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I6[ !WD( ltcf’]tfa[oE.ovkj ’mu,j u0t|kf8kj ’dao c8,j um+];j ’.ldj ao 9kddfy 9tdemoju da IPo;fa cmd]tf[a 0v’oE.ork-tot[oa 9m5 ]ju ;j ’doa ooA gsoa ;kj ]tf[a l’6 0v’oEgmkjq doa 3fp;fa cmd9kd|kh rP’ovovoa fP;doa D @? .soh da IPol’a gdfg[’yj ]tf[a oEm[uj oa 915 .j6 ovkj ’m,uj um+];j ’.ldj oa f’ja I[6 D #D ;af45mujgxaodkl dyf9tde (G la’gdfdkol6[]q,.lj;af45 !? gxkjq ],q .l\\j kdx,6 gxkQ 9oq 8’nj c];h l’a gdf7;k,g7’ja 0v’|;j px,6 gxkQ c];h [oa mdb zoq D @? l[6 ],q g0kQ 1k’8ou ]fq .s8h ’jn c];h l’a gdf7;k,g7’aj 0v’8ou ]fq c8]j t[vj o c];h [oa mdb zoq D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[!WD) gxqkj \\kdx6,gxQk I6[ !WD_ l6[8uo]qf #? gvkq d;foEf,jn gxkjq ,k c];h gvkq /kvfa .sch 9[ 9kdooA .sgh vkq ,[n [u g7’jy dk’d;fD l’a gdf 7;k,g7’ja 0v’,oa c];h [oa mdb zoq D { zqo0v’dkogIafdyf9tde g,nvj gIqkgxqkj ]q,.l\\j kdx6,gxqhk9qo8n’j 9tgsao;kj 16mj 5d95f 45

gmy’|hkovd0v’,aog7aj’ltg\\udaoD oAoltcf’;jk]q,skp.90v’gIqkdt9kp16jສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ m;jq md5 9f5 .o|;j px,6 gxkQ D { g,vjn l[6 ],q g0kQ 1k’8ou ]fq 9oq 8’jn 9tgsoa ;kj 1mj6 d5 9f5 gm’y |kh ovd0v’,oa g7’ja ltg\\du oa D oAo ltcf’;kj ]q,wfhdt9kp1m6j ;qj m5d95f1k’8uo]qfoAoD { g,vnj [u[g7’yj dk’d;foEf,nj gxqkj mvuj af/kc9[gsao;kj ,ao[5h,g0Qk c8gj ,vnj g-qk[u[raf8’nj 7ngdqkj D oAo ltcf’;kj .od;foE ,udkl[ao9516jD lts^5[G ;af45mugj xaodklm5d-toyf .oxt]y,komcuj ooj vo g4y’9t[ao95.lrj k-totovhp s^n .spj ,aod+ dt9kp1j6mqj;rk-tot[ao95oAo c]t lk,kf|u[[=]y,kf0v’,ao.shs^5f]q’ s^n fb’.sh[=]y,kf 0v’,oa gru,j 0BowfDh 7e4k,G !D ;af45mugj xao0v’c0’F 0v’cs^;F c]t dkl 8kj ’daoco;.fL @D 9qj’[vd;jk;af458+wxoUG g9hpF oEcx[-uF 7;ao]qfF ]q,skp.90v’7qoF glNv0k;F oEfn,j [=]yl5f vao.fc,oj 0v’c0’F 0v’cs^; c]t dklL #D xt3spd8+wxoU,u0=h.fcf4j nd8hv’L dD 0v’cs^;,uI6[Ikj ’8k,rk-tot[ao95 0D 9vdcd;h gxoa 0v’c0’|P;D 7D oE,aog7vnj ’c,oj l’yj ;af45mguj xao0v’cs^; ’D 0v’c0’[+lk,kfsqf1bfwfh $D 9q’j \\kp X3? .lsj hv’mugj sao;kj 4nd8hv’ -nj ;af45 ;af45c0’ ;af45cs^; dkl 4;h pfyo gsk^Q vkpoE gsd^a 8tx6 vkdkf oE/oq 46

