NatScienceTBM4codex

c[[IPo ;ymtpklkfme,t-kf -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu $ IP[IP’3fpG rvo9ao 7e[5orao lD;Dl 7tot;ymtpklkf ,D- IlDfi 7er5f rq,,tlvo 7tot;ymtpklkf ,D- 7totlbdlklkf ,D- ;kflt|k 7e;q’lk 7tot;ymtpklkf ,D- rtoad’ko[eoko l6omvo cl’l5]ypt;q’ rtoad’ko[eoko lD;Dl 7ervo 9aofk;q’ lD;Dl dq,,afmtpq,lbdlk lults;kj ’ ;ymtw- ,Dl ;P’9ao ,Dl ,yf8trk[]k;{s;Pf f;’xu l5me,t;q’ lD;Dl lD;Dl [5o3I, oaomt;q’ lD;Dl lD;Dl graflt\\vo lu[5ogInv’ lD;Dl lD;Dl ,t3olyo ,klt;q’fu ;q’graf s^;’w- lurao v5fmt9ad d;fcdh3fpG mv’cdh; vklk rvo9ao 7e[5orao ry,g0Qk|hk3fpG 9aomtw] gdufs^hk s5,rao 0aomt;u w-ptdvo xaopkmv’ [5ozq’ lu]kgff 3fpdkoIj;,,nd;fzjko9kdG s5,rao 0aomt;u lD;Dl [ko.9 ,k]k;q’ lD;Dl w-ptdvo xaopkmv’ lD;Dl [5ozq’ lu]kgff lD;Dl lumv’ xkj w9-q’j lD;Dl mk lvograf lD;Dl ;ycvaf cdoj rt9ao lD;Dl [5o-6 ,kf,toulvo -Pj ;-ko37’dko dt-;’lbdlkmydko c]t dy]k lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk 2013



7eoe lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk wfIh [a dko,v[\\kp9kddt-;’ldb lkmdy ko.sh rfa mtoksda^ lf6 F x,B c[[IPoF x,B 7,6j 7n 6 c]t ldnj koIPo{dkolvovonj M3fpltgrktc,oj llnj ’yj r,y muj .-hxtdv[dkoIPo{dkolvo le]a[dkolbdlklkplk,ao grjnvlqj’glu,dkoIPo{dkolvo .shgxaowx8k,s^adl6f c]t [ao]5wfh8k,95fxtlq’0v’sa^dl6fD x,B c[[IPo;-y k ;my tpklkfme,t-kf -oha ,fa mtp,q ldb lkxmu u $ X,D$? s;q oU wfh I[a dko IP[IP’0Bo8k,sa^dl6f;ymtpklkfme,t-kf-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu $ 0v’sa^dl6f-Ao ,fa mtp,q ldb lk8vo8oQ lt[[a xu @WW_D govN .om[uj oa 9.5 l.j ox,B s;q oxU tdv[f;h p !! rkd g-’yj s;q g]vnj ’ c8]j trkdwfh9af8k,]efa[fa’j oUG dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’Ikj ’dkp,to5fS dko xjPocx’0v’mkf8jk’MS w22hkdtcldq’S oES vk-ufF [kg-u c]t gdnvS w22hkc,jgs^adS w22kh dtcllts[^a S g]o Xcd;h 8kglvn ?S mkfv’q 7tmkf c]t mkfvto’q mkfS dko4kj pmvf ]da ltotmk’de,troa S dkoxPj oI[6 c]t Ida lkrt]’a ’koS dkooe.-mh kfg7,.u odkofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 D dkoIP[IP’xB,sq;oUF 7totzh6IP[IP’wfhfegouodkoIP[IP’fh;p7;k,Iu[Ihvo c]t 2hk;2’aj grnjv.shleg]afrkp.odeoqfg;]kvaolAo lq,mq[da[ 7totzh6IP[IP’xB,sq;oU l;j os^kp gxaozh6muj[+mao,uxtlq[dkodjP;da[dkoIP[IP’xB,c[[IPole]a[-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk,kdvj oD 9kd[oa skf’ja mduj kj ;,kooA cooj vo;kj 9t,0u 0h= kf8dq [dq rvj ’1s6j k^ p1kj ’D f’ja ooA F lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk c]t 7totzI6h P[IP’ 9’bj 07= ;k,I;j ,,on emd5 mkj o mwuj f-h ,q .-sh ^wn fvh kj o x,B s;q oFU 4kh gsoa govN .o[+cmfg\\kt s^n zfy rkfxtdko.f 9’jq dt]o5 k l’jq 7e8-y ,q wxp’a lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lkD r;dgIkq poy fIu [a gvkq c]t 4;n kj md5 7egsoa 0v’mkj ogxoa xt3spf voa ]E7kj le][a dkoffa cdxh ,B s;q o.U sfh 0u oB .ovtok7fq D lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk 0=ltcf’7;k,I6h[5o75ovaog]ydg-y’j ,kpa’z6hmuj,u l;j oI;j ,.odkoIP[IP’ c]t 0=0v[.98+zm6h uoj egvkq xB,s;q oUwx.-.h sgh dufxt3spfl’6 lf5 .odko rfa mtok7o5 otrk[0v’dkoldb lk]k;D lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk

lk]t[ko ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ |hk rkdmu I G dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’Ijk’dkp,to5f ................. 1 [qfmu ! G dkog8u[.spj c]t dkoxPj ocx’0v’Ikj ’dkpw;|,5j ....................... 1 [fq mu @ G ]t[[q ln[roa ................................................................................... 8 [qfmu # G dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q;......................................... 14 [qfmu $ G rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? ............................................... 21 [qfmu & G dkolq’j glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf ........................................... 26 rkdmu IIG dkoxjPocx’mkf8jk’M .......................................................... 31 [fq mu * G xt8dy ]y py kg7,u ............................................................................. 31 [fq mu ( G lf6 g7,u ........................................................................................ 41 [qfmu ) G l,q zoq g7,u ................................................................................... 49 [qfmu _ G vqd-uc-o c]t vqd-yffk-q’.......................................................... 54 [qfmu !W G I3u fic-o ................................................................................... 62 rkdmu IIIG dtclw22hkdq’ .......................................................................... 67 [qfmu !! G dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’ dtclw22hkF zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk c]t 7;k,8hkow22hk0v’lkpF dqfgdo3v, ................................ 67 [qfmu !@ G 8volkp8+]Podao c]t 8+0t|kodao ............................................ 71 [qfmu !# G 7;k,8hkow22hk0Boda[7;k,pk;F goNvm|uj hk8af c]t mkfmguj Iaf lkpok= w22kh ............................................................................... 77 [fq mu !$ G g7vnj ’8kh ow22kh xPj o7kj c]t g7vnj ’8kh ow22kh .og8da oyd ................. 82 [qfmu !& G de]a’w22hkF rt]a’’kow22hk c]t cI’’kodtclw22hk .............. 87 [fq mu !* G dfq gdo1o6 {c]ol ......................................................................... 92 [fq mu !( G dko.-wh 22kh m4uj nd8vh ’.................................................................. 96 rkdmu IVG oEF vk-yfF [kg-u c]t gdnv................................................... 102 [qfmu !) G oE ............................................................................................ 102 [qfmu !_ G vk-yf........................................................................................ 109 [fq mu @W G [kg-u......................................................................................... 117 [fq mu @! G gdvn ........................................................................................... 125

rkdmu VG w22hkc,jgsa^d ........................................................................... 133 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ [qfmu @@ G m’jq c,gj s^da ................................................................................. 133 [fq mu @# G m’jq c,gj s^ad0v’dtclw22kh ........................................................ 139 [qfmu @$ G dko8yfc,gj sa^d c,gj s^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c,gj s^ad ................. 145 [fq mu @&G 3,g8wu 22kh dtcld’q ................................................................... 150 [fq mu @* G dkoltmvh oc,gj sd^a w22kh ........................................................... 153 rkdmu VIG w22hkdtcllts^a[ ................................................................... 157 [qfmu @( G dkodegouf c]t [qf[kf0v’w22hkdtcllts^a[ ....................... 157 [fq mu @) G 3,g8uw22kh dtcllts^[a .............................................................. 161 [qfmu @_ G 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[ ................... 164 [qfmu #WG \\=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq’j w22hkwxwd ......................................... 168 rkdmu VIIG g]o ......................................................................................... 173 [qfmu #! G g]oF g]ol;fF g]os^5[ ................................................................ 173 [fq mu #@ G v’q xtdv[mluj e7oa 0v’g]o ......................................................... 175 [fq mu ## G ]da ltot0v’cl’zkj og]o ......................................................... 178 [fq mu #$ G I[6 0v’;fa 4z5 kj og]ol;f ........................................................... 181 [fq mu #& G I[6 0v’;fa 4z5 kj og]os[5^ ............................................................. 183 [fq mu #* G dkogdfu I[6 gm’y 2,u .odvh ’4kj pI[6 ............................................... 186 [qfmu #( G 8k c]t dkog[y’j gsao ................................................................ 188 [qfmu #) G cl’0k;F cl’lu c]t dkocpdcl’lu0k;................................. 193 [qfmu #_ G lu0v’;af45 ................................................................................. 196 [qfmu $WG xt3spf c]t zqoglp0v’cl’................................................... 201 rkdmu VIIIG mkfvq’7tmkf c]t mkfvtoq’7tmkf ............................ 204 [qfmu $! G mkfvq’7tmkf ......................................................................... 204 [qfmu $@ G mkfvtoq’7tmkf...................................................................... 209 rkdmu IXG dko4jkpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao .................................... 213 [fq mu $# G 37i3,3-, ................................................................................ 213 [fq mu $$ G dkoc[’j 9]5 ’a c[[Ida lk ............................................................ 219 [qfmu $& G dkoc[’j 9]5 ’a 3fpmk’d’q ........................................................... 225 [fq mu $* G 7;k,zyfxdq dt8y0v’37i3,3-, ................................................. 233

[fq mu $( G dfq gdodkol[n g-vN 0v’mkj o,’a cf] ............................................ 236 [qfmu $) G c-o c]t dko7;[75,dkoltcf’vvd0v’c-o........................ 242 rkdmu XG dkoxjPoI6[ c]t Iadlkrt]a’’ko ....................................... 247 [fq mu $_ G rt]’a ’koI[6 8kj ’M ................................................................... 247 [fq mu &W G dkoxPj oI[6 rt]’a ’ko ............................................................... 256 [fq mu &! G dkozt]yfrt]’a ’kow22kh ......................................................... 260 [fq mu &@ G dkooe.-rh t]’a ’ko .................................................................. 266 rkdmu XIG dkooe.-hmkfg7,u.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5f................... 269 [qfmu &# G 7;k,dhk;|hk c]t [qf[kf0v’mkfg7,u ................................... 269 [qfmu &$ G vao8t]kp0v’mkfg7,u.o-u;yfxt9e;ao...................................... 273 [qfmu && G dkooe.-hmkfg7,umuj4nd8hv’ c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkly’j c;f]hv, ... 279 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

rkdmu I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’Ijk’dkp,to5f [qfmu ! dkog8u[.spj c]t dkoxjPocx’0v’Ijk’dkpw;|5j, !D dkog8u[.spj0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp dkog8u[.spjmk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|ad oadIPo7yf;kj py’ c]t -kp,udkog8u[.sp7j ndao s^n 8kj ’daoL gIqk9tgsao;jkdkog8u[.spj0v’7qo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ la’gdf wfh9kddkogru,j oE|ad c]t ];’l6’D I6[ !D! -kp c]t py’ grfpy’ g,nvj vkp5 !@{!# xu 9t,uoE|ad c]t ];’l6’gruj,0Bow;d;jkgrf-kpF le]a[grf -kpg8u[.sp1j 6.j o-;j ’vkp5 !#{!& xuD dkog8u[.spj0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp,u7;k,c8d8jk’daomk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|adfaj’I6[ !D!D 4hkxP[mP[7;k, c0’cI’]ts;kj ’py’ c]t -kpc]h;oadIPo 7yf;kj .z9tc0’cI’d;kj daoL oda IPo9’jq mfq ]v’f’b lkp1k’ s^n g-vn d .shg8a,7;k,lk,kfgrnjvmqflv[7;k,c0’ cI’0v’dhk,c0o c]t ,n /jkp]t # 7qo c];h [oa mdb zoq D oAoc,oj dkog8u[.spmj guj saowfh9kdrkpovdF l;j odkog8u[.sp0j v’vtw;pt;trkp.o,u -;j ’dkog8u[.sp7j ndao s^n [+ oadIPo9twfhlbdlk.oglAoltcf’8+wxoUG 1

@W9eo;ogmnjv0v’oE|adgdufmevyfIkj ’dkp !& sq;.9 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !W & lt\\v’ ! W & !W !& @W vkp5 Xxu? I6[ !D@ glAoltcf’dkog8u[.sp0j v’Ikj ’dkpF sq;.9 c]t lt\\v’.o-;j ’vkp58kj ’daoD 9kddkolbdlk0v’oad;ymtpklkf.shI6h;kj G .og;]kmIuj kj ’dkp,udkog8u[.spFj vtw;pt ;trkp.o,-u ;j ’dkog8[u .sp1j .6j o]tf[a vkp85 kj ’doa g-oja G lt\\v’g8[u .sp.j o-;j ’vkp5 & x]u ’q ,kF \\kp7;k,;kj 9]5 ’a lt\\v’0v’gfda ,du ko0tspkp8;q c8,j gN dfu 9oq Ivfvkp5 & xu c84j kh vkpd5 kp & xu c]h;95]a’lt\\v’9t[+0tspkpvud ,ao,uc8gj ru,j 0t|kf0v’95]a’0Bogmqkj oAoD le]a[95]a’ zy;|a’F 95]a’ xtlkfl;j oxkp pa’,udkog8u[.sp8j +wxvudD l;j osq;.9 c]t Ikj ’dkp,udkog8u[ .spgj 8a,mugj ,nvj vkp5xt,ko @W xuD ovdoAoF pa’,uxafw9vnoj Mmu,j uvyfmyrqo s^n 7;[75,dkog8u[.spj 7nG vkskoF de,trao c]t Ivd3,oD @D dkoxjPocx’ c]t dkoxa[8q;0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp g,nvj dhk;g0Qkl6wj ;|5,j vkp5]ts;kj ’ !#{ @W xu grfpy’ c]t grf-kp9t,udkoxPj ocx’ mk’fhkoIjk’dkpF 9yf.9F lt8yxaopkF vk]q,c8d8jk’daoD dkoxjPocx’faj’djk;gduf0Bo 3fpme,t-kf 9kdw;gfadskw;zh6.spDj 2

oda IPo9’jq 0Pol’jy mxju Pj ocx’.o8oq gv’.l[j vj ogxkjq s;kj ’D I6[ !D# dkoxPj ocx’mulj e7ao0v’Ikj ’dkpw;|5,j ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !? dkoxjPocx’mujle7aomk’fhkoIjk’dkpgrf-kp * gfnvo ({) gfnvo _{!! gfnvo !@{!# xu !${!* xu !({#$ xu I6[ !D$ ltcf’dkoxPj ocx’Ikj ’dkp0v’grf-kp.o-;j ’vkp58kj ’dao * gfnvo sk #$ xuD 3

