked up a tiny coconut, no bigger than her fist, and held it up, calling for them to come to her. When they asked her why, she explained she had a coconut for them to drink. They instructed her to bring it out to their canoe. Neverending sustenance with delight that one tiny coconut Ifaluk canoes Aluluei\u2019s daughter waded out into could hold so much water. They the sea with her coconut. When the asked Aluluei\u2019s daughter to climb The making and sailing of gods saw how small it was, they into their canoe, and when she had outrigger canoes is crucial to scoffed, saying it would not be done so, they spread out their sea the islanders of Ifaluk, a coral enough to quench the thirst of chart for her, marked with all the atoll in the Caroline Islands, three men, but Aluluei\u2019s daughter islands, birds, and fish. They told who use them for fishing and told them to drink it anyway. her they were so grateful to her for as a means of transport. bringing them the coconut that Ifaluk canoes all have the Valur took the coconut and they would give her the chart, and same traditional design and began to drink. He drank and advised her to take it to her father. are always painted red, black, drank until he could drink no more, and white. Every Ifaluk canoe but still the coconut held plenty of Shared wisdom carries a wooden image of water. He passed it to Werieng, and When Aluluei\u2019s daughter took the Aluluei, god of navigation. Werieng passed it to Segur, and chart to her father, he understood after both gods had drunk their fill, its value at once. It contained all Ifaluk society is ordered by there was still plenty of water left in the lore of seamanship: everything social rank, and each person is the little nut. The gods laughed a man would need to know to assigned to one of eight clans become a great captain. Aluluei at birth. The only way a See all the islands? sent for his son Paluelap, the great person can increase their See all the birds? navigator, and showed him the social status is by becoming a See all the fish? chart. Aluluei instructed his son master navigator, a canoemaker, An Atoll Culture to teach the people everything that or the oracular mouthpiece of was on the map, so that they could a god. The master navigator learn how to sail safely from island has the highest status in to island. Not everyone understood, Ifaluk society. Many of the but some did, and they became the songs passed down in the first captains. Aluluei\u2019s decision Ifaluk oral tradition discuss to share the knowledge is typical the making and sailing of of the Ifaluk people, who do not canoes; navigating using the believe there is a set boundary wind, currents, fish and birds, between the self and others. \u25a0 and stars; and issuing laments for those who were lost at sea.","DIRECTO","RY","336 DIRECTORY T he all-pervasive nature of myth across the world illustrates its centrality to the human experience. Since the beginning of time, people have told stories in order to make sense of their world. While many of these myths carry a seemingly explicit purpose\u2014for example, those that center on the founding of a city and, in doing so, help validate its origins\u2014others, with their cast of heroes and monsters, speak more generally to latent fears inherent to the human condition. Myths often share archetypal figures\u2014such as the trickster god and the noble warrior\u2014yet vary greatly across national and cultural boundaries. The stories below all belong to their respective cultures yet share characteristics with those explored earlier in the book. BLUE MEN OF THE MINCH these celebrations, for many years shield-maiden Lagertha. Ragnar the demon Grendel came from the was said to have led the siege of Scottish, 9th century CE swamplands and killed the Danes. Paris in 845 CE. His final campaign Beowulf, the young warrior, came was in northern England, where he The Minch is a strait off the north- to Denmark\u2019s aid and killed Grendel. was captured by a local king and west coast of Scotland said to be All seemed well until Grendel\u2019s thrown into a pit of snakes. inhabited by aquatic blue creatures mother emerged from her lair to See also: War of the gods 140\u201341 known as \u201cstorm kelpies.\u201d These avenge him. Beowulf destroyed her \u25a0 Sigurd the dragon slayer 158\u201359 mermaidlike beings were half- and returned to Geatland, where he \u25a0 The legend of King Arthur 172\u201377 human, half-fish, and were accused became king. When a thief awoke a of luring children into the water local dragon, Beowulf defeated it in ROLAND and devouring them. They had the battle, but was mortally wounded. power to control the waves and Dying, his body was burned on a French, 8th century CE raise storms that could sink ships. giant funeral pyre and placed in a When the blue men approached a burial mound overlooking the sea. Roland was a courageous Frankish ship, they shouted the beginning As the oldest extant poem written soldier based on a historical figure\u2014 of a rhyme that the captain needed in (Old) English, Beowulf is now a regional governor under King to complete in order to save his regarded as a foundational epic. Charlemagne who died fighting the vessel from being capsized. See also: Sigurd the dragon Basques at the Battle of Roncevaux See also: The quest of Odysseus slayer 158\u201359 \u25a0 The legend of Pass (778 CE). One of Charlemagne\u2019s 66\u201371 \u25a0 Numa outwits Jupiter King Arthur 172\u201377 \u25a0 The epic bravest generals, Roland was a 106\u201307 \u25a0 Finn MacCool and the of Gilgamesh 190\u201397 popular subject for medieval Giant\u2019s Causeway 168\u201369 minstrels, with many epic poems RAGNAR LODBROK (such as La Chanson de Roland) BEOWULF describing Roland\u2019s honorable Norse, 9th century CE deeds. Other stories describe Anglo-Saxon, 10th century CE Roland\u2019s victory over Ferragut, a Ragnar Sigurdsson was a semi- Saracen giant who was vulnerable King Hrothgar of Denmark often mythical Viking warrior who only in the stomach. hosted his warriors in Heorot, a featured prominently in several See also: The quest of Odysseus huge mead-hall, to celebrate their Norse sagas (stories). The first of 66\u201371 \u25a0 The voyage of Bran 165 victories. Angered by the noise of his three wives was the legendary \u25a0 The legend of King Arthur 172\u201377","DIRECTORY 337 BHOAYRASRED THE MAGICAL LORELEI THE SIREN MARI AND SUGAAR French, 12th century CE German, 19th century CE Basque, pre-4th century CE Bayard, the horse of Renaud, a Lorelei is a rock on the bank of the In the mythology of the Basque knight of Charlemagne, was said Rhine in Germany. It is associated people of northern Spain and to have understood human speech with a legendary maiden called southern France, nymphlike beings and grown in size magically in Lore Lay, who was found guilty of called \u201clamiak\u201d inhabited the order to carry Renaud and his three enchanting men and causing their countryside. One of the best-known brothers into battle on his back. deaths. She was sentenced to was Mari, who lived in mountain Renaud had fallen into dispute with confinement in a nunnery. En route, caves and was served by a group of Charlemagne after killing the king\u2019s she persuaded her guards to allow witches called \u201csorginak.