Important Announcement
PubHTML5 Scheduled Server Maintenance on (GMT) Sunday, June 26th, 2:00 am - 8:00 am.
PubHTML5 site will be inoperative during the times indicated!

Home Explore TBNatSciM1co

TBNatSciM1co

Published by khaosaym, 2021-09-12 16:17:46

Description: TBNatSciM1co

Search

Read the Text Version

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D dkoxa[x5’co;raornf co;raornf \\kpg4y’ \\kdzqomuwj fhIa[.odko4kj pmvf]adltot8kj ’M9kdco;raogfu, g-’yj lk,kf.szh oq zt]yfmfuj u.o0oA 8+MwxwfDh oadIPo7yf;jk grnjvgIaf.shraornf,uxtlyfmyrk[fu 7;ogvqk.9.ljfhko.fcfjL dkoxa[x5’co;raornf ,u95fxtlq’f’aj oUG { grnjv.sh,u7;k,cmfg\\ktda[xafw90v’ltrk[c;f]hv, grnjvgIaf.sh,uxtlyfmyzqo sk^ p0oB D { grvnj .slh vf7vj ’d[a 7;k,8vh ’dko0v’-k;dtlydvoD { grnvj .sh,uzqozt]yfl6’ ma’Ia[xtdao75ootrk[ c]t xt]y,koD .odkoxa[x5’co;raornf 7;oxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vofaj’oUG !? dkoI;[I;,co;roa \\kpg4y’ dkomvh o3I,gvkq s^kpMco;roa m,uj u]da ltotc8d 8kj ’doa grvnj 9t7fa g]nvdgvkq co;roa mfuj ud;kj D @? dko7afg]nvdco;rao \\kpg4y’ dko,ugxQk\\kp8+da[co;rao.f|bj’mujgsao;jk9t lk,kf .shzqozt]yffud;kj 8Qogfu,D #? dkoxtlq,rao \\kpg4y’ oegvqk]tvv’gdlvoz6hwx.lpj vfgdlvoc,j grnvj .shgduf,u dkoxtlq,rao c]t wfhIa[co;rao.\\j mu,j u75ootrk[8k,7;k,8hv’dkoD $? dkogIfa .sdh kproa \\kpg4’y gIfa .sch o;roa mwju fIh [a .\\j ,]u da ltotfdu ;kj co;roa gf,u ma’fhkoxt]y,ko c]t 75ootrk[D 7e4k,G !D dko0tspkpraornf ,u;ymudko.fcfj mouj adIPoI6h9adL @D gxaospa’7qogIqk9’jb xtlq,raornf[k’-toyf g-oaj G g0QkF 8QofvdgzY’S ,ao/i’aj F cmomuj 9txvj p.shrnfgs^kqj oUxtlq,raogv’3fpme,t-kfL #D dvj o-k;ok9tg]nvdraog0Qkmfuj u,kx6dF 7;o9t7eob’g4y’l’yj .fcfLj $D co;roa rnf\\kpg4y’sp’a L gxoa sp’a 9’jb 8vh ’,udkox[a x’5 roa rnfL 195

[qfmu $! dko9afc[j’rnf -nj0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yf m5d-toyf9t,uz6h8A’.shD dko8A’-njlj;os^kp ,adgvUo-nj8k,mhv’4yjoF 8k,]adltotF 8k,4yoj degouf c]t 8k,xt3spfmuwj fhcdlj y’j mu,j u-u;yfoAoD 8q;1kj ’ 0v’rnfm,uj u-nj 8k,]adltot g-oaj G s;hkosk’c0hF 8QolQ,g-QkF fvd[kogfydS fvd ly[lv’3,’F vu’8k,xt3spfmuwj fh,u7nG \\kd/yjoS 8k,4yoj degouf g-aoj G ,ao/^a’j c]t vnoj MD !D gdo.odko9afc[j’lyj’muj,u-u;yf g,vjn xt,ko #&W xu dvj odify 8tlda dt]kf oda xfa -tpk-k;gdida -jn vkily 38f XAristotle? wfhrtpkpk,9ecod ly’j mu,j u-u;yfrnf c]t laf xt,ko !DWWW -toyfF gryoj wfhc[’j rnfvvdgxao 9er;d7Gn rfn 1on 8oQ F rfn gxoa r,5j c]t rfn ],Q ]d5 D l;j olfa dc= [’j vvdgxoa 9er;dm,ju gu ]vn flcu f’ c]t [+,ulucf’F ,u0kF [+,u0kF 0qogxaoglAoF 0qogxaocz’ c]t vnoj MD mkj o 7k3i]la ]oy oPo XCarolus Linnaens? gxoa oda ;my tpklkf me,t-kf-k;lt;gy foa wfh9ecodrnf ,ufvd gxao\\;f\\6j 3fpvu’8k,9eo;ogdlvoz6hF I6[Ikj ’F ]adltotrkpovdF l;j oxtdv[ c]t mu1j 6vj kwl,kgxaogdoD dyf9tde !G dko9afc[j’rnf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rnf rnf1[6j qd rnf16oj E rnfcdjosh5, rnfcdoj gxnvp ,ufvd [+,ufvd rnf1no8Qo rnf]Q,]5d fvd[q; 9vd 8Qocxd 8QoIY’ 8Qolqo gmqk c| 196

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດoda IPo7yf;kj dko9fa c[’j rnf ovd9kdvu’8k,czo;kf0kh ’gmy’c];h gIkq p’a lk,kf 9afc[’j rnfwfhco;.fvud[=L dyf9tde @G lbdlk]adltot0v’rnf8k,gdo8jk’MD !? dP,rnfm,uj u]da ltotc8d8kj ’doa ,kD @? la’gdf c]t xP[mP[l;j oxtdv[8kj ’M0v’rnfc8]j t-toyfD #? 9ecod c]t 9fa c[’j rfn m,ju 1u vj6 vdgxoa c8]j txtgrfg-oja G ,]u e8oQ F [+,]u e8oQ F ,fu vdF [+,ufvdF 16[j qdF 16oj EF .[]hP’76Fj .[]hP’fPj ; c]t vnoj MD $? [oa mdb l’yj mluj ’a gdfwf.h ornf c8]j txtgrf]’q .o8k8t]k’[oa mdb zoq D 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo -njrnf ]adltot8jk’M0v’rnf ,u]e8Qo [+,u]e8Qo ,ufvd [+,ufvd 16[j qd 16oj E .[]hP’76j .[]Ph ’fPj ; 8Qog0Qk 8Qo4q;j rnf lk,kfc[’j vvdgxaos^kpxtgrf8k,gdo8kj ’MF l5fc]h;c89j tg]nvdgvqkgdo.f,k deofq .odko9fa c[’j D 8;q 1kj ’G { 4hkgvqkcdoj ,kgxaogdo rnf4ndc[’j vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG cdoj @ du[F cdoj du[fP; { 4hkgvqk.[,kgxaogdo rnf4ndc[’j vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG .[]hP’76j c]t .[]hP’fPj ;D { 4hkgvqk]e,kgxaogdo rnf4ndc[’j vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG ,u]e8Qo c]t [+,u]e8Qo 197

{ 4hkgvqkmuj16jvkwl,kgxaogdo rnfd=9t4ndc[j’vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG rnf16j[qd c]t rnf1oj6 ED @D rnf.[]hP’76j sn^ rnfcdjolv’du[ oadIPo7yf;kj rnfcdoj lv’du[ ,u]adltotco;.fL dyf9tde G lbdlkcdjornf.[]hP’76j-toyf8jk’M !? l’a gdfcdoj rnf-toyf8kj ’M mduj P,,kg-oja G cdoj 4;jq fyoF cdoj \\kd3,F cdoj \\kd4;jq F cdoj \\kdvDb @? cdtgxnvdovd0v’cdoj vvd grvnj l’a gdf]da ltot0kh ’ovd0v’cdoj D #? c8,h I[6 gvkq cdoj rnff’ja dkj ;D cdoj \\kd4q;j fyoF cdoj \\kdvbF cdoj \\kd4q;j F cdoj \\kd3, g,nvj g;]kcdtvvd 9t,u @ ’u, X@ du[?S rnfgs^qkj oU gvUo;kj rnf.[]hP’76j sn^ cdoj lv’du[DD 8oQ 4;jq foy gxoa rfn cdoj lv’d[u F ,Iu kdcd;h 1’ja ]’q g]dy c]t ,Iu kdc|’x’jq 8k,Ikdcd;h F 186j k,Ikdohvp ,u85,j ohvpMs^kp85,j D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 8Qo4q;j fyo I6[ $!D! 8Qo4q;j fyo c]t \\kd 0D \\kd4q;j c]t cdoj 4q;j fyo .[4;jq foy c,oj -tofy .[x’jq l[a 0oq odq F ,du kh o.[pk;F dkj ’.[gxoa 8k|kj ’ s^n s;k X]da ltot 0v’rnf.[]Ph ’7?j6 D |kh .[0v’\\kd4;jq fyo gxoa lu0P; grkt4ndcl’cffF l;j orNo.[gxoa lugsn^v’D cdoj 4;qj fyog;]kvvd9k; 9tgsao,ulv’du[]hP’ X.[]hP’? rQo0Bogmy’|hkfyoD #D rnf.[]hP’fjP; sn^ rnfcdjodu[fP; dyf9tde G lbdlkcdjornf.[]hP’fjP;-toyf8jk’M !? la’gdf]adltot c]t I6[Ikj ’0v’g,afg0QkD 198

@? xP[mP[7;k,c8d8kj ’dao]ts;kj ’ g,afg0Qk c]t cdoj 4;qj fyoD #? cdtdk[ovd0v’g,fa g0kQ vvd grvnj l’a gdfg[’yj mk’.oD $? c8h,I6[8Qog0Qk c]t g,afg0QkD dD g,afg0Qk 0D ]e .[g0Qk I6[mu $!D@ g,afg0Qk c]t 8Qog0Qk 8oQ g0kQ ,uIkd/vp g-’yj c8]j tIkd c8]j tgloA ,u0t|kfgdnv[gmkqj Mdoa F Ikd[+1’ja ]’q g]ydDສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .[g0Qk[+,udhko.[ c8j,udk[.[d;hk’sh5,gvqk]e0v’,aoF glAodjk’.[,u]adltot0t|ko-vp 8k,];’pk; X]adltot0v’ rnf.[]hP’fjP;?D 16j.og,afg0Qk|+]6d,uc8jdu[]hP’fjP; c]t g,vnj g;]kg,afg0kQ vvd9k;F du[]hP’ sn^ .[]hP’9t[+roQ 0Bogmy’|hkfyoD ma’\\qfmujdjk;,koU ltcf’.shgsao7;k,c8d8jk’dao]ts;jk’rnf cdjolv’du[ c]t rfn cdoj d[u fP;D 7e4k,G !D oadIPolk,kf9afc[’j rnf vvdgxao9adxtgrfL c]t gvqkgdovao.f,k9afc[’j L @D rnfcdoj du[fPj ; c]t cdoj lv’du[ c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL c]t gIqklk,kfla’gdf 7;k,c8d8kj ’0v’rnfma’lv’xtgrfoU 9kdvao.fcfLj 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’,kxtdv[D #D groyj ,adoe.-hgdo.fcfj grvnj gvUo-0nj v’l’yj m,uj u-u;yf 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’,kxtdv[D $D ovd9kdgdo8jk’Mmujdjk;,k.o[qfIPoc]h; oadIPopa’lk,kf.-hgdovao.fvud grvnj 9fa c[’j rnfLD 199

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu $@ rtpkfmuj,adgduf0Boda[rnf c]t dkoxhv’dao rtpkf8kj ’Mm,ju da gdfu 0oB d[a rfn mgju 7pu r[q gsoa .o-;u fy xt9e;oa ,ru tpkfg|kjq g]tF .[sPj ;F .[w\\h X.[csh,?F .[fkj ’F .[d6f’= c]t vnoj MD { .o-;u fy xt9e;oa 0v’oda IPo g7pu gsoa c]t Irh6 tpkf0v’rfn -tofy .fcfLj ,]u da ltot gxaoco;.fL I6[ $@D! rtpkf8kj ’M0v’rnf !D rtpkf8jk’Mmuj,adgduf0Boda[rnf dyf9tdeG la’gdfvkdko0v’rtpkf-toyf8jk’Mmujgduf0Boda[rnf l’a gdfg[’jy ]da ltot0v’.[F IkdF ]e sn^ \\kd0v’rfn mgju xoa rtpkf c];h [oa mdb -rjn fn c]t rtpkf]’q .o8k8t]k’D 200