grf-kpG g,nvj vkp5]ts;kj ’ !${!& xu 7;k,l6’9tgru,j 0Bo1kj ’w;;kF c0o0kpk;vvdF ,u0qo1j6vtw;pt;tgrfF dhk,goNvg]uj,0tspkp8q;F lP’g]uj,c8dF ,u0qo0UcIhF ,u|;fF ,uly;F 7s= vp.sp0j oB c]t lP’g;kQ xPj ocx’S ,wu spj^ k;F |kh gvdy d;kh ’vvd c8dj t3rd8vh ,g0kQ D w;|,j5 -kpg]u,j ,udkozt]yf8q;vtl59yc8vj kp5 !@ xu 0BowxD @? dkoxjPocx’mujle7aomk’fhkoIjk’dkpgrfpy’ * gfnvo ({) gfnvo _{!! gfnvo !@{!# xu !${!* xu !({#$ xu ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[ !D& ltcf’dkoxPj ocx’Ikj ’dkp0v’grfpy’.o-;j ’vkp58kj ’dao grfpy’G g,nvj vkp5]ts;kj ’ !@{!# xu 7;k,l6’ c]t oE|adgru,j 0Bow;F g8Qkoq,F dt3rd 0tspkp.sp0j BoF g]u,j ,u0qo16vj tw;pt;tgrf c]t g]u,j ,uxt9egfnvoD dkog]u,j gxoa xt9egfvn o0v’grfp’y .o-;j ’vkp]5 ts;kj ’ !W sk !$ xu c84j kh Ivfvkp5 !( xu [g+ xoa xt9egfvn o7;oxdb lkcrfS dkoxPj ocx’0v’grfp’y 9tg],ju w;dvj ogrf-kpxt,ko !{@ xuD dkoxPj ocx’fa’j dkj ;,ad9tgIaf.shw;|5,j I6hlbdda’;qo.9F 1hko s^n [+lt[kp.9D grvjn dP,.s,h du koxtrfb 8;q m4ju dn 8vh ’8g+ sfdkof’ja dkj ; w;|,j5 -kp{p’y 7;oldb lkdPj ;d[a 9f5 rgy lf.odkog8[u .spj c]t xPj ocx’0v’Ikj ’dkp38gv’ 3fpdoy vksko.s7h [q \\;f\\j6 c]t rP’r=F vvdde]a’dkp1kj ’lt\\ej ltg\\u c]t radzvj o.shrP’r=D 4

#? dkoxjPocx’mk’fhko9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk g,nvj dhk;l6wj ;|5,j 9t,udkoxPj ocx’mk’fhko 9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk fa’j 8+wxoUG { 8hv’dkogxao8q;0v’8q;gv’ c]t 7;k, gxaovyflts^tF rhv,ma’ltcf’7;k, 7fy gsoa vvd,kgrvjn .szh v6h ojn pv,I[a D { 8vh ’dko\\gj6 rvjn o c]t g-vjn \\oA \\sj6 k^ pd;kj r+c,Dj { ,da gIfa sn^ mfq ]v’l’jy cxdM .\\Mj g]vN pMD { ,adltcs;’sk7;k,I6h c]t ,udko I6[!D* w;|5j,-kp{py’ rfa mtok0t[;odko7oQ 7fy 3fp.-gh sfzoq D ovdooA F dko,3u vdkfwfgh soa c]t wfIh lh6 ’yj 8kj ’M 1kj ’d;kh ’0;k’ rk.swh ;|,j5 wfh rfa mt oklt8yxaopk c]t 9yf.90v’8qowfh1kj ’fuD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ $? dkoxjPocx’mk’vk]q, .o-;j ’owU ;|,j5 ,vu k],q xPj ocx’vkfgdfu 7;k,l[a loq F vk],q [f+ u Xs’f5 s’fy ’kj p?F .9Ikh pF [+I6h9t7;[75,vk]q,8qogv’D ltoAoF dko.shw;|5,j wfh ,u3vdkf ltcf’7;k,7yfgsao.ola’7q, 9tgxaodko -j;p]t[kpvk]q,F .shg0qkI6hlbdgxao8q;0v’8q;gv’F gduf7;k,r6,.9 c]t \\Ao.98+8qogv’D &? dkoxa[8q; c]t dkolhk’]adltot oyfwlmujfu I6[ !D( w;|5,j d? dkoxa[8q; { .shoadIPo9qj’7Qo7yfdjP;da[lyj’muj8qogv’ 7;o9txa[8q;,uspa’cfLj dkox[a 8;q c,oj ,7u ;k,9egxoa c]t 8vh ’wfxh [a 8q;wx8k,dkoxPj ocx’0v’Ikj ’dkp c]t 9yf.97nG xa[8q;.shg0Qkda[\\6gj rnvj oF zh6.spFj la’7q,F ltrk[ s^n 4kot7;k,gxoa 9’y 0v’8oq gv’F 8’A gxkQ \\kp-;u fy 0v’ 8oq gv’D 5

ovdoAoF d=8hv’wfhgvqk.9.ljdkoxa[8q;8+grfdq’dao0hk,.shg\\ktlq,g-aoj G dko;k’8q;F ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkoxkdg;kQ F d]y py k,k]tpkfF dko-;j pgsvn^ c]t vojn M m’a odhu g= rvjn lkh ’]da ltotofy wlmfju cu dj 8oq gv’D 0? dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmujfu { .shoadIPo9’qj 7Qo7yfg[’yj ;kj 8qogv’,u]adltotoyfwlmfuj u7;o,ufhko.fcfLj ovdooA p’a 8vh ’wfIh PoIh6 c]t g/yd/oq [k’mda ltm9ju egxoa f’ja 8;q 1kj ’.o[fq loq mtok],5j oUG [qflqomtokG { 0vh pgxoa 7oq vvj oovh ,F 4vj ,8oq 8tsv^ f g;]kD { g;]kzv6h ojn g;kQ 0vh p9t2’a dvj o 9kdooA 0hvp9yj’g;QkF oUc,jodkog/yd8qogv’ .sh,u7;k,lk,kfgxaozh6g;Qkmufj u c]t zh62a’mujfu c]t lyj’le7aoc,jo9y’.9 8d+ oa D { gvqkK zh6g;Qkmufj uc,oj co;.fL { vkK zg6h ;kQ mfuj u 8vh ’g;kQ 1kj ’c9,j c9’h F -afg9oF g;QklAo c8,j ugoNv.oF mkj mupY, cph,F lq[8kzh62a’F [+.9Ihvo c]t [+ ltcf’;kj 8oq Ish6 ^kpD { 7ao-Ao zh62a’mufj u c,oj co;.fL { gvuK 2a’fh;p7;k,8A’.9F ltcf’ 7;k,lqo.98+zh6g;QkF [+g;Qk8af7;k, zg6h ;kQ D { 0hvp8nj,cfjK ovdoAo g;]k2a’pa’ 7;oltcf’mkj mug0Qk.9F gsaovqdgsao .9F fu.9F glp.9DDD 8+zh6g;Qk8k,lt4k otdkomguj \\ktl,q vudwfDJ 6

{ gvqkK 7ao-Aoly’j mugj ;Qk,k c,oj madltdkolnlj koc,oj [+LF gxaodkolnlj kolv’mk’D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mda ltdkolljn koo-U ;j p.sgh Ikq ,7u ;k,g-vjn \\oA .o8oq gv’ c]t p’a -;j p.sgh Ikq rfa mtok 7;k,leraoda[zh6vonj wfhgxao1kj ’fu o= KD { ovdoAod=pa’,umadltvonj Mvudmguj Iqk7;og/yd/qo c]t Iej IPogvqk1[6j qfmu &D { 0v[.9gfu mvuj tmy[kp.sh0hvpg0Qk.9D { g9kQ K [+gxoa sp’a D ;my du kom-ju ;j p.sgh Ikq lkh ’ofy wlmfju ,u 7u Gn g]vn dr[q grvjn omfju gu rvjn -;j p.s8h oq gv’dtme.ol’jy mfju Fu ,u7;k,dt8aop68+r+c,Fj pkfruoj hv’F \\6jgrnjvo c]t zh6,u[5o75oD ly’j le7ao8hv’,u7;k,vqfmqoF ,u7;k,lk,ad7uF I6h9adxt1afS gxao7qo[+gsaocd8j q;F [+gvqkxP[7qovnoj F [+9ecodlkflt|k c]t -oq -kf-oq gzkjq D 7e4k,G !D Ikj ’dkp0v’grfp’y c]t -kp,du kog8[u .sp7j dn oa sn^ 8kj ’doa L 4kh 8kj ’ 8kj ’co;.fL @D g,vnj dhk;g0Qklw6j ]ptw;|,5j 9t,udkoxPj ocx’s^kpfhko 7nfhko.fcfLj #D .og,vjn Ikj ’dkp0v’8oq gv’,du koxPj ocx’F oda IPo7;oxt8[y fa 8oq co;.fL 4kh [x+ [a 8q;9tgxaoco;.fL $D pqd8q;1kj ’]adltotoyfwlmufj umu8j qogv’g7upxt8y[af,kxt,ko & 1kj ’D &D dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmfuj uoAo ,uxt3spfcd8j qogv’[+L *D co;.f9’bj gvUo;kj gxaozh6g;Qkmfuj u c]t gxaozh62a’mfuj uL rhv,ma’lts^5[madltdkollnj koD 7

[qfmu @ ]t[q[ln[rao !D ]t[q[ln[raogrf-kp 9’qj la’gdfI6[8+wxoU;kj ,ul;j oxtdv[.fcfLj s^vfgda[8q;vtl59y rqdpjP; s^vflhk’8q;vtl59y 8jv,lhk’oE]hP’vtl59y 8vj ,]6d\\kd m+lq’j vtl59y mk’gfvuoq’x7aftl-tk;ft |j;pvaomt 4q’vaomt ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[ @D! vtw;pt;t.o]t[q[ln[raogrf-kp ]t[q[ln[raogrf-kpxtdv[,u @ l;j o 7nG vtw;pt;tl;j oovd c]t vtw;pt;tl;j o.oD vtw;pt;tlj;oovd xtdv[,u4q’vaomt c]t vq’7t-kfD 4q’vaomts5h,cdoj vaomt c]t ,|u kh mIju da lkvo5 str,6 .srh f= du [a dkog8[u .sp0j v’8;q vtl95 Dy v’q 7t-kfxtdv[f;h pdkh ,mlju k,kf sqf1nfwfhD rkp.ovq’7t-kf,u m+xaflt;t c]t xkpvq’7t-kfgxaodhvoohvp,uglahoxtlkf c]t g]vn f,ks^+]Ph ’gxoa 9eo;os^;’s^kpD vtw;pt;tlj;o.o xtdv[,u cdoj vaomtF m+lqj’vtl59yF 8vj ,]6d\\kdF s^vfgda[vtl59yF sv^ flkh ’vtl95 Fy sv^ fgd[a 8;q vtl95 y c]t 8vj ,0[a oEg,vn dD c8]j tl;j ogskjq^ o9U t,|u kh mcju 8d8kj ’doa wx7Gn T cdjovaomt ,u @ |;j p gIaf|hkmuzj t]yf8q;vtl59y c]t Ivd3,ogrf-kpF pk;xt,ko @ -a’8uc,afD 8q;vtl59ygxao95]a’ln[raogrf-kpD T s^vflhk’vtl95 y rkp.o|;j pvaomtxtdv[fh;pm+7qfIP’dao1r6j kp.oD g,vnj s^vfoUlhk’ vtl59yc]h;9twxgda[w;h16js^vfgda[vtl59y g-yj’16fj hko|hk|j;pvaomt c]t 8yf16jda[m+lq’j vtl59yD 9kdoAoF 8q;vtl59y9t4nd]e]P’wxgda[w;h186j vj ,lhk’vtl59y s^n 8vj ,]6d\\kdD 8

T 8jv,]6d\\kdG lhk’oE]hP’vtl59y ,u]adltot0k;05ho gvUo;kj -ug,ao (semen)D g,nvj grf-kp ,7u ;k,Ilh6 db mk’grf Xv’q 7t-kf9tc0’8;q ? c]t 8vj ,odU 9= t0[a -gu ,ogrvjn xtl,q d[a oE vtl95 yvvdmk’m+l’qj vtl95 y3fpzkj ov’q 7t-kf c];h vvdovdIkj ’dkpD T 8jv,0a[oEg,nvdG ,uI6[Ikj ’dq,F ,u @ m+F ,u|hkmu0j a[oEs^+]noj s^n oEg,nvd.lwxskvq’ 7t-kf c]t gIaf|hkmu]j hk’vk-yf.ooExaflt;tF grnvj [+.sh8q;vtl59y8kp.og;]kg7nvj o,kD 3fpmq;j wxIkj ’dkp0v’grf-kp9tg]u,j lhk’8q;vtl59y g,nvj vkp5xt,ko !@{!# xu c]t 9tlkh ’wx8ts^vf-;u fy D vksko0v’8;q vtl95 y c8d8kj ’9kdvksko0v’9]5 ’a m;jq M wx7Gn gxoa oE 8ko2id5 38lD s^vfohvp sk’ m+lq’j vtl59y 95]a’lhk’Ivd3,o 8q; ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[ @D@ \\;j pvaomtzkj 8af8k,mk’pk; fhko0hk’ sq; fhko|hk I6[ @D# 8q;vtl59y @D ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’ 9’jq la’gdfvtw;pt;t.o]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’],5j ouhG m+oelq’j w0j Ia’w0j rqdpjP; wlhcdj I6pjP; ,qf]6d xj5,la’;kf xkd,qf]6d Iu,.spj Iu,ohvp -jv’7vf I6[ @D$ vtw;pt;t .o]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’ 9