\u201d Her nephew. After a series of battles, her to climb the rock so she could husband was a serpentlike being Renaud was pardoned on the view the Rhine one more time. called Sugaar. Every Friday they condition that he go on crusade When she got to the top, she met and made storms. In another and give up Bayard. When Renaud thought she saw one of her lovers in tale, Mari was a human who was agreed to this, Charlemagne tried the waters and jumped off, falling transformed into a witch with the to kill the horse by chaining him to to her death. Her spirit became a power to control the weather. a stone and throwing him into a siren that lured passing fishermen See also: Apollo and Daphne river\u2014but Bayard smashed the seductively to their deaths. 60\u201361 \u25a0 Aeneas, founder of Rome stone and fled to live in the forest. See also: The quest of Odysseus 96\u2013101 \u25a0 Carna and Janus 121 See also: The labors of Herakles 66\u201371 \u25a0 Jason and Medea 84 72\u201375 \u25a0 Perseus and Medusa 82\u201383 \u25a0 Pyramus and Thisbe 124 PLIRBAUG\u0160UEETHE FOUNDER OF \u25a0 The legend of King Arthur 172\u201377 STHEBEARSETTIUARNN OF KING Czech, 8th century CE REYNARD THE TRICKSTER-FOX Portuguese, 16-17th century CE Libu\u0161e was the youngest daughter of Duke Krok, a mythical figure who French\/Dutch\/German, Sebastian of Portugal was born in ruled the Czech people benevolently. mid-12th century CE 1554, succeeding his grandfather Libu\u0161e was wise and beautiful, and John III as king in 1557. When because of this, Krok chose her to The red fox Reynard was a central he came of age in 1578, King be his successor. Libu\u0161e also had figure in the mid-12th-century Sebastian launched a crusade the gift of prophecy. While looking epic Ysengrimus. This series of against the Muslim Sultanate over the Vltava River, she predicted fables described how Reynard of Morocco. A devout and pious that this location would one day be was able to consistently defeat Catholic, he disregarded his home to a great city. Later, a castle his larger and stronger foe, the advisers and quickly advanced was built there, and around it grew wolf Isengrin, through his wits and inland. The Portuguese army was the city of Prague. The Council of cunning. In one episode, Reynard completely encircled and defeated, Prague resented female rule and used quick thinking to persuade and the 24-year-old king was killed demanded that Libu\u0161e marry, so Isengrin to catch fish using his in the battle, although his body was she selected a humble ploughman tail, so that the wolf became stuck never recovered. As a result, a myth called Premysl. They were the in the ice when the water quickly arose that Sebastian would one day mythical ancestors of the Premyslid froze over again. return to save Portugal. This belief dynasty\u2014rulers of the Czech lands See also: Numa outwits Jupiter became known as \u201cSebastianism.\u201d from the 9th century CE until 1306. 106\u201307 \u25a0 The adventures of Loki See also: The quest of Odysseus See also: The lost city of Atlantis and Thor in J\u00f6tunheim 146\u201347 66\u201371 \u25a0 Aeneas, founder of Rome 91 \u25a0 Aeneas, founder of Rome \u25a0 Finn MacCool and the Giant\u2019s 96\u2013101 \u25a0 The legend of King 96\u2013101 \u25a0 The founding of Causeway 168\u201369 Arthur 172\u201377 Rome 102\u201305","338 DIRECTORY BALTIC DIVINE TWINS CHERNOBOG out to find Nestan with the help of Avtandil, a knight who had served Lithuanian\/Latvian, Russian, 12th century CE King Rostevan of Arabia. Avtandil pre-13th century CE had been sent to capture Tariel, the In Russian mythology, Chernobog famed \u201cknight in the panther\u2019s Dievs and Velns were divine twins was the deity of death and skin,\u201d but was moved by Tariel\u2019s who played a major role in the pre- darkness, and the embodiment of story and instead joined his quest. Christian mythology of eastern evil. He caused disaster and bad Eventually, they found Nestan, and Europe, around the Baltic Sea. The luck. Some believed Chernobog\u2019s she and Tariel married in India. world was created after a fight counterpart was Belobog (\u201cWhite See also: Venus and Adonis between Dievs and Velns on a rock God\u201d), the deity of sun, light, and 88\u201389 \u25a0 Cupid and Psyche 112\u201313 in the middle of the sea, which then fortune. The two gods were thought \u25a0 Pyramus and Thisbe 124 became the central point in the to be locked in an endless struggle, universe. Dievs, the personification with Chernobog ruling the winter HAYK THE GREAT of light, was a generally benevolent months while Belobog dominated deity. He sometimes descended the summer. Armenian, 5th century CE from the heavens to test humanity\u2019s See also: The war of the gods goodness and generosity by walking 140\u201341 \u25a0 Ahura Mazda and Hayk originally lived in Babylon but the earth as an old beggar. Velns, Ahriman 198\u201399 \u25a0 Viracocha fled to escape from the tyrannical by contrast, was a trickster who the creator 256\u201357 rule of the Titan Bel. Hayk and his often interfered with creation; for followers established a village example, he created mountains by BABA YAGA called Haykashen. Bel demanded spitting mud over the earth. they return. When Hayk refused, See also: Ahura Mazda and Slavic, 18th century CE Bel led a huge army against them. Ahriman 198\u201399 \u25a0 The Hero Hayk met them in battle and killed Twins 244\u201347 \u25a0 The Dogon Baba Yaga was a hideous cannibal Bel with an arrow. Bel\u2019s army fled, cosmos 288\u201393 with sharp teeth and a long nose, leaving Hayk and his people to live who was said to lurk deep in the in freedom. The nation that Hayk HUNOR AND MAGOR forests of Eastern Europe. She lived founded became Armenia. in a hut that stood on giant chicken See also: The founding of Athens Hungarian, 13th century CE legs, topped with a rooster\u2019s head, 56\u201357 \u25a0 The founding of Rome and surrounded by a fence of 102\u201305 \u25a0 The legendary foundation Nimrod was a biblical king and human bones. She flew around in a of Korea 228\u201329 mighty hunter. In the Gesta giant mortar, armed with a