-njrnf -nj0v’rtpkfmujgduf0Boda[rnf !D 8Qog0Qk -njrtpkf ]adltot0v’IkdF ]eF .[F \\kd @D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD .[csh, 16j8k,.[,u95flufe DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD #D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD $D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD &D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD rtpkfmuj,adgduf0Boda[rnf ,us^kp-toyf c]t rq[vkdkomujltcf’vvdc8d8jk’daoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 4hkrnf-toyf.f skdgxaortpkf.f|’bj 9tl’qj zqoltmhvo g4y’dkog8u[.sp0j tspkp8q;0v’rnf -toyfooA D !? rtpkfg|qjkg]tG rtpkfg|qjkg]t ,adgduf0Boda[rnfzad ,u]adltotgsaomqj;wx 7nG 9tgdufgxaocz-E luoE8koF 8+,kcz9tg|qkj 0tspkpd;hk’vvdF 9kdoAodkpgxaolugsn^v’vvj o c]t .omluj 5fd=9tdkpgxaoluoE8ko-ED vkdkog|kjq oU 9tgduf0Bo1kj ’w;;kF cz9tg,nvd c]t ,udyoj g\\aoF 95]a’0v’rnf9tp5[8q;]q’ gIaf.shrnfzad8kprkp.o @{# ;ao c]t [k’7’A 9tgsoa ,gu -vN ]k g0kQ me]kp8,jn vdu D rtpkfoU gxoa rtpkfmcju zsj k^ p g-’jy d.= sh gduf7;k,glpskp cdzj oq ]txd6 0v’-k;dtlydvo1kj ’s^;’s^kpD @? rtpkfsjP; rtpkfsPj ; gduf9kdg-Nv]ks^kp-toyf c8]j t-toyfrk.shrnfzadgxaortpkfc8]j t 1kj ’F [k’7A’ rtpkfoUvkf,ulkgsf,k9kdg-Nv[adg8iu s^n 0Udtgfnvo/vpme]kpD 8;q 1kj ’G 8oQ \\kdg]oja g,vjn gxoa rtpkf sjP;mevyf9trq[1j6[=]yg;ogs’Qk0v’]e8QoF 8,+ k.[ c]t d’jy dkh oD .od]= togu dfu d[a 8oQ \\kd gzfa .[mk’],j5 9t,lu u gsv^n ’-fu F .[9t0v5 vddvj o deoqfF l5fmhkp8Qo\\kd gzafd=9t8kpD I6[ $@D! 8Qo\\kdg]aoj mugj xaortpkfsPj ; 201

#? rtpkf.[w\\h X.[csh,?G rtpkfoU,adgdufda[rnfzadgdnv[m5d-toyf g-aoj G g0QkF dt]exuF zaddkfokD vkdko 0v’rtpkfltcf’vvd.shgsao7nG 1j68k,.[9t,u95flufe c]h;,u;q’,qoluoE8ko -vh odoa sk^ p0oB F 9kdooA czd9= txPj ogxoa lgu sv^n ’D $? rtpkf.[fjk’ c]t .[d6f’=G rtpkf.[fkj ’ c]t .[df6 ’,= da gdfu 0oB d[a 8oQ \\kdg]oja sn^ 8oQ \\kdgzfa D ]da ltot0v’ rtpkff’ja dkj ;,u7nG .[fkj ’s^kp c[[c8d8kj ’doa F vkf9tfkj ’c[[ gxoa c0[l0u P; vvj o s^n lugs^nv’ oAod=gonvj ’9kd;kj g-Nv ;ui5l g0Qkwxme]kp rk.sh.[[yf’= ,h;og0Qk s^n sjP;D ovd9kdoU pa’,uc,’w,hF [Q’g9kt.[rnf c]t grhpgxao8QoD @D dkoxhv’dao c]t de9aflaf86rnf dD [Q’g9kt.[rnf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0D 7D grhp9ad9oaj grhpvvj o I6[ $@D@ laf86rnf 202

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດgrnvj xhv’dao c]t de9aflaf86rnf 7;oxt8y[affa’j 8+wxoUG !D g,vjn r[q vkdko0v’rtpkf .s4h vo8oQ rfn s^n gzkq moa mDu ovd9kdoU vkf.-1h klt\\o5 wr rNo[hko sn^ mkfg7,u mu[j +,uryfIhkpcI’F luf0hk[Q’ c]t c,’w,h8kj ’MD @D dvj oxd6 rfn -tofy .f|’jb 7;oxoU foy 8kdcff w;.h ow]pt|’jb lkdvj o grvjn -;j psf5^ zvj o g-NvrtpkfwfhD #D gvqk.9.l[j q;]t[afIadlkrnf c]t 9af]t[q[oE.shfu c]t [+7;osqfoEcI’grnvj xhv’ doa [+.srh tpkfcrdj t9kpl8j6 oQ vonj MD 7e4k,G !D oadIPoI6h9adrtpkf-toyf.fcfLj m,uj adgduf0Boda[rnf 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’D @D grvnj Iadlkrnfrao zqo]tx6d.shwfhIa[zqofu oadIPo7;o9txhv’daolaf86rnf7nco;.fL 203

[qfmu $# ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkovto5]adxjkw,h !D xt3spf c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’xjkw,h xkj w,h gxao-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf mu,j u75o7kj s^;’s^kpmk’fhkoglf4tdyf c]t dko Ida lk7o5 otrk[0v’l’yj c;f]vh ,D xkj w,.h svh kdkfxvf3x’j F Ida lkoE/oq c]t 7;k,-,j5 1|6j kh foy wffh Du oEm4ju dn 7kpvvd9kd .[w,h dkpgxaovkp gIaf.shvkdkf-5,j g1aoD rhv,daooAo xkj w,hpa’f6fgvqkdkldkd3[oyd c]t 7kpvqd-uc-ovvd gIaf.shvkdkfgr,uj 7;k,xvf3x’j gxaozqofu.shcddj koskp.90v’7qo c]t lafD ovdoAo xjkw,hpa’lt|v’w,hle]a[d+lhk’vk7ko[hkogInvo8jk’M c]t gxaolyo7hk vao,u75o7kj l6’ ma’gxaocs^’j vksko0v’7qo c]t lafF .-hgxao1kxq;rtpkf s^n g7nvj ’o5’j sq,j vud s^kp1kj ’F .shrt]a’’koF vkdkf ];,ma’gxaocs^j’degoufxafw9 .odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD g;kQ ];,c];h 8oQ w,dh 7= n rfn m;jq wx ,7u ;k,le7oa c]t .sxh t3spfs^kp1kj ’8+l’jy m,ju -u ;u fy D f’ja ooA 4hkxkj w,h4ndme]kp9tlq’j zqoltmhvo.shcd7j qoF laf c]t ly’j c;f]hv,vnoj M g-aoj G c,oj EF fyoF vkdkf ,udkoxPj ocx’F lafxkj 0kfmu1j 6vj k.l vq[rtpq[ sn^ vkf8kpwx rk.shly’j c;f]hv,4nd me]kpD grnvj Iadlk c]t xhv’daoltrk[c;f]hv,.sh,ultrk[fu8ts^vfwx oadIPo7;o,u;ymu7n co;.fL @D dkovto5]adxjkw,h dyf9tdeG x6d8Qow,h !? gvkq foy xd6 /’a .l.j o4’a s^n 4’q 1k’.srh f= xu d6 rfn wfDh @? x6d8Qow,hmuoj adIPog]nvd,k.l4j q’ sn^ dt4a’mudj P, w;hF 4a’]t ! 8Qo c]t \\aoj sqfoEm5dM,ND #? g,njv8Qow,h8yffuc]h;.shgvqkwxxtw;h[jvomuj,ucl’ cfflvj ’.lDj $? \\aoj [q;]t[af grnvj .sh8Qow,h9tg]uo g8u[.spj c]t ’vd’k,fDu &? pkh p]’q xd6 .lfj oy D I6[ $#D! dkox6d8Qow,h 204

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ*D 8fy 8k, c]t [oa mdb dkoxt8[y fa dfy 9tde8kj ’M .odkoxd6 c]t Ida lk8oQ w,9h oq d;kj 8Qow,h9tg8u[.spgj 8a,muj g-oaj G dkosqfoEF dkor;ofyoF dkoxk[laf86rnfF g;]k fqo 9qod;kj 8Qow,h9tg8u[.spgj 8a,0t|kf sn^ vvdfvdD I6[ $#D@ gpqk;t-qox6d8Qow,h { oda IPowfIh PoIsh6 p’a cf9j kddkoxd6 8oQ w,Lh { oadIPorq[v5xtlad sn^ [aoskspa’cf.j odkox6d8Qow,hL 8Qow,hc8]j t8Qo d;kj 9t,udkog8u[.spgj 8a,mu 8hv’.-hg;]k c]t 8hv’dkogvqk.9.lfj 6c] ma’xhv’daovao8t]kp9kdlaf86rnf g-y’j wfhcdj c,’w,hF grhp c]t vnoj M muvj kfd+.shgdufrtpkf 8kj ’MD fa’j oAo gIqk9b’j 7;o-;j pdao[e]5’Iadlk8Qow,hw;h.shgxaoxt3spfcd,j to5f c]t ly’j mu,j u -y;yfvonj M8+wxD ovd9kd9tx6d8Qow,hmqfcmoc]h;F pa’8hv’.shdkolbdlkcdjx;’-qo.odko05f7Qo -a[rtpkdvome,t-kf 1jk’4nds^addko c]t dqf\\kpF xtdkfdqf\\kp7;[75,xhv’dao w2w\\hxkj c]t vnoj MD 7e4k,G !D xkj w,h,uxt3spf c]t 7;k,le7aoco;.f8+-u;yf7qoF laf c]t ly’j c;f]hv,L @D 4hkxkj w,h4ndme]kp9qo\\qfwx 9t,uzqodtmq[8+l’yj c;f]hv,co;.fL #D oda IPo7;o,u[fq [kf.odkovto]5 da -[a rtpkdvoxkj w,0h v’-kfco;.fL $D 1g6j Ivn or;dovh ’,8u oQ w,h sn^ [+L 4kh ,u c,oj 8oQ w,xh tgrf.fL oda IPo8vh ’dkoxd6 8oQ w,h -toyf.fw;h16gj InvoL gxaospa’9’bj 1kdx6d8Qow,h-toyfoAoL &D .shoadIPomqf]v’x6d8Qow,h1j6gInvoc]h;[aombd]kpdko8jk’M;kj 8q;gv’wfhxt8y[af co;.f grvnj .sh8Qow,hoAo9tg]uo’vd’k,D 205

rkdmu IX vksko [qfmu $$ vksko c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf !D 7;k,\\kp0v’vksko 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 8+wxoU c];h [vd7;k,\\kp ]k[ 0;Q -Uo 8e\\kds’j5 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0kQ zfa 8Q,pe oE I6[ $$D! vksko-toyf8kj ’M vksko c,oj ly’j mugj IqkIa[xtmkog0Qkwx.oIkj ’dkp c]t grnvj gIaf.shIkj ’dkpg8u[.spj c]t c0’cI’F .shrt]a’’ko c]t lhv,c-,95]a’0v’Ikj ’dkpD l’yj m,uj u-u;yfma’s^kp fe]q’-u;yf1w6j fh d=phvowfhIa[rt]a’’ko9kdvkskoD rnflhk’vksko wfhgv’ fh;p0t[;odkola’g7ktfh;pcl’F l;j o7qo c]t laf lhk’vkskogv’[+wfhF c8wj fhIa[ mkfvksko8kj ’M 9kdcs^j’vkskomugj xaornf c]t lafD mkfvksko \\kpg4y’mkfg7,umguj xoa l;j oxtdv[1.j6 ovkskomguj Ikq dyo.oc8]j t;oa g-oja G 3xi8yoF d^5p-yfF w0,ao X]uxyf? c]t vnoj MD dkodoy vksko.s7h [q 4;h o 4dn 8vh ’8k,vfa 8kl;j o g\\ktl,q d[a w;vkp5 c]t ltrk[0v’ Ikj ’dkp 9tgIfa .sIh kj ’dkpl,q [o6 c0’cI’ c]t xklt9kdrtpkfD l’jy le7oa 8vh ’doy vkskomju 206

xvfwr9kdlkoryf8qd7hk’ g-y’j gxaovao8t]kp8+l50trk[murj k.sh]t[q[8kj ’M0v’Ijk’dkp gIfa ;Pdzyfxdq dt8y c]t l’qj zoq .slh 05 trk[0v’gIkq [+l,q [o6 c0’cI’D oE gxoa mkfvkskom,ju 7u ;k,le7oa 8+Ikj ’dkps^kpmlju f5 F grktoE gxoa l;j oxtdv[0v’ 95]a’m5dM95]a’.oIkj ’dkpD ovdoAoF oE pa’-;j p0a[4kj ply’j glfgsn^vvvd9kdIkj ’dkp c]t -;j p.odko7;[7,5 vo5 str,6 0v’Ikj ’dkpvudf;h pD Ikj ’dkp7oq gIkq xtdv[f;h p0v’cs;^ xt,ko *W{(W: 0v’oE|da 8;q D 3fpltg]pj z.h6 spj 8vh ’dkooE ;oa ]t @ ]fy F .ooU vkfwfIh [a 9kddkof,jn oE3fpd’q c]t wfIh [a 9kdvkskomgju Ikq doy g0kQ wx grktvkskogskjq^ ooA ,lu ;j oxtdv[0v’oE g-oja G \\kd3,F dt]ej xFu \\kddPh ’ c]t vojn MD @D 3r-tokdko 3r-tokdko \\kpg4’y dkodoy vkskom,ju mu kf[e]’5 F ]]+ Ph ’F ,xu t3spfF ,7u ;k,xvfwrF ,u7;k,lq,f6o grnvj gIaf.shIkj ’dkpg8u[.spj c]t ,aolt\\v’,urafmtokdkoD 7oq gIkq 8vh ’doy vksko grvjn .s,h cu I’.odkog7vjn ows;wx,k c]t ,ru t]’a ’ko.odkog7vjn o ws;c8]j t;oa D ltooA F dko3r-tokdko c,oj ,7u ;k,le7oa 8+7oq gIkq sk^ pmlju f5 D dkodoy vksko rP’-toyffP; sn^ dyovkskomu8j qogv’,adgmqkj oAo vkfgxaolkgsfgIaf.shIkj ’dkp 0kfmkf vkskoF vkfrk.sgh dfu vkdkoIo5 cI’wfh g-’jy ltcf’vvd 7In lh6 db vfy g,vjn pD f’ja ooA F r;dgIkq 7;o dyovksko.sh7q[ # 7k[.oc8]j t;ao c]t dyovksko.sh7q[\\;f & \\6j 9b’j 9tgIaf.shIkj ’dkp c0’cI’ c]t g8u[.sp8j k,w;D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ w0j g2u g0Qk g0QkxPd 0Q;zad \\kd,;j ’ vkskole]a[8vol;kp dh;p vkskole]a[8vog-Qk I6[ $$D@ 8q;1kj ’vkskomu7j ;oIa[xtmko.oc8]j t7k[ 207