]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’c[j’gxao @ lj;o 7nG vtw;pt;tl;j oovd c]t vtw;pt;tl;j o.oD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ vtw;pt;tl;j oovd xtdv[,u0t3,,F Iu,.spFj Iu,ovh pF x,j5 l’a ;kf c]t xkd-vj ’7vfD vtw;pt;tlj;o.o xtdv[,u-jv’7vfF ,qf]6dF m+oelqj’w0jD 0t3,,G ,u]adltotgxao-Uo 4af,k,uIu,.spj c]t Iu,ohvpxtdv[fh;pdhk,g-y’j vhv, gvqkx5,j la’;kfF xkdm+xaflt;t c]t xkd-vj ’7vfD x5j,la’;kfG xtdv[fh;pdhk,0t|kfohvpF ,uglahoxtlkf c]t g]nvf,k]+]hP’gxao9e o;os^kp g-’yj w;8+7;k,I6hlbdmk’grfD xkd-vj ’7vfG 1]6j ,j5 xkdm+xfa lt;tF 1Ij6 v[xkd-vj ’7vf,ug9ph [k’Mgvuoh ;kj r,q ,t9k]uD -jv’7vfG gxaomk’zkj o0v’g]nvfxt9egfnvo c]t ]6dohvpD ,qf]6dG 7hkp7n\\kdoEg8qhkF 8k,zy;0v’,qf]6d,uglahog]nvfwxs^+]hP’gxao9eo;os^kpD m+oelqj’w0Gj c,oj l;j omu8j +9kd,qf]6d pk;xt,ko !* -a’8uc,afD I;pw0jG ,u @ vao g-y’j 16mj k’0hk’0v’,qf]6dc8]j tvaoF I;pw0gj Iaf|hkmuzj t]yfw0Dj w0gj xao 95]a’ln[raogrfpy’D m+oelq’j w0j I;pw0j 3zh’,qf]6d ,qf]6d -jv’7vf I6[ @D& vtw;pt;tl;j o.o0v’grfpy’ 8k,xqddt8yw09j tl5dgfnvo]t ! |;j p c]t vvd9kdI;pw0.j o-;j ’g7y’j dk’0v’Iv[ gfnvo gvUo;kj G dko8qdw0Dj 4hkw0[j +wfhIa[dkoxtlq,,aod=9tlts^kp8q; c]t zkj owxsk,qf]6dD w0,j u0t|kf.spdj ;kj 8q;vtl59yF 8q;vtl59y8hv’g[’yj fh;pdhv’95]tmaf9’bj gsaoD 10

zt|a’,qf]6d m+oelq’j w0j 9]5 ’a .oI;j pw0j xkd,qf]6d 95]a’w0j 8qd9kdI;pw0j mkf95]a’w0[j +wfhIa[dkoxtlq, g0Qkl6mj +oelq’j w0j 9tlts^kp8q;wx l;j ozt|a’ ,qf]6d c]t s^vfg]nvf9t lts^kpgxaoxt9egfnvo 95]a’w0j ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ g7njvowxskzt|a’,qf]6d I6[ @D* dko8qdw0j #D dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’ dko,xu t9egfvn o ltcf’g4’y dkorfa mtokdko0v’Ikj ’dkp 0v’gfda p’y ;kj wfgh 0kQ lwj6 ; lk;c]h; c]t [q’j [vdg4y’7;k,rhv,mu9j t4nrk s^n .shdegoufgfadwfhD xt9egfnvogduf0BophvodkogIaf;Pd0v’Ivd3,ogrfgvl38ic-o (Estrogen) c]t 3xig9lg83io (Progesterone)D Ivd3,o @ -toyfoU,u|hkmu7j ;[75,dkolhk’w0Fj dko8qdw0j 8tsv^ f9oq oewxldj6 koxt8ly oq m0y v’vtl95 Sy c84j kh w0j c]t vtl95 [y w+ fxh tl,q roa doa 9trk.szh t|’a fkh o.o3z’h ,fq ]d6 m4ju dn lkh ’0oB gxoa [vj o/’a 8;q 0v’w0oj oA 9t4dn 0[a w]vj vd,kdkpgxoa g]vn fxt9e gfnvoD 3fpxqddt8yc]h;grfpy’,uxt9egfnvoc8j !@ xu sk &W xuF c8]j t7A’xt9egfnvo9t,k # sk & ;ao .om5dM @) ;ao c]t glpg]nvfxt,ko !@W sk !)W cm3D fa’j oAoF c,pj y’9b’j 8hv’dyo vkskom,uj umkfgs^ad c]t 3xi8yo grvnj lhk’g]nvfmqfcmol;j omguj lpwxD dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’,da 9t,uvkdkos^kp1kj ’ltcf’vvdwxrvh ,doa g-oja G vyf g,nvj pF g[nvj vkskoF g9a[sq;F x;f[=]yg;os^a’ c]t cv;F vk]q,[+fu Xs’5fs’yf’kj p?D [k’7qo,ad 11

g9a[mujmhv’ohvpF c8jvkdkooU9tfugv’g,njvgduf]6dc]h;F grkt,aoc,jovkdkoxqddt8y8k, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ me,t-kf0v’,aoD { gxaospa’xt9egfnvo9’bj ,k[+xqddt8y c]t I6hlbdg9a[x;fL lkgsf 0v’dko,uxt9egfnvo[+xqddt8yvkfgonvj ’,k9kdvk]q, c]t dko;y8qdda’;qo 8kj ’M g-’jy gxoa gsf.sdh kolkh ’Ivd3,o0v’lt\\v’.spzj fy xdq dt8cy ];h ,zu oq ltmvh o8+dkol’jq Ivd3,o0v’8vj ,.8lh t\\v’D $D dkoIadlkvtokw,]t[q[ln[rao dkovtokw,vtw;pt;tgrf-kpG me7;k,ltvkfvtw;pt;tgrf1jk’lt\\jeltg\\uF ]hk’fh;poEltvkf 1kj ’|hvp;ao]t @ 7A’ s^n s^a’9kdpPj ;m5d7A’ c]t rkps^a’vk[oE7;o g-fa .sch s’h D dkovtokw,vtw;pt;tgrfpy’G me7;k,ltvkfvtw;pt;tgrf1kj ’lt\\ej ltg\\ufh;p dko]kh ’f;h poEltvkf1kj ’|vh p;oa ]t # 7’A s^n s^’a 9kdpPj ;md5 7’A c]t rkps^’a vk[oE7;o g-af.shcsh’D 7;og]nvdo’5j 3lh’-hvomuvj vj oo5h,F r=fu c]t [+7;o.-h-EvudD le]a[grfpy’mguj xaoxt9egfnvo 7;oxt8y[aff’aj oUG { 7;o.-hzhkvtokw, s^n zhkmulj tvkfgrnvj Iv’g]nvfxt9egfnvoD { 7;oxPj ozhkvtokw,g]NvpM 1kj ’|hvp;ao]t @ 7A’D { IadlkIkj ’dkp.shltvkfF Ia[xtmkovksko.sh7q[\\;f\\6j grvnj -;j p[e]5’Ikj ’dkpD { su^dg;oA dkogIfa ;Pd|da X;Pdm.uj -ch I’’ko|da ?D &D rtpkfmujgduf0Bo.o]t[q[ln[rao rtpkfmgju dfu 0oB .o]t[[q l[n roa ,su k^ p1kj ’3fpltgrktc,oj grfp’y g-oja G ,tgI’a F govN ’vdF g-y’j ,adrq[16j-vj ’7vfF xkd,qf]6dF xud,qf]6dF ,qf]6d c]t I;pw0Fj m+I;pw0Dj rtpkffa’j dkj ; vkfgduf0Bo4hk0kfdkovtokw,8qogv’D ovdoAoF ma’grfpy’ c]t grf-kp 4hkskd,u rfb 8ydelPj ’mk’grfd=lk,kf8yfrtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleroa vonj Mwfvh udD *D dkoln[rao0v’,to5f { 9’qj lbdlk;q’9vo-u;yf.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD w;|5,j }w;9tg]uorao ⎯⎯→ dko,ugrfleroa ⎯⎯→ dkoxt8yloq my ⎯⎯→ 8q;vvj o ⎯⎯→ dko7vf ⎯⎯→ dkog8u[.spDj { oda IPo 7yf;kj dkoln[roa oU gxoa dkoln[roa c[[.fL 12

7e4k,G ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D 95]a’ln[raogrf-kp c]t grfpy’-;nj kj co;.fL @D vtw;pt;t.fgxao[vj og8u[.sp0j v’w0mj wuj fhIa[dkoxtlq,raoc]h;L #D dkogxaoxt9egfnvo\\kp7;k,;jkco;.fL grf-kp7;oIPoI6hdjP;da[dkogxao xt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’[+L phvospa’L $D .o-;j ’zph6 ’y gxoa xt9egfvn o7;oI[a xtmkovkskoco;.f grvjn -fq g-pu g]vn fmsju kpwxD &D pvh osp’a 9’jb 8vh ’Ida lkvtokw,]t[[q l[n roa 0v’r;dgIkq .slh tvkf1l6j tg\\Lu ovdooA r;dgIkq 8vh ’s^ud]P’rfb 8ydemluj P’mk’grfco;.fL 13

[qfmu # dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q; dkog8u[.sp0j v’7qo9kdw;gfad9qoIvfgxaow;zh6.spj la’gdfwfh9kddkogru,j 0Bo0v’ lj;ol6’ c]t oE|adD rhv,daooAo d=la’gdfgsaowfhdkoxjPocx’.ofhko8jk’M1jk’-afg9o ooA dg= ovjn ’9kddkogIfa ;Pd0v’Ivd3,ogrf 7Gn grf-kpvkp]5 ts;kj ’ !!{!* xu 9t,lu P’c8dF [kj ws^dj ;hk’vvdF l;j ogrfpy’9t,ug8Qkoq,0tspkp0BoF lt3rd.spvj vd c]t ,uxt9egfnvoS gryjogvUow;oU;jk w;|5j,lk;D ovd9kddkoxjPocx’mujla’gdfwfhrkpovdc]h; vtw;pt;t .o]t[q[ln[raod=,udkog8u[.spj c]t lk,kfgIaf|hkmulj n[raowfh gvUow;oU;kj w;9tg]uorao sn^ 16.j o-;j ’vkp5c8j !&{$& xuD !D dko4nrk s^n dkoxt8ylqomy 0t[;odkodegouf-u;yfg],uj 0Bog,vnj vtl59y g-’yj gxao95]a’ln[raogrf-kpg0Qkxtlq,da[w0mj uj gxao95]a’ln[raogrfpy’ gvUo;kj dkoxt8ylqomyD dkoxt8ylqomygduf0Bo16jm+oelqj’w03j fp vtl59y o[a ]kh o8;q 9tg7vjn omgju 0kQ wx.o,fq ]d6 F c8,j ru P’vtl95 8y ;q fP;gmkjq ooA mxju t8ly oq mdy [a w0j c];h gdfu gxoa 9]5 ’a .\\|j ’jb 9]5 ’a gvUo;kj G 9]5 ’a xtl,q grf Xzygote?D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ m+oelq’j w0j cdoj 95]a’ w0j mkf95]a’ I;j pw0j ,qf]6d g9hpsh5,-Aoovd -jv’7vf vtl59y 0v’w0j I6[ #D! 8q;vtl59yg7nvj omugj 0Qksk95]a’w0Dj 95]a’xtlq,grf9tc[’j 9kd ! 95]a’ gxao @ 95]a’ gxao $ 95]a’ c]t gru,j 0Bog]NvpM 9qowfh d,j5 9]5 ’a D ]ts;kj ’dkoc[’j 9]5 ’a d,j5 9]5 ’a 9tg7vjn omwju x8k,m+oel’jq w0cj ];h /’a 8;q 1z6j t|’a ,fq ]d6 gryjogvUod5j,95]a’oU;jkG |+]6d XEmbryon?D |+]6d9twfhIa[mkfvksko c]t dklvqd-uc-o 3fpcr9j kdglAog]nvf/vp0v’c,lj |6j +]6dF l;j ol’yj glfgs^nvvonj M c]t dkldkd3[oydvvd9kd |+]d6 9tcrgj 0kQ lgj6 loA g]vn f/vp0v’c,gj rvjn de9fa vvd9kdIkj ’dkp8+wxD 14

95]a’xtlq,grf gdufdkoc[’j 95]a’ d5,j 95]a’ vtl59yxtlq,da[w0j X@? X#? X$? X&? X*? w]ptw08j qd X!? 2=iugdyo X(? cr95]a’gduf0Bo.\\j I;j pw0j X)? |+]6d/a’8q; glAog]nvf c]t 16jzt|a’,qf]6d cr95]a’ I6[ #D@ dkog7njvomu0j v’95]a’w0mj uwj fhIa[dko xt8ylqomyc]h; c]t /a’8q;16j,qf]6d |+]6d9tg8u[.spj c]t xPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’wx8k,vkp5F 8k,dkog8u[.sp0j v’vtw;pt;t ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 9qovkp5wfhxt,ko ) vkmyf 9bj’,uvtw;pt;t7q[4h;o c]t 9tg8u[.spj8+wx.omhv’c,j9qo Ivf,gN dfu D .o0totmugj fad16j.omhv’c,Fj gfad9twfhIa[vkskoF vkdkf c]t 4kj pgmly’j glfgs^nvvvd 9kdIkj ’dkp3fpzkj ocsmj guj -vnj ,8+]ts;kj ’,qf]6d0v’c,j c]t lkp[n0v’gfadD dkoIadlkl50trk[0v’c,4j nrkle7aos^kpw]ptoU 7;odyovkskom,uj uxt3spf.shs^kp c]t 7q[\\;f\\6j g-ajoG \\kdw,hF zadF -Uoxtgrf8jk’MS vvdde]a’dkpg[qkMF dyomkfgs^ad mu,j ul;j oxtlq,0v’vk-yf32]ydF [+7;ofn,j ly’j g[nvj g,qk g-aoj G gs^QkF 1kl6[F 1kmucj rf[+wfhcotoe c]t sdu^ g;oA lkorfy 8kj ’M g-oja G lpu vh ,z,q sn^ oE1kvtokw,vkf9tgxoa voa 8t]kp8g+ fda .omvh ’S ooA dg= rvjn sdu^ g;oA [.+ sgh fda mgju dfu ,kgxoa gfda rdy koF ,[u oa skmk’]t[[q skp.9F oE|da 8ej d;kj ,kf 4ko7n @F& dy3]dik, c]t vnoj MD w]ptg;]k Xla[xtfk? lt\\v’ c]t vvdcvdlaos^a’ grfkoxkdF s6 lt\\v’ sq;.9 8k c0o 8k 0k vtw;pt;tgrfrkpovd I6[ #D$ vtw;pt;t8kj ’Mmuxj kdqf.o-;j ’g;]k8kj ’M0v’dkog8u[.sp0j v’|+]6d 15