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu !! ;af45mujgxao3]st c]t ;af45mujgxaovt3]st !D ;af45mujgxao3]st !? ]adltot0v’3]st dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45mjugxao3]st I6[ !!D! ;af458kj ’M !? .shoadIPo la’gdfI6[v5xtdvo0hk’gmy’oU c8]j t1kj ’xtdv[,k9kdmkf.fL @? .shoadIPolbdlkdjP;da[3]st8jk’M mujoe,kzt]yfgxaog7njv’,nF g7njv’.-hoAo ;kj ,u]adltotco;.fL 9kdzoq dfy 9tdeoda IPo9tgsoa ;kj ,u 9dq F -;kh oF rkh F g]vjn pF 7vh o8Fu 0;ko ];h oc8zj t]fy 9kdgs^adS \\=hcd’F \\=h|bh’g0Qk gIaffh;pvk]6,uouvv,F lkpw22hkgIaffh;pmv’ sn^ vk]6,uouvv,S ovd9kdoUc]h; pa’,u 8uo,v’mjugIaffh;p-noF lj;o85h,s6F lkp7=F lkpc0oF cs;o gIaffh;pg’yo s^n 7eDDDD[aofk;af45mkf8kj ’M g-aoj G gsa^dF mv’F g’yoF 7eF gruoj gvUo;kj G3]st 47

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ3]st,u]adltot8jk’M7nG { c0’F |P; lk,kf8ugxaoczoj [k’M c]t lk;gxaoglAowfh { oew22hk c]t 7;k,Ihvowfhfu { .ovo5 str,6 me,tfk ovd9kd[ksv^ fmguj xoa mkfcs;^ c];h 3]stvojn M gxoa mkfc0’D { g,nvj gIqk46 s^n 0af|hkovd,ug’qkgs^Nv, Xltmhvocl’? { g,vnj g7kt,ulP’f’a dvh ’ @? dkooe.-h3]st groyj oe.-;h fa 4m5 guj xoa 3]stg0kQ .o-u;yfxt9e;oa g-oja G { gxoa g7vjn ’.-.h ogIvn o7;q D { .-h gxoa g7vnj ’,nvvdcI’’ko { .-gh xoa g7vnj ’xtf[a D @D ;af45mujgxaovt3]st !? ]adltot0v’vt3]st 4kj oXdkd[vo ? ,kf I6[ !!D@ ;af45mjugxaovt3]st vt3]st,u]adltot8jk’M7nG !? .ov5ostr6,me,tfkvt3]st,uma’16j.ork;tc0’F cs^; c]t dkl @? |kh ovd0v’vt3]st4kh 496 oq dPh ’9t[+gs^vN ,D #? [+oew22kh 48

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$? zvj p Xg,vnj 4ndcI’dtmq[? &? 4ndg7kt s^n 8u9t[+,ulP’fa’dhv’ @? dkooe.-hvt3]st { 4kj o .-hgxaog-Nvw2F .-h.og7nvj ’8v’oEF f6fgvqkvkpryfD { groyj .-/h o5j ,kf0kh c,rj tpkfmmuj e]kprnfD { mkfxtl,q 0v’,kfd[a 1k’1fn grvjn .-zh t]fy 1k’8ou ]fq F gd[u F m1+ k’F s;q w,0h fu w2DDD 7e4k,G !D 9’qj [vdg7nvj ’,nmu.j -h.odkovvdcI’’komugj Iaffh;p3]st,k & -toyf L @D ;fa 485 w+ xovU oa .fc,oj 3]st c]t voa .f c,oj vt3]stG ,fu 8fa F grfa F 1k’8ou ]fq F 3l]h fq 9da F xB,F w,hF wlhl=feD 49