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0Qk cd’ xU’-Uo xk9no vkskole]a[8vo7je { vksko7k[g0Qkg-Qk ,u7;k,le7ao8+7qogIqkco;.fcfLj { oda IPog7pu doy g0kQ g-kQ gxoa xt9emd5 M,[N +L .om5dM7k[g0Qk oadIPo7;o9twfhdyovkskog-Qk muj,umkf[e]5’rP’r= djvomuj9twx 3I’IPo s^n wxgIfa ;Pd8kj ’M grktvksko gIfa .s,h ru t]’a ’ko .odkog7vjn ows;dfy 9tde8kj ’M g-aoj G dkoIPo|a’lnF gIaf;Pd c]t sY^ody]k.oc8]j t,NoAo wfh1kj ’g8a,muF 7;os^udg;Aovksko mu[j +gxaoxt3spf c]t g7nvj ’fn,j [k’-toyfg-aoj G xtgrfoEvaf]q,F vkskofv’F g0Qk|q,s;ko grktvkfrk.shg9a[dtgrkt c]t c0h;z5wfhD dkodoy vkskom[ju 4+ dn vfa 8kl;j o g-oja G doy mkfdp5^ -fy sk^ pgdou wx 9tgIfa .sIh kj ’dkp[l+ ,q l;j o7Gn 8p5h s^kp c8[j +c0’cI’F 7;odoy 3x^8oy .ssh ^kp 9’jb gIfa .sIh kj ’dkpc0’cI’F zda f[y c]t \\kdw,h gIaf.shzy;|a’lqfwl dtf6dc0’cI’ c]t 8hkomko8+rtpkfD #D \\;f0v’vksko vkskos^admuj7qomq;j 3]ddyogxaoxt9eoAovkf9tc8d8jk’dao c8jg,njvoegvqk,k;yg7kt g[yj’d=rq[;jk,ulj;oxtdv[ mujgvUo;jk mkfvkskooAo7hkp7ndao c8jvkf9tc8d8jk’daomk’ fkh oxt],y koD vksko,su k^ pxtgrf 4kh v’u .lxj t],y ko0v’rt]’a ’koc];h vksko4dn c[’j vvd lv’xtgrf7nG vkskom.uj srh t]’a ’ko g-’yj wfch dvj kskoxtgrf-UoF w0Fj o,q F 4;jq c]t vonj M c]t vkskomu[j +.shrt]a’’ko g-y’j wfhcdj gdnvdyoF oEF zadF \\kdw,h c]t vnoj MD 208

3xi8yo d^5p-yf w0,ao gdnvcI9j ko c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ;y8k,yo I6[ $$D# vksko & \\6j $D [qf[kf0v’vksko mkfvksko,u[fq [kfle7oa 8+Ikj ’dkp7oq gIkq co;.fL 9’qj lbdlkczo;kf f’aj ]5,j oUG gxaol;j o|b’j .odko .-h.odko9tg]uog8u[38 gxaol;j oxtdv[0v’ Ida lk7;k,fo5j fPj ’0v’oEF Ivd3,oF va’-u, c]t vk-yf c]t [kg-u [qf[kf0v’ ]t[q[r6,8hkomko .shrt]a’’ko mkfvksko 4jkpmvf]adltot -j;p.shzy;|a’-5j,-njo mk’de,trao l50trk[0v’g]a[fu I6[ $$D$ [qf[kfle7ao0v’vksko8+Ikj ’dkp7qogIqk mkfvksko,u[qf[kfle7aos^kp1jk’8+lyj’muj,u-u;yfF gIaf.shIjk’dkp,u7;k,fj5ofjP’ lk,kf8kh od[a rtpkf8kj ’MwfDh 209

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ4kh Ikj ’dkpskd0kfmkfvkskoxtgrf.f|’jb 9tgIfa .sIh kj ’dkpvvj ogrp c]t lk,kf 8yfcxfrtpkfwfh’kj pD 7e4k,G !D vksko\\kpg4y’spa’L c]t c8d8kj ’9kdmkfvksko7nco;.fL @D vksko c[’j vvdgxao9ad\\6j 7n\\.6j fcfLj #D vksko,us^kds^kp-toyf c8gj Iqklk,kfc[’j vkskovvdgxao9adxtgrf 7nxtgrf .fcfjL $D 3r-tokdko\\kpg4’y sp’a L &D oadIPo7yf;kj dkodyog0Qkg-Qk 9t-;j p.shl50trk[gxaoco;.fL 210

[qfmu $& vkskomuj.shrt]a’’ko c]t [+.shrt]a’’ko !D vkskomuj.shrt]a’’ko oadIPo7yf;kj vkskomu.j shrt]a’’ko \\kpg4y’spa’ c]t xtdv[fh;pmkf.fcfLj vkskom.uj srh t]’a ’ko\\kpg4y’ vkskoxtgrfm[uj oa 9m5 kfvksko g-oja G d^p5 -yfF 3xi8yo c]t w0,aogxaol;j o.spj g-y’j mkfvkskogs^kqj oU [ao95rt]a’’koD dyf9tdeG lbdlkdjP;da[vkskomuj.shrt]a’’ko !? gvqkoEg1aome,tfk.lsj ^vfcdh;mqf]v’ !W dik, X10 ml?D @? ;afcmdv5ostr6,0v’oE #? .-gh s^da cs^,lP[cdoj \\kd4;jq fyocs’h c];h gvkq wx9f6 w2.s]h d5 gxoa cx;D $? .-hcx;w2muwj \\hcdoj 4q;j fyofa’j dkj ;8Q,oE.os^vfcdh;F 8Q,9qod;kj cdoj 4q;j fyo9tw\\h \\qfF [+,ucx;w2vudD &? ;afcmdv5ostr6,0v’oE.os^vfm8uj Q,c]h; da[8vog;]kpa’[+maowfh8Q,D *? xP[mP[v5ostr6,0v’oEdvj o8Q, c]t s^a’8Q,c]h; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8uo c]t s^vfcdh;mqf]v’ 0k8A’g7nvj ’mqf]v’ co;cdh;mqf]v’ oE cdoj 4q;j fyo96fw2 I6[ $&D! ltcf’dkomqf]v’dPj ;da[ vkskomu.j shrt]a’’ko 211

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດs’a^ 9kdgIfa dfy 9tdec];h zoq wfIh [a 7Gn cx;w2mgju zkq cdoj 4;jq foy gIfa .svh o5 str,6 0v’oE.o s^vfcdh;Ihvo0Bo ltcf’;kj G oEwfhIa[ rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvo9kddkogzqkw\\h0v’cdoj 4;qj fyoF oAo ltcf’.shI6h;kj rt]a’’kog7,u mulj tlq,16.j ocdoj 4q;j fyo 9txPj ogxao rt]a’’ko7;k,IhvoD ltoAoF lk,kfg;Qkwfh;kj G 4q;j fyogxaovksko-toyf|b’j mu,j urt]a’’koltlq,16Dj vksko -tofy vojn M m,ju ]u da ltotgzkq w\\h d,= ru t]’a ’koltl,q 1gj6 \\vn odoa F c8,j 7u ;k,Ivh os^kp|vh pvkf c8d8kj ’doa wxD rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvo,usq;|;j p;afcmdgxao16o (J) c8lj e]a[rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvo.o vksko oypq,;afcmdgxaodk]=]uD ! dk]=]u XCaA ? ,u7kj xt,ko $F! 16oF g-’yj \\kpg4y’xt]y,ko 7;k,Ihvomurj k.shoE ! dik,,uv5ostr6,l6’0Bo ! vq’lkc-o-uv5f X!OC?D { lq,,5f;kj G oE !W dik, v5ostr6,l6’0Bo ! vq’lkc-o-uv5f 9t8hv’.-hrt]a’’ko 7;k,Ihvo !W dk]=]uS c84j hkoE !W dik, v5ostr6,gru,j 0Bo @WOC 9kdv5ostr6, gfu,9t8hv’.-hrt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvogmqkj da[ !WV@W gmqkj da[ @WW dk]=]uD { 4hkoadIPo1kdI6h;kj vksko-toyf.f.shrt]a’’kos^kp s^n |hvp oadIPomqf]v’ co;.fL T vkskomu.j shrt]a’’kowfhcdGj 3xi8yoF d^5p-yf c]t w0,ao X]uxyf? !D! 3xi8yo { oadIPo7yf;kj ,uvkskoxtgrf.fcfj mu,j u3xi8yos^kpL Ikj ’dkp8hv’dko3xi8yogrnvj dkog8u[.spFj 3xi8yo,u7;k,le7ao8+Ikj ’dkps^kpmulj 5f phvo;kj G vq’xtdv[m5dl;j o.oIkj ’dkp0v’7qogIqkg-aoj G g]nvfF dhk,-UoF zy;|a’F g]a[ c]t vtw;pt;t8kj ’M ]h;oc8xj tdv[lhk’fh;p3xi8yoD I6[ $&D@ mkfvkskoxtgrf3xi8yo 212

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ9kdI6[ $&D@ gsao;kj vkskomu[j ao953xi8yo wfhcdj vksko9er;d -Uo’q;F 7;kpF \\6F gxafwdFj xkF d5h’F svp c]t vnoj MD ovd9kdoU 3xi8yomuwj fh,k9kdrnfrq[s^kp16joextgrf\\kd4qj;8jk’M g-ajoG 4qj;gs^nv’F 4q;j 0P;F 4q;j fe c]t zt]yf8trao9kd4q;j g-aoj G g8qkI6hF ovd9kdoU.og0Qk c]t lk]u d=,u3xi8yo 1gj6 ]da ovh pD dD xt3spf0v’3xi8yomuj,u8+Ijk’dkp !D 3xi8yo lhk’7;k,9tg]uog8u[38 c]t lhv,c-,Ikj ’dkpD @D 3xi8yo .shrt]a’’’koF 3xi8yo ! dik, 9t.shrt]a’’ko $ dy3]dk]=]u X kcaA ?D #D 3xi8yo -;j plhk’oEpvj pF oEoq, c]t mkfr6,75h,daortpkf.shcdIj kj ’dkpD $D 3xi8oy -;j pIda lk]tf[a oE.osv^ fg]vn fF .o9]5 ’a c]t cr9]5 ’a .s7h ’q mFju 4kh Ikj ’dkp 0kf3xi8yowxfqoM9tgIafg]nvf9k’F oE9kdg]nvf9t4ndf6f-b,g0Qkwx.o95]a’F gIaf.shgdufvkdko[;,D f’aj ooA F 7oq 0kf3xi8yo9’jb ,uvkdko[;,8k,8oq 38D &D 3xi8yo-;j pIadlk7;k,f5ofPj ’0v’vk-yf c]t [kg-u.oIkj ’dkpD 0D 7;k,8hv’dko3xi8yo0v’Ijk’dkp { 8k,xqddt8yc]h;w;]5ho 8hv’dko3xi8yo;ao]txt,ko @ dik,8+oE|adIkj ’dkp ! d3y ]dik, sn^ xt,ko !W{!& dik, 0v’rt]’a ’kom’a \\fq mwju f9h kdvksko.o;oa |’jb D { le]a[gfadohvpmujde]a’9tg8u[.spj7;owfhIa[3xi8yo;ao]txt,ko @F@{#FW dik, 8+oE|da Ikj ’dkp d3y ]dik,D 213

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ z6hpy’4nrk7;owfhIa[3xi8yoxt,ko )W dik,8+;aoF z6hpy’]hP’]6dfh;poEoq,0v’ 8qogv’7;owfhIa[3xi8yoxt,ko !WW dik,8+;aoD { 7qog9a[x;j pF oaddy]k s^n z6hvvdcI’’ko|ad7;o9twfhIa[ 3xi8yo.oxt]y,kogru,j 0oB d;kj xdq dt8Dy 7D [aoskmuj,adgduf0Bo da[dko[=]y3rd3xi8yomuj[+4nd8hv’8k,vaf8klj;oD g,vnj Ikj ’dkpskdwfhIa[3xi8yo.oxt]y,ko[+g\\ktlq, g-oja G wfhIa[3xi8yo|hvpIkj ’dkp 9tgs^nv’vvj ogrp 0kfr6,75h,dao c]t dkog8u[.sp0j v’lt\\v’[+fuF .od=]tou muwj fIh a[3xi8yo s^kpgduowx xt-k-oq gIkq [+7vj p,u[oa skF l;j os^kpc,oj -k;8kg;oa 8dq m[uj =]y3rd-Uolfa s^kpg-’yj vkf,u[aosk8+da[l50trk[wfh 3fpltgrkt95]a’g-vnj ,ltrk[w;0BoD !D@ d^5p-yf Xcxh’ c]t oE8ko? vkskomu[j ao95 d^65p-yf,uspa’cfLj d^5p-yfmujrq[gsaos^kp.ovksko xtgrfg0QkF cxh’F oE8koF gznvdF ,aoF zad c]t \\kdw,mh ,ju ]u fq s;ko,da ,ou E8ko dp5^ 3d c]t 2d5^ 38S ovd9kdodU ,= 1u .j6 ovksko mju,k9kdrfn zda m,ju .u p Xc-o]p5 3]?D I6[ $&D# mkfvkskoxtgrfd^5p-yf 214