@D dko7vf w]ptdko4nrk0v’c,pj y’xt,ko @)W ;oa s^n $W vkmyf o[a c8;j oa mevyf0v’dko,uxt9e gfnvo7’A lf5 mkh pD g,vnj g4y’g;]k7vf9t,uIvd3,omluj kh ’9kd8vj ,.8lh t\\v’dt8oh5 .sdh kh ,goNv ,qf]6d[u[8q;1kj ’cI’ c]t 4uj0Bo[;dda[dkosqf8q;0v’dhk,goNv|a’mhv’rk.shgfadzkj ovvd ,kmk’-vj ’7vfD 7;k,le7ao0v’oEoq,c,j rkps’^a mcju ,7j vf]d6 vvd,k.\\Mj wfh @{# ;oa 9’jb 9t,ou Eo,q D oEo,q c,,j ]u da ltot0oh5 c]t ,ulugs^nv’ gvUo;kj G oEoq,gs^nv’D l;j ooEoq,me,tfk9ts^aj’vvdxt,ko;aomu $D 8k8t]k’l;j oxtdv[0v’oEoq,c,j c]t oEoq,’q;D l;j oxtdv[ 7;k,g0,A 0oh5 ltg]pj Xg}!WW cm3? oEo,q c,j oEo,q ’;q ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ oE ))D( )(D& oE8ko (DW $D) w0,ao #D) #D( 3xi8oy !D@ #D# cImj kf WD@ WD( 9kd8k8t]k’9tgsao;kj oEoq,’q;,u3xi8yo c]t cImj kfl6’d;kj oEoq,c,Dj c8rj ;d gIqk8hv’.shgfadwfh[=]y3rdoEoq,c,j fud;kj oq,’q;grkt;kj f,nj oEoq,c,9j tgIaf.shgfad,uG { l50trk[c0’cI’F [+8yfg-Nvrtpkfwfh’kj pgrktoEoq,c,,j ur6,8hkomkos^kpD { gxoa dkoxt1fa D { .sh]6dwfhz6drao c]t wfhIa[7;k,vq[v5oj 9kdc,Dj #D 7;k,zyfxqddt8y.og;]k4nrk !? 4nrkovd,qf]6d c,jod=]toumujw0jwfhIa[dkoxt8ylqomyc]h;wx/a’8q;1j6[=]yg;ovnjoM m[ju c+ ,oj ,fq ]d6 g-oja G []= gy ;o-;j ’mvh ’F xdu ,fq ]d6 F g-’jy gxoa zoq .szh 86h ’A mvh ’g9[a x;fmvh ’1kj ’Io5 cI’ 4kh ,uvkdkog-oja oU 8vh ’Iu[r[q crf3fpf;j o grktgxoa voa 8t]kpg4y’0oA glp-u;yfwfDh 16

@? ]6d/kc/f 3fpxqddt8y Iv[gfnvo|b’j zh6py’mu1j 6j.ow;9tg]uorao9t8qdw0wj fhrP’ ! |j;pgmqjkoAo 9bj’,u3vdkf4nrk c]t 7vfgfadwfh7A’]t|bj’7qoD c8j.o[k’d=]toumuj7vfgfad s^kpd;kj ! 7qo .ogmnvj |b’j oAo c,oj phvo,ulkgsffa’j oUG /kc/fI;j ,w0|j ;j pfP;dao c]t /k c/f8kj ’w0Dj dD /kc/fIj;,w0j|j;pfP;dao s^n w0j ! |j;pwfhIa[dkoxtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; 8k,xqddt8yc]h; dkoxt8ylqomygduf0Bo 9kd95]a’vtl59y ! 95]a’xtlq,da[95]a’w0j ! 95]a’ gdufgxao mkiqd ! 7qoD c8,j ud=]toumucj doj 95]a’de]a’c[’j 8q;9kd ! 95]a’ gxao @ 95]a’oahoF 95]a’ vkf9tcpdvvd9kddao c]h;g8u[.spgj xao|+]6d.o,qf]6d c]t g8u[.spj 7vfvvd,kwfh @ 7qo mu,j ugrffP;dao c]t ,u]adltotg\\nvodaogdnv[m5d1kj ’ gvUo;kj G /kc/fIj;,w0j|j;pfP;daoD 0D /kc/f8jk’w0Gj c,oj d=]touw0lj 5ds^kpd;kj ! |;j p c]t w0cj 8]j t|;j pwfhIa[dko xtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; mugj dufdkoxt8ylqomy.og;]kfP;dao wfh8q;vvj og8u[.sp1j 6.j o,qf]6dc8cj sj cpd8kj ’doa F g;]k7vfd7= vfrkp.og;]k.d7h P’doa D groyj gvoU c/f-tofy o;U kj /kc/f8kj ’w0Dj /kc/f vkfvvd,k7’A ]t @ 7oq 0oB wxF ooA dp= vh o0oB 1d6j [a 9eo;ow0mj lju d5 rvh ,doa ;kj ,9u da |;j pD c/fxtgrfoUvkfgxoa grffP;doa s^n 8kj ’grf g-’yj ,u|kh 8k c]t ]da ltotmk’de,troa 7kh p7dn oa D ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ c/fgrffP; c]t 8kj ’grf I6[ #D& /kc/fI;j ,w0|j ;j pfP;dao Xw0j ! |;j p I6[ #D* /kc/f8kj ’w0j Xw0j @ |;j p xtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q;? xtlq,da[vtl59y @ 8q;? 17

#? dkos^5]6d c]t gdufdjvodeoqf ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dD dkos^]5 d6 \\kpg4y’dkogdufdvj ovkpd5 ko4nrk gfda ,uvkpr5 P’ @) vkmyf s^n oE|da 8q;0v’gfad|hvpd;kj !WWW dik,D 0D dkogdufdvj odeoqf \\kpg4y’dkomugj fad7vfvvd,k-;j ’vkp5 @) vkmyf g4y’ #( vkmyfD dkos^]5 d6 c]t dkogdufdvj odeofq ,us^kplkgsf g-oja G wfIh [a v[5 fa gsfF wfIh [a mkfryfg0QklI6j kj ’dkpF 7;k,zyfxqddt8y.o8q;c,j c]t vnoj MD 7D d=]tourydko,kc8jdegoufvkf,ulkgsffaj’oUG dko8yfg-NvF dkoIa[1k sn^ mkf g7,u[k’-toyfF 7;k,zyfxqddt8ymk’de,trao c]t vonj MD ltoAoF zh6mguj xaoc,dj e]a’ 4nrk7;ogvqk.9.l8j qogv’ vaofa[|b’j 7;owx/kdmhv’ c]t g,nvj ,u[aoskspa’7;o xdb lkcrfD dko8A’7aog,vnj [+rhv,9t,uzqoltmhvo8+l50trk[0v’w;|5,j co;.fL oda ;my tpklkfwf.h s0h ,h= o6 ;kj G .o-;j ’g;]kg8[u .sp0j v’w;|,j5 rfa mtokdko0v’Ikj ’dkp c]t ]t[q[ln[raode]a’,udkog8u[.sp7j P’7d6j a[dkog8u[.spfj hkovnoj MD c84j hkgduf dko8ah’7ao dvj oIkj ’dkpmpju ’a [,+ 7u ;k,rvh ,vkfl’jq zoq .sIh kj ’dkpzfy xdq dt8y g-oja G 8;q g8ph F grktIvd3,o le]a[dkog8u[.sp9j t[+s^a’j F dtf6dd=[+0tspkp c]t dtf6d-k,[+rafmtokg8a,murj k.shgduf]6d pkdF vkfrk.sh,udkomecmh’F xt4Y,gfda c]t vonj M ovdoAovkf,uzoq dtmq[8+fkh o9yf.9 c]t l’a 7,q vudf;h pD $D dko;k’czo7v[7q; c]t dko75,degouf dko;k’czo7v[7q; dko;k’czo7v[7q; gxao;ymudkomu-j ;j pgru,j 75ootrk[0v’xt-kdvo.shfu0Bo3fplt grktc,oj c,pj ’y 9twf,h gu ;]k2oN 2l6 05 trk[.slh ,q [o6 dvj o9tgvkq ]d6 z86h w+ x c]t 9t,gu ;]kxtdv[ l;j oskg’yo c]t gIaf;Pd’ko.shs^kp0BoD dko75,degouf 4ndoe.-gh rvnj gxoa dko;k’czo7v[7;q ;ymu|’jb 3fpdkog]nvdw]ptg;]k .f|’bj m8uj hv’dko1kd,u]6d c]t 9eo;o]6dm8uj hv’dkoD dko75,degouf,us^kp;ymu 7nG ;ymumk’me,t-kfF dko75,degouf3fp.-hv5xtdvoF .-hmkf g7,u c]t dkozkj 8afgIaf\\aoD !D ;ymumk’me,t-kf gxao;ymu|’jb 0v’dko75,degouf 3fpdko,ugrfleraoltgrkt.o -;j ’g;]k 0v’Iv[gfnvomu9j 5]a’w0j c]t 95]a’vtl59y[+,u3vdkfxt8ylqomydao 7n w]pt ( ;aodvj o gxaoxt9egfnvo c]t ( ;ao oa[c8,j Nmevyfmugj xaoxt9egfnvoD 18

@D dko75,degouf3fp.-hv5xtdvoG grf-kp.-h4q’1k’vtokw,grnvj xhv’dao[+.shvtl59y g0kQ wx.o-vj ’7vfD 4’q 1k’vtokw,lk,kfxvh ’doa dko8yf8+0v’rtpkf 8yf8+mk’ grflerao g-aoj G |v’.oF -u2u]yl c]t 3]dgvfD l;j ogrfpy’c,oj .-hs;j ’75,degouf g-yj’c,jocrfgxaozh6.ljg0Qkwx.o,qf]6d oAod=grnjvxhv’dao[+.sh|+]6d/a’8q;1j6zt|a’ ,fq ]d6 D #D dko75,degouf3fp.-hmkfg7,u ,u @ -toyf7nG 1kg,af c]t 1klad s^n /a’.8hzy;|a’D 1k7,5 degoufxtgrfoU,ul;j oxtdv[0v’Ivd3,ogrfpy’m1uj [a 1’A [+.s,h udko8dq w0j s^n gIfa .slh trk[0v’,fq ]d6 [+g\\ktl,q grvnj dko/’a 8;q .o0v’|+]d6 D $D dkozkj 8afgIaf\\ao gxaodko75,degoufmuwj fhzqofumulj 5f gIafwfhma’grfpy’ c]t grf -kpD .ogrf-kpcrf9tgIaf3fp,af c]t 8afs^vfoevtl59y.shcpd9kddao grnvj xvh ’doa [+.s9h ]5 ’a vtl95 yg0kQ wxxtl,q d[a w0Dj m+oelq’j vtl59y m+oelq’j w0j ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ ,af c]t 8af ,af c]t 8af ,qf]6d I6[ #D( [vj ozkj 8afgIaf\\ao-kp I6[ #D) [vj ozjk8afgIaf\\aopy’ .ogrfpy’crf9t,af c]t 8afm+oelq’j w0cj 8]j t0hk’F oAod=grnvj [+.sh95]a’w0gj 7nvj owx8k, m+oel’qj w0Fj [+.sh95]a’vtl59ywxxtlq,da[w0wj fhD ;ymu75,degouf0hk’gmy’d=9t,u95ffu c]t 95fvvj o8kj ’daoD fa’j oAoF dvj o9t8aflyo.9.-h;ymu 75,degouf.f|b’j 76zj q;g,p8hv’wfhxbdlksk]ndao c]t 8hv’wfhwxxbdlkoecrfdvj o;kj 9tg]nvd .-h;ymu.f9’bj g\\ktlq,D 19

7e4k,G ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ !D dkomvuj tl59yg0Qkxtlq,da[w0gj vUo;kj spa’ c]t ,aogduf0Bo16rj kdl;j o.fL { 4hkgduf,udkoxt8ylqomy16,j qf]6dgvUo;kj spa’L vtmy[kpD @D gfda mdju e]’a g8[u .sp.j omvh ’c,9j twfIh [a vdq -cu -o c]t 0[a 4kj pl’jy glfgsvn^ vvdmk’.fL #D /kc/fI;j ,w0|j ;j pfP;dao c]t /kc/f8kj ’w0j 8kj ’daoco;.fL 9q’j vtmy[kpD $D grvjn sd^u g;oA 9kddkozfy xdq dt8.y og;]k4rn kgIkq 7;ogIfa co;.fL &D gxaospa’9b’j 8hv’,udko;k’czo7v[7q;L ,ao,uzqoxt3spfco;.f8+7v[7q; c]t xtgmf-kfL c84j hk[+,udko;k’czo9tgxaoco;.fL *D 4hkg9Qk,u3vdkfc8’j ’ko g9Qk9tgvqk]6dg,vnj .fF phvospa’L (D ;ymu75,degouf,u9ad;ymuL 4hkg9Qk,u3vdkfwfh4ndg-uo.shwxgzupczj;ymudko75,degouf .o-5,-qoF g9Qk9tg;Qksq;0=h.fL phvospa’L 20

[qfmu $ rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? !D 3]dgvf c]t ]t[q[r6,8hkomko ! ? 3]dgvfc,jospa’L oadIPo9q’j lbdlkI6[8+wxoU c]h;.sh7;k,\\kpD g-Nv]k.oxkd lt\\v’glnjv, 8vj ,oE1k’gsn^v’.7j ,tgIa’glAog]nvf 4vdmhv’-egINv ,uw0hcdpj k; ,tgIa’zy;|a’ 8yfg-Nvrtpkf ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mk’grflerao I6[ $D! 7qo8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u 3]dgvfgduf9kdg-Nvw;iaf-toyf|bj’-njgv9wv;uD g,njvw;iaf-toyfoU g0Qkwx.oIjk’dkp c];h ,oa 9twxme]kpg,fa g]vn f0k;mgju xoa r,6 8kh omko0v’Ikj ’dkp.sh glvjn ,]’q gxoa gsf.sIh kj ’ dkpvvj ogrpF 8yfg-Nvrtpkfvonj Mwf’h kj pD @? ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’Ijk’dkp7qogIqkD oda IPo9’jq ldb lkI[6 8+wxoUF rvh ,m’a [vd|kh m0uj v’g,fa g]nvf0k;c8]j t-toyfD 0hvpgxaog,afg]nvf0k; 0hvpgxaog,afg]nvf0k; -toyf T 8 -toyf T c],32-yf T4 0hvpgxaog,afg]nvf0k; -toyf B I6[ $D@ ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’Ikj ’dkp7qo 21