pestle, Hungarorum, a 13th-century epic which she used to grind down her ZAHHAK poem, he had twin sons called victims before eating them. Hunor and Magor. While hunting See also: Perseus and Medusa Persian, 10th century CE with their followers, they pursued a 82\u201383 \u25a0 The Mead of Poetry 142\u201343 white stag all the way from Central The Shahnameh (\u201cBook of Kings\u201d) Asia into Eastern Europe. They TARIEL THE KNIGHT IN THE is a 60,000-verse poem that tracks decided to remain in the region and PANTHER\u2019S SKIN the development of Persia from the married daughters of a local king. mythical era to the 7th century CE. Hunor\u2019s descendants became the Georgian, 12th century CE This poem includes the story of Huns, while Magor\u2019s line included Zahhak, a tyrannical ruler who the Magyars, who conquered Set in India and Arabia, this tale overthrew a great king called Hungary in the late 9th century CE. follows Tariel, an Indian prince who Jamshid. Zahhak had two snakes See also: The epic of Gilgamesh yearned for his long-lost love that grew from his shoulders and ate 190\u201397 \u25a0 The adventures of the Nestan\u2014thought to symbolize the brains of two men every day. He Monkey King 218\u201319 \u25a0 Fire and Queen Tamar the Great, who ruled ruled Persia for 1,000 years, until rice 226\u201327 Georgia from 1184 to 1213. He set Kaveh, a blacksmith, led an uprising","DIRECTORY 339 that overthrew him. Jamshid\u2019s K\u00d6ROGLU, TURKIC a monkey named Pha Trelgen descendant, Fereydun, ascended Changchup Sempa (\u201cFather Old the throne, and Zahhak was Turkic, 11th century CE Monkey Enlightenment-Intention\u201d) imprisoned in a cave for eternity. settled on a Tibetan mountain to See also: Origin of the universe The figure of K\u00f6roglu is common lead a life of meditation. A female 18\u201323 \u25a0 The founding of Rome across Central Asian mythology. He demon came to the monkey and 102\u201305 \u25a0 Marduk and Tiamat was born as Rusen Ali but gained demanded to marry him. They had 188\u201389 his other name, which means \u201cson six children who, with the waters of the blind man,\u201d because his receding, lived in the forest. After a TENGRI THE CREATOR father was blinded by an evil royal few years, they numbered 500, and governor. K\u00f6roglu was known for were running out of food. They Turkic\/Mongol, 4th century CE his fierce desire for justice and asked their father for help and, hatred of tyranny, which inspired divinely inspired, he taught them Many Central Asian peoples, him to lead a revolt against the the practice of agriculture. including the Turkic and Mongol, governor, launching targeted raids See also: The epic of Gilgamesh practice a shamanistic religion against him before disappearing 190\u201397 \u25a0 The origins of the Baiga called Tengriism with the sky god, back into the countryside. 212\u201313 \u25a0 Fire and rice 226\u201327 Tengri, at its center. It teaches that See also: The epic of Gilgamesh before creation, the sky god was a 190\u201397 \u25a0 The legendary foundation EPIC OF KING GESAR pure white goose who flew across of Korea 228\u201329 \u25a0 Jumong 230\u201331 an endless ocean. Tengri created a Tibetan\/Mongolian, 12th century CE deity called Er Kishi to help him EPIC OF MANAS create the universe. Er Kishi was As an infant, Gesar was exiled impure, trying to tempt people to Kyrgyz, collected 18th century CE from the kingdom of Ling to the do evil, so Tengri sent sacred desert by his cowardly uncle. At animals to humans to guide them. More than 500,000 lines long, the the age of 12, Gesar returned to See also: Origin of the universe Epic of Manas is based on Kyrgyz Ling to compete in a horse race 18\u201323 \u25a0 Ahura Mazda and Ahriman oral tradition. Its hero is Manas, that would decide who the next 198\u201399 \u25a0 Spider Woman 238\u201339 who united the Kyrgyz peoples ruler would be. Gesar won and and led them to independence and married the daughter of a local ASENA THE GREY WOLF prosperity. Manas then conquered chief. He then led a series of neighboring areas and led victorious campaigns against Turkic, c.7th century CE campaigns as far afield as Beijing. Ling\u2019s enemies, which included Still recited by trained performers man-eating demons. The G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks were a Turkic people called Manaschi, the epic goes on See also: The labors of Herakles who dominated Central Asia from to tell the story of his son Semetei 72\u201375 \u25a0 The founding of Rome the 6th to the 8th centuries. When and grandson Seitek. 102\u201305 \u25a0 The adventures of Loki their capital city of \u00d6t\u00fcken was See also: Marduk and Tiamat and Thor in J\u00f6tunheim 146\u201347 captured in 744 CE and their people 188\u201389 \u25a0 The epic of Gilgamesh were slaughtered, only one boy was 190\u201397 \u25a0 The adventures of the THE DEVASURA YUDDHA left alive. He was badly injured and Monkey King 218\u201319 (HWINADRUSGBOEDTSW)EEN THE would have died, but a she-wolf called Asena nursed him back to PHA TRELGEN CHANGCHUP Indian, c.8th century BCE health. Eventually, he and Asena SEMPA THE CREATOR had 10 sons; one of whom was the In Hindu mythology, benevolent, founder of the Ashina clan, the Tibetan, date unknown virtuous deities came to be called ruling power of the G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks. Devas, and more harmful, demonic See also: The founding of Rome In Tibetan mythology, one tale gods are called Asuras. The Rig 102\u201305 \u25a0 The cattle raid of Cooley seeks to explain the ancestry of the Veda and Ramayana both include 166\u201367 \u25a0 Jumong 230\u201331 Tibetan people. After a great flood,","340 DIRECTORY descriptions of the struggle between Goddess. Despite their different called \u00c2u Co from a mountain tribe these two forces. Twelve battles professions, they fell in love. The to the north. They had 100 children between righteousness and Mother Goddess was furious that but could not be happy together. wickedness took place across her daughter was with a mortal and \u00c2u Co wanted to live in the heaven, earth, and the Underworld. called Zhinu back to the heavens. highlands, and Lac Long Qu\u00e2n The gods wielded mighty celestial When Niulang attempted to follow longed to be by the coast. They weapons called \u201castra\u201d; the most the weaver, the Mother Goddess took 50 children each and lived fearsome and destructive was the tore the heavens apart to separate in different parts of Vietnam, \u201cpashupatastra,\u201d an arrow that was them, creating the Milky Way. They promising to support each other if capable of destroying all of creation. were only allowed to meet once a necessary. Their children were the See