xt3spfd^5p-yfmuj,u8+Ijk’dkp g,vjn Ikj ’dkpwfIh [a xtmkovkskodp5^ -fy g0kQ wx9t4dn pvj pgxoa oE8kodp5^ 3d g-’jy Ikj ’dkp 9toewx.-hxt3spff’aj oUG !D dp^5 -yf.srh t]’a ’ko c]t 7;k,v[q voj5 cdIj kj ’dkpD dp^5 -yf ! dik,9t.srh t]’a ’ko xt,ko $ dy3]dk]=]u g-y’j gxaort]a’’komuIj kj ’dkpoegvqk,k.-hdvj ow0,ao c]t 3xi8oy D dp^5 -fy 4nd cpd gxao oE8kod^5p3d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .srh t]’a ’kocdIj kj ’dkp ltlq,w;hgxaomkfcI I6[ $&D$ czo;kfdkocpd0v’mkfd^5p-yf @D d^5p-yf-j;pxtspafdko.-h3xi8yo c]t w0,ao.oxt8ydy]ypkgzqkw\\h0v’Ijk’dkpD 4kh Ikj ’dkpwfIh [a rt]’a ’korP’r= Ikj ’dkpd9= toegvkq 3xi8oy ,kgzkq w\\h grvjn .sgh dfu rt]a’’koD f’aj oAoF 4hkoe.-h3xi8yo ,kgzqkw\\hs^kpIkj ’dkp9t9vj pzv,]q’D #D 4hkIkj ’dkpwfIh a[d^p5 -yfs^kpgduowxF l;j omguj duo7;k,8vh ’dko0v’Ikj ’dkp9t4nd ltlq,cIw;h.o8a[ dhk,-Uo c]t cr95]a’8kj ’MF l;j o|b’j 9t4ndxPj ogxaow0,ao g-y’j vkfrk.shgxaortpkfvh;owfhD $D ovd9kdoUd^5p-yf9er;dc-o]5p3] XglAowpvksko? pa’-;j p.sh.odko0a[4kj p s^n -;j p.s]h ewlch d gj Ifa |kh mpju vj p]t]kpwffh 0u oB D 7;k,8vh ’dkodp5^ -fy 0v’Ikj ’dkp w;]oh5 8vh ’dkort]’a ’ko ;oa |’jb xt,ko @@WW { ##WW dk]]= u c]t 0oB 1dj6 [a cI’’ko c]t ;Pdmgju Ifa F 4kh z.h6 f skdvvdde]’a dkp s^n .-ch I’’kos^kpd9= egxoa 7;owfIh [a rt]a’’kogru,j 0BoD w;]5ho7;owfhIa[rt]a’’ko;ao|b’j xt,ko $ dik, 8+oE|ad8q; ! dy3]dik,D 215

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!D# w0,ao X]uxuf? { vkskomu[j ao95mkfw0,ao ,uspa’cfLj { vkskomu[j ao95 w0,ao wfh,k9kdvkskoxtgrf.fcfLj w0,oa gxoa mkfvkskom.ju srh t]’a ’koF w0,oa ,mu ’a xtgrfwf,h k9kdrfn c]t wf,h k9kdlfa D $&D& vkskoxtgrfw0,ao dD w0,ao9kdrnf !? w0,oa wf9h kdrfn F w0,oa -tofy ogU \\ktle][a dko[]= 3y rd grktgxoa w0,oa m[ju v+ f5 8oa sv^ f g]nvf g-aoj G oE,ao4q;j gs^nv’F oE,ao’k c]t vnoj MD @? w0,ao9kdlaf g-aoj G oE,ao\\6F w0Fj goupDDDw0,ao9kdlaf,umkf37g]alg83io mugj Iaf.sh v5f8aos^vfg]nvf g-yj’gxaovao8t]kp8+Ijk’dkprk.shgdufgxaortpkfsq;.9 s^n 7;k,faog]nvf l6’D { lq,,5f1g6j Invor;dohv’,uma’oE,ao\\6 c]t oE,aornfD oadIPo9’qj gvqkoE,aoma’lv’ -tofy oU gd[a w;.h o8gh6 1oa F ;oa 8+,k 9’jq l’a gdf;kj c8d8kj ’doa co;.fL r;dovh ’7fy ;kj 9t.-hoE,ao-toyf.ffud;kj L grktgsf.fL xt3spf0v’w0,ao8+Ijk’dkp { w0,aogxaomkfvkskomuj.shrt]a’’kol6’dj;kxtgrfvnjoMS w0,ao ! dik,9t.sh rt]a’’ko _ dy3]dk]=]uD ovd9kdoU pa’.shdqfw0,aomu9j egxao c]t ;y8k,yo[k’ 216

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ-toyf g-aoj G oE,ao8a[xk .shdqfw0,aomu9j egxaoF ;y8k,yo A c]t D g-y’j -;j p.odko 9tg]ou g8[u 380v’gfda D { w0,ao-;j p.sh7;k,vq[vo5j cdIj kj ’dkp govnj ’9kd;kj w0,aol;j o1w6j 8hzy;|a’9t-;j p xvh ’doa [.+ s7h ;k,Ivh oczvj vd9kdIkj ’dkpD -;j p[oa gmkq 7;k,|k;g1oa rkpovdD { w0,oa -;j pxvh ’doa dkodtm[q dtgmnvo0v’vtw;pt;trkp.oIkj ’dkpD { w0,ao]t]kp;y8k,yo A, D, E c]t K gIaf.shIkj ’dkplk,kff6f-b,;y8k,yogs^qkj oU wf’h kj p0BoD { w0,aogxaol;j oxtdv[mulj e7ao0v’vtw;pt;t[k’1kj ’0v’Ikj ’dkpg-aoj G lt\\v’ c]t glAoxtlkfD { w0,oa gxoa rt]’a ’koleIv’0v’Ikj ’dkpF 3fpIkj ’dkp9tgd[a w0,oa mgju svn^ .-lh tl,q w;h8k,cr95]a’8kj ’MF g,nvj .fIkj ’dkp0kfrt]a’’ko9kdmkfd^5p-yf w0,aol;j ooU 9t4ndoewx.-hD 7;k,8hv’dkow0,ao0v’Ijk’dkpw;]5ho.o;ao|bj’ xt,ko ! dik,8+oE|ad0v’ Ikj ’dkp ! dy3]dik, s^n xt,ko !&{@W l;j oIhvp0v’rt]a’’koma’\\qfmuwj fh9kdvksko .o ! ;oa D zqoglpskp9kddkowfhIa[w0,ao.oxt]y,ko[+g\\ktlq,D { 4hkIkj ’dkp0kfw0,ao9trk.sh0kfcs^’j rt]a’’kocI c]t 7;k,vq[vo5j D { 4kh Ikj ’dkpskdwfIh [a w0,oa sk^ pgdou wx9trk.swh xvf5 8oa sv^ fg]vn fF gIfa .s,h 7u ;k, faog]nvfl6’ c]t vkfgxaortpkfsq;.9wfhD ovd9kdoUpa’gIaf.shgxaortpkfvh;o g-’yj rk.slh 05 trk[vvj ocv]’q wfDh faj’oAoF gIqk9egxaomujl5f9bj’9t8hv’wfhIa[xtmkovkskomuj,urt]a’’ko.oxt]y,komuj g\\ktl,q d[a 7;k,8vh ’dko0v’Ikj ’dkp grkt.oc8]j t;oa 7oq c8]j t7oq wfxh t8[y fa dfy 9tdesk^ p 1kj ’ g-’yj |da g[kq c8d8kj ’doa D grnjvmqfcmort]a’’komujglpwx gIqk9bj’8hv’dyovkskomuj,urt]a’’kog0QkvudD lts^5[ dPj ;d[a xt3spf0v’mkfvkskom.uj srh t]’a ’ko8+Ikj ’dkpwffh ’ja oUG { 3xi8oy gxoa mkfvkskomIju kj ’dkp8vh ’dkogrvjn dko9tg]ou g8[u 38 c]t lvh ,c-, l;j o8kj ’M0v’Ikj ’dkpF lkh ’r,6 7,h5 doa c]t lkh ’gxoa v’q xtdv[Ivd3,osk^ p-tofy D { d^p5 -yfgxoa mkfvkskole7oa mu.j srh t]’a ’kocdIj kj ’dkpD { w0,ao.shrt]a’’ko c]t pa’-;j pf6f-b,;y8k,yo[k’-toyfvudfh;pD ovd9kdvkskoxtgrf.shrt]a’’komudj kj ;,kc]h;F ,uvkskoxtgrfvnoj Mvud vksko 217

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ9er;doU 9t[.+ srh t]’a ’kocdIj kj ’dkp c8,j oa gl,u lkh ’Ikj ’dkp gIfa .sIh kj ’dkp9tg]ou g8[u 38 c]t 7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’vtw;pt;t8kj ’M .oIkj ’dkp.shxqddt8yD l’yj m7uj ;o9Gnj d^5p-yf ! dik, .shrt]a’’ko $ dy3]dk]=]u 3xi8yo ! dik, .shrt]a’’ko $ dy3]dk]=]u w0,ao ! dik, .shrt]a’’ko _ dy3]dk]=]u @D vkskomuj[+.shrt]a’’ko !? ;y8k,yo ;y8k,yo gxaomkfvkskomu[j +.shrt]a’’koc8dj =,u7;k,9egxao g-y’j Ikj ’dkp0kf[+wfhF ;y8k,yogxaomkfmuj -;j pxhv’dao c]t 8hkortpkfS ;y8k,yo-;j plhv,c-,dko9tg]uog8u[.spj 0v’Ikj ’dkp -;j p[e]5’zy;|a’F gsnvdF zq,F lkp8k c]t vnoj MD rhv,daooAopa’,u|hkmuj-j;p 0t[;odko8kj ’M.oIkj ’dkpg7nvj ows;1kj ’gxaoxqddt8yD 4hkIkj ’dkpskd0kf;y8k,yoc]h;F 9trk.sIh kj ’dkpgdufg9[a x;j pwfDh ;y8k,yo,us^kp-toyfF oadIPoI6h9ad;y8k,yo-toyf.fcfLj c]t I6h;kj ;y8k,yo,u1.6j ovksko -toyf.fcfFj gIqk9tmqflv[;y8k,yowfh7nco;.fL dyf9tdeG dkoxP[mP[xt]y,ko;y8k,yo g- XC? .o\\kdw,h-toyf8jk’MD !D gvqkoEcxh’l5d.l.j os^vfmqf]v’0t|kfdk’ * s^vfF s^vf]t @ ml. @D 1vfmkf]t]kpvvu fq ]’q .osv^ fm’a * s^vfF s^vf]t ! 1vfl’a gdfg[’yj dkoxPj ocx’ c]t [oa mdb zoq D #D 1vfmkf]t]kp;y8k,yo C WFW!: .l.j os^vfmu ! 9qodtmA’mkf]t]kpoEcxh’[+,u 218

$&D* s^vf1vfmkfvuvqf lu2hkF 9kdoAo 9’bj oa[9eo;o1vfm1uj vf.l;j kj ,ugmkqj .f c]h;[aombdzqoD $D mfq ]v’70n mh= ju # vdu c8xj Pj o9kd;8y k,oy C 3fpgvkq oE\\kdok;F oE\\kdofa F oE\\kd g]aoj c]t oE\\kds5’j .l]j q’.os^vfmu @F #F $F & c]t * 8k,]efa[la’gdf c]t [oa mdb zoq D 8k8k]k’[aombdzqo mkf]t]kp 9eo;o1vf0v’mkf]t]kp ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ;y8k,yog- WFW!: oE\\kdok; oE\\kddPh ’ oE\\kdofa oE\\kdg]oja oE\\kds’j5 g,vjn 1vfmkf]t]kpvvu fq ]’q .ooEcx’h 9tgxoa 7cn o;.fL c]t g,vjn 1vfmkf]t]kp ;8y k,oy g- C WFW! : .lj oadIPola’gdfgsaoxtdqfdkoco;.fD { 9kdzqodkomqf]v’ oE\\kdw,h-toyf.f,uxt]y,ko;y8k,yog- s^kp s^n |hvpd;kj WFW!:D { .sh9af]efa[\\kdw,hmu,j u;y8k,yo C 9kds^kpwxsk|hvpD .odkomfq ]v’oUoda IPo9t8vh ’7;[7,5 l’yj .f.s7h ndoa \\fq S grktgsf.f9’jb gIfa 7nco;ooA L zkj odkomqf]v’grnvj mqflv[sk;y8k,yo C F oadIPolk,kfoegvqk;ymuoUwxmqflv[sk 219

xt]y,ko;y8k,yo C .ovksko-toyfvnjo;jk,us^kp s^n |hvpxko.f 3fp.-hdkoxP[mP[ d[a mkf]t]kp ;y8k,yo C mguj Ikq I7h6 ;k,g0,A c];h D 4kh 9eo;o1vf0v’mkf]t]kpm8uj vh ’dko mqflv[ s^kpd;kj 9eo;o1vf0v’;y8k,yo C mu.j -h gxaogdoF ltcf’;kj mkf]t]kp mu.j -hmqf lv[oAo,uxt]y,ko;y8k,yo C |hvpd;j kmkf]t]kp;y8k,yo C mu.j -hgxaogdoF c84j hk 9eo;o 1vf0v’mkf]t]kpmmju fq lv[|vh pd;kj ltcf’;kj mkf]t]kpooA ,xu t],y ko;8y k,oy C sk^ p d;kj mkf]t]kp;y8k,yo C mugj xaogdoD 8k8t]k’;y8k,yo-toyf8jk’MF cs^j’vkskomuj.sh;y8k,yoF xt3spf c]t vksko muj0kf;y8k,yoc8j]t-toyfD ;y8k,yo cs’^j vksko xt3spf vkskom0uj kf;y8k,yo ]t]kp.o 8a[F w0cj f’F oq,F -;j p[e]’5 lkp8k [+lk,kfg[’yj gsoa .o w0,oa zad c]t \\kdw,h Iadlkl50trk[0v’zy; [vj o,q;F .p8kcsh’ s^n A 8kvda gl[,udkoxPj ocx’ 0v’goNv8k0k;F8kfeF zy;|a’csh’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ D oq,F w0cj f’F 8a[F -;j p.shdtf6df6f-b,mkf gxoa rtpkfdtfd6 vvj oF oE,aoxkF cl’ dko-uvv, c]t 2qflt2= g8u[38-kh F 7;k,8kh omko cff-;j pla’g7kt grvnj lkh ’dtfd6 D rtpkfs^f5 ]’q D 37g]lg83io 1.j6 8h z;y |’a D E zadlu0P; c]t w0 gIfa .sgh ,fa g]nvfcf’ rk.shs^5]6dwfhF gduf ,oa 9kdrfn g-oja G c0’cI’F [+gxao\\ao rtpkf g]vn f9k’ l;j osk^ p lk]uF 4q;j fyoF \\kd c,oj gfda ovh pz-h6 kpvkp]5 t rkh ;D s;kj ’ * gfvn o sk @ xFu 4kh skd0kffoq vkf9tgxoa gxaove,trkfwfh K zad c]t 8a[ -;j p.shg]nvfdhk, g]nvfdhk,-hkF 4hk,ucz g]nvf9tws^[+15f 220