[qfmu !@ ;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP; c]t [+gxaogoNvfP; !D ;af45lq,xqo-toyf8jk’M dyf9tde !G lbdlklj;oxtdv[0v’;af45lq,xqo 9’qj [vd;af45lq,xqo8kj ’M8+wxoU ;kj ,ul’yj .fcfxj qo16j -n;j af45 l;j oxtdv[.o;af45lq,xqo oEgdvn vkdkf oE .o-u;yfxt9e;aooadIPowfhlezafda[vkdkfF gIqk9tla’gdfgsao;kj G vkdkf[k’[voj ,u0U /oj5 c]t [k’[vj o,du ojy 0;y S .-oh Ex’5 c8’j vkskoF oE.oc,oj Eg;]k/oq 8dq .\\9j t0oj5 c]t ,gu lf -kdrnf1sj6 ^kpS .ovkskogpvnj ’|’jb 9txtdv[f;h pgdnvF cx’h o;q c]t vonj MD gvUo;kj G ;af45lq,xqo sn^ mkflq,xqoD ;af45lq,xqoc,jo;af45mujxtdv[9kd;af45 lv’ s^n s^kp-toyfxqodao16jD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vu’.ljlyj’lq,xqo8jk’Mmujdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oAogryjowfhc[j’lyj’lq,xqovvdgxaolv’-toyf7nG ;af45lq,xqomugj xaogoNvfP; XgoNvxtlq,? c]t ;af45lq,xqomu[j +gxaogoNvfP;D @D ;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP; dyf9tde @G la’gdf;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP; gdnv oE.o9vdcdh; 9vdmu[j ao95mkf]t]kpgdnv I6[ !@D! ly’j lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP; 50

!? 9’jq gvkq oEltvkfxt,kog7y’j 9vd c]t gdnv ! [;j ’dkg2,kc];h l’a gdfc8]j t1kj ’ 9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D @? gvqkgdnv ! [j;’dkg2xqo.ljoE.o9vd c]h;7qo9qo.shgdnv]t]kp\\qfD 9kdoAo.sh la’gdfoEgdnv c]t [aombdzqoD #? gIafdyf9tde7ndaoda[0=h !? c]t @? c8xj Pj ogdnvgxaooE8kocmoD zqodyf9tde oE.o9vdgxaogoNv]tvPf.l c]t [+,uluD gdnvgxaog,aflu0k; c]t c0’D g,njvgIqkgvqkgdnv.ljoEc]h;7qo9qogdnv]t]kp\\qf9tgsao;jkgdnv]t]kpgxaogonhv vaofP;da[oE c]t 4hkgIqkgvqkoE8koxqo.ldj a[oEF oE8kod=]t]kpgxaogoNvfP; d[a oED faj’oAo9yj’lts^5[wfh;jkG ;af45.f g,njvxqodaoc]h;lk,kf]t]kpg0QkdaogxaogoNvfP; gvUo;jk G ;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;D ;af45lq,xqomujgxaogoNvfP;ovd9kdmujwfhdkj;,koAoc]h;pa’,uvuds^kp1jk’g-ajoG oExqo cxh’oq;F oElQ, XoExqoda[vk-yfvkg-8yd?F mv’okdF mv’gs^nv’DDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ l;j oxtdv[0v’mv’okd xtdv[fh;p g’yo &: dD xtdv[fh;p 7e #&: xtdv[fh;pmv’ *W: lj;oxtdv[ 0v’mv’gsn^v’ xtdv[fh;p la’dtlu $W{#W: 0D xtdv[fh;pmv’ *W{(W : I6[ !@D@ ;af45lq,xqo0v’mv’okd c]t mv’gsn^v’ 51