also: The Ramayana 204\u201309 year, across a bridge of magpies. ancestors of the people of Vietnam, \u25a0 Durga slays the buffalo demon 210 See also: Arachne and Minerva symbolizing their unity and \u25a0 The fish-eyed goddess finds a 115 \u25a0 Pangu and the creation of the collective identity. husband 211 world 214\u201315 See also: The legendary foundation of Korea 228\u201329 EMPEROR BHARATA LEGEND OF THE WHITE \u25a0 Jumong 230\u201331 SNAKE Indian, c.8th century BCE KIVIUQ Chinese, 17th century CE The first book of the Sanskrit epic Inuit peoples of Canada, Alaska, Mahabharata tells the story of Xu Xian was a boy who accidentally and Greenland, date unknown Emperor Bharata. His mother bought some pills that granted Shakuntala was the daughter of a immortality. When he tried to Kiviuq was a shaman said to walk revered sage and a beautiful spirit, swallow the pills, he vomited them the Arctic eternally. He also used a and his father Dushyanta ruled a into a lake. They were swallowed sled, a kayak, and even the backs of kingdom in northern India. Despite by a white snake spirit who gained aquatic creatures to travel. His his royal birth, Bharata was not magical powers. Eighteen years magical powers allowed him to raised at court, but in the forests, later, the snake turned into a defeat any obstacle in his path. He where he played with wild animals. woman called Bai Suzhen, who was once married to a wolf-woman. As an adult, Bharata succeeded married Xu Xian. They lived happily, Sadly, the union ended when her his father as king, and through his until he discovered her true nature envious mother killed her. She then virtuous rule founded an imperial and died of shock. Bai Suzhen went skinned her daughter and wore her dynasty that ruled all India. As on a quest and found a herb that pelt in an attempt to trick Kiviuq a result, one of the official names would restore her husband to life. into staying with her. for India is \u201cBharat.\u201d When Xu Xian was revived, he fully See also: Orestes avenges See also: The game of dice realized her compassion and Agamemnon 64\u201365 \u25a0 Jason and 202\u201303 \u25a0 The Ramayana 204\u201309 loved her again. Medea 84\u201385 \u25a0 Raven and the \u25a0 The fish-eyed goddess finds a See also: Echo and Narcissus whale 242\u201343 husband 211 114 \u25a0 Pomona and Vertumus 122 \u25a0 Pangu and the creation of the RED HORN TWHEEACVEORWGHIERRLD AND THE world 214\u201315 Ho-Chunk of North America, date Chinese, c.7th century BCE LAC LONG QU\u00c2N AND \u00c2U CO unknown The Qixi festival takes place on the Vietnamese, 14th century CE The eponymous hero of the Red seventh night of the seventh lunar Horn Cycle is one of the sons of the month. It commemorates the story Lac Long Qu\u00e2n (\u201cDragon Lord of creator god Earthmaker. He gained of Niulang, a cowherd, and the weaver Lac\u201d) was the son of the first king of his name because of his long, Zhinu, the daughter of the Mother Vietnam. After he became king, braided red hair, but he was also Lac Long Qu\u00e2n married a princess known as \u201cWears Heads on His","DIRECTORY 341 Ears\u201d because of the living human human woman and the West Wind. in the Chilo\u00e9 archipelago in the faces grafted on to his earlobes. Nanabozho was associated with south of Chile. With the body of a Red Horn was a great healer and rabbits and was also known as serpent and the head of a rooster, worked to protect humans from the \u201cThe Great Hare.\u201d His main this terrifying creature was said to race of giants that plagued them. companion was the wolf spirit be hatched from a chicken egg. If Along with his brothers, he was Moqwaio, sometimes portrayed as the egg was not burned before the challenged to a contest by these his brother. The Great Spirit sent monster hatched, the Basilisco giants and, although they won Nanabozho to teach the Ojibwa the would dig a lair beneath a nearby many games, Red Horn and his names of the plants and animals, house. Then it would slowly brothers were killed after losing a and show them how to fish and dehydrate its occupants, feeding wrestling match. use hieroglyphics. He also saved remotely on their saliva and See also: The adventures of Loki humanity after a great flood by moisture. After hatching, it was and Thor in J\u00f6tunheim 146\u201347 \u25a0 protecting them from water spirits. said that the house above the Spider Woman 238\u201339 \u25a0 The first See also: Prometheus helps Basilisco\u2019s lair must be burned canoe 256\u201357 mankind 36\u201339 \u25a0 The adventures in order to kill the beast. of Loki and Thor in J\u00f6tunheim 146\u2013 See also: The quest of Odysseus IKTOMI THE TRICKSTER 47 \u25a0 The epic of Gilgamesh 190\u201397 66\u201371 \u25a0 The labors of Herakles 72\u201375 \u25a0 Theseus and the Minotaur Sioux of North America, date EL SILB\u00d3N 76\u201377 unknown Venezuelan\/Colombian, SACI THE PRANKSTER The son of the creator-god Inyan, 19th century CE Iktomi (\u201cspider\u201d) was originally Brazilian, 18th century CE called Ksa (\u201cwisdom\u201d). He was El Silb\u00f3n (\u201cThe Whistler\u201d) was a turned into a spider and given his spirit in the form of a thin man Saci appeared as a one-legged new name for his mischievous 20 ft (6 m) tall. While human, he youth who smoked a pipe and wore ways. Though primarily a spider, murdered his father to avenge his an enchanted red cap that gave Iktomi was a shapeshifter who mother\u2019s murder. The spirits of his him the power to appear and could take any form, including that mother and grandfather punished disappear at will. He was notorious of a human, and communicate with him by whipping him, rubbing for his pranks (such as making animals as well as inanimate lemons and chilies into his eyes, needles blunt, hiding things, or objects, such as trees and rocks. and setting dogs on him. He was setting animals loose), but granted As he was physically weak, Iktomi then cursed to wander the world wishes to anyone who could steal used tricks to survive. While as a spirit for eternity, carrying his cap. His myth was based on sometimes manipulative, Iktomi his father\u2019s bones in a sack. As he a figure from indigenous Guarani was seen by the Lakota Sioux as walked, he whistled a distinctive mythology adapted by African a patron of ingenuity. tune and preyed on unwary people, slaves who were brought to Brazil. See also: Prometheus helps womanizers, and drunks. See also: Hermes\u2019s first day mankind 36\u201339 \u25a0 Arachne and See also: Prometheus helps 54\u201355 \u25a0 The adventures of Loki Minerva 115 \u25a0 Spider Woman 238\u201339 mankind 36\u201339 \u25a0 Orestes avenges and Thor in J\u00f6tunheim 146\u201347 \u25a0 Agamemnon 64\u201365 \u25a0 