;y8k,yo cs^’j vksko xt3spf vkskom0ju kf;y8k,yo ;y8k,yo]t w0Fj oq,F -UoF xkF ]kp.ooE 3]dxkdgxvjn pF z;y |’a cs’h B.1,B.2 4;qj -;j p.odkog8[u .spj c]t c8dF ]Uovadgl[ wfgh xoa xdq dt8ygIaf.sh B. 6 8a[F oq,F 4q;j gs^nv’F zy;|a’F ]UoF 8k,ul50t ,uvkdko[;,F 7ao8k,zy; d;h p rk[c0’cI’fDu |a’D zq,]qoj F x;f8k,,nF -;j p.odkogzkq w\\mh kf 8k,8uoF xtlkfglnvj , vksko0v’Ikj ’dkpF -;j p[e]’5 zy;|’a -;j p.odkogIfa |kh mju 0v’9]5 ’a xtlkf B.12 8a[F w0Fj -UoxkF 9egxoa lkh ’g,fa g]nvf g]nvf9k’F g9[a ]UoFສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g7vjn ’.ovojn M0v’ cf’F -;j p.shgfad,uvk g9a[xkdF glAoxtlkfF lfa dko9tg]ou g8[u 38wf1h kj ’ w0loa s^’a g-vnj ,ltrk[D xdq dt8yF-;j pla’g7kt ,u7k[w0,ao1|6j a’8k dfq [k’-toyf.oIkj ’dkp -;j p[+.sgh xoa rtpkf g]vn f9k’7;[7,5 dko gIfa ;Pd0v’]t[[q mk’ gfou vkskoD C { \\kdw,hlqfg-oaj G -;j p[e]5’gsnvdF [+.sh g]vn fvvd8k,g2oa c0;h \\kd0hk,xhv,F gsvn dvda gl[’kj pc]t gloA g]nvfzvj pF gxaos;afwfh \\kdok;F \\kd xvh ’doa grvjn [+.sgh ]vn f ’kj pD dhP’F lufkF \\kd vvd8k,g2oa c0;h F oaf -;j p.shs^vfg]nvfc0’ { l;j o0v’pvfrnf cdoj [+c8d’kj p.og;]k sn^ g,afmudj e]a’’vd 4nddtmq[dtgmnvoF ,u g-aoj G pvfdt4yoD 7;k,8kh omko8+rtpkfD 221

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດoadIPo7yf;jkG { vkskoxtgrf.f,u;y8k,yos^kp-toyfd;kj \\L6j { ;8y k,oy -tofy .fm-ju ;j pxvh ’doa rtpkfdtfd6 vvj oF rtpkf8kvda gl[F rtpkfg]vn 9k’L { fh;pgsf.fdvj oxt8y[afdkozkj 8afcrf9’bj lad1k;y8k,yoL .l7j qog9a[L { 4hk,uvksko8kj ’MdyorP’r=c]h;9egxao s^n [+m9uj t8hv’wx-N1k;y8k,yo,kdyo8,nj vudD @? gdnvcIj9jko c]t oED gdnvcI9j kj o gxaomkfvkskoxtgrf|b’j mu9j egxao8+Ikj ’dkpF g4y’;kj gdnvcI[j +c,oj mkf vkskom.uj srh t]’a ’kod=8k, c8,j oa gxoa l;j oxtdv[mluj e7oa 0v’Ikj ’dkpD dD xt3spf0v’gdnvcIj9jkoD !D -;j pglu,lhk’ c]t lhv,c-,37’lhk’0v’Ikj ’dkpg-aoj G dtf6dF c0h;F g]nvfD @D gdnvcIj9jko-j;p7;[75,dkogIaf|hkmuj0v’vtw;pt;t8jk’M.oIjk’dkp.shgxao xdq dt8Dy 0D -toyf8jk’M0v’gdnvcIj9jkoD gdvn cI9j kj o,1u sj6 k^ p-tofy [k’-tofy Ikj ’dkp,7u ;k,8vh ’dkosk^ pF [k’-tofy Ikj ’dkp ,7u ;k,8vh ’dko|vh pF c8gj dvn cI9j kj o mlju e7oa l;j osk^ pmxju t-k-oq gIkq 8vh ’dkosk^ pwfch ddj ko -uvv,F 2qflt2=F gs^ad c]t vuvqf gxao8QoD dko-uvv, XCa? dko-uvv, gxaogdnvcI9j kj omIuj kj ’dkp,us^kpd;kj gdnvcI9j kj o-toyfvonj D m1uj .6j oIkj ’dkp xqddt8y ,udko-uvv,xt,ko __: 18j6 k,dtfd6 c]t c0;h vdu xt,ko !: 1.6j og]vn fS dko-vu v, lj;os^kprq[16j.ooq,F zt]yf8trao9kdoq, c]t ,u16joedtf6dvjvoMF ,uoelaf8q;ohvpM mujdyowfhma’8q; g-ajoG xkohvpF xkcdh;F d5h’DDD ovd9kdoU pa’,u16joew0jcf’F g,af4qj;csh’F zad.[0P;8kj ’M g-aoj G zad[Q’F .[p=F zadsq,F zad8eoyoF pvf0k;F zaddtgfqk gxao8QoD 7D xt3spf0v’dko-uvv,muj,u8+Ijk’dkpD !D gxaol;j oxtdv[le7ao0v’dtf6d c]t c0h;D @D dko-uvv,-;j p7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’sq;.9F dhk,-UoF lhk’oEoq, c]t ]t[q[ xtlkfD #D dko-uvv,-;j p.shg]nvfdhk, c]t -;j p.shg]nvf15fws^wfhg,nvj gduf,u[kfczD 222

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດzoq glpskp9kddko0kfdko-vu v, 4kh Ikj ’dkp0kfmkfdko-vu v,9trk.sIh kj ’dkp g8u[.sp[j +g8a,l;j o c]t gxaortpkfdtf6dvvj oD oda IPo7yf;kj G zph6 y’4nrk[+wfIh [a vkskom,uj udko-uvv,rP’r=9t,uzoq 8+l05 trk[co;.fL vksko9er;dd’h5 cs’h F dtxFy xkcfdF xkdtxvJ ’,mu kfdko-vu v, sn^ [L+ 2qflt2= XP? 2qflt2= ,u1o6j edtf6dF c0h; c]t 0v’cs^;.oIkj ’dkpg-oaj G g]nvf c]t 0v’cs^; Xg]nvf c]t 0v’cs^;rkp.o95]a’8kj ’M?D 2qflt2= l;j os^kprq[1.6j ocs^’j vksko7nda[dko-uvv, mulj e7aowfhcdoj q,F w0Fj zad8kj ’MD xt3spf0v’2fq lt2=8+Ikj ’dkp !D 2qflt2=gIaf;PdI;j ,daoda[dko-uvv,.odkolhk’dtf6d c]t c0h;D @D -;j p7;[75,dkoxvj prt]a’’ko9kddkogzqkw\\h0v’d^5p-yfF w0,ao c]t 3xi8yoD #D 2fq lt2=-;j p7;[7,5 7;k,foj5 fPj ’0v’rk;tgxoa [kg-u.og]nvfD $D 2qflt2=gxaol;j oxtdv[0v’lt\\v’ c]t w0laos^a’D zoq glpskp9kddko0kf2fq lt2= XP? 4kh Ikj ’dkp0kf2fq lt2= Ikj ’dkp9t,uvkdko8kj ’M7kh pd[a dko0kfdko-uvv,D gs^ad XFe? I6[ $&D( vkskomu[j ao95mkfgs^ad oadIPo7yf;kj vkskoxtgrf.fcf[j ao95mkfgs^ads^kpL mkfgsd^a l;j os^kpr[q 1oj6 e8[a F s;q .9F g]vn fF -oU ’;q F w0cj f’ c]t g,fa 4;jq cs’h c]t zda .[ 0P; g-aoj G zad[q;]trkF zaddkfok c]t zaddt4yoDDD xt3spf0v’mkfgsd^a m,uj u8+Ikj ’dkp 223

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດxt3spf0v’mkfgsd^a m,uj u8+Ikj ’dkp mkfgsda^ gxoa l;j oxtdv[le7oa 0v’g,fa g]vn fcf’D I;j ,d[a g,fa g]vn fcf’ gIfa |kh m0ju oq l’jq mkfvkp 1.6j o0t[;odkoskp.9D zoq glpskp9kddko0kfmkfgsda^ g,nvj 0kfmkfgs^ad 9trk.shgxaortpkfg]nvf9k’F sq;.9.spFj Ikj ’dkps^kj gs^nv’F vvj o grpF g,vnj p’kj pDDD vuvqf XI? { oadIPo7yf;kj vkskoxtgrf.fm[uj ao95mkfvuvqfs^kpL { 4hkIkj ’dkp0kfmkfvuvqf 9tgdufgxaortpkfspa’L $&D) 7qomugj xaortpkf7=|P’ l;j os^kpgryoj rq[vuvqf 16.j ovkskomtg]m5d-toyf g-aoj G xkF d5h’F svpF x6 c]t gdnvmtg] gxoa 8oQ D xt3spf0v’vuvfq 8+Ikj ’dkp vvu fq gxoa l;j oxtdv[mlju e7oa 0v’Ivd3,o mzju t]fy 9kd8vj ,[,+ mu + g-oja G 8vj ,7s= vp X8vj ,wm ivp?F Ivd3,o ,u|kh mguj Ifa .sIh kj ’dkp9tg]uog8u[38gxoa xdq dt8yD 224

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດzoq glp9kddko0kfvvu fq g,vnj Ikj ’dkp0kfmkfvuvqf9tgIaf.sh8vj ,7=svp.sp0j Bo g-’yj gvUo;kj rtpkf7=|P’D ok8iuvv, XNa? ok8ivu v, ,su k^ p1.j6 ogdvn c]t vksko8kj ’Mm,ju lu ;j oxtl,q 0v’gdvn g-oja G oExkF xkcfdF dtxyF w0gj 7a,gxao8QoS ovd9kdoUd=pa’,u1.6j ooq,F goupDDD xt3spf0v’ok8iuvv,8+Ikj ’dkp !D -;j pIda lkxt]y,kooE.o9]5 ’a .s7h ’q mDuj @D -;j p.sh95]a’I6hlbd8+]yf1k c]t Iadlk7;k,fao zkj o-b,0v’95]a’.sh7q’mDuj #D gxoa ;fa 4f5 y[.odkolkh ’vk-yf0v’gdnv.odtgrktvkskoD $D -;j p.sh]t[q[8kj ’M.oIkj ’dkpgIaf;Pdwfhgxaoxqddt8y 3fpltgrktdko0a[4kj pl’yj glfgs^nvmk’\\kdw0sj ^a’ c]t mk’zy;|a’D zoq glp9kddko0kfok8ivu v, g,nvj Ikj ’dkpskd0kfmkfok8iuvv,c]h;F Ikj ’dkp9tvvj ogrpF 7;k,faog]nvf8OF xt-k-qo]k; gIqkoypq,dyo vksko]qfg7a,F [aoskdko0kfok8iuvv,d=,u|hvpF l;j os^kp,ad 9trq[[aoskmu,j uok8iuvv,s^kpgduowx g-y’j zqoltmhvogIaf.shgduf7;ofaog]nvfl6’ s^n gxao3]d sq;.9F g9a[8kF rtpkf\\kdw0sj ^a’ s^n gdufvkdkox;f 8k,vtw;pt;t fa’j dkj ;D oE oE gxaovkskoxtgrf|’bj g-’yj ,u7;k,9egxao8+dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’l’yj m,uj u-u;yf ma’,;o grktoEgxaolj;oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’Ijk’dkpD oE,u16j.oIjk’dkpxt,ko @}# 0v’oE |da m’a \\fq 0v’Ikj ’dkpF g,vjn Ikj ’dkpskd0kfoEwxxt,ko @W: 0v’oE|da m’a \\fq d9= tgdfu voa 8t]kp8+Ikj ’dkpwfDh xt3spf0v’oE8+Ikj ’dkp { -;j pgIfa .sIh kj ’dkp-,j5 -onj F zy;|’a gx’ja x’ja D { gxoa l;j oxtdv[0v’md5 9]5 ’a .oIkj ’dkpD { -;j p.odkopvj p c]t dkof6f-b,vksko g0Qkl6Ij kj ’dkpD { -j;poegvqkmkfvksko c]t vqd-uc-owx]+]hP’lj;o8jk’M0v’Ijk’dkp c]t -;j p]e]P’ly’j glfgs^nvvvdovdIkj ’dkp g-oaj G oExaflt;tF gsnvj F vk9q,D 225