mkfxqomujgxaogoNvfP;c8j]t]kpoedaowfh|hvp dyf9tde #G la’gdfgoNv0v’mkfxqo]ts;jk’ oE,aornfda[oE mkfxqo]ts;jk’ oE,aornf oEltvkf oE,aornfda[oE I6[ !@D# mkfxqo]ts;kj ’oE,aornfda[oE !? gvkq oEltvkf,kg7y’j s^vfcd;h l’a gdfgoNv0v’oEc];h [oa mdb zoq @? gvqkoE,aornf,kg7y’j s^vfcdh;ohvp la’gdfgoNv0v’oE,aornf c]t [aombdzqo #? gvkq oE,oa rnf4vd.lsj ^vfm[uj oa 9o5 EF l’a gdfgoNvmkfxoq ooA c];h [oa mdb zoq 9kddyf9tdeG oE,aornf c]t oE,ugoNv7ndaoc8gj ,nvj xqodaoc]h;gsao;kj oE,aornf c]t oE]t]kpg0kQ doa rP’c8|j vh pfP; c]t oE,oa rfn 216 gj6 m’y |kh oE govjn ’9kd;kj ,;olko9egrkt 0v’oE,oa rnfg[kq d;kj oED ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D ;af45lq,xqomuj[+gxaogoNvfP; dyf9tde $G la’gdfgoNvmkfxqo]tsj;k’ XoEda[g,af-kp? c]t XoEda[cd[? dD -kp oEltvkf oExqofyo-kp 0D cd[ oEltvkf oExqocd[ I6[ !@D$ dD fyo-kpxqooEltvkfF 0D cd[xqooEltvkf 52

!? gvqk-kp|b’j [;j ’.loj Eltvkfxt,kog7yj’9vd c]t -kp|’bj [;j ’ c]h;la’gdf govN 0v’-kpxoq oE9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D @? gvkq cd[ ! [;j ’xoq .loj Ec];h 7oq F l’a gdfgoNv0v’cd[xoq oE9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D zoq dyf9tdeG oE.o9vdgxoa goNv]tvPf.l c]t [+,uluD c8-j kpgxoa g,fa c0’D g,vnj gIkq gvkq -kp.loj Ec];h 7oq 9tgsoa ;kj -kpp’a gxoa g,fa 7gn dkjq c]t 9,q 1r6j oN []+ t]kpg0kQ d[a oED 4kh oda IPo gvqkcd[ ! [;j ’xqo.loj Ec]h;7qo9tla’gdf0Ucd[2616j|hkoE \\kp7;k,;kj oE c]t cd[[+]t ]kpg0kQ gxoa govhn fP;doa D dyf9tde &G la’gdfgoNvmkfxqo]ts;jk’ fyo-kp c]t /5jo,kf !? gvqk-kp,k ! [;j ’ c]t /5oj ,kf,k ! [;j ’ c]h;la’gdfgoNv c]t lu0v’ c8]j t 1kj ’ rvh ,[oa mdb zoq D @? g,nvj xqo-kp c]t ,kfg0Qkdao c]h;la’gdfgoNv c]t lu rhv,[aombdzqoD I6[ !@D* /5jo,kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ !@D& -kp I6[ !@D( fyo-kpxqoda[,kf 9kddfy 9tde g,vjn gIkq xoq -kp c]t /oj5 ,kfg0kQ doa gsoa ;kj -kp c]t ,kf[]+ t]kpg0kQ gxoa govN fP; f’ja ooA 9’jb lts[5^ wf;h kj G ;fa 4m5 xju oq doa c];h [l+ k,kf]t]kpg0kQ doa gxoa govN fP; wfgh voU ;kj G ;af45lq,xqomuj[+gxaogoNvfP;D ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq m[ju g+ xoa govN fP;,su k^ p1kj ’g-oja G foy 8,q g0kQ d[a cd[F 0gU ]vjn pd[a oEF /oj5 gsd^a c]t /oj5 ,kfF /oj5 gsd^a d[a oEDDD 7e4k,G !D .shoadIPopqd8q;1jk’;af45lq,xqomjugxaogoNvfP; c]t ;af45lq,xqomuj [+gxaogoNvfP; ,kxt,ko1kj ’]t # -toyfD 53

@D 9’jq \\kp;’q vvh ,.l0j =mh u4j nd8vh ’ dD vkdkfc,oj ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mguj xoa goNvxtl,q 0D oE8ko]t]kp.ooEgxoa ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq goNvxtl,q D ’D cx[-uc,oj ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mugj xoa goNvfP; #D .sh\\kp 3.lsj hv’mugj sao;kj 4nd8hv’ ;af45lq,xqo ;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mugj xoa goNvfP; ;af45lq,xqomuj[+gxaogoNvfP; 0U8,q 9,q 1rj6 NooE gdvn xoq oE 0cU d[xoq g0kQ lko /oj5 gsd^a xoq cd[ 0gU ]vjn pxoq oE $D oE8ko]t]kp.ooE gxaomkfxqogoNvfP; sn^ [+L phvospa’L ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ &D 1kd.shoE8ko c]t gdnvgxaomkflq,xqogoNvfP;gIqk9tgIafco;.fL 54