The fate of The death of Baldur 148\u201349 TNRAINCAKBSOTZEHRO THE Oedipus 86\u201387 GAUCHO GIL Ojibwa of North America, date THE BASILISCO CHILOTE unknown Argentinian, 19th century CE Chilean, 16th century CE Although Nanabozho was a Antonio Gil was a legendary trickster, his exploits were never The Basilisco Chilote (\u201cthe Chilota Argentinian gaucho (cowboy) and malicious. He was the son of a Basilisk\u201d) is a creature in the outlaw said to have been active mythology of the Chilotes, who live during the late 19th century. He","342 DIRECTORY took from the wealthy to give to the When Aisha Qandisha pursued by laying his hands on them. He led poor, had healing powers, and was people, it was impossible to run everyone to build the first shelters, immune to bullets. Just before he away. They could only survive by but died unexpectedly when he was to be executed, he promised to plunging a knife into the earth was crushed by a falling tree. continue helping people even after and using it either to banish her See also: San creation myth 284 death. The first person he helped or to negotiate a price for her \u25a0 En-kai and the cattle 285 was the officer who arrested him, favor and support. \u25a0 Ananse the spider 286\u201387 whose child Gil saved from dying See also: Fire and rice 226\u201327 \u25a0 of illness. To this day, shrines to Gil Ananse the spider 286\u201387 \u25a0 The THE BILOKO exist across Argentina. Dogon cosmos 288\u201393 See also: Viracocha the creator Democratic Republic of Congo, 256\u201357 \u25a0 Hahuba the snake of QUEEN AMINA OF ZAZZAU date unknown being 258\u201359 \u25a0 The sky makes the sun and earth 260\u201361 Nigerian, 17th century CE The Biloko were dwarves who resided deep in the rainforests of THE QUEEN OF SHEBA Although the subject of many the Congo. They lived inside trees myths, Amina was a real ruler who and were covered in grass. While Ethiopian, 6th century CE reigned over the kingdom of Zazzau small in size, they had sharp claws in northern Nigeria during the 15th and could open their mouths wide While the Queen of Sheba appears or 16th century. Amina was a great enough to swallow a human. The in the Bible and Quran in the 6th general, highly skilled at leading Biloko were highly territorial and 7th centuries CE, the fullest cavalry. She turned Zazzau into a creatures, preying on those who account of her legend is in the major power, extending its control ventured into their territory. They Kebra Nagast, an Ethiopian epic over neighboring areas and trade were able to enchant humans using from 1322. After hearing of King routes throughout the region. bells that caused them to fall into a Solomon\u2019s wisdom, the queen, Amina declined to marry and never deep sleep\u2014at which point the Makeda, traveled to Jerusalem to had children. After each battle, Biloko devoured them whole. meet him. She returned home however, she was said to select a See also: Origin of the universe pregnant with his child; the boy, lover from among her vanquished 18\u201323 \u25a0 Theseus and the Minotaur Menelik, would become the founder foes who would be executed after a 76\u201377 \u25a0 Ananse the spider 286\u201387 of the Solomonic dynasty that ruled night with her. Ethiopia from 950 BCE to 1974. See also: Cybele 116\u201317 \u25a0 The NYAMINYAMI THE See also: The epic of Gilgamesh descent of Inanna 182\u201387 \u25a0 Eshu RIVER GOD 190\u201397 \u25a0 Jumong 230\u201331 \u25a0 En-kai the trickster 294\u201397 and the cattle 285 Zimbabwean\/Zambian, ADU OGYINAE 20th century CE AISHA QANDISHA Ashanti, date unknown Nyaminyami was the god of the Moroccan, date unknown Zambezi River for the Tonga In Akan mythology, based in people. He was usually described Jinn are supernatural beings made Ghana and the Ivory Coast, at the as having the body of a snake and of smokeless flame who interact beginning of time all humans lived a fish\u2019s head, and as staining the with the material world. They are underground. Then seven men, water red where he swam. usually invisible and can be good five women, a dog, and a leopard Nyaminyami lived underneath a or evil. In Morocco, Aisha Qandisha all crawled out of a hole left by a rock and made whirpools in the was a notorious and powerful jinn. giant worm and looked around in water surrounding it so that no one She appeared in the form of a terror at their incomprehensible could venture near. When the beautiful woman with the legs of a surroundings. Adu Ogyinae, the Kariba Dam was built in the 1950s, goat, and could cause either fertility first of the group to reach the it separated Nyaminyami from his and fortune, or death and madness. surface, calmed them, one by one, wife. The project was beset by","DIRECTORY 343 floods, mishaps, and accidents, MRAATTAUKANUD-TANGOTANGO THE BUNYIP which local people attributed to the rage of the river god. Maori of New Zealand, Australian Aboriginal, date See also: The founding of Athens c.13th century CE unknown 56\u201357 \u25a0 Perseus and Medusa 82\u201383 \u25a0 The fish-eyed goddess Rata\u2019s father Wahieroa was killed by One of the most fearsome beasts finds a husband 211 an ogre called Matuku-tangotango. in Aboriginal legend was the Seeking revenge, Rata traveled amphibious bunyip (\u201cdevil\u201d or HUVEANE THE CREATOR with his companions to find the \u201cevil spirit\u201d) that lived in lagoons, ogre. While Matuku-tangotango swamps, and riverbeds. The bunyip Lesotho\/South Africa, date was washing in a stream, Rata has been described in a variety of unknown killed the ogre, cut out his heart, ways; it has been variously said and roasted it over a fire. He then to have the head of a dog or a Huveane was the creator god who discovered that his father\u2019s bones crocodile; tusks, horns, or a bill; made the heavens, the earth, and had been taken by nocturnal and the body of a hippopotamus, humanity. Once he had done so, goblins called the Ponaturi. Rata an ox, or a manatee, with at least and not wishing to be disturbed by and his companions raided the nine regional variations across people, he drove pegs into a long village of the Ponaturi, defeated Aboriginal Australia. The fierce pole and used it as a ladder to the goblins, and rescued the bones creature is believed to kill and eat climb into the sky. As he stepped of Rata\u2019s father. any unwary humans who wander off each of the pegs, he removed See also: Orestes avenges across its territory. them so that nobody could follow Agamemnon 64\u201365 \u25a0 The fate of See also: The quest of Odysseus him. Huveane has resided in Oedipus 86\u201387 \u25a0 Tane and Hine- 66\u201370 \u25a0 The Dreaming 302\u201307 heaven ever since. titama 314\u201315 \u25a0 The killing of Luma-Luma 308\u201309 See