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ -;j plhk’oE]kp c]t c,cj xh’8kj ’MD { Ida lkvo5 str,6 0v’Ikj ’dkp.s7h ’q mDuj { -;j p]+]Ph ’vtw;pt;t8kj ’M.sgh 7vjn ows;wffh u c]t xvh ’doa dkodtm[q g-oja G oE]+]Ph ’ .o|;j p8kF -vj ’sq;.9F -vj ’xvf c]t w00=h8kj ’Mgxao8QoD oadIPo7yf;kj 7;o9tg]nvdf,nj oE-toyf.ff’aj 8+wxoU c]t ,ugsfzqo7nco;.f9’bj g]nvdgvqk -toyfoAoG oEvaf]q,F oE8koF oE\\kdw,hF oEg8QkI6hD g,vnj Ikj ’dkpskd0kfoEfqooko9t,uzqodtmq[8+Ikj ’dkp co;.fL 7;k,8hv’dkooE.oIjk’dkp gonvj ’9kd;kj Ikj ’dkp ,udkol6oglpoE8ts^vfg;]k 9kddko0a[4kj ply’j glfgs^nvvvd 9kdIkj ’dkp g-aoj G oExaflt;tF gsnvj S fa’j oAoF Ikj ’dkp9bj’8hv’dkooEgrnvj mqfcmolj;omuj glpwxD 3fpm;qj wx gfadohvp7;owfhf,nj oEmluj tvkf,N]t #{* 9vdF z6h.sp7j ;of,nj oE,N]txt,ko *{) 9vdF c8j.o[k’rk;t g-ajoG vkdkfIhvovq[gvQkF gsnjvvvds^kpF dyovkskog7a,s^kp Ikj ’dkpd=9t8hv’dkooEgru,j 0Bo8n,j D g,nvj .fIkj ’dkpskd0kfoEs^kp rP’c8.j og;]klAo d=8k,F Ijk’dkpI6hlbdzyfxqddt8y0Bo g-yj’,aoltcf’vvdw;d;jkdkomuj[+wfh[=]y3rdvkskoD l,q ,f5 ;kj Ikj ’dkpskd0kfoEwxxt,ko !} & 0v’oEma’\\qf m,ju 1u .j6 oIkj ’dkpd=9trk.s8h kpwfDh 7e4k,G !D vkskomu.j shrt]a’’ko c]t [+.shrt]a’’ko \\kpg4y’spa’L @D mkfvkskoxtgrf3xi8yo,u7;k,le7oa 8+Ikj ’dkp7nco;.fL #D oadIPo9tmqflv[wfhco;.f;kj .ooE\\kd3, ,u;y8k,yog- 1s6j ^kp s^n |hvpg,vnj xP[ mP[da[oE\\kdok; c]t oE\\kddhP’L $D mkfvkskoxtgrfw0,oa .srh t]’a ’kocdIj kj ’dkpl’6 d;kj 3xi8oy c]t dp5^ -fy gIkq 9t [=]y3rdw0,aocmo3xi8yo c]t d^5p-yfwfh s^n [+L grktgsf.fL &D gxoa sp’a 7oq 1gj6 0f|k;9’jb 8vh ’dkomkfvkskoxtgrfw0,oa sk^ pd;kj 7oq 1gj6 0fIvh oL 226

[qfmu $* dkodyovksko.sh4ndvaf8klj;o !D 7;k,8hv’dkovksko0v’Ijk’dkp.oc8j]t;ao d^5p-yf 3xi8yo w0,ao zad c]t \\kdw,h &W: @W: @W: !W: I6[ $*D! vksko8kj ’M ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oadIPo7yf;kj .oc8]j t,N7;odyovkskoxtgrf8kj ’M .oxt]y,kogmqkj .f 9b’j rP’r=da[ 7;k,8vh ’dko0v’Ikj ’dkpL mkfvkskoxtgrf8kj ’M ,u7;k,9egxoa 8+Ikj ’dkpS f’ja ooA F .oc8]j t,N 7;oI[a xtmko vksko.s7h [q md5 \\Fj6 grvjn 7;k,doy f,u lu d5 F g-’jy xtdv[f;h p vkskom.ju srh t]’a ’kowfch dj 3xi8oy F d^5p-yf c]t w0,aoF vkskomu[j +.shrt]a’’kowfhcdj ;y8k,yoF gdnvcI9j kj oD 8ts^vf-u;yf0v’7qogIqkF 4hk8hv’dko.sh,ul50trk[fu16lj tg\\u9egxao8hv’dyovksko.sh g\\ktl,q c]t rP’r=mk’fkh oxt]y,ko c]t 7o5 otrk[D f’aj ooA F md5 7oq 7;odyovksko.s4h nd 8hv’7q[4h;o 8k,vaf8klj;omuj8hv’dko.oc8]j t;ao .oc8]j tw;vkp5 grnjv.shIjk’dkpwfhIa[ rt]’a ’ko m9uj egxoa le][a dkogIfa ;Pd0v’]t[[q 8kj ’M.oIkj ’dkp c]t -;j pxvh ’doa rtpkf gIaf.sh Ikj ’dkp16j wfh1kj ’,ul50trk[c0’cI’lq,[6oD oda IPo7fy [;+ kj .oc8]j t;oa Ikj ’dkp0v’7oq gIkq 8vh ’dkovkskoc8]j txtgrf.oxt],y ko s^kp|vh pxko.fL 227

8k8t]k’ $*D! xt],y kort]’a ’ko c]t vksko[k’1kj ’ mIju kj ’dkp8vh ’dko .o;oa |’jb xtgrf vkpx5 u oE rt]’a ’ko 3xi8oy cImj kf ;y8k,yo Xmg? 7oq |da Kcal g Xmg? gfda ({_ kg !D_WW Ca Fe A B1 B2 C ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !W{!@ @D#WW @W @D)WW @$ &W $ !F$ WF) !FW @W gfda -kp !#{!& @& #D#WW #@ *W ) !F_ WF_ !F# #W !*{!_ #* @D#&& $W (W !! @F$ !F! !F& #W &W @D@WW $& *W !! @F& !F# !F) #W gfda p’y !#{!& #) @D&&W #) *W !* @F$ WF_ !F# #W !*{!_ $* @D&$W #( &W !* @F& WF_ !F@ #W &$ @D#&W &$ &W * @F& !FW !F$ #W -kp @W{@_ @D@WW &$ &W * @F& WF_ !F# #W #W{#_ $( @DWWW &$ &W * @F& WF_ !F# #W $W{$_ !F(&W &$ &W * @F& WF) !F@ #W &W{&_ !D)WW &$ &W * @F& WF( !FW #W *W{*_ !D(WW &$ &W * @F& WF( !FW #W (WT !D*&W $( $W !* @F& WF( !FW #W !D&&W $( $W !* @F& WF( WF_ #W p’y @W{@_ !D$&W $( $W !* @F& WF( WF_ #W #W{#_ !D@&W $( $W * @F& WF( WF) #W $W{$_ T@WW $( $W * @F& WF* WF) #W &W{&_ $( $W * @F& WF& WF( #W *W{*_ T!WWW T@W !WW @* @F& WF) !F! &W (WT T$W !@W @* $FW !F! !F& &W zph6 ’y 4rn k zph6 ’y .sh doy o,q { l,q ,f5 ;kj gfda ovh pm,ju ou E|da @& d3y ]dik, XKg? 7;o9twfIh [a 3xi8oy ;oa |’jb xt,ko gmkqj .f 9’bj 9tr=da[7;k,8hv’dko0v’Ikj ’dkpL { gfda -kp c]t p’y vkp5 !*{!_ xu 8vh ’dkort]’a ’ko c]t mkfvkskoc8]j txtgrf g\\nvodao s^n c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL gxaospa’ 9q’j .shgsfzqoL 228

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ z6h-kp c]t py’ 8A’c8j @W xu0Bowx8hv’dko3xi8yo;ao|bj’gmqjk.f 8+oE|ad|bj’ dy3]dik, X1Kg?L { 7;k,8hv’dkovkskoxtgrf8kj ’M0v’c,pj y’4nrk c]t c,pj y’mu]j hP’]6d0v’8qo gv’f;h poEo,q 0v’8oq gxoa 7nco;.fL { oda IPo7yf;kj f;h pgsf.fpy’4nrk c]t ]Ph ’]d6 f;h poEo,q 0v’8oq 9’jb 8vh ’dkomkf gs^da .o9eo;os^kpd;kj xdq dt8yL { 9kd8k8t]k’ $*D! oadIPolts^5[7;k,le7aowfh;kj co;.fL .o8k8t]k’ $*D! oadIPo9tgsaowfh;kj dko-uvv, XCa? gxaomkf|b’j muIj kj ’dkp0v’ 7oq md5 w;vkp85 vh ’dko.oxt],y kom.ju d7h P’doa c8lj e][a zph6 ’y mrju ;,4rn k c]t c,pj ’y ]Ph ’]d6 f;h p oEo,q 0v’8oq gv’9t8vh ’dkoxt]y,kodko-uvv,s^kpd;kj xdq dt8yD { oda IPo7fy ;kj Ikj ’dkp0v’gIkq 8vh ’dkomkfdko-vu v,grvjn sp’a L .odtf6d,umkfxtdv[16sj ^kp-toyf .ooAo,u2qflt2= c]t dko-uvv,gxaovq’xtdv[muj le7aoD .ow]ptg;]kmujIjk’dkpr;,g8u[.spj Ijk’dkp8hv’dkocIjmkf @ -toyfoU.oxt]y ,kol’6 .odkolkh ’dtfd6 S f’ja ooA F c,pj ’y 4rn k c]t c,pj ’y 4rn k m]ju Ph ’]d6 f;h poEo,q 0v’8oq gv’ 8hv’dkoxt]y,kodko-uvv, c]t 2qflt2= s^kpd;kj xqddt8ygrvnj 9t.-h.odkolhk’dtf6d c]t c0h; 0v’gfadgrnvj .shgfadgduf,k sn^ g8u[.sp1j kj ’w;;kD dko-uvv,gxaol;j oxtdv[1kj ’|b’j 0v’oq,c,j 4hkIkj ’dkpskd0kfmkfdko-uvv, Ikj ’dkp9tfb’gvqkdko-uvv,9kd c0h;wx .-hgIaf.shc0h;z5 c]t gdufgxaortpkfdtf6dvvj owfhD ovd9kddko-uvv,c]h; c,jpy’muj16j.ow]pt4nrk s^n w]pt]hP’]6dfh;poEoq,0v’8qo p’a 8vh ’ dkomkfvkskoxtgrfvonj Ml’6 d;kj 7oq md5 w;vkp5 pvh o;kj mkfvkskol;j o|’jb 9t4nd l’jq wx]Ph ’gfda .omvh ’ sn^ oewxzt]fy gxoa oEo,q le][a ]Ph ’]d6 ovh pD ltooA F 9’jb 9egxoa 8vh ’dkomkf vksko8kj ’M.shrP’r= c]t 4nd8k,vaf8kl;j ogrnvj gIaf.shlt\\v’ c]t Ikj ’dkp0v’gfad,u rafmtokdko c]t 9tg]uog8u[.spwj fh1kj ’xqddt8yD fa’j oahoF gIqklk,kflts^5[wfh;kj m5d7qoc8]j txtgrfc8]j tw;vkp5 c]t c8]j tltrk[ c,jo8hv’dkort]a’’ko.odkog7njvows;fe]q’-u;yf g-yj’rt]a’’kogs^qjkoU wfh,k9kdmkf vkskoxtgrf8kj ’M.ovaf8kl;j omguj \\ktlq,D f’aj oAoF 7;oI6h9adg]nvddyovksko.shr=g\\ktda[ w;vkp5 c]t ltrk[0v’c8]j t[5d7qo grnvj Ikj ’dkp9twfh9tg]uog8u[.sp1j kj ’lq,[6oD @D rt]a’’ko c]t mkfvkskoc8j]t-toyf vkskomuoj adIPodyo16gj xaoxt9ed=,us^kp-toyf c]t d=xtdv[fh;pmkfvkskoxtgrf 8kj ’M.oxt],y kos^kp|vh p8kj ’doa D 229

oadIPo7yf;jkvksko8jk’Mmujdyo.oc8j]t;aoF .shrt]a’’ko c]t mkfvkskoc8j ]t-toyf s^kp|hvpxko.fL oadIPo9’qj ry9k]tok0=h,6o.o8k8t]k’8+wxoUG 8k8t]k’ltcf’l;j oxtdv[0v’vksko c]t 7kj rt]a’’ko.ovksko[k’-t oyf8+,;olko !WW dik, vksko 7jkrt 3xi^ w0,ao d^5p-yf glAo cIjmkf ;y8k,yo ]a’ 8oy ]uxyf .p ’ko dy3] dik, dik, dik, dik, Ca mg P mg Fe mg A IU B1mg B2mg C mg kcal WF* { ,|u vh p ,|u vh p W WF* W WFW@ WFW! W xtgrfcxh’ !F# W WFW* WFW# W g/u )) !FW W @WF# { ( ( ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g0Qk9hk; !&& @F& WF$ #$F@ WF! & #* $& @& WF&* WF!@ & g0Qk|P; #&& (FW WF# )!F! W !@ $* @F( #W WF@! WFW_ W xtgrfg,af !F$ W WFW& WFW@ ! 4qj;fyoX8Q,? #!* !$F$ @*F# !!F$ !F# $F& !() $F* !)FW WF!( WF!# $) 4qj;gs^nv’l5d !#W !!FW &F( !WF) !F* (# !(_ @FW { WF!W WF!# _# !F@ { WFW) WFW_ { \\kdrhk; WF) #(& WFW# WFW$ !$ oEdtmy @&_ $F* @)F@ !F( W !! !#@ WF@ @## WFW# WFW# * WF& )_ WFW* WF!# !*W xtgrfzad WF# #F!# WFW* WFW& #* 8eoyo @) $F! WF$ $F@ !FW !@* #W !F& )W_ WFW) WF!* { zaddkfok #& #FW WF$ *F) !F@ @#W &* zad[Q’ #W #F@ WF_ @F@ !F# #W $& xtgrf \\kdw,h dh;poEl5d !WW !F@ WF# @*F! WF* !@ #@ \\kd3, @! WF* WF@ $F_ WF@ ) !W lufk &! WF_ WF! !!F* *FW !# @& \\kd,j;’l5d *@ WF* @&FW !&F_ WF& !W !& xtgrf-Uo -Uowdj #W@ !)FW #&FW W W !$ @WW 230