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu !# ;af45muj,uvk-yf c]t [kg-u !. ;af45muj,u]adltotvk-yf c]t [kg-u dyf9tde !G mqflv[]adltotvk-yf.o\\kdw,h c]t oElQ, !? oadIPo9’qj -u,]qf-kf0v’\\kdw,h c]t oElQ,c]h;[aombdzqo @? gvqkoE\\kdw,hfa’j dkj ;,kmqflv[fh;pg9hp ]yf,af lu2hk c]t [aombdzqo I6[ !#D! czo;kf;af458kj ’M zoq dkomfq lv[gsoa ;kj G g,vbjn -,u \\kdw,Fh [k’-tofy ,]u fq l,Q F [k’-tofy ,]u fq s;ko/kfDDD g,njvgvqkoE\\kdw,h,kmqflv[fh;pg9hp]yf,aflu2hkF \\kdw,hmuj,u]qflQ,gIaf.shg9hp]yf,aflu2hk xPj ogxaolucf’D f’aj oAo \\kdw,hm,uj u]qflQ,,u]adltotvk-yfD lts^5[G vk-yf-toyf8kj ’M ,u]qflQ,F xPj olug9hp]yf,aflu2hkgxaolucf’D ovd9kdoAo vk-yf pa’,u]adltotdaf|a’ c]t ;af458kj ’Mg-aoj suox6oF 3]stF x^kl8ydDDD g-y’j 9twfhIPo.o0Ao8+wxD f’ja ooA F dkooe.-;h fa 4m5 gju xoa vk-fy sn^ dkog]vn d.-;h fa 4,5 k[oa 9v5 k-fy D 8vh ’]t,fa ]t;’a 7Gn 1kj .shvk-yf4ndda[zy;|a’ c]t g7nvj ’o5’j sq,j F vk-yf s^n ly’j mu,j u]adltotvk-yf7;o9t[ao95w;h fh;prk-totmugj Iaffh;pcdh; s^n fyogzqk c]t 8hv’gda[,hPo.shfuD 55

dyf9tde @G mqflv[]adltot[kg-u9kdlyj’;af458jk’M ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !? gvkq oElt[6 s^n c2[a .lgj 7’yj 9vd c];h gvkq g9ph ]yf,fa lucf’9,j5 ]’q .lDj l’a gdflu0v’g9ph c]t [oa mdb zoq D @? gvkq oExo6 .l .lgj 7’jy 9vd c];h gvkq oE,oa rfn 1vf.lxj t,ko @{# 1vf l’a gdf g[’jy oE,oa rfn 9kdooA [oa mdb zoq D #? gvkq zkh crmguj xvnh o 9kdoE,oa wx-da f;h pc2[a c];h l’a gdfzkh crc];h [oa mdb zoq D 9kddyf9tdeg,nvj gIqkgvqkg9hp]yf,aflucf’95,j ]q’.l9j vdoElt[6 s^n oEc2a[ gsao;kj g9hp ]yf,aflucf’xPj ogxaolu2hkD ovd9kdoAo g,nvj gIqk1vfoE,aornf1vf.loj Ex6o.lgsao;kj oE,ao rnf05oj c]t ,u/vf7nda[gIqkgvqklt[6wx]t]kp.ooED oAo\\kp7;k,;kj lt[6F c2a[F oEx6o.lF ]t]kpw0,ao c]t oE,aovudD faj’oAo lts^5[;jkG [kg-uc,jomkfmujlk,kfgIaf.shg9hp]yf,af lucf’ xjPogxaolu2hkF ,u]adltotdaf|a’F ,noj F ,u]qf/kf c]t ]t]kpw0,aoD dyf9tde #G ryl6f]adltotvk-yfF ]adltot[kg-u c]t ]adltotgxaodk’D !? gvqks^vfcdh;[ao95oEx6o.l Xdko-uIufiqd-yf?S 9kdoAo.shgvqks^vff6foEx6o.l |hvp|’bj ,k1vf.lgj 9hp]yf,af lucf’ Xg9hp1k,lu? c]h;la’gdfdkoxPj oluD @? gvkq sv^ fff6 gvkq oExo6 .l|vh p|’jb ,k1vf.lgj 9ph ]fy ,fa l2u kh c];h l’a gdfdkoxPj o l0u v’g9ph c];h [oa mdb zoq D oEx6o.l g9hp ]yf,aflu2hk g9hp ]yf,aflucf’ I6[ !#D@ dkomqflv[]adltot vk-yf c]t [kg-u 56