also: Fire and rice 226\u201327 \u25a0 Cherokee creation 236\u201337 PELE THE FIRE GODDESS ISOKELEKEL \u25a0 San creation myth 284 Hawaiian, date unknown Micronesian, 16th century CE THE RAIN QUEEN Pele was the Hawaiian goddess of Isokelekel (\u201cshining noble\u201d) was a Limpopo of South Africa, fire, lightning, dance, wind, and semimythical warrior. He came 16th century CE volcanoes. She was also known as from the island of Kosrae (now in Ka wahine \u2018ai honua (\u201cthe woman the Federated States of Micronesia), Dzugundini was the daughter of who devours the land\u201d). Pele was and in some accounts was the son a chief who was forced to flee her born on Tahiti as a daughter to the of the thunder god Nan Sapwe. home. She escaped to the Limpopo earth goddess Haumea and the Isokelekel led an invasion of the region of northwestern South sky father Kane Milohai. Pele was island of Pohnpei, almost 311 miles Africa and established a tribe exiled to Hawaii because of her (500 km) away. The local king called the Balobedu. In this new fiery temper and for seducing the initially welcomed Isokelekel, but queendom, the eldest daughter husband of her sister. She died war eventually broke out between would inherit the throne, and when her sister found her and killed them. The mighty Isokelekel men were not permitted to rule. her in battle. In death, Pele became triumphed, with his rival running Dzugundini was famed for her a god and took up residence inside away and transforming into a fish. rainmaking ability. Rain queens Kilauea, a volcano on the island of Isokelekel divided Pohnpei between continued to reign over the Hawaii, where she still lives. his sons, from whom the local Balobedu until the death of Queen See also: Susanoo and chiefs trace their lineage. Makobo Modjadji VI in 2005. Amaterasu 222\u201325 \u25a0 Legend of the See also: The many affairs of See also: Cybele 116\u201317 \u25a0 The five suns 248\u201355 \u25a0 Ta\u2019aroa gives Zeus 42\u201347 \u25a0 Cherokee creation descent of Inanna 182\u201387 \u25a0 Eshu birth to the gods 316\u201317 236\u201337 \u25a0 Viracocha the creator the trickster 294\u201397 256\u201357","344 INDEX INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to main entries; Ananse 55, 147, 265, 286\u201387 B those in italics refer to captions. Anchises 98, 98, 99, 100 Andromeda 83 Babalawo 296, 296 A Andvari 158 Babylonian mythology 12, 180, 181, 188\u201389 Antiope 46 Bacchus 94 Aboriginal (Australian) mythology 13, 300, Anu 184, 192, 194 Baiga people 13, 212\u2013213 302\u201309 Anubis 269, 279\u201380, 280, 282 Baldur 148\u201349, 149, 154, 157 Anuna 186 Bal\u00e9wil 313 Abydos 279 Aphrodite 22, 22, 29, 29, 31, 35, 40, 57, 61, 62, ball games Achates 111 Achilles 62\u201363 63, 88, 88\u201389, 120 Mesoamerican 247 Adamanthea 27 Apollo 30, 31, 34, 35, 47, 55, 58\u201361, 61, 98\u201399, Native American 237 Adonis 88, 88\u201389 Baugi 142, 143 Ae\u00ebtes 84 107, 110, 111, 112\u201313 bear of Tuonela 163 Aegeus 76, 77 Apophis 272, 273 Benandonner 168\u201369 Aegisthus 64, 65, 65 apples of the Hesperides 39, 75 Bergelmir 132 Aeneas 94, 95, 96\u2013101, 98, 100, 102, Apsu 188, 189 berserkers 139 Arachne 94, 115 Bestla 132 110\u201311, 111, 116 Aramemb 312\u2013313, 315 Bhagavan the Creator 212\u201313 Aeneid (Virgil) 13, 94, 95, 98\u2013101 Archaic Triad 107 Bharata 207, 208 Aeolus 71, 99 Ares 29, 30, 31, 57 Biami 306\u201307 Aeschylus 16, 65, 85 Argonauts 73, 84, 85 Bifr\u00f6st 133, 136, 156 Aesir 140\u2013141, 148, 154, 156, 157 Argus 46\u201347 Blodeuwedd 170\u201371, 171 afterlife Ariadne 76\u201377 Book of the Dead 265, 269, 282, 282, 283, 283 Arianrhod 170 Book of Leinster 165 Elysian Fields 49 Arjuna 203, 203 Bor 131, 132 Field of Reeds 264, 283 Artemis 30, 47, 59, 64, 74 Brahma 200, 206, 207, 210 Valhalla 133, 139 Arthur, King 13, 31, 129, 172\u201377 Bran 165 see also Underworld Asante people 286 Br\u2019er Rabbit 287 Agamemnon 62, 63, 64\u201365 Ascanius 98, 100, 101, 102 British mythology 174\u201377 Ahriman 181, 198, 198\u201399 Asclepius 59 see also Celtic mythology Ahura Mazda 181, 198\u201399, 199 Asgard 133, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 155 Brokk 144, 145 Ailill 166 Asian mythology 178\u2013231 Bronze Age 38 Aillen 169 Ask 133 Brynhild 159 Aino 162 Astarte 12 Buataranga 320, 321 Akaotu 321, 322 Asteria 47 Buddha 180, 219 Akitu festival 12, 189 Atalanta 117 Bugan 227 Alba Longa 101, 102\u2013103, 104 Aten 264, 275 bull cult 46, 77 Alcmene 45\u201346, 72, 73, 73 Athena 30, 30, 31, 40, 44, 47, 47, 56, 57, 57, 68, Bull of Heaven 184, 184, 194 Alecto 101 Bundahishn 199 \u00c1lfheim 136, 137 71, 74, 77, 79, 82, 84, 94, 171, 171 Buninyong 307 Almudj 305 Athens 16, 33, 47, 56, 56\u201357, 80, 91 B\u00fari 131 Aluluei 301, 332\u201333 Atlantis 91 Byleist 153 Amaterasu 181, 221, 222\u201325, 224 Atlas 37, 37, 54, 55, 75, 269 Amazons 75 Attis 116, 117 C Ame-no-tajikarao 224 atua 330\u201331 Ame-no-uzume 224 Atua Fafine 329 Cabrakan 246, 247 American mythologies 232\u201361 Atua i Raropuka 329 calendar, ritual 252 Amma 290, 292, 293 Atum 268\u201369, 270, 271, 273 Calliope 44, 53 Ammut 283, 283 Atum-Ra 269 Amphitryon 46, 72, 73 Audhumla 131, 131 Amulius 102\u201303, 104 Augean stables 74 Amun 271, 275 Augustus, Emperor of Rome 98, 100, 111, Amun-Ra 275 117, 123 Austri 132 avatars 181, 206, 207 Avesta 199 Aztec Empire 250 Aztec mythology 234\u201335, 250\u201355","INDEX 345 Calypso 68, 68, 71 cults (cont.) E canoes 319, 333 Dionysian 17, 52 Eleusinian Mysteries 51 Ea 188, 189, 197 first canoe 258\u201359 Mithras 119 Earth Mother 20, 22, 35, 212, 235, 238, 239 Capitoline Triad 94, 107 Easter Island 324\u201325 Capitoline Wolf 103 culture heroes 142, 147 Echidna 49 Cardea 121 Cupid 61, 112, 112\u201313 Echo 114, 114 Carna 121 Cybele 13, 95, 101, 108\u201309, 111, 116, 116\u201317 Echtach 171 Cassiopeia 83 cyclical time 155 Eddic verse 13, 136, 137, 143, 152 Cat of Heliopolis 273 Cyclops 70 cattle of Geryon 75 see also Snorri Sturluson; V\u00f6lusp\u00e1 Cattle Raid of Cooley 166\u201367 D Egeria 106, 107 Cecrops 57 egg motif 161, 181, 214, 218, 231, 316 Celtic mythology 13, 128, 129, 164\u201371 Daedalus 77, 78\u201381, 79, 80, 81 Eggther 152\u201353 centaurs 63 Dag 132 Egyptian mythology 12, 117, 264\u201365, 266\u201383 Cephisus 114 Dagda 164 Eitri 144, 145 Cerberus 49, 75, 100 Dagda\u2019s Cauldron 164, 164 Elal 261 Ceres 108, 111 Dana\u00eb 46, 82 Electra 65 Ceryneian Hind 74 dances, sacred 240, 241, 261, 304, 330, 331 Elephant, Mount 307, 307 Cethlenn 164 Dan\u2019gun Wanggeom 181, 229, 229 Eleusinian Mysteries 51 Cetus 83 Daphne 60\u201361, 61 Elysian Fields 49 Chalchiuhtlicue 251 Dasharatha 206, 207 Embla 133 Chang\u2019e 217 Dauarani 259 En-kai 265, 285 Chantways 13 Dawi 315 