.o]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’Ikj ’dkp,ug,afg]nvf0k;16j # -toyf7nG -toyfmuluj XT4?F [u XB?F ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mucxf (T8)F g-’yj c8]j t-toyfgIaf|hkmcuj 8d8kj ’daoD g,afg]nvf0k;-toyfmuluj (T4) gIaf|hkmugj xaoz6h[ao-kdkola’j .shg,afg]nvf0k;-toyfvnoj M me]kpg-Nvrtpkfmguj 0kQ wx.oIkj ’dkpD g,fa g]nvf0k;-toyfmucxf (T8) gIfa |kh mguj xoa zmh6 e]kpg-Nvrtpkf3fpd’q D g,fa g]vn f0k;-tofy [u (B) gIfa |kh mgju xoa zlh6 kh ’mkfdkp8kh og-NvrtpkfD r6,8hkomkoIkj ’dkp0v’7qogIqk\\kpg4y’75olq,[afme,t-kf1kj ’|b’j 0v’Ikj ’dkp mu,j uw;hle]a[xhv’dao[+.shg-Nv3]dg0Qkl6Ij kj ’dkp c]t lhk’ly’j mu8j +8hkog-Nvrtpkf mugj 0Qkwx.o Ikj ’dkpD g-vN gv9wv;u ,9u f5 rgy lf8kj ’9kdw;ifa vojn 7n w;ifa -tofy omU e]kp9]5 ’a g,fa g]vn f0k;3fpd’q F g,vnj 1.6j o9]5 ’a g,fa g]nvf0k; g-Nvgv9wv;u9tgr,uj 9eo;o3fp.-vh k-yfop5 gd^vyd c]t 3xi8yo9kd 95]a’g,afg]nvf0k;gxao;af45fy[ c]h;dt9kpwxlg6j ,afg]nvf0k;vonj M8+wxD ovd9kdoAo g-Nvgv9wv;u pa’,u3vdkfdkpraowfh’kj pD g4y’;kj Ikj ’dkp9tlhk’r6,8hko mko8+w;iafoU0Bo-j;’w]ptmevyf0v’dko8yfg-Nvd=8k,F c8jg,njvw;iafdkpraowx[k’lj;o r6,8hkomkomulj hk’0Bo,k c]h;9t[+lk,kf8+8hkow;iafmudj kpraowxwfh oUgxaogsf.sh[+lk,kf de9afg-Nvgv9wv;uwfhD @D lkgsfdkogduf3]dgvf .soh da IPov’u .l7j el[a 8+wxochu ];h lkh ’gxoa xt3spddPj ;d[a lkgsfmrju k.s8h fy g-vN 3]dgvfD 7ela[G 3vdkfF 8yfg-NvF ,urbf8ydelPj ’F rq;raomk’grfF z6h,ug-Nvgv9wv;uF .-hg0a,lad1kF gloha g]vn fD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 0,h= o6 .sIh ;h6 kj zm6h 8ju fy g-vN gv9wv;cu ];h 9tgxoa 3]dgvf ,xu t,ko @&:{&W: c]t 9tdkpgxoa 3]dgvf.og;]k8+,k.-gh ;]kxt,ko &{!W xu s^n s^kpd;kj ooA 4kh zd6h Pj ;skdIda lkl05 trk[0v’ 8qogv’ c]t xt8y[af8k,7ecotoe0v’crfD 7qomugj xaogvf c,oj g;]kmugj -Nvw;iafme]kp]t[q[r6,8hkomkos^kp gIaf.sh-b,g-Nv c]t gxoa rtpkfvonj Mwf’h kj pD zx6h ;j p3]dgvf9t8fy g-vN -tofy vojn Mwf’h kj pd;kj 7oq xdq dt8y g-oja G ;oa ot3]dF xvf[;,F gspvjn s,h5 lt\\v’vda gl[F 3]dg],u F 4vdmvh ’-EgIvN c]t ];,m’a ,tgI’a D zx6h ;j p3]dgskjq^ o9U t,vu kdko I5ocI’0Bo c]t glp-u;yf1kj ’w;;kD 22

#D glahomk’8yf8+ c]t [+8yf8+0v’g-Nvgv9wv;u !? g-Nvgv9wv;u,u1.6j lcfFj 9’qj lbdlkI6[8+wxouhD 0hvpoU]tc,jow;iafgvf mu1j 6.j oDDD oEvtl59yz6h-kp oE.o-jv’7vfz6hpy’ mu8j yfg-Nv muj8yfg-Nv T g]nvf ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ T oE1k’gsn^v’ I6[ $D# g-Nvgv9wv;u { 9q’j vkj o c]h;\\kp7e;kj 8yf8+ c]t [+8yf.l[j vj omugj \\ktlq,D DDDDDDDDDD doy g0kQ I;j ,doa d[a z86h fy g-vN D DDDDDDDDDDD p’5 dfa D DDDDDDDDDD dkoI;j ,grfD DDDDDDDDDD .-sh vh ’oEI;j ,doa D DDDDDDDDDD doy oEI;j ,9vdfP;doa D DDDDDDDDDD g0,a lda 1km[uj +wfvh tg-NvD DDDDDDDDDD o’ja .d7h P’doa D DDDDDDDDDD 9[a ,dn oa gxoa g;]kfoq okoD DDDDDDDDDD c,gj vkq o,q .s]h d6 doy D DDDDDDDDDD crf\\x= oyj x;q 7oq gxoa gvf DDDDDDDDD .-gh 7vnj ’o’j5 I;j ,doa DDDDDDDDD sv,cd,h d[a zg6h xoa gvfD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD g4y’9trq[g-Nvrtpkfgv9wv;u16oj E8kF oE]kpF oE,6d8kj ’Md=8k,c8,j uxt]y,ko|hvpD p5’ c]t c,’w,h[+rk.sh8yf8+g-NvwfhD g-Nvgv9wv;ulk,kf8yf8+wf3h fp # mk’ 7nG mk’grfleroa F mk’g]nvf c]t 9kdc,lj ]j6 d6 D dD mk’grfleraoG dko,ugrfleraoda[z6hmuj8yfg-Nvgv9wv;ugrktg-Nvgv9wv;u,us^kp 1o6j Evtl59y0v’grf-kp c]t .ooEg,nvd.o-vj ’7vf0v’z6hpy’m8uj yfg-NvD 0D mk’g]nvfG 9kddko.-hg0a,lad1k c]t ly’j 0v’mu,j u7q,gxNvofh;pg]nvf0v’z6h8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u s^n z6h8yfly’j gl[8yfD 23

7D 9kdc,jmuj8yfg-Nvl6j]6dohvpG c,jpy’muj8yfg-Nvgv9wv;u4nrk,u3vdkfcrjg-Nv.lj]6d.o ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mhv’.og;]k4nrkxt,ko &:F g;]k7vfxt,ko !&: c]t fn,j oEoq,c,xj t,ko !W:D g-vN gv9wv;u [l+ k,kf8fy 89+ kddkolezfa rkpovdg-oja G wvF 9k,F vk[oEI;j ,doa F o’ja IPo .oshv’fP;daoD g-Nvgv9wv;u g,njvvvd9kdIjk’dkpwxc]h;,ao9t8kprkp.o !& ;yokmuS ,ao[+lk,kfmqo8+ltrk[c;f]hv,0hk’ovdg-aoj G v5ostr6,F vk-yfF 7;k,csh’ c]t 7;k, -5,j D oEc2[F oElt[6F oE1k-adg7nvj ’.sh0k;F gs^Qk _W c]t oE2qf lk,kf0hkg-Nvgv9wv;uwfhD ovd9kd3]dgvfc];h p’a ,ru tpkf8fy 8m+ k’grfleroa vojn Mmgju 7pu r[q vdu # xtgrf.spj f’ja oGU { 8yf9kdg-Nvw;iaf ,uG s6fg0Qkl5dF s6fsvowdFj g]u, c]t g-Nvw;iafgv9wv;u { 8fy 9kdg-vN c[dmgu ip ,Gu |v’.ocmFh |v’.omP,F -2u ]u ly F /\\u kd,;j ’F czI,u vvj o { gduf9kdc,’w,h ,uG 0Usyf c]t 3]oD dko8yfg-Nv8kj ’Mgduf0Bowfch o;.fL g;Qk];,c]h;zy;|a’mu1j 68j k,xkdF mt;ko|ad c]t mk’.o0v’vtw;pt;tgrf7qogIqk c,jo,u7;k,[k’s^kp 7ngxaoxtgrfmuj,ucr95]a’gxaog,nvdD phvo]adltot0v’cr95]a’mujgxao g,vn df’ja dkj ;,7u ;k,[k’ c]t 4dn me]kp’kj pd;kj z;y |’a fkh oovdmxju dq 7,5 Ikj ’dkp0v’gIkq F dko0kfrP’g]da ovh pmguj Ikq [+Ilh6 db 8;q d=gxoa -vj ’mk’.sgh -Nvrtpkfg0khq wxwfDh g-vN rtpkfmrju k.s8h fy g-vN Xc[dmgu ip c]t w;ifa ? 9tvkwl1[6j ]= gy ;ocrmgju xoa g,vn d c]t lk,kfg7nvj o8q;vvd9kdcr95]a’0v’zh6|b’j wxskvudzh6|b’j F phvoco;oU9b’j rk.sh,u3vdkfgxao rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraowfhD g,nvj 8yfg-Nv rD8Dr -toyf|b’j c]h; ,aovkfrk.shgIqk8yfrtpkfvnoj Mwfh’kj pF grktg-Nv rtpkf8q;mevyfwfhme]kpcr95]a’0v’gIqkgxao[kfczc]h;F 9’bj gxaomk’.shg-Nv38vnoj g0Qkwx .oIkj ’dkp c]t g;]kooha Ikj ’dkp0v’gIkq 9’jb [l+ k,kfgIfa |kh mxju vh ’doa d[a rtpkff’ja dkj ;wfDh $D dkoxhv’dao 7nfaj’r;dgIqkI6h3]dgvf gxaortpkfmuj8yf8+9kdvud7qo|bj’wxskvud7qo|bj’fh;pmk’ grfleraoD ltoAoF py’j r;dgIqk,u7;k,I6hdPj ;rtpkf rD8Dr s^kpgmqkj .fgIqklk,kfs^udg;Ao 9kd,aowfhfh;ps^kp;ymu c]t xhv’dao8qogv’f’aj oUG { I6h9adrq;raoda[grnvj o8kj ’grf s^n w;h.9D { [+7;o,ugrfleraodvj ow;vao7;o c]t dvj oc8’j ’koD { 9qj’rtpkpk,.-hg;]ks;jk’.shgxaoxt3spf c]t 8A’.9IjeIPogrnjv,uvk-u[mujfuF gxao7qofu0v’r+c,j c]t la’7q,D 24

.oxaf95[aopa’[+mao,u;ad-yoxhv’dao c]t 1kxyoj xq;3]dgvf.shskp0kfgmnvj g4y’;kj wfh,u ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkomqf]v’ c]t oe.-h1k[k’-toyfc]h;d=8k,D &D dko.shdko-j;pgs^nvcdjzh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t 3]dgvf !? dko-j;pgs^nv c]t .shde]a’.9 g4y’;kj xaf95[aooU,uzh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t gxaogvf .oxtgmfc]h;d=8k,F g0qkg9Qklk,kf fe]’q -;u fy 1.6j o7v[7;q c]t l’a 7,q wf1h kj ’xdq dt87y dn [a 7oq m;jq wxrvh ,m’a ,lu fy .omd5 fkh orkp.8dh fq \\kp0v’[kh og,vn ’D 7oq mgju xoa 3]dgvfd,= 3u vdkfwfIh [a dkoxojy x;q 1kj ’4dn 8vh ’ 8k,vkdko0v’ rtpkfmcju -d-vh oD ltooA F r;dgIkq [7+ ;o]’a dPfF 7;o.sdh ko-;j pgsvn^ F .sdh e]’a .9cdgj 0kq g9kQ grvnj .sgh 0kq g9kQ ,u-u;yfpnopk;D @? dkoxt8y[af8qo0v’zh68yfg-Bvgv9wv;u 4kh I;h6 kj 8oq gv’8yfg-Nvc];h 7;oxt8y[fa 8oq f’ja oUG { gIaf.sh9yf.9xqddt8yF dyovkskom,uj umkf[e]5’.shrP’r=F vvdde]a’dkpD { r[q crfgxoa xt9eD 0D le][a 7v[7;q 0v’z8h6 fy g-vN }gxoa gvfD { ltcf’7;k,Iad c]t .dh-yf-;j pgs^nvD { gvqk.9.lIj a[2a’[aosk c]t gxaomxuj bdlkg,vnj zh68yfg-Nvgduf7;k,da’;qoF m=h4vpD 7D |kh m0ju v’7oq .ol’a 7,q D { IPoI.h6 sgh 0kQ .97;k,gxoa 9’y dPj ;d[a 3]dgvfD { 3v]h ,q ;my du koxvh ’doa dkocr]j t[kf0v’gvfD { xtdv[l;j og0kQ .odkogzpu cr.j s-h ,5 -oq vvh ,0kh ’,lu t8Iy ;,j ,xn vh ’doa 8oq gv’F 7v[7;q c]t la’7q,.shxvfwr9kddko8yfg-Nvgv9wv;um4uj nd8hv’D 7e4k,G !D g-Nvgv9wv;u,us^kp16j.lL g,nvj ,aog0Qkwx.oIkj ’dkp0v’zh68yfg-Nvc]h;9twxme]kp l;j o.f0v’Ikj ’dkpL @D r,6 8kh omko0v’Ikj ’dkp7oq gIkq ,u7;k,\\kpco;.fL #D c,oj d,j5 7oq .flPj ’8+dko8yfg-Nvgv9wv;us^kpd;kj \\Lj6 $D dqowd s^n dko8yfg-hnvrtpkf,uco;.fL &D oda IPo7;oxt8y[fa 8oq co;.fgrvnj [+.s8h yfg-Nv3]dgvfL *D 4hk,u7qo8yfg-Nvgv9wv;u}3]dgvfF g9Qk9t[vd]k;wxIa[dkoxoyj xq; c]t Ia[dko.sh 7exbdlk16.j lL 25

[qfmu & dkolqj’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf .o-;u fy xt9e;oa gIkq g7pu gsoa [k’7oq ,da pkj ’vvdde]’a dkpF sfa dkpt[]= sy ko sn^ soY^ d]y k xtgrf8kj ’M c]t [k’7qovvdcI’’ko16j8k,gInvo-ko1kj ’gxaoxqddt8y g0qkg9Qk9tgxao7qo c0’cI’[,+ da g9[a gxoa D ltooA F 4kh r;dgIkq md5 7oq 1kd.sIh kj ’dkp,lu 05 trk[c0’cI’fu d8= vh ’wfh vvdde]a’dkpgrvnj gIaf.sh8qogv’,ul50trk[dkp c]t 9yfc0’cI’fuD !D dkolqj’glu,l50trk[dkp { dkol’qj glu,l50trk[dkp,uvao.fcfLj dyf9tdeG 9a[76jvvdde]a’dkp vvdde]’a dkpf;h pmkj 8kj ’Mf’ja oGU \\o6 c0oF cv;F ]d5 o’ja F g8oA g-vn dF 1on cd;’j 0kF c0oF 0Bo]q’0Aowf c]t vnoj MD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ zkj odkovvdde]’a dkpoda IPoIlh6 db co;.fL rkps’a^ vvdde]’a dkpc];h oda IPo 9tIlh6 db ;kj de,t9vo0v’gIkq g8oA cI’d;kj 0t\\a[ Ijk’dkp0v’gIqkmuj1j6.omjkxqddt8yF oAod= 0hk’]e7= phvo;jk.o0totmujvvdde]a’dkpoAoIjk’ dkp8hv’.-hrt]a’’kogru,j 0BoF rt]a’’ko faj’djk;wfh9kddkogzqkw\\hvksko c]t cv[cv0k dkl vqd-uc-oD fa’j oAoF 9b’j 8hv’dkovqd-u [=]yg;f0=h,n= c-ogru,j 0Bo c]t .og;]kfP;daooAoIkj ’ dkpd=8hv’de9afdkl dkd3[oydvvdovdD phvoco;oAo9bj’rk.shsq;.9g8Aow; c]t skp.94Duj l05 trk[mk’dkp \\kpg4y’ltrk[ s^a’/k8uo Ikj ’dkpm,ju 7u ;k,l,q [o6 c0’cI’F g8[u .spj 1kj ’gxoa xdq dt8Fy ]t[[q 8kj ’M 0v’Ikj ’dkp gIaf;PdwfhfuF ,uxtlyfmyrk[ c]t ,u7;k, I6[ &D! [vj o9a[de,t9vo0v’Ikj ’dkp7qo 8hko8+rtpkfwfhfuD 26