#? gIafmqf]v’7ndaoda[ 0=h X!? c8.j -hmkf]t]kpvonj cmog-oaj G oEgdnvF oE\\kdok;F oEc2a[F oE1kltzq,F oE1k]hk’9koD 8k8t]k’[aombdzqodkomqf]v’ -lnj ’yj ;af45 zqodkomqf]v’g9hp ]yf,af da[mkf]t]kp oEc2a[ g9hp]yf,aflucf’ g9hp]yf,aflu2hk oE1kltzq, oE1k]hk’9ko oE\\kdok; oEgdnv ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vk-uf g9hp]yf,af lucf’[+xPj olu g9hp]yf,af lu2hkxPj ogxaolucf’ I6[ !#D# mqflv[vk-yf 9kddkomqflv[gsao;jkG lyj’;af458jk’Mmujgvqk,kmqflv[da[g9hp]yf,af ,u[k’1jk’ gIfa .sgh 9ph ]fy ,fa lcu f’xPj ogxoa l2u kh c]t [k’1kj ’gIfa .sgh 9ph ]fy ,fa l2u kh xPj ogxoa lcu f’ c]t [k’1kj ’d=[+lk,kfgIfa .sgh 9ph ]yf,fa xPj oluwfDh f’ja ooA F v’u .l7j o5 ]da ltot0v’l’jy ;fa 4w5 fdh tm[q d[a g9ph ]fy ,fa c];h gIkq lk,kf9fa c[’j l’jy ;af45 vvdgxao # xtgrf7nG 57

[kg-u g9hp]yf,aflucf’xjPogxaolu2hk g9hp]yf,aflu2hk[+xPj olu I6[ !#D$ mqflv[[kg-u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mkf]t]kpgdnv g9hp]yf,aflucf’[+xjPolu g9hp]yf,aflu2hk[+xjPolu I6[ !#D& mqflv[mkf]t]kpgdnv { xtgrfmulj k,kfgIaf.shg9hp ]yf,af lu2hkxPj ogxaolucf’ gvUo;kj G vk-yf Xdqf? { xtgrfmulj k,kfgIaf.shg9hp]yf,af lucf’ xPj ogxaolu2hk gvUo;kj G [kg-u Xfa’j ? { xtgrfmuj[+lk,kfgIaf.shg9hp]yf,af xPj olu gvUo;kj G gdnv X9k;? @D dkooe.-h;af45mujgxaovk-yf.o-u;yfxt9e;ao dyf9tde $G lbdlk;af45mujgxaovk-yfoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao 58