Enheduanna 185 Chaos 20 decay, death, and regeneration 89, 117, Enki 186, 187 Charon 48, 100 Enkidu 192, 192, 193, 194, 195 Charybdis 71 118, 272\u201373 Enlil 185, 186, 194, 197 Cherokee 236\u201337 see also seasonal cycle Ennead 269, 282 Chinese mythology 159, 180\u201381, 214\u201319 Deerskin Dance 240, 241 Enuma Elish 12, 188\u201389 Chiron 63 Delphi 28, 58\u201359, 59, 73, 76, 86, 104 Eos 23 Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes 174, 177 d\u00e9ma 13, 301, 310\u201315 Epic of Gilgamesh 12, 180, 190\u201397 Christian cosmology 155 Demeter 17, 23, 26, 28\u201329, 30, 30, 31, 49, 50, 51 Epimetheus 37, 41 Christianity 94, 117, 128, 154, 157, 159, Descent of Inanna 184\u201387 Epona 128 Deukalion 37\u201338, 38, 197 Ereshkigal 184, 185, 187 177, 199, 234, 331 dharma 181, 203 Erichthonius 57 Cihuacoatl 252 Dharti Mata 212 Erinyes (Furies) 22, 65 Cinyras 89 Di Jun 216 Eros 60, 61, 61, 84, 88 Circe 71, 84, 100 Dido 99, 99, 100 Erymanthian boar 74 Clytemnestra 64, 65, 65 Dinadin 312 Eshu (Es\u00f9-Elegba) 265, 294\u201397, 295 Codex Chimalpopoca 235 Diomedes 74\u201375 Etruscan gods 94 Coffin Texts 265, 271, 283 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 95, 104 euhemerism 131 Corybantes 109, 116 Dionysus 30, 30, 31, 45, 52, 65 Euripides 16, 65, 85 creation myths Dis 99, 100 Europa 46, 46, 77 divination 104, 215, 265, 296, 296, 297 European mythologies 126\u201375 Aboriginal 304 Dodekatheon 29, 30 Eurydice 53 Aztec 250\u201355 Dogon mythology 13, 265, 288\u201393 Eurynomos 49 Babylonian 180, 188\u201389 Dorobo 285 Eurystheus 73, 74, 75 Chinese 214\u201315 dragons 58, 84, 158, 159, 225 evil, origins of 40\u201341 Dogon 290\u201391 Draupadi 202, 203 Excalibur 175\u201376, 175, 176, 177 egg motif 161, 181, 214, 218, 231, 316 Draupnir 145 Egyptian 268\u201371 Dreamtime 13, 300, 302\u201307 F Greek 20\u201323 Druids 128 Hindu 212\u201313 Duat 272, 273 Fafnir 158, 158 Inca 256\u201357 Dumuzid 187, 194 fairy tales 113 Native American 236\u201339 Dun, the Brown Bull of Cooley 166, 167 Fates 35, 137 Norse 130\u201333, 161\u201362 Durga 210, 210 Oceanic 300\u201301, 316\u201317, 318, 324 Duryodhana 203 Patagonian 260\u201361 Dushasana 202, 203 San 284 dwarves and elves 132, 136, 137, 142, see also humankind, origins of 144\u2013145, 157, 158 Cretan bull 74, 76 Crete 27, 46, 76\u201377 C\u00fachulainn 166\u201367, 167 cults, mystery 17, 116\u201317 bull cult 46, 77","346 INDEX Giant\u2019s Causeway 168\u201369, 169 Hera 23, 26, 29, 29, 31, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, giants 52, 58, 72, 73, 75, 94 Faunus 106 Faustulus 103 Aboriginal mythology 308\u201309 Herakles 39, 45, 72\u201375, 73 Fengmeng 217 Celtic mythology 168\u201369 Hermes 30, 31, 40, 41, 46\u201347, 54, 54\u201355, 83 Fenian Brotherhood 169 Greek mythology 21\u201322, 32\u201333, 70, 75 Hero Twins 235, 244\u201347, 246 Fenian Cycle 169 Inca mythology 256 Heroic Age 38 Fenrir 148, 152, 153, 155, 156 Norse mythology 131\u201332, 136, 141, 142, Hesiod fertility 89, 117, 123, 184\u201387, 315 145, 146\u201347, 153, 156, 157 Fianna 169 Gilgamesh 184, 192, 192\u201397 Theogony 13, 17, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 33, 34, Field of Reeds 264, 283 Ginnungagap 131, 132 35, 37, 38, 39, 44, 49, 55 Finn MacCool 168\u2013169, 169 Gjallarhorn 153, 153, 156 Works and Days 40, 41 Finnish mythology 129, 160\u201363 Glauce 85 Hesperides 83 fire Golden Age 38 Hestia 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31 Golden Fleece 84, 85 Hindu cosmology 155 primal 38, 315, 321, 322 Golden Hind 74 Hindu mythology 13, 159, 180, 181, 200\u201313 theft of 39, 147 golden mean 80 Hine-hau-one 318 fire giants 136, 153, 156, 156 Gorgons 82, 83 Hine-nui-te-po 319 Fish-Eyed Goddess 211 Gorlois 175 Hine-titama 318\u201319 Fjalar 142, 153 Graeae 83 Hinumbian 226, 227 flood myths 197 Gram 158 Hippolyta 75 Aztec mythology 251 great pike of Tuonela 163 Hippomenes 117 Greek mythology 37 Greek drama 16, 65, 85 Hirohito, Emperor 225, 225 Inca mythology 256 Greek mythology 12\u201313, 14\u201391 Historia Brittorum (Nennius) 174 Mesopotamian mythology 195, 196, 197 Gronw Pebyr 170\u201371, 171 Historia Regum Britanniae (Geoffrey of Norse mythology 132 Gudrun 159 Monmouth) 174 Formorians 164 Gugalanna 184 Hod 149, 154, 157 founding myths Guinevere 176, 176, 177 Holy Grail 176, 177, 177 Athens 56\u201357 Gullveig 140 Homer 17, 45, 69 Ifaguo 226\u201327 Gumuk Winga 307 Iliad 13, 16, 17, 62, 68, 69, 71, 98 Japan 220\u201321 Gungnir 144, 145 Odyssey 13, 17, 49, 62, 68\u201371, 98 Korea 228\u201331 Gunnlod 142, 143, 143 Homeric Hymns 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59 Rome 94, 95, 100, 102\u201305, 116 Gunwinggu people 308, 309 homosexuality, ritualized 314, 315 South Pacific islands 322 Gwydion 170, 171 Honir 140, 141 Four Hundred Boys 246 Gylfaginning 152, 155\u201357 Hope 41 Freki 139 Horae (Hours) 23, 35 Freyja 140, 140, 141, 145, 149, 152, 152 H horses of Diomedes 74\u201375 Freyr 140, 153, 156 Horus 269\u2013270, 270, 280, 281, 281, 282, 283 Frigg 148, 149 Habaek 231 hound of Chulainn 167 frost giants 131\u201332, 131, 136, 153, Haburi 235, 258, 259 Hrym 153, 155, 156 156, 157 Hades 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 48, 48\u201351, 50, Hu 269, 272 Fufluns 94 huacas 257 Furies 22, 49, 65, 101, 117 53, 75, 83 hubris 80, 81 Hae Mosu 230\u201331, 231 Hugi 147 G Hahuba 258, 259 Huitzilopochtli 250, 252 Hanuman 208\u201309 human sacrifice Gagudju people 304, 305 Hapi 269 Aztec 235, 253, 255 Gaia 20\u201321, 20, 22, 23, 26\u201327, 28 Harpies 99, 100 Greek 64 Galahad 175 Hathor 268, 270, 271, 271, 280, 281, 282 humankind, origins of Galar 142 Hati Hr\u00f3dvitnisson 155 Aztec mythology 252\u201353 Game of Dice 202\u201303 Haua 325 Babylonian mythology 189 Gandhi, Mahatma 207 Hecatoncheires 21\u201322, 32, 33 Dogon mythology 290\u201391 Gane 307 Hector 63, 98 Egyptian mythology 268 Ganesha 201, 201 Heimdall 153, 153, 156 Greek mythology 36\u201339 Garm 153, 155, 156 Heka 269, 272 Hindu mythology 212 Gauri 201 Hekate 49 Inca mythology 256 Geb 269, 269, 278, 283, 312, 313\u201314 Hel 136, 137, 148, 149, 153 Maori mythology 318\u201319 Geri 139 Helen of Troy 62, 62 Native American mythology 239 Geryon 75 Helios 23, 51, 59, 81 Norse mythology 133, 162 Geshtinanna 187 Hephaetus 29, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 41, 56\u201357, 59, 81 Papuan mythology 312\u201313 Geumwa 231 Tahitian mythology 317 Zoroastrian mythology 198 Humbaba 193, 194, 194 Hun-Batz 244, 246","INDEX 347 Hun-Came 247 Jupiter Heliopolitanus 95 Lidum 226, 227 Hun-Chowen 244, 246 Jupiter Optimus Maximus 107 Lif 157 Hun-Hunahpu 244, 245, 245 Jupiter Stator 105 Liriope 114 Hunahpu 244\u201347 Lleu Llaw Gyffes 170, 171 Hwanin 228 K Loki 55, 132, 