dkovvdde]’a dkp\\kpg4’y Ikj ’dkp0v’gIkq wfvh vdcI’sk^ p9oq Ilh6 db ;kj vfy g,vjn pF [;+ kj 9tvvdcI’’kofh;pdkos^Yody]kF dko[=]yskoIkj ’dkp s^n gIaf;Pd8kj ’MD ltoAoF dkovvd de]’a dkpgxoa xfa w9le7oa le][a md5 M7oq D 7o5 xt3spf0v’dkovvdde]’a dkp,uco;.fcfLj T Ikj ’dkpg8[u .spcj 0’cI’D T 8kh omkortpkfD T s;q .9g8oA cI’0BoF dko\\o6 ;Po0v’g]vn ffuD T 8vj ,gsvjn gIfa ;Pds^kp0oB grvjn de9fa l’jy glfgs^vn 8kj ’Mvvdmk’Ig6 svjn D T -;j p.sh[5d7t]yd c]t mkj mufu S g7nvj ows;7vj ’c7h; c]t ;vj ’w;D @D dkolqj’glu,l50trk[9yf oadIPo9’qj la’gdfI6[ zh6m,uj ul50trk[9yfmfuj u c]t z6hm,uj ul50trk[9yf[+fuD T |kh 8kp,Y cp,h T ,u7;k,r=.9 c]t -njo-q,8+7;k,l5d c]t ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ zoq leg]fa 0v’8oq D I6[ &D@ zh6,ul50trk[9yffu I6[ &D# z6h,ul50trk[9yf[+fu T ;k’cczo-u;yf8oq gv’w;1h kj ’g\\ktl,q D T g,nvj rq[[aosk8hv’8A’lt8y c]t 7yfw88j v’ 1kj ’,ugsfzoq I;h6 kj [oa skooA c,oj sp’a D T ,umk’g]nvd.fcfjF g]nvdmk’mujg\\ktlq, le][a 8oq gv’D T ,du kor;q roa d[a \\gj6 rvjn o1kj ’4dn 8vh ’D T |kh 8k[+lfq -ojn D T ;k’czo-u;yf8oq gv’p’a [+wfDh T [+,ad8A’.92a’vao.f|bj’.shg0Qk.99tc9h’ g;]kIPo|a’ln2a’wxc]h;7yfwxg]njv’vnjoF rk.sdh koIPo[I+ gh6 ]vjn ’D zh6muj,ul50trk[9yf[+7jvpfu ltcf’vvd .shgsao 9yf.9[+lts’q[F rk.sh9yf.9[+9qf9+1j6da[lyj’mujgIaf1j6F fqookowxvkfrk.sh9yf.9glnvj ,3-,wfhF gdufvk]q,[+fu Xs’5fs’yfDDD? gxaogsf.shIjk’dkpglnjv,oeD faj’oAoF 27

r;dgIkq md5 7oq 9t8vh ’rtpkpk,me9fy .9.sfh Fu 8’A .98l+ ’jy mgju Ikq r;,gIfa 196j ’jb rk.sIh gh6 ]vjn ’ c]t 9tgxoa 7oq mxju tl[q zoq leg]fa D { oadIPo9qj’sk;ymume.sh9yf.9lts’q[fh;p dkoo’ja lt,kmyD { vu’.lj7ela[8+wxoUgrnjvc8j’gxaoxt3spd I6[ &D$ oaj’lt,kmy .og;]koa’j lt,kmyG ,n0;kF ,n-hkpF 8q;-nFj g8a’F oa’j F oa’j .shlt[kpF lt,kmyF DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD lyj’muj7;ogvqk.9.ljG g;]koaj’lt,kmy.sh8A’l6o dk’0v’9yf.9w;hmuj]q,skp.9 g-ajoG skp.9g0Qk.sh leodb ;kj G rf5 F g,vjn ],q skp.9vvd.soh db ;kj G 3mF s[a^ 8k r=lt[kpF [+obdg4y’g]nvj ’vnoj gIafwxxt,ko & okmuD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkome9yf.9.shlts’q[ ,u75oxt3spf8+8qogv’s^kpgrkt,aogIaf.shlj;o8jk’M 0v’ lt\\v’wfrh da zvj oF 7;k,7Pfd=zvj o7kp]’q F s;q .9lk,kfl[6 lufg]vn fwx]Ph ’l;j o8kj ’M 0v’ Ikj ’dkpwfhfuD g,nvj ,uvkdkog7a’j 8b’ sn^ ,u7;k,7Pf.sh zvj o7kp,aofh;pdkogIaf.sh7;k,7yf 9fq 91= dj6 [a l’jy .f|’jb rP’l’jy fP; 8;q 1kj ’G o[a g]d .o.9 #F @F ! c];h skp.9g0kQ g]dy M sn^ 2’a c8lj P’ ooA D ltoAoF r;dgIqkmu1j 6.j ow;IPo9’bj 8hv’lhk’8qogv’.sh,ul50trk[dkp c]t 9yf.shfufh;pG T dkoxa[8q;.shg0Qkda[\\g6j rvnj oF zh6.spFj la’7q, c]t dkoxa[8q;mk’grfD T Ida lkvtokw,l;j o8kj ’M0v’Ikj ’dkp.slh tvkf1l6j tg\\uD T vvdde]’a dkplt\\+kltg\\Du T dyovkskom,uj uxt3spfD T s^udg;Aodkofn,j gs^Qk s^n 0v’,bog,qkvonj M m,uj uzqodtmq[8+l50trk[g;Qk];,c]h; zh6mu,j u l50trk[c0’cI’lq,[6o c]t l50trk[9yfmufj uF lk,kfcdh[aosk c]t xa[9yf.9 8qogv’.sh16j.oltrk[xqddt8yl5d 9t[+,udkog9a[w0hwfhx;j p.fMD oU 4n;kj gxao-u;yfmu,j u 7o5 trk[f’ja mmuj d5 7oq xkf4t|kD #D madlt-u;yfgrnjvglu,lhk’l50trk[ mda lt-u;yf gxoa 7extl,q mxuj tdv[f;h plv’7e7n mda lt c]t -u;yfG mda lt\\kpg4y’7;k, 28

lk,kfF 7;k,-eoy-eoko.odkog7nvj ows;fhkoIkj ’dkp c]t ,aolt\\v’ g-y’j wfh,k9kd ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkola’gdfF dkoIej IPo c]t xtlq[dkoD -u;yf\\kpg4y’ dkofe]q’7q’8q;0v’,to5fmu,j udkog8u[.spFj g7nvj ows;F xPj ocx’ c]t rfa mtoko[a c8gj xoa ]d6 vvj o.omvh ’c,j 9oq g4y’,NlYo],q skp.9D madlt-u;yf \\kpg4y’7;k,lk,kf0v’7qo .odkoxa[xPj orbf8ydewx.omk’mufj u c]t g\\ktlq, g-y’j 9t-;j p.shlk,kfcdhw0[aosk8k,lt4kotdko8kj ’M .o-u;yfxt9e;aoD gonjv’9kd;jkgIqkfe]q’-u;yf1j6.ola’7q,F gIqk[+lk,kf8afcpd-u;yfvvd9kd]t[P[ dfq \\kpooA wfFh .ol’a 7,q rfa gduf,us^kp[oa sklts^[a l[a -vh oD ltooA F [k’gmvnj w;|,5j vkf9t[+moa 9ecodwfh[aoskmvuj kf9tgduf0Boda[8qogv’rkps^a’D ltoAoF w;|,5j 9egxao8hv’wfh.-hmadlt-u;yf g0Qk,kcdhw0grnjv-j;p.shgdufzqofu8+8qogv’F 7v[7q; c]t xtgmf-kf g-ajoG dkoxhv’dao 8+lyj’gl[8yfF g-Nvgv9wv;u c]t rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraovnjoMS dko]t;a’7;k,I5ocI’ mk’grfF dkogdufvkf-tpkde c]t g]nvj ’\\qfs;a’8+-u;yf8qogv’S lq’j glu,dko,ul50trk[mufj u c]t dkorq;raovaofuoedao]ts;kj ’,to5ffh;pdaoD madlt-u;yfxtdv[ ,u & madlt8Qo8=fa’j oUG madltdkolnlj koF dko8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aoskF dkoxt8yglf{8+]v’F dko9ecod7kj oypq, c]t dkodeoqfgxQk\\kpD madltdkolnjlko \\kpg4y’dkoI6h9ad.-h7eg;Qk c]t rklkmkj mk’mu4j nd8hv’ g\\ktlq, da[lt4kotdko grnjvltcf’7;k,I6hlbd c]t 7;k,,5j’,kfxkf4t|k0v’8qogv’ c]t lk,kfIadlk7;k,gxao,yfw;hwfhD 8q;1kj ’G dkoxkdg;Qk8hv’.sh,u dk]tgmltF g;Qk9tc9h’ -fa g9oD l’jy le7oa 1kj ’|’jb gIkq 8vh ’wfgh /dy 7;k,dkh sko .odkolljn kol’jy m8ju oq gv’8vh ’dko1kd 9tlwnj xrvh ,doa D dkoI6h9ad8qogv’ c,oj 7;k,lk,kf.odko7oQ sk c]t g0kQ .99f5 fFu 9f5 vvj o0v’8oq gv’F I6h7;k,8hv’dko c]t 7;k,IadF I6hoyfwl c]t 7;k,c8d8kj ’0v’8qogv’da[zh6vnoj gxao8QoD 8;q 1kj ’G g,vjn I;h6 kj 8oq gv’,ou fy wl.9Ivh od]= t,fa ]t;’a dkoxkdg;kQ F dkodtmegrvnj [+lkh ’7;k, dtmq[dtgmnvo8+zh6vnoj c]t vonj MD madltdko8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aosk \\kpg4y’ 7;k,lk,kf.odkog[y’j ltrk[ murj q;rao g4y’[oa sk1kj ’44uj ;h o}Iv[fkh ogrvnj 8fa lyo.9cdwh 01kj ’4nd8vh ’D djvo9t8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aosk.f|bj’gIqk8hv’G I6h;k’czoF deoqf0v[g0f0v’[aoskF [oa skooA c,oj sp’a F lkgsfmrju k.s[h oa skgdfu 0oB ,cu o;.fF gdfu 0oB .oltrk[dko.fF gdfu 0oB 1.6j lD s^a’9kdoAo9bj’ry9k]tokc8j]tmk’g]nvdD mk’g]nvdmujfuoAo 8hv’c,jomk’g]nvddko8af loy .9f;h plt8xy oa pkF .-gh sfzoq cmodko.-vh k],q F [z+ fy loy meF [m+ eIkh p7oq vojn 3fpmk’d’q c]t 29

mk’vhv,D ovdoAoF d=7;oxbdlk F 0=7;k,-;j pgs^nv9kdzh6muwj ;h.9D 8q;1k’G d=]tou\\6-j ad-;owx ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ mk’m[ju f+ u g-oja G dkomPj ;[o5 F mk’mgju lpg’oy F dkor;q roa g4’y 1kgl[8fy F dkodoy gskQ^ F dkortooa c]t vojn M8vh ’-’ja -k zoq wfzh oq glpF 4kh zoq glpsk^ pd;kj d[= 8+ vh ’wxD c84j kh wxmPj ;[o5 c];h gdfu dl5 oq .sh8qogv’ c]t [aort[6]5fcmhMd=fuD madltdkoxt8yglf{8+]v’ \\kpg4y’7;k,lk,kf.odkoxt8yglf grnjvIadlk95f 1on }sd^a \\oA 0v’8oq gv’w;Dh dkoxt8gy lf{8]+ v’ c,oj lfy mly ;j o[d5 7oq mlju tcf’ g4’y 7;k,8vh ’dko0v’8oq gv’ m8ju kj ’ 9kd7lj6 oq mtok grvjn sd^u g;oA 9kdrfb 8dy em[u +gdfu xt3spf s^n rfb 8dy emvuj kf rk.sgh dfu zoq ltmvh o m[uj +fu8k,,k8+8oq gv’F 7v[7;q c]t xtgmf-kfD 8;q 1kj ’G xt8yglf8+gsfdkom\\uj j6 s^n grfd’q doa 0hk,-ad-;o.od=]toum8uj qogv’[+rhv, c]t vkfrk.shgdufzqoIhkp8k,,kD dvj o9toe.-dh koxt8gy lf{ 8+]v’dPj ;d[a [oa sk.f|’jb 8vh ’v’u .llj trk[dkoF lt4komFju g;]kF lkpleraoF 7;k,le7ao0v’[aosk c]t zqo8k,,kD madltdko9ecod7jkoypq, \\kpg4y’7;k,lk,kf.odko9ecod7;k,I6hlbdF 7;k, g-njv s^n mjkvjP’0v’[5d7qo.f|jb’muj,u8+8qogv’F 8+zh6vnjoF 8+lt4kotdko.f|bj’ g-yj’,uvyfmyrqo ltcf’vvdfhkorbf8ydeD 7oq gIkq md5 7oq ];h oc8,j 7u kj opy ,q g-’jy 7kj opy ,q 0v’c8]j t7oq c8d8kj ’doa wxD dko,7u kj opy ,q mufj uF lq,gsflq,zqo -;j p.shgIqk8aflyo.9cdhw0[aoskwfh4nd8hv’ c]t ,uzqoglpskp|hvpd;kj dkocdwh 0[oa skm.uj -7h kj opy ,q m[uj +g\\ktl,q cd[h oa skD madltdkodeoqfgxQk\\kp dkodeoqfgxQk\\kp s^n 7;k,s;a’0v’gIqkoAo [+7;o 8A’7;k,s;a’l6’ s^n 8ej gduowxD dko8A’7;k,s;a’8hv’vu’.l7j ;k,lk,kf0v’8qogv’ c]t .sch mfg\\ktd[a 7;k,gxoa 9’y D 8;q 1kj ’G mkh ; dD 1kd,gu Ivn oF mkh ;0= 1kd,mu d5 1kj ’D ltooA F gxkQ \\kp .f-fa g9od;kj doa D dkodeofq gxkQ \\kp-fa g9o rk.sgh Ikq [oa ]75 ;k,s;’a wfDh dko8’A 7;k,s;’a [7+ ;o.sdh ;kh ’gdou wxF 8vh ’.sgh dfu zoq D ltooA F 7;k,s;’a 0v’g9kQ gv’.oxfa 9[5 oa c,oj sp’a D 7e4k,G !D dkolq’j glu,l50trk[dkp c]t 9yf ,u7;k,\\kpco;.fL @D dkovvdde]’a dkp,u7o5 xt3spfco;.fcfLj #D madlt-u;yf,u7;k,\\kpco;.fL oadIPo7yf;kj 8qogv’,u7;k, 9egxao8hv’wfhIPoI6h madltf’aj dkj ;[=L 4hk9egxao 9’qj vtmy[kpD $D oadIPo9qj’0Po & ;ymumujgIaf.sh8qogv’,u9yf.9lts’q[ s^n ,ult,kmys^kp0BoD 30

rkdmu II dkoxjPocx’mkf8jk’M [qfmu * xt8ydy]ypkg7,u !D 7;k,\\kp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u I6[ *D! 1vfvk-yf HCl dyf9tde !G !? gvqkg,afla’dtlu]q’.lj9vdcdh;c]h;1vf HCl ]q’.lFj la’gdfxkdqfdko c]t [ao mdb zoq D @? gvqkxkdgxqjkm+mu9j 5,j ]q’.ooEx6o.lmu[j ao95 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ .o9vdcdh;.lF la’gdfxkdqfdko c]t [oa mdb zoq D I6[mu *D@ gxqjk]q,.loj Ex6o.l #? 9f6 g9ph F l’a gdfdkoxPj ocx’c];h [oa mdb zoq I6[mu *D# 96fg9hp 9kddkogIfa dyf9tde0kh ’gmy’ oda IPol’a gdf gsoa dkoxPj ocx’sp’a cfgj duf0BoL { s^a’9kd1vf HCl ]q’.llj a’dtlu.o9vdcdh;gIqk9tla’gdfgsaog,afla’dtlu.o9vd cdh;2qf c]t ,uvkpgduf0BoD g,nvj xtw;hw]pt|b’j c]h;gIqk9tla’gdfgsaog,afla’dtlu ohvp]q’c]h; d=\\qfwxD 31