vksko 7jkrt 3xi w0,ao d^5p-yf glAo cIjmkf ;y8k,yo ]a’ 8oy ]uxyf .p ’ko dk]=]u dik, dik, dik, dik, Ca mg P mg Fe mg A IU B1mg B2mg C mg kcal -Uo\\6[+,uoE { W ,oa #(* !$F! { W W ) !&! @F! { WF_* WF!* W xkm6 _# @!F& WF* WF* W $@ @W( !F& { WF!$ WF!) w0wj dj !*# !@F_ !!F& WF) W *! @@@ #@ !F_& WF!W WF!$ W ! xtgrfoq, X[+s;ko? #( @F) !F& #F* WF! !) #* !@ &W WFW& WFW@ oq,’q; *@ #F$ #F@ $F_ W !!) __ WF! !$! WFW$ WF!* ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ s;q |;j p;fa cmdlkdoq International Unit (IU? { vkskom,uj uxt]y,kogmkjq doa -toyf.f.s7h kj rt]’a ’kos^kpmluj f5 c]t -toyf.f.s7h kj rt]’a ’ko|vh pmluj f5 L { vkskoxtgrf.f.s3h xi8yos^kpmlju f5 { vkskoxtgrf.f.sh;y8k,yo A s^kpd;kj ! WWW IU { oadIPo9tlts^5[7;k,le7ao9kd0=h,6o.o8k8t]k’oAo;kj co;.fL { 4kh oda IPo,vu kp]5 ts;kj ’ !#{!& xu c]t ,ou E|da xt,ko #) d3y ]dik,9t8vh ’g]vn d Ia[xtmkovkskoco;.f8+|b’j ;aogrnvj .shwfh7kj rt]a’’ko c]t vksko7q[8k,muj Ikj ’dkp8vh ’dkoD 9kd8k8t]k’gIqk9tgsao;kj vkskoxtgrfcxh’ c]t g,af[k’-toyfF 3xi8yoF w0,ao .sh75o7kj rt]a’’ko s^kpd;kj xtgrfzad c]t \\kdw,hD vkskoxtgrf-uho c]t xtgrfg,af.sh 3xi8yos^kpd;kj xtgrfvnoj c]t gIqk9tgsaowfh;kj [+,uvksko-toyf.fmu.j sh75o7kj mk’vksko 1kj ’7[q 4;h owfDh 231

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G !D dkodoy vksko.s4h dn vfa 8kl;j o\\kp7;k,;kj co;.fL gxoa sp’a 9’jb 8vh ’doy vksko .sh4nd8hv’7q[4h;o c]t rP’r=da[xt]y,kom8uj hv’dkoL @D g[’yj 8k8t]k’gloA ltcf’8+wxoUc];h 8v[7e4k,f’ja ],j5 oUG dD 7;k,c8d8kj ’]ts;kj ’grf,uzoq 8+xt]y,kort]’a ’komIuj kj ’dkp8vh ’dko s^n [+co;.fL 0D grf-kp]ts;jk’vkp5gmqkj .f muIj kj ’dkp8hv’dkort]a’’kos^kpmujl5fL oadIPo 7fy ;kj gxoa sp’a 9’jb gxoa 7nco;ooA L 7D .o]ts;kj ’vkp5gmkqj .fmguj rf-kp c]t grfpy’8hv’dkort]a’’kogmkqj daoL ’D oda IPo7yf;kj l’yj m,uj uzoq 8+7;k,8vh ’dkort]’a ’ko0v’Ikj ’dkp,usp’a cfLj 232

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu $( rtpkfmujgduf9kddko0kfmkfvksko !D rtpkfmujgduf9kddko0kfmkfvksko g4y’;kj xt-k-qogIqk 9t,uvkskos^kp-toyfmu[j ao95mkfvksko8kj ’Mwfh7q[4h;od=8k,F c8xj t-k-qol;j os^kpd=pa’gxaortpkf0kfmkfvksko1S6j vkdko0v’z6hmguj xaortpkff’aj dkj ; 9tl’a gdfgsoa wf9h kdG { Ikj ’dkpg8u[.sp-j hkF s^jkgs^nv’ 9vj pzv, vvj ogrp c]t g,nvj p’kj pD { 7;k,8kh omko8r+ tpkfsf5^ ]’q rk.sgh xoa rtpkfg]vn f9k’F xkdgxvjn pF z;y |’a cs’h F [;,8k,8qo38F glAog]nvfzvj pF gxaos;af c]t vnoj MD @D lkgsf0v’rtpkfmujgduf9kdmkfvksko !? dko0kfc7ovksko3fpme,t-kf g-yj’gduf9kdltrk[vkdkfcsh’c]h’F zqo zt]yf[+wfgh 8,a l;j oF [+rP’r= d[a 7;k,8vh ’dkomk’fkh oxt]y,ko c]t 7o5 otrk[D ,da gxoa lkgsfmevyfmguj Ifa .sgh xoa rtpkf0kfmkfvkskoD @? dko0kf7;k,I.h6 odko[]= 3y rdvkskom4ju dn 8vh ’8k,sd^a 3r-tokdkoD #? 7;k,g-vjn 4mn [ju 4+ dn 8vh ’.odkodoy vksko g-oja G ,du koskh ,doy vksko.f|’jb .og;]k muzj 6hpy’16dj eF g-y’j gxaogsf.sh7qoz6hoAo0kfmkfvksko.odkolhk’mkf[e]5’oEoq, le][a ]Ph ’]d6 ovh pD $? ltrk[glf4tdyf0v’7v[7q;G [k’7v[7q;m5dpkd[+,ug’yo9t-Nvkskowfh1kj ’ rP’r= c]t -E[+r=pa’0kf7;k,I6h .odkog]nvddyo vkskomu,j uxt3spfvudfh;pD &? dkog9a[gxao8jk’MG .og;]kg9a[gxao [k’7qo,udko7t]evkskoF gIaf.shdko dyovksko[+wfh7q[4h;oD 8q;1kj ’rtpkfdPj ;da[dtgrkt]ewlhF dtgrktvksko s^n rtpkfdPj ;da[c0h; c]t vnoj MD #D rtpkfmujgduf9kddko0kfmkf3xi8yo dko0kfmkf3xi8yo 3fpltgrktc,oj gfda ovh p c]t gfda w;IPomIuj kj ’dkpr;,,udko 9tg]ou g8[u .spj ,7u ;k,8vh ’dko3xi8oy sk^ pF 4kh Ikj ’dkpwfIh [a mkf3xi8oy [r+ P’r= 87+ ;k,8vh ’ dkoc]h; d=9trk.shgdufgxaortpkf8kj ’MwfhS 9’qj la’gdfI6[]5,j oUG 233

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດI6[ $(D! gfadohvpgxaortpkf0kfmkfvksko !? lkgsf { 0kf7;k,Ih6 g-oja G .sgh fda ovh pvvdo,q w;gduowxF c];h .sgh fda dyovkskoglu,3fp[+4nd 8k,s^ad3r-tokdko 8q;1jk’G gvqkoq,05hos;ko]hP’gfadohvpg-yj’gxaooq,muj,u 3xi8oy 8OD { 0kf-Uo g-aoj G -UolafF xkF oq,F w0Sj c84j hkskdI6h9adg]nvdvksko mumj qfcmowfh g-aoj G 4;jq gs^nv’d=vkfcdwh 0[oa sk0kf3xi8yowfDh { dkog9[a x;j p g-oja G rtpkf4vdmvh ’F w0sh ;fa F xvf[;,F rtpkfc,dj k/kd.o]ewlFh rtpkffaj’djk;7vppkfcpj’vkskomujIa[xtmkog0Qkwx9bj’gIaf.shIjk’dkp0kf 3xi8oy D @? vkdko0v’7qomuj0kf3xi8yo { 4kh c,pj ’y 4rn kskd0kf3xi8oy 9t,vu kdkogxoa [;,F gxoa gsf.s]h d6 gdfu ,k,ou E|da [+wfh,kf4koS gfad9tgxao7qosq;ohvp s^n sq;.spjzyfxqddt8yF Ijk’dkp9jvpzv,F ,u7;k,8hkomko8+rtpkf8O s^n gfadohvp[k’7qo,uoE|ads^5f]q’D { zy;|a’csh’ ,adgxao[kfcz c]t ,ulufkj ’fe 9qogsaowfh-afg9oS 8uo,n sn^ 8qo38gxao [;,S zq,csh’dv[gxaoluoE8ko s^n cf’ c]t s^ojq ’kj pF g[nvj vksko c]t ,ad4vd mvh ’F 4kh vkdkoskdIo5 cI’d=9tg4y’cd7j ;k,8kpwfDh 234

gfaddyovksko[+rP’r= gfaddyomkf3xi8yo[+rP’r= I6[ $(D@ vkdko9vj pzv, I6[ $(D# vkdkogxao[;, #? dkoxhv’dao ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { .shgfadIa[xtmkovksko mu,j umkf3xi8yorP’r= g-aoj G -UolafF oq,F w0j c]t g,af4q;j gs^nv’ 8kj ’M.oc8]j t;aoD { xhv’dao[+.shgfadg9a[x;j p9kdrtpkfvnoj M 3fpdkodyovksko.sh4nd8hv’ 8k,s^ad 3r-tokdko c]t vtokw,Ikj ’dkp.shltvkf1l6j tg\\uD $D rtpkfmujgduf9kddko0kf;y8k,yo 7qogIqkovd9kd0kfmkf3xi8yoc]h; [k’d=]toupa’0kfmkfvkskovnjoM vud7n0kf ;y8k,yo g-aoj G ;y8k,yogv (A)F ;y8k,yo[u ! XB1?F ;y8k,yo[u @ XB2?D ;y8k,yogIaf.shIjk’dkplq,[6o0Bo7n -j;p7;[75,.shvtw;pt;t8jk’M gIaf;Pdwfh8k, xdq dt8Dy dko0kf;8y k,oy -tofy .f-tofy |’jb gxoa g;]kfoq oko d9= tgIfa .sIh kj ’dkp[l+ ,q [o6 c]t vkf9trk.shgdufrtpkf8kj ’MwfhD I6[ $(D$ gfadohvp0kf;y8k,yo I6[ $(D& rtpkfxkdgxnvj p 235

0kf;yf8k,yo [u ! G gxaortpkfgxhp]vj p c]t xtfq’ 0kf;y8k,yo gv G 9trk.sh8k[vf s^n 8k2k’F 8kfevadgl[ 0kf;y8k,yo [u @ G rtpkfxkdgxvnj p ltcf’vvd 3fpdko,uIvpczc8dm,uj 5, xkdF ]Uoc8d c]t Iu,lq[c8dF .p8kcf’,q; g[y’j [+7vj pgsao-afg9o c]t ,no8kl6j cl’cff[+7vj pwfhD grnvj dkoxhv’daovkdko0kf;y8k,yofa’j dkj ;F gIqk7;odyovkskoxtgrf-UoF w0Fj zad.[ 0P; c]t vkskom.uj shrt]a’’korP’r=8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’Ikj ’dkpD rtpkfzy;|’a vonj M mguj duf9kddko0kfmkfvksko rtpkfz;y |’a gxoa 9EM govjn ’,k9kddko0kfmkfvkskom[ju e]’5 z;y |’a g-’jy [k’gmvjn d,= u zqoltmhvo8+]t[q[xtlkf c]t dko]t]kpvkskoS ltoAo gIqk7;odyo\\kd4q;j F -UoF zadF oEg8kQ I1h6 kj ’rP’rD= 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 8+wxoDU gfda 0kfmkfvkskoF gIkq 9tl’a gdfgsoa z;y |’a 0k c0o ,Iu vpfeM -EMS |’a ]vd c]t 8ou w7Dj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8k,dhko7= 8k,c0o 8k,[uc0’j Ivpfe-E 8uow7j d 0 I6[ $(D* ]adltotzy;|a’0v’7qo ]adltotzy’|a’ ,uIvpfegxao95f 0kfmkfvksko 236