132, 141, 144, 144\u201347, 146, Hwanung 228\u201329 Hydra 73, 74 Kaang 265, 284 148, 149, 149, 153, 155, 156, 158 Hymn to Inanna 185 Kabigat 226\u201327 L\u00f6nnrot, Elias 160, 161 Hyperion 21, 23 Kagutsuchi 220 Lords of the Underworld 235, 244\u201345, 247 Kaikeyi 207 Lotus-Eaters 69 I Kalevala 129, 160\u201363 Louhi 162, 163, 163 Kali 201 Lugaid 167 I Ching 215 kami 221, 225 Luma-Luma 301, 308\u201309 Iapetus 21, 23, 36\u201337 Kar-a-kar 315 Luna 119 Icarus 78\u201381, 79, 80, 81 Karro 261 Idavoll 154, 157 Kauravas 202\u201303 M Idun 146, 149 Kausalya 207 If\u00e1 265, 290\u201393, 297 Keyumars 198 Maasai 265, 285 Ifaluk mythology 332\u201333 Khepri 268, 273 Maasinta 285 Ifugao 13, 181, 226\u201327 Klymene 37 Maat 272 Igraine 174\u201375 Kojiki 223, 224 Maenads 52, 109, 116 Ilmarinen 161, 162, 162, 163 K\u00f3och 235, 260\u201361 magical weapons 144\u201345 Ilmatar 161\u201362, 161 Korean mythology 228\u201331 Magni 157 Inanna 12, 182\u201387, 185, 186 Kouretes 27, 27 Mahabharata 13, 180, 202\u201303 Inca mythology 234, 235, 256\u201357 Krishna 203, 203 Mahishasura 210, 210 infanticide 103 Kronos 21, 22, 23, 26, 26, 27, 28, 36 Maia 54, 55 Inuit 234, 235, 236, 242\u201343 Kullili people 305 Makemake 301, 324\u201325, 325 Io 46 Kur 185\u201386 Malayadwaja Pandya 211 Iphigenia 64 Kushi-nada-hime 225 mana 301 Iris 99 Kvasir 140, 142 M\u00e1nagarm 155 Irish mythology 129, 164\u201369, 171 Kyklopes 21, 32 Manannan 165 Iron Age 38, 129 M\u00e1ni 133 Ishtar 12, 186, 194 L Maori mythology 301, 318\u201319, 321 Isis 13, 95, 117, 269, 273, 274, 274\u201375, 278, 279, Mapusia 328\u201331 Labyrinth 77, 78, 79 Marduk 159, 181, 188, 188\u201389 279, 280, 281, 281, 283 Lady of the Lake 176, 176, 177 Marind-Anim people 13, 312\u201315 Izanagi 181, 220\u201321, 221, 222 Lakshmana 207, 208 Mars 103, 105, 107 Izanami 181, 220\u201321 Lancelot du Lac 176, 177 Mashya 198\u201399 Land of Women 165 Mashyoi 198\u201399 J Larentia 103\u201304 Math 170, 171 Last Judgment 154 Math fab Mathonwy 170, 171 Jade Emperor 218\u201319 Latin League 101 Maui 301, 319, 320\u201323, 322, 323 Janus 121 Lavinia 100, 101 Mauike 321, 322 Japanese imperial regalia 225 Le Morte d\u2019Arthur (Thomas Malory) 174, Maya mythology 234\u201335, 244\u201347 Japanese mythology 181, 220\u201325 Mayahuel 253, 254 Jason 84\u201385 175, 176 Mayakoto 258 Jatayu 208, 208 L\u00e9b\u00e9 290, 292, 293 Mead of Poetry 142, 143, 147 Jimmu, Emperor 225 Leda 45 Medb 166, 167 Jocasta 86, 87 Legba 265 Medea 84, 84\u201385, 85 J\u00f6rmungand 148, 153, 155\u201356 Legend of the Five Suns 248\u201355 Medusa 82, 82\u201383 J\u00f6tunheim 133, 136, 137, 146\u201347 Leifthrasir 157 Meenakshi 211 Joukahainen 162 Lemmink\u00e4inen 161, 162\u201363 Megara 73 Jumong 181, 230\u201331 Leto 47, 59 Menelaus 62, 63 Juno 94, 99, 101, 107, 108, 114 Library (Apollodorus) 26, 37, 38, 47, 73, 74, Mercury 54, 99, 125, 125 Jupiter 94, 99, 101, 106\u201307, 113, 116, 125, 125 Merlin 174, 175 76, 83 Mesoamerican mythologies 234\u201335, 244\u201357 Mesopotamian mythologies 12, 184\u201397 Messiah 199 Metis 47","348 INDEX Metztli 255 Nidhogg 137, 138, 154\u201355, 157 Otter\u2019s Ransom 158, 159 Micronesian mythology 301, 332\u201333 Niflheim 130\u201331, 136, 137 Ouranos 20\u201321, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 36 Mictlantecuhtli 252, 253 Nile Delta 269 Ovid 29, 94, 108, 123 Midas, King 90, 90 Ninshubur 185, 186, 187 Midgard 133, 136\u201337 Njord 140 Metamorphoses 13, 90, 113, 115, 123, 124 M\u00edmir 140, 141, 153, 155 Noah 132, 197 owls 171 M\u00edmir\u2019s Well 137, 139, 156 Nommo 290, 291, 292\u201393, 292 Oxomoco 253 Minerva 44, 94, 107, 115, 171 Norns 137, 138 Minoan civilization 16, 76, 77, 91 Norse mythology 13, 128, 129, 130\u201363 P Minos 46, 74, 76, 77, 78\u201379, 81 N\u00f3shtex 261 Minotaur 76\u201377, 77, 78 N\u00f3tt 132 Paluelap 333 Mithras 95, 118, 118\u201319 Ntikuma 287 Pan 59 Mj\u00f6lnir 145 Nubog 312 Pandavas 202\u201303 Mnemosyne 21, 22, 23, 44 Numa Pompilius 105, 106\u201307, 107 Pandora 37, 39, 40\u201341, 41 Modi 157 Numitor 102\u201303, 104 Pangu 181, 214, 214\u201315 Moirae (Fates) 35 Nun 268, 269 Papa 318, 318 Monkey King 218\u201319 Nut 269, 269, 278, 283 Papaztac 254\u201355 Mordred 175, 177 Nyame 287 Papuan mythology 301, 310\u201315 Morrigan 164, 167 nymphs 23, 27, 61, 63, 83, 101, 106, 108, 114, Paris 62, 62, 63 multiverses 155 Parvati 201, 211 Mumin 138 115, 117, 121, 122 Pasipha\u00eb 74, 76, 79 Muses 22, 34, 44, 44 Nyx 49 Patagonian mythology 260\u201361 Muspelheim 130\u201331, 132, 136, 153, 156 Patroclus 63 Myrrha 88, 89, 89 O Pausanias 29, 73 mythology Pegasus 83 O no Yasumaro 223 Pelias 84, 85 definition 12 O-ge-tse-hime 225 Penelope 68, 71, 71 functions 12, 13 Oceanic mythologies 300\u201333 Peneus 61, 61 preserving myths 13 Oceanus 21, 22 Pentheus 52 religion and 12 Odin 132, 133, 134\u201339, 139, 140, 141, 141, Persephone 17, 30, 30, 48, 49, 50, 50\u201351, 53, 89 Perseus 46, 82\u201383, 119 N 142\u201343, 143, 145, 147, 148\u201349, 152, 153, 155, Pha\u00ebton 81 156, 157 Phanes 231 Naglfar 153, 155 Odysseus 62, 63, 66\u201371, 95 Philemon and Baucis 125, 125 Naiads 61, 117 Oedipus 23, 86, 86\u201387, 87 Phoebe 21, 23 Nanahuatzin 253, 254 Oedipus complex 87 Piakor 313 Nandi 211 Ois\u00edn 169 Picus 106 Nanga Baiga 212\u201313 Olodumare 297 Plato 47, 89, 91 Nanga Baigin 212 Olympian gods Pleiades 55, 55 Nanna 186 human personalities 30\u201331 Pleione 54, 55 Narayana 200 origins of 24\u201331 Plutarch 104, 106 Narcissus 114, 114 symbols and attributes 31 Poetic Edda 131, 137, 138, 153, 154, 157 national epics War of Gods and Titans 32\u201333, 36, 37 poetry, Norse 142\u201343 Olympus, Mount 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 34\u201335 Polydektes 82, 83 Aeneid 13, 94, 98\u2013101 Ometeotl 235, 250 Polynesian mythology 301, 316\u201331 Kalevala 129, 160\u201363 Omoikane 224 Polyphemus 70 see also founding myths Oonagh 168, 169 Pomona 122, 122\u201323 Native American mythologies 13, 234, 235, Ops 108 Popul Vuh 235, 245, 246, 247 236\u201343 oracles 46, 47 Poseidon 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 30, 31, 32, 35, 57, 57, Nausicaa 69 Delphi 28, 58\u201359, 59, 73, 76, 86, 104 Navajo weaving 239 Sibyl of Cumae 99, 100, 110\u201311, 111 68, 70, 76, 83 Nechtan 165 oral tradition 13, 69, 130, 180, 181, 223, 290, Prajapatis 200 Neith 280 301, 333 Priapus 108, 109 Nemean lion 73 Orestes 65, 65 Proca 121 Nemesis 23, 114 Orion 55 Prometheus 36\u201337, 37, 38, 39, 39, 40, 41, Nene 251 orisha 297 Nennius 174 Orontes 95 47, 47, 147 Nephthys 269, 279, 279, 283 Orpheus 21, 53, 53 Proserpina 100, 113 Neptune 100, 115 Orphic egg 231 Protogenus 231 Nereids 83 Osiris 269, 270, 276\u2013283, 281 Psyche 35, 112, 112\u201313 Ptah 271, 271"]