{ g,vnj gvqkxkdgxkqj m+m9uj ,5j ]q’.o9vdcdh;.lm[uj ao95oEx6o.l9tla’gdfgsaooEx6o0o5j D ooA ltcf’;kj dkldkd3[ody 9kdxkdgIkq wxgdfu xt8dy ]y py kd[a oExo6 .l c];h wfmh kf.\\Dj { g,vjn gvkq g9ph wx9f6 l’a gdfgsoa cx;w2]d5 w\\Fh g9ph 7vj pdkpgxoa lfu e c]t l0u gU mkqj S ooA ltcf’;kj g9ph m4uj nd9f6 dkpgxoa mkf.\\Dj dkoxPj ocx’m,ju mu kf.\\gj dfu 0oB ,da ,du koxPj ocx’lFu ,mu kfm]ju tgspu vkpvvdF ,du ojy gdfu 0BoF ,urbd9q,]q’ s^n ,udkoxPj ocx’v5ostr6, c]t vnoj M groyj gvUodkoxPj ocx’c[[oU;kj xt8ydy]ypkg7,uD 7;k,w;.odkogdufxt8ydy]ypkg7,uc8]j t-toyf[+7ndoa g-oja G { dkogzqkw\\hg-Nvw2gdufw; c]t cz7j ;k,Ihvol6’D { dkogokqj gxnvj p0v’goNvlaf c]t rnfF dkoc]dxPj omkf0v’rnf c]t lafgduf-hkD { dkogzkq xo6 9kdsou xo6 8vh ’wf.h -7h ;k,Ivh orP’r9= ’jb gdfu xt8dy ]y py k0oB wfDh @D xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.ome,t-kf { xt8ydy]ypkg7,umujgduf0Bo.ome,t-kfwfhcdjG dkogxao\\hP’0v’3]stg-yj’c,jo ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ gxao\\hP’ la’g7ktcl’ 0v’3]st 0v’rnf xt8ydy]ypkg7,u .ome,t-kf dkopvj pvk dkogokjq gxvjn p sko.o]ewlh 0v’laf c]t rnf xt8ydy]ypk]ts;jk’3]st c]t vqd-uc-o.ovkdkfF dkola’g7ktcl’0v’rnfF dkogokqj gxvnj p0v’laf c]t rnfmu8j kpc]h;F dkopvj pvksko.o]ewlhD 32

#D xt8ydy]ypkg7,umuj,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u vu’.l7j ;k,dkh ;|kh mk’fkh og7,ulkf c]t 7;k,IPdIvh ’8vh ’dko0v’7oq gIkq ltooA 7oq gIkq 9’jy wflh kh ’xt8dy ]y py k0oB gv’g-oja G { dko9f6 g-Nvw2F g-’yj l;j os^kpc,oj mkfxtl,q Iu3fic-o c]t dkd[vogrvnj lt|v’ 7;k,Ivh ocd7j qogIqk s^n .-h.shg7vnj ’9adg7vnj og|a’wfhD { dko\\da gskQ^ c,oj dkoxPj ocx’mkf9kdcx’h gxoa oE8koc];h 9kdoE8ko gxoa gskQ^ D { dko.-mh kfvk],6 uouvv,xoq d[a vdq -yfgsd^a c];h gzkq grvnj .swh fgh sd^a lfq D oda IPo9’jq l’a gdfI[6 rk[ c];h [vd-jn c]t xt3spf0v’zt]fy 8troa mwju f9h kdxt8dy ]y py k g7,um,uj tof5 lkh ’0BoD lkode9af|6 xuikg-8k, 1kdt8h5ornf lkode9af|6 ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 1kx;q rtpkf 1k’x^kl8yd ;af45-ad]hk’ .shdtclw22hk g7njv’levk’ I6[ *D$ xt8ydy]ypkg7,umu,j to5flhk’0Bo { ,to5fgIqkwfhoe.-hxt8ydy]ypkg7,ugrnvj zt]yfmkf.\\sj ^kp-toyf8k,7;k,8hv’dko g-oja G dkox’5 c8’j 1kx;q rtpkfF dkozt]fy g7vjn ’levk’F dkozt]fy lt[F6 dkozt]fy 1k’xk^ l8dy DDD 33

{ xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.sh7;k,Ihvo c]t cl’lts;kj ’g-aoj G dkogzqkw\\hw,h s^n 4kj ow,hF dkogzkq w\\oh E,oa g-vN w2D { xt8ydy]ypk.sdh tclw22kh g-oja G xt8ydy]ypk.oxuoF .o\\=wh 2gxoa 8oQ FDDD { 7qogIqklk,kfla’g7ktmkf.ome,t-kfgrvnj x5’c8’j 1k0hkc,’w,hF 1k0hksphk { 7qolk,kfx5’c8’j 1kdt85hogrvnj .shrnfrao.spwj ;F laf0tspkp8q;1kj ’;vj ’w;FDDD $D zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u oda IPo9’jq l’a gdfI[6 rk[ c];h [vdzoq glpskp0v’xt8dy ]y py k c]t zt]fy 8troa g7,]u ,j5 oGU 4Y,0UgspNv-t-kp w2w\\hxkj ]tg[ufສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 1kgl[8yf I6[ *D& zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u 7P’7dj6 [a xt3spf0v’xt8dy ]y py kg7,cu ];h [k’xt8dy ]y py kg7,du p= ’a ,zu oq glpskpg-oaj G { dkozt]yf1kgl[8yfF dkozt]yf1kg[vnj D { dko9f6 0gU spvN -t-kpgIfa .sgh dfu ,su k^ pmkfmgju xoa rfy c];h gIfa .slh ’jy c;f]vh ,gxoa rfy D 34

{ dkogoqkj gxnvj p0v’-kdlaf c]t rnf9tgIaf.shgdufmkfvkpmu,j udyoj g\\aoF gduf,u,qo ]tryf c]t rtpkf8kj ’MD [k’xt8ydy]ypk ,uma’xt3spf c]t ,uma’zqoglpskpg-ajoG { dkogzqkw\\hg-Nvw2s^kpvkf9tlt|v’7;k,Ihvo c]t rt]a’’ko.shcdj7qogIqk c8dj =gIaf.sh3]dIhvo c]t ,uvkpryf.ovkdkfD { dkooe.-1h kxk[lfa 8r6 fn 4kh oe.-[h +4dn ;my du 9= t,mu kfg7,8u dq 7kh ’mgju xoa rfy 8+7oq gIkq D lts^5[c]h; 7qogIqkgxaoz6hlhk’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u0Bo,k s^n xt8ydy]ypkvkfgduf0Bogv’.o me,t-kfF ltooA gIkq 8vh ’IPoIh6 c]t oe.-.h s4h dn ;my u xt8dy ]y py kd9= t,zu oq f8u + ,tof5 c]t 3]dme,t-kf0v’gIqkD &D -toyf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u v’u .lxj kdfq dko8;q 9’y mgju dfu 0oB .ome,t-kf c]t l’jy m,ju tof5 lkh ’0oB ,k[oa fkoda ;my tpk lkfwf9h fa -toyfxt8ydy]ypkg7,u0oA rNo4koG !? xt8ydy]ypkc9dcpd s^n ;yg7ktG c,joxt8ydy]ypkmujmkffP;g-yj’gxaomkfxtlq, cpdvvdgxaolv’ s^n s^kpmkfvkf9tgxaos^kpmkffPj ; s^n s^kpmkfxtlq,d=wfDh ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ O Hg O Hg O Hg O Hg 2HgO → O2 +2Hg @? xt8ydy]ypkxtlq,mkf s^n la’g7ktmkfG c,oj xt8ydy]ypkmusj ^kpmkfvkf9tgxaos^kp mkffPj ;fh;pdaoF s^kpmkfxtlq,fh;pdao s^n vkf9tc,oj mkffPj ;da[mkfxtlq,I;, g0kQ doa dkpgxoa mkfxtl,q fP; HH O to H OH HO H HH O 2H2 +O2 ⎯t⎯o → 2H2O 35

#? xt8dy ]y py kc]dxPj omkfG c,oj xt8dy ]y py k]ts;kj ’mkfxtl,q d[a mkfxtl,q f;h pdoa D Cl Cl + + Cl Cl 2KOH+CuCl2 → 2KCl +Cu ( OH ) 2 $?D xt8ydy]ypkcmo[vj oG c,oj xt8ydy]ypk]ts;kj ’mkfxtlq, c]t mkffPj ; g-’yj .ooAo vk38,0v’mkffjP; wfhcmo[jvovk38,0v’mkf,6o|bj’ .omkfxtlq, gvUo;jk xt8dy ]y py kcmo[vj oD Cl Cl ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ + + Cl Cl Mg+2HCl → MgCl2 +H2 &?D xt8ydy]ypkczj c]t Ia[7;k,Ihvo xt8ydy]ypkg7,ugduf0Bo c]t ,udkooe.-hc8d8kj ’daoc8xj t8ydy]ypkm7uj qogIqk,ad9toe.-h s^kp c,oj xt8ydy]ypkczj c]t Ia[7;k,IhvoD !D xt8ydy]ypkczj7;k,Ihvo xt8ydy]ypkg7,ugduf0Bo.og’nvj ow0mcuj 8d8kj ’daog-oaj G dkow\\h0v’oE,aog-Nvw2F dklme ,t-kf c]t ;fa 4v5 ojn M rP’c89j f6 w2.og[vN ’8oQ gmkjq ooA ,oa d9= tgIfa .sxh t8dy ]y py kgdfu 0oB c];h l[n 8+ fegouowxgv’F xt8ydy]ypkgsk^jq oUwfch z7j ;k,Ivh ovvdD xt8ydy]ypkg-’yj gduf0Borvh ,d[a dkocz7j ;k,Ivh ovvdgvUo;kj xt8ydy]ypkcz7j ;k,Ivh o 36

8q;1kj ’G xt8ydy]ypkcz7j ;k,Ihvo8kj ’Mg-oaj G ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { dko9f6 4kj o { dkogdufxt8ydy]ypk]ts;kj ’x6ofy[ CaO da[ H2O,... { H2 gdufxt8ydy]ypkda[ O2 dkpgxao H2O,... @D xt8ydy]ypkIa[7;k,Ihvo xt8dy ]y py kg7,gu dfu 0oB g-oja G { dkogzkq suoxo6 dvj o9twfxh o6 fy[8vh ’.-7h ;k,Ivh o9’jb rk.sgh dufxt8ydy]ypkwfDh { dko;yg7ktoEgrnvj .shwfh O2 c]t H2 8hv’wfh.-h7;k,IhvoD { dkoxPj ocx’mkf0v’rnf4kh [+,ucl’lts;kj ’d=[+gdufxt8ydy]ypkg7,uwfh \\kp7;k, ;kj grvnj 1kd.shxt8ydy]ypkgduf0Bo c]t fegouowxwfh9e8hv’wfh96fF gzqk8ts^vfg;]k s^n fegouowxphvo7;k,Ihvo9kdmk’vonj -;j pD xt8ydy]ypkg7,ug-yj’gduf0Borhv,da[,udkoIa[7;k,IhvogvUo;jkxt8ydy]ypkIa[ 7;k,IhvoD g,vnj g;kQ g4y’xt8ydy]ypkI[a 7;k,Ivh o.f|’jb F gIkq 8vh ’-vdskcs’^j 7;k,Ivh ogrvnj -;j p.sxh t8ydy]ypkgduf0BowfDh #D lq,zqo7;k,Ihvo .orkdxt8[y fa 8;q 9’y c];h [k’7’A grojy oe.-xh t8dy ]y py kg7,u [c+ ,oj grvjn 1kdwfzh t]fy 8troa 0v’,oa c8gj rvnj oe.-7h ;k,Ivh omcuj zvj vd9kdxt8ydy]ypkooha g-oja G { dko9f6 4kj o sn^ dklc,oj grvjn .swh f7h ;k,Ivh ooe.-gh 0khq .odkos’5 8,hq 8kj ’MF c8[j k’ xt8ydy]ypkgIqkraf8hv’dkooe.-hzt]yf8trao0v’,ao c]t xt8ydy]ypkfaj’djk; dvj o9tgduf0Bowfh8hv’,umkfg]a’j s^n g’nvj ow0 8qho8=c,oj 8hv’,u7;k,Ihvoltgrkt.sh ,ao9qod;kj xt8ydy]ypk9tlYol5f g-oaj G dkogzqksuox6o.shwfhx6ofy[D ltooha grvjn 1kd.sIh dh6 koI[a sn^ cz7j ;k,Ivh o0v’xt8dy ]y py k.f|’jb ooha [oa fkoda ;my tpklkf wfdh eofq gvkq ;ymu0Pol,q zoq 7;k,Ivh o8k,dkomfq ]v’8;q 9y’D 8q;1kj ’G dko9f6 4kj o ! dik,.og7vjn ’;fa cmdxt],y ko7;k,Ivh o (Calorimetre) 9twfh 7;k,Ihvo ##F& kJ 9kdouhgIqk7yfw]wj fh;kj 4kj o.oxt]y,ko ! 3,] s^n !@g w\\h9tcz7j ;k,Ihvo 402 kJ gIqkgvqk7kj ouhwx[;d.lrj kdl;j og[nhv’0;k0v’lq,zqoxt8ydy]ypk0v’dko96f4kj oc]h; 9twfh C + O 2→ CO 2 +402kJ D 37