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ&D rtpkfmujgduf9kddko0kfgdnvcIj9jko gdvn cIj -tofy 8kj ’M gxoa l;j oxtdv[mlju e7oa 0v’dtfd6 g-’jy wfch ddj ko-vu v, XCa?F 2fq lt2= XP?F gs^ad XFe?F c]t vuvqf XI?D .og,njvIjk’dkpskd0kfgdnvcIj9jko.f|bj’ 9trk.shgdufgxaortpkf8jk’Mwfh g-ajoG gxaortpkf g]nvf9k’ phvo0kfmkfgs^adF rtpkf7=|P’phvo0kfmkfvuvqfD rtpkf7=|P’G gxaortpkfmu,j adgduf0Bos^kp.oxtgmfgIqk 3fpltgrktc,oj g0fr6fvp s^n g0fm/ju oq g-ktg9vjn ogvkq mkfvvu fq wx\\fq D rtpkfoU gdfu 0oB wfdh [a gfda w;IPoF |,j5 lk;8ts^vf 9oq g4’y zgh6 4kQ D I6[mu $(D( rtpkf7=|P’ lkgsfG rtpkf7=|P’gduf0Bophvodko[=]y3rdvkskomu0j kfmkfvuvqfF vkdkoG rtpkf7=|P’.ow]ptmevyf,u7nG ,udhvoohvp16j.o]e7= g,njvfqowxd=0tspkp .spj0Bo rk.shdkopjvpvksko c]t dkoskp.9[+ltf;dD 4hkgduf.oc,jpy’mujde]a’4nrkF ,da 9t,du kos]^5 d6 s^n ]d6 8kp.og;]kgdfu vvd,kG 4kh gxoa gfda .ow;IPo 9t,lu 05 trk[vvj ogrpF dko0tspkp8q;mk’fhko,aolt\\v’-hkF [k’7qo,uvkdkos6|;d c]t xkddndD dkoxhv’daoG grnvj xhv’dao 9kddkogxaortpkf7=|P’F 8hv’dyogdnvvtokw,mu,j umkf vuvqf c]t dyovksko xtgrfxkF svpF d5h’F x6 s^n vkskomtg] grkt,umkfvuvqfs^kpD dko0kfmkfvksko 9tgxaomkfvkskoxtgrf.fd=8k, ]h;oc8j,uzqoltmhvo8+ l50trk[ c]t lt8yxaopk0v’7qogIqkma’oAoD 237

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດfaj’oAoF gIqkm5d7qo7;o9tg]nvddyovkskomuj,u75ootrk[ c]t rP’r=da[7;k,8hv’ dko0v’Ikj ’dkp.oc8]j t;oa D vkskomu,j u75ootrk[[+wfh\\kpg4y’vkskomu,j u]k7kcr’ltg\\uwxF gIqklk,kfg]nvd doy vksko]k7k4dn c8,j 7u o5 7kj mk’vksko7[q 4;h od=wfgh \\vn odoa D 7;k,8hv’dkomkfvksko0v’Ijk’dkpd=,uvaf8klj;o c]t xt]y,komujg\\ktlq,F 3fpltgrkt 4kh Ikj ’dkp,wu 0,oa sk^ p g-’jy ,du k]]= lu ’6 gdou wx d9= tdkpgxoa rtpkf8ph5 sn^ ,ru tpkf vnoj M c-d-hvo8k,,k g-aoj G 7;k,faog]nvfl6’F g[qks;ko c]t ,tgIa’]ewlhD 7e4k,G !D rtpkfmgju dfu 9kddko0kfmkfvksko,su p’a cfLj ,]u da ltot c]t vkdkoco;.fL @D gxoa sp’a 7oq gIkq 9’jb [l+ k,kf,-u ;u fy 1wj6 fh 4kh doy c8vj kskoxtgrf;8y k,oy F gdvn cI9j kj o c]t oE gmqkj oAoL #D grvnj s^udg;Ao[+.shgxaortpkf0kfmkfvksko 7;o,u;ymuxhv’dao co;.fL $D oda IPo9toegvkq 7;k,Ih6 mwju fIh Po,kwx.-.h sgh dfu xt3spf.o-;u fy xt9e;oa co;.fL 238

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu $) lyj’mujgxaoryf16j.ovksko ly’j mugj xaoryf.ovksko ,uma’gduf0Bo3fpme,t-kf c]t ,to5fgxaoz6hlhk’0BoD oadIPo 7yf;kj ly’j mugj xaoryf1.6j ovksko,uvao.fcfj c]t ,uzqodtmq[8+Ikj ’dkpco;.fL !D lyj’mujgxaoryf.ovkskogduf0Bo3fpme,t-kf gIkq g7pu wfph oy 0kj ; ,7u oq g[vjn vksko s^n 8kp govjn ’9kddoy vkskomgju [vjn g-’jy gd[a s^n skwfh 8k,me,t-kf g-aoj G rnfzadF \\kdw,hF gsaf[k’-toyfF laf[k’-toyf c]t vnoj MD ovd9kdoUc]h; lyj’gxaoryfpa’gduf0Bo9kd95]t-u[[k’-toyfmujxtxqo16joevkskoF g,njvIjk’dkpwfhIa[vkskomujxqogxNvofh;p [adg8iu gs^qjkoAog0Qkwx rk.shgdufrtpkf8jk’M g-oja G vts;y kF 8[a vda gl[D mkfrfy mgju dfu 0oB oezoq zt]fy 9kd9]5 t-[u [k’-tofy 8;q 1kj ’ mkfrfy vk2^kmavd-yo XAflatoxin? mujgduf9kdg-Nv]k-toyf|bj’F rq[.o4qj;fyo c]t 4qj;vnjoM mxju tw;fh oq 9oq gdfu g-vN ]kD 4kh mkfrfy gskjq^ ogU 0kQ wx.oIkj ’dkp c]t 4dn ltl,q w;fh oq .oxt],y ko sk^ p dl= k,kfgIfa .sgh dfu rtpkf,tgI’a 8kj ’Mwfh g-oja ,tgI’a 8[a S mkfrfy gskjq^ ooA [k’-tofy vkf me]kpwfhfh;p7;k,IhvoD [k’7’A Ikj ’dkpwfIh [a vkskomxju oq gxvN oF g4’y ;kj 9t[g+ dfu rtpkf0oB 3fpdtmoa soa d8= k,F c8;j kj rtpkff’ja dkj ;dl= k,kf me]kpl05 trk[gmvjn ]t|vh pwfh 8;q 1kj ’G 8;q vvj o0v’rtpkf.[ w,h.o8a[muj8yf16joe-Uoxkfy[S g;]k7qogIqkdyodhvpxkfy[F rtpkf9twx9tg]uo g8u[.spj c]h;rk.shgduf,uvkdkog9a[mhv’F mhv’pn’j F mhv’vnfF dkopvj pvksko s^5f]q’ g,nvj fqookowx Ikj ’dkp9t9vj pzv,]q’F 8a[9t.spj c]t c0’ .omujl5fd=g4y’cd7j ;k,8kpD @D lyj’mujgxaoryfgduf9kddkodtme0v’,to5f vkskom5d-toyfmugj Iqkdyo ,uly’j g9nvxqo16sj ^kp g-aoj G cxh’oq;F mkfdao[6fF mkfmugj Iaf.sh -Uooh5,F lux5’vkskoF xJ5pg7,u c]t 1k0hklaf86rnfD oadIPo7yf;kj mkfg7,u8kj ’Mgs^kqj oU gxaoryf c]t vao8t]kp8+Ikj ’dkpgIqkco;.fLD 239

!? cxh’oq; cxhj’oq; cxh’oq; ,u0v’cmh c]t 0v’xv,D cxh’oq; cmh xtdv[,u3,3o3-fuvv,d^68k,af [+8ej d;kj _&: 0v’ oE|adD cxh’oq;xv, 9t,u3,3o3-fuvv, d^68k,af xt,ko &W: 0v’oE|adD cx’h o;q xv, ,9u er;d 3-fvu v,g,8k 2ql2kf c]t /o5j [c= iad g-’jy g,vnj 8qdg0kQ l6jIkj ’dkpvkfgIfa .sgh dfu vkdko4vdmvh ’ c]t \\kdw0sj ’a^ vda gl[D I6[ $)D! cxh’oq; @? /j5o[=ciad /o5j [c= ida gxoa mkfmgju Ifa .svh kskodv[F g,vjn doy gxoa xt9e vkfgIfa .s\\h kdw0sj ’a^ vda gl[F l;j os^kp rq[.o]6d-UoF wlhdvdF cxh’dv[ c]t vnoj MD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ $)D@ ]6d-Uomu,j ul;j oxtlq,/5jo[=ciad #? mkfdao[6f I6[ $)D# vkskomu,j ul;j oxtlq,mkfdao[6f mkfdao[6f gxaomkfmujgIaf.shvksko gda[w;hwfhfqo g-yj’,uvk-yf g[ao3-vydF vk-yf -i= [dy F -k]-u ]u dy D g,vjn Ikj ’dkpwfIh [a vkfgIfa .shdtgrktgxao[kfczD lj;os^kprq[16j.o g0Qk|q,xa’F vkskofv’F \\kdw,hd;o c]t vojn MD 240

$? mkf mujgIaf.sh-Uooh5, mkfmgju Ifa .s-h oU o,5h wfch dj 3-fvu v,dkd3[ofa s^n 3lfk-da zkh D g,vjn I[a xtmkog0kQ wx9tgdfu vkdko4vdmhv’F xh5omhv’F x;fIkdD &? luxtlq,vksko luxtlq,vksko ,ul;j oxtdv[0v’-noF lko|6 c]t vnjoMD luxtlq,vkskofaj’djk; g,nvj oe,kxtlq,vksko 9tgIaf.shvksko,u lulaol;p’k,,u]qf-kffu0Bo c]t |hkIa[ xtmkoD 4hkmkfgs^qjkoU 4ndltlq,w;h.oIjk’ dkps^kp0Bo vkfgIaf.shzy;|a’gxao85,j gxvnj pF |hk[;,F x;fIkdF 0kvvj ogrpD I6[ $)D$ vkskomuxj tlq,lu ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oda IPo7fy ;kj 4kh 9egxoa 8vh ’.-lh ’jy g9vn xoq gskjq^ ooA oda IPo7fy ;kj 7;o.-ch o;.f9’jb 9txvfwrL ovd9kd9er;dlu mudj kj ;,kc]h; d=pa’,umkfg7,uvnoj Mvud g-aoj G [=ciad c]t lt[6 g-y’j .-h.o3I’’kov5flkstde c8jg,njvgvqk,kxtlq,vksko9tgIaf.shvksko0k;ltvkf |hk Ia[xtmkoD ovd9kdoAoc]h; d=pa’,ucxh’oq;xv,7n gvqkmkfvk-yfmugj Iaffh;p,kf XS? cmoD f’ja ooA F 9’jb gsoa wf;h kj l’jy g9vn xoq .ovksko8kj ’M,su k^ pl’jy sk^ p1kj ’ g-’jy gxoa voa 8t]kpsk^ p d;kj 9tgxoa xt3spfF g4’y ;kj 9tdoy gmvjn ]tovh pc8sj k^ pMgmvjn F foq okowxd9= tltl,q w;h gIfa .sgh dfu ryf-egInhvwfhD l;j ol’yj g9nvxqoxtgrfmkfdao[6foAo ,uxt3spf-;j p.odko1a[1A’ dko0tspkp 8q;0v’95]yo-u g-’yj gIaf.shlk,kfgda[vkskow;hwfhfqoF c87j ;o.-h.oxt]y,kog]adohvp gmkjq oAoF 4kh sk^ pgdou wxdv= kfgxoa voa 8t]kpwfgh \\vn odoa D grvnj xvh ’doa ryf s^n voa 8t]kp9kdg-Nvrtpkfgskj^q ooA g,vnj g;]kdyovkskogIkq 7;o9twfh ]t,fa ]t;’a [7+ ;ogd[a zda s^n gsfa mlju ’q wl;kj 9tg[vjn ,kxtdv[vkskoS 7;ogd[a vkskow;1h kj ’fFu s^udg;Aovkskomuj[+l5dF x5’c8j’[+ltvkf c]t vksko[6fgoqjkD 4hkgxaovkskomuj.ljdtxJv’ g,vjn gsoa ;kj rk-tot[oa 9,5 ]u da ltotzfy xdq dt8gy -oja G dtxvJ ’g0kQ \\Ph ’F I;jq -,b sn^ \\fq deofq [7+ ;o gvkq ,kdoy gffa 0kfD 241

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດf’ja ooA F .odkodoy vkskod7= ;o]t,fa ]t;’a c]t 7eo’b g4’y zoq xt3spf c]t 7;k,voa 8t ]kp0v’vksko7Dn !D 7;odyovkskom,uj umkfvksko7[q md5 xtgrf.oxt],y korP’rd= [a 7;k,8vh ’dkoD @D sdu^ g;oA dko[]= 3y rdvkskom,ju lu ’jy gxoa rfy xtxoq 1j6 [;+ kj 9t,.u oxt],y ko|vh p s^n sk^ p d8= k,D 7qogIqkg,vnj wfhdyovksko7q[4h;orP’r=4ndl50tvtokw, Ikj ’dkpd=9tg8u[.sp0j tspkp 8;q fuF ,u7;k,8kh omkortpkfwffh uF gIfa .s,h ult8yxoa pkl’6 ,u7;k,lk,kfgIfa ;Pd’ko.sgh duf zoq wf1h kj ’,xu tlfy mry k[S 9kdooA 9’jb 9tgIfa .sxh tgmf-kf0v’gIkq ,du korfa mtok c]t 9tg]ou wfh1kj ’w;;kD 7e4k,G !D l’yj gxaoryfmguj 9nvxqo1.6j ovksko,uspa’cfLj ,ao,u7;k,vao8t]kp8+Ikj ’dkp7qogIqk co;.fL @D grnvj xhv’dao c]t s^udg;Ao 9kdly’j gxaoryf8kj ’MF oadIPo7;oxt8y[af8qo co;.f.o dkodoy vkskoL #D oadIPog7updyovksko8+wxoU sn^ [+L grktgsf.fL dD ]d6 -oU x’U 0D g0kQ 0P[lu 7D 0t|,q g,fa s^kplu ’D vkskomxuj tlq,lu 242


Like this book? You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes!
Create your own flipbook