9q’j la’gdfczoj ;kf c]h;[vd;kj ;af45mugj xaovk-yfwfhoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao,uspa’cfLj oEcxa[-u oE1k]hk’ oE\\kd0k, shv’oE oEdqf.l\\j =hw2 oElQ,x5’ c8j’vksko ;af45muj gxaovk-yf oq,lQ, czo;kf !#D* ;af45mugj xaovk-yf oe.-hg0Qk.o-u;yfxt9e;aoສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ vk-yf,us^kp-toyfF [k’-toyf,u7;k,9egxao.odko[=]y3rdg-aoj G oE\\kdw,hF oElQ, x5’c8’j vkskoS [k’-toyf.-h.odkov5xt3rdg-aoj G oE1k]hk’shv’oEF oEdqf.l\\j =hw2F oEdqf le]a[g-kt]hk’|hk3]stmugj 0Qk\\hP’DDDphvovk-yf,uma’75oxt3spf c]t 3mf ltoAo dvj ooe .-hvk-yfc8]j t7A’8hv’]t,af]t;a’D 4hkgIqkoe.-h[+4nd;ymud=9tgdufvao8t]kpg4y’glp-u;yfwfhD #D ;af45mujgxao[kg-uoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao dyf9tde &G lbdlk;af45,u[kg-umujoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao 9qj’la’gdfczo;kf c]h;[vd;jk;af45mujgxao[kg-uoe.-h.o-9e;ao,uspa’cfjL a czo;kf !#D( ;af45mugj xao[kg-u muoj e.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao 59

[kg-mu oju e.-.h o-;u fy xt9e;oa ,su k^ pg-oja G c2[a F lt[F6 oE0gU 4kjq F XoEf’ja ? oExo6 .lF 1kltz,q F x6ofy[F x5JpF cxh’26DDD 7e4k, !D 9’qj [vdl’yj ;af45.f8+wxoUm,uj u]adltotgxaovk-yfL ;af45.f,u]adltotgxao[kg-uL oE\\kd0k,F oE\\kdok;F oE1kltz,q F oE1k]kh ’svh ’oEF oEdfq .l\\j wh= 2F oE0gU 4kjq D @D g,vjn gvkq g9ph ]fy ,fa lcu f’ c]t g9ph ]fy ,fa l2u kh F 1k,g[’jy l’jy ;fa 485 w+ xo9U t,du koxPj ocx’ 7nco;.fL -lnj ’yj ;af45 zqodkomqf]v’g9hp ]yf,af da[mkf]kp mkf]t]kpoE8ko g9hp]yf,af lucf’ g9hp]yf,aflu2hk oE1k]hk’shv’oE oElt[6 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oE\\kdok; oEfnj,[=]yl5f oE0Ug4qkj 60

[qfmu !$ lyj’;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf 1D ;af45-toyf8jk’M muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf ;af45-toyf.fcfj muj.-hme7;k,ltvkfL dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45mujoe.-hme7;k,ltvkfD 9’qj la’gdfI6[;af458+wxoUc]h;\\kp 3.lj8k8t]k’ [aombdzqo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8k8t]k’[oa mdb zoq I6[ !$D! ;af458kj ’M -nj;af45 ;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf oE1k]kh ’svh ’oE lt[6 oExk 1k4c6 0;h oE1k]kh ’9ko oE,aornf 61

lts^5[G ;af458kj ’Mmulj k,kf]hk’ c]t ]t]kply’j mugj xNvogxuvvd9kd;af45vnoj wfhgvUo;kj G ;af45mu.j -hme7;k,ltvkfD @D xt3spf0v’lyj’;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf dyf9tde !G mqflv[dkooe.-h c2a[F oE\\kdok;F oE1k]hk’9kome 7;k,ltvkfD ;my mu fq lv[ zoq dkomfq lv[ !D gvqkoE,aornf @{# 1vf.ldj a[oEltvkf c]t laoj 9kd ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oAoxtw;h c]h; la’gdfD @D gvqkoEdaoj xqoda[oE,aornf 9kdoAogvqkoEc2a[.lcj ]h; laoj D xtw;h la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo #D gvqkoEdaoj xqoda[oE,aornf 9kdoAogvqkoE\\kdok;.lj c]h;laoj D xtw;h c]t la’gdfD $D gvqkoEdoaj xqoda[oE,aornf 9kdoAogvqkoE1k]hk’9ko .lcj ]h;laoj xtw;h c]t la’gdfD 9kdzqodkomqflv[gIqk9tgsao;kj c2a[F oE\\kdok;F oE1k]hk’9kolk,kf.-hme 7;k, ltvkfwf3h fpgIfa .slh ’yj gxygxNvo s^n oE,oa rnf4nd]t]kpF 9’jb gIfa .s[h oa fk;fa 4o5 oA ltvkf 0oB D ovd9kdoU c]h; .o-u;yfxt9e;ao pa’,uly’j ;af45muj.-hme7;k,ltvkf s^kp-toyfF c8]j t -toyf,udkooe.-ch 8d8kj ’doa g-oja G { .-hIadlk7;k,ltvkfIkj ’dkp,uG lt[6F 1kltzq,F32,]hk’oEDDD { .-hIadlk7;k,ltvkfg7nvj ’.-h8jk’M ,uG c2a[F oE1k]hk’9ko c]t g7nvj ’.-h.o gInvo7q; DDD { .-hIadlk7;k,ltvkfshv’oE c]t g7njv’l50trao8jk’M ,uG oE1k]hk’shv’oEF oE1k46 rNoF oE1kg-afc;oj DDD 62