g7njv’\\kp[;d16j8+|hk7jk0v’xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvo-U.shgsao;jk 7;k,Ihvowfhczjvvd ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ \\kp7;k,;kj xt8ydy]ypkfa’j dkj ;c,oj xt8yudy]ypkcz7j ;k,IhvoD 4hkc,oj xt8ydy]ypkIa[7;k, IhvoF gryjo9tgvqkzqo7;k,Ihvo[;d.ljg[Nv’-hkp0v’lq,zqo s^n vkf9tgvqkw;hg[Nv’0;kd= wfch 88j vh ’c,oj g7vnj ’\\kp][q 8q;1kj ’G CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 -180kJ s^n CaCO3 +180kJ → CaO + CO2 lq,zqog7,ug-y’j ltcf’wfhzqo7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypkgvUo;kj lq,zqo7;k,Ihvog7,uD .og,nvj gIkq ,mu kfg7,mu gju dfu xt8dy ]y py kc];h cz7j ;k,Ivh ovvdd7= dn [a ;kj gIkq ,cu s’j^ rt]’a ’koS rt]’a ’ko fa’j dkj ;gvuho;kj G rt]a’’kog7,uF ,aoc,oj rt]a’’korkp.o0v’mkf c]t ,ao[+ltcf’vvd 4kh xt8dy ]y py k[g+ dfu 0oB D 8k,me,tfkc];h .oxt8dy ]y py kg7,u rt]’a ’kog7,mu gju -vjn ’-vh o1.j6 o;fa 45 mguj dufxt8ydy]ypk4ndoel’jq .s;h fa 4v5 onj .oI[6 Ikj ’7;k,Ivh ovoa cooj voD 8q;1kj ’G .odko96f4kj ogrnvj gvqk7;k,Ihvowx.-h.odkogzqksuox6o.shdkpgxaox6ofy[oaho \\kp7;k,;kj rt]’a ’kog7,wu fxh Pj ogxoa rt]’a ’ko7;k,Ivh oc];h gIfa .smh kfvojn 4dn xPj omkfS c8mj ’a \\fq ooha gxoa wx8k,dfq gdodkoIda lk c]t zoa xPj ort]’a ’koD 8q;1kj ’ !G g,nvj 96f4kj o ! g 9t,uxt]y,ko7;k,Ihvoczvj vdgmqkj .fL ;ymucdhG lq,zqog7,u7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypkG C + O 2→ CO 2+402kJ 12 = 402 1x x = 402×1 = 33,5kJ 12 8q;1kj ’ @G grnvj 1kdwfhx6ofy[ CaO 5,6 g 9kddkogzqksuox6o CaCO3 9t8hv’.-h7;k, Ihvo9ad kJ I6h;kj lq,zqog7,u7;k,IhvoG CaCO3 ⎯t⎯o→ CaO + CO2 -180kJ ;ymucdhG 8k,lq,zqo CaCO3 ⎯t⎯o→CaO + CO2 -180kJ 38

56 = 180 5, 6 x x = 5, 6×180 = 18kJ 56 8v[G !) kJ \\kp;kj gIkq 9t8vh ’.-7h ;k,Ivh o !) kJ 9’jy 9trP’r.= odkocpdsou xo6 .swh fxh o6 f[y &F*g 8;q 1kj ’ #G .odkogzkq sou xo6 .swh fxh o6 f[y !!F@ g 4k,;kj 9t8vh ’.-h C 9da g L 9’jb 9trP’r= .odkogzqkD ;ymucdhG lq,zqo7;k,IhvoD CaCO3 +180kJ → CaO + CO2 xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvomu9j t8hv’.-hgzqk 180kJ = 56g ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ x 11,2g x = 180kJ ×11,2g = 36kJ 56g { -vdxt]y,ko C m9uj tlt|v’7;k,Ihvo.shcdxj t8ydy]ypk.odkogzqkD C + O2 → CO2 + 402kJ 12g = 402kJ ⇒ x = 12g × 36kJ = 1,07g x 36kJ 402kJ 7e4k, !D xkdfq dko8+wxoU,u0=.h fcfmj cuj ,oj xt8ydy]ypkg7,uL dD dkogxnvj p0v’oEdhvoD 0D dko96f4kj o 7D xkgoqkj gxnvj p ’D 9vdc8d 9D oE2qf lD suox6odkpgxaox6ofy[ 39

@D 9’jq 9af[aofk0=h,6o8+wxoU.l.j oshv’s;kj ’0v’8k8t]k’G ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dkozt]fy 1kgl[8fy F dkozt]fy gskhq^ F dko9f6 4kj oF w2w\\xh kj F dkozt]fy 1kg[vjn F dko9f6 0UgspNv-t-kp c]t dkola’g7ktcl’0v’rnfF dkozt]yf1kxq;rtpkf zqoglpskp9kdxt8ydy]ypkg7,u zqofumuwj fhIa[9kdxt8ydy]ypkg7,u #D xt8ydy]ypk],5j oUc,oj xt8ydy]ypkczj s^n Ia[7;k,Ihvo 2Hg + O2 → 2HgO + 168 kJ $D grvjn 1kdwf7h ;k,Ivh o )#($ kJ 9t8vh ’9f6 g,8ko XCH4? .o,;olkogmkjq .fL I;h6 kj zoq 7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypkgmkqj + 892 kJ Xle]a[lq,zqomu-j ’aj -kr=fu? &D 4kh 9f6 g,8ko !* gF 7;k,Ivh omcju zvj vd9t,gu mkjq .fLF I;h6 kj 7;k,Ivh o0v’xt8dy ]y py k c,oj + 892 kJ D *D g,vnj 9f6 4kj o.ovdq -uc-oF wf7h ;k,Ivh o 2050 kJ 4k,;kj ,;olko0v’4kj o9t,ugmkjq .fL (D l,q zoq 7;k,Ivh og7,0u v’xt8dy ]y py kg7,gu zkq xo6 c,oj CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 - 180kJ rt]a’’komu9j egxaole]a[xt8ydy]ypkwfh9kddko 9f6 4kj o.og8kq ooA 4k,;kj 1kj ’\\vh plf5 9t.-4h kj ogmkjq .f grvjn .swh fxh o6 f[y XCaO? ! 38oL )D 8k,l,q zoq g7,7u ;k,Ivh o H2 +Cl2 → 2HCl +184kJ H2 +I2 → 2HI − 52kJ 9’qj 7yfw];j kj 7;k,Ihvomcuj zvj vd s^n Ia[g0Qk,ugmkqj .f.oc8]j td=]touL { 4hk;kj xt]y,ko0v’Iu3fic-omugj 0QkI;j ,.oxt8ydy]ypk,u @ 3,]L 40

[qfmu ( ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ l6fg7,u mkfg7,umuj.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao,us^kp-toyfF grnjv7;k,ltf;doadg7,uwfh.-hlaopt]ad cmodko0Po-nmj kfg7,ugs^qkj oahoD laopt]admu.j -hcmomkf8kj ’M oaho IPd;kj G l6fg7,uD .ooAo ,ul6fg7,umkffPj ; c]t mkfxtlq,D !D l6fg7,u0v’mkffjP; mkffjP;mujmP[da[mkf,6og7,u,u9eo;os^kpd;jk !WW mkfF mkffjP;gs^qjkoaho [k’ mkfxtdv[f;h pvtor5 kdm1ju .j6 oI[6 3,g]do5 c]t [k’mkfxtdv[f;h pvtor5 kdm1ju .j6 oI[6 vk38,D v’u .ldj koxtdv[lkh ’ c]t dkolkh ’8;q 0v’c8]j tvtor5 kd0v’c8]j tmkfF v’u .ldj ko9fa lkh ’ mkf.ome,t-kf gryoj wfhc[’j c[[0Po sn^ l6f0v’mkfc8]j t-toyf8kj ’daog-aoj G !? 3]st Fe Cu I6[ (D! I6[9e]v’3]st lj;os^kpgryjo0Polaopt]admkf8k,I6[c[[vk38, 8q;1jk’G Fe, Cu, Mg, Ag. ! 3,g]d5o9txtdv[fh;p ! vk38,D @? vt3]st O OO I6[ (D@ I6[9e]v’vt3]st 41

vt3]stmugj xaomkfc0’ gryoj 0Pol6f0v’,ao8k,c[[vk38,7nda[3]st g-aoj G C, Si, S. l6f0v’vt3]stmujgxaomkfvkpgryjo0Polaopt]admkf,6ooaho c]h;0Po8q;g]dgrnjv[vdg4y’ 9eo;ovk38,0v’mkf,o6 ooha 1.j6 o|’jb 3,g]do5 0v’,oa 1gj6 [Nv’0;k0kh ’],j5 0v’loa pt]da g7,uD 8q;1jk’G ! 3,g]d5ovqd-uc-oxtdv[,u @ vk38,vqd-uc-oF l6fg7,u G O2 ! 3,g]d5oIu3fic-oxtdv[,u @ vk 38,Iu3fic-oF l6fg7,uG H2 #? mkfvkp]hk Xvkpvbf? gryoj 0Polaopt]admkf,6og7,u8k,c[[vk38,7n 3]st g-oja G { mkf,6ogI]u ! 3,g]d5o xtdv[ ! vk38,D l6fg7,uG He D { mkf,6ogovq’ ! 3,g]d5o xtdv[fh;p ! vk38,D l6fg7,uG Ne @D l6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ Na Cl HOH dD I6[9e]v’gdnv dD I6[9e]v’oE I6[mu (D# I6[9e]v’mkfxtlq, mkfxtlq,c,oj mkfmuxj tdv[fh;pvk38,s^kp-toyf8kj ’daoF c8]j t-toyf d=,u9eo;o vk38,8kj ’doa S ltooA F lf6 0v’mkfxtl,q dl= tcf’.sgh soa g4’y mkf,o6 g7,u c]t 9eo;ovk38, 0v’c8]j tmkf,6omuxj tdv[gxaomkfxtlq,oAo g-aoj G l6fg7,umu,j u @ mkf,6oG XaYb .ooaho X,Y c,oj laopt]admkf,6oF a,b c,oj fafltoumu,j u7kj gmqkj da[9eo;ovk38,0v’,aoF 4hk a = b = 1 grojy 9t[0+ PoD gvkq .9.lGj 4kh mkfxtl,q .f|’jb xtdv[f;h p3]st c]t vt3]st c,oj grojy 0Polf6 0v’,oa 42

f;h pdko0Poloa pt]da 3]stdvj oc];h 9’jb 0Po loa pt]da vt3]st8k,s’a^ G 8;q 1kj ’G NaCl, CaCl2, FeS2 ,… { 4kh mkfxtl,q m,ju mu kf,o6 8kj ’M 1dj6 [a O grojy 9tdeofq 0Poloa pt]da 0v’mkf,o6 8kj ’M dvj oc]h; 0Po O 8k,s^a’g-aoj G Al2O3 , CO2 , SO2 ,... { .olf6 g7,0u v’mkfxtl,q .f|’jb g;]k.fd,= vu fa 8kl;j ofkh o,;olkovoa cooj vo c]t [x+ Pj ocx’D 8q;1kj ’G .o H2O; mH = 1 mO 8 #D -vd7jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq,muj,u @ mkf,6o !? 7jkg7,uc,jospa’L gryjodeoqf7jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.f|bj’ 3fpvu’.ljmkf,6o H muj,u raomtda[mkf,6ooaho .omkfxtlq,0v’,aoda[ H 8q;1kj ’G HCl d^=,u7kj g7,u IF .o NH3 ou38ic-o ,u7kj g7,u III. 7kj g7,u0v’mkf ,6o.f|b’j vkf9tdeoqfwfh 3fpvu’.lmj kf,6omu,j u7kj g7,ufP; g-aoj G O 7kj g7,u II, Cl 7jkg7,u I F Ca 7jkg7,u II… ltoaho 7jkg7,u c,jo75o]adltot0v’vk38,mkf,6o mu9j a[da[vk38,vonj fh;p9eo;o9edafD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ @? s^addko7jkg7,u g]nvdl6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq,.f|bj’mu,j u lv’mkf,6og-aoj G ⎛a b ⎟⎠⎞ ; a, b, c,oj 7kj g7,umuj ⎜⎝ A x By ltcf’fh;pg]d3ic,a’S x, y, c,oj 9eo;ovk38,0v’mkf,o6 A, B 9kdoAooegvqk8q;g]d x, y 7o6 d[a 7kj g7,u a,b 0v’c8]j tmkf,o6 gIkq xP[mP[zoq 7o6 m’a lv’mgju duf0oB f’ja 8k8t]k’],j5 oGU Xx a yxb NH3 1 x III 3xI CO2 1 x IV 2 x II 9kdooA gIkq 9tl’a ];,gxoa sd^a dkowfDh 43

.ol6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq,F zqo76o]ts;kj ’9eo;ovk38, c]t 7kj g7,u0v’mkf,6ooU gmkqj da[zqo76o]ts;kj ’9eo;ovk38, c]t 7kj g7,u0v’mkf,6ooAoD s^addkooUpa’lk,kfoe.-hda[mkf,6o3]st s^n d,5j mkf,6ovt3]stvudfh;pG 8q;1kj ’G l6f3,g]d5o0v’ II ( I )2 Cu OH gIqk,u 1 × II = 2 x I $D dkooe.-h dD -vd7jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.f|bj’.ol6f -vd7kj g7,u0v’ Fe .ol6fmkfxtlq, FeCl 3 I6h;kj d^=,u7kj g7,ugmqkj !D ;k’7kj g7,u0v’ Fe c,oj aF gIqk,u 1 x a = 3 x I a = III. ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 0D dkolhk’l6f8k,7jkg7,u g,vjn I7h6 kj g7,cu ];h grojy lk,kflkh ’lf6 0v’mkfxtl,q mxju tdv[f;h plv’mkf,o6 D [fa orhu ;d gIqk,k lhk’l6f0v’vqd-ufvk]6,uouvv,]v’g[yj’ g,njvgIqkI6hc]h;;jkvk]6,uouvv,,u7jkg7,u gmqkj da[lk, c]t vqd-uc-o,u7kj gmqkj da[lv’D gIqk0Polaopt]adg7,u0v’vk]6,uouvv, c]t vqd-uc-o]q’rhv,ma’\\kp7jkg7,u0v’r;d,ao.ljmk’gmy’ lIII II mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f AO 0v’7kj g7,um.uj sh X# c]t @? c,oj *D grvnj -vdsk9eo;ovk38,0v’vk]6,uouvv, c]t 9eo;o vk38,0v’vdq -cu -oF gIkq gvkq mt;7u o6 I;j , |vh plf5 f’ja dkj ; X*? sko.s7h kj g7,0u v’vk],6 ou vu v, X#? g-yj’c,jo * G # = @ X@ c,jo9eo;o vk38,vk]6,uouvv,?S gvqkmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f vaofP;daooahosko.sh7kj g7,u0v’vqd-uc-o X@? g-y’j c,oj * G @ = # X # c,oj 9eo;ovk38, 0v’vdq -cu -o?D gIkq 0Po9eo;ovk38,vk],6 ou vu v, c]t vdq -cu -om-ju vdwfoh oha svh p.llj oa pt]da 0v’r;d,ao Xg[nhv’0;k,n? c]h;gIqk9twfhl6f0v’vqd-yfvk]6,uouvv, Al2O3 . [fa oghu Ikq ,kd;fg[’jy ;kj 9eo;o];,s;q |;j p7kj g7,0u v’vk],6 ou vu v,9tgmkjq d[a 9eo;o ];,sq;|;j p7kj g7,u0v’vqd-uc-o sn^ [=Lj 44