dkooe.-h;af45me7;k,ltvkfoAo7;o]t,af]t;a’ c]t .-h.sh4ndda[7ecotoe0v’ zt]yf8traooAoMD gonvj ’9kd;kj zt]yf8trao[k’-toyf,u]adltot[kg-ucI’ c]t [k’-toyf raf,u]adltotvk-yfcI’D f’aj oAoF 4hk.-h[+4nd8k,;ymud=9tgIaf.shgdufvao8t]kpwfhD 7e4k,G !D oadIPo9’qj [vdly’j ;af45mu.j -hme7;k,ltvkf,k & -toyf @D 9’qj \\kp 3;af45c8]j t-toyf8+wxoU .-hle]a[me7;k,ltvkf.l8j k8t]k’.sh4nd8hv’D -n;j af45 Ikj ’dkp g7vjn ’l05 troa rk-tot.-.h o g7vjn ’o’j5 s,jq c]t svh ’oE gIvn o7;q c2[a lt[6 oE1k]kh ’9ko oE1k]kh ’svh ’oE #D c2a[lk,kf.-hme7;k,ltvkfspa’wfhcfLj pqd8q;1kj ’,k # -toyfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ $D ;af45me7;k,ltvkf-toyf.f 8+wxoU.-h]hk’4h;pmguj xNvo9kdoE,aoL dD oE1k]hk’shv’oES 0D oE0Ug4qkj S 7D oEltvkfS ’D oE1k]hk’9ko 63

[qfmu !& ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 !D ;af45g-Nvw2-toyf8jk’M dyf9tde !G lbdlk;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 9’qj la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd;kj ;af45-toyf.fgxaog-Nvw2L I6[ !&D! ;af45-toyf8kj ’M 64

-;nj af45 ;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 ;af45muj[+gxaog-Nvw2 gsQ^k _W oE,aodk-;o 9vdcdh; dklvdq -cu -o gs^ad8tx6 w,hcsh’ mPo dhvosuo dyf9tde @G la’gdfdko96fw,hcxdF zhkglf c]t dhvosuo !? 96fw,hcxd s^n dt[v’mudj P,,kD la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD @? gvqkzhkglf9,5j oE,aodk-;o|hvp|’bj c]h;gvqkw296fD la’gdf0totm9uj 6fF s^a’dko96fF [oa mdb zoq D #? gvqkdhvosuo,k96f rhv,la’gdf0totmu9j 6fF s^a’dko96f c]t [aombdzqoD 9kddkogIfa dfy 9tde gIkq gsoa ;kj w,ch xdF dt[v’F zkh glfm9uj ,j5 oE,oa dk-;o g,vjn 4dn 9f6 c]h;,aolk,kfw\\hF .shcl’lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,IhvoD l;j odhvosuo s^a’dko96f[+,uxkdqf dkow\\gh dfu 0oB D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ faj’oAoF lk,kflts^5[wfh;jk lyj’;af458jk’Mmujlk,kfw\\h c]t 8yfw2wfhoAogvuho;jk ;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2D ;af45mugj xaog-Nvw2c[’j vvdgxao# xtgrf 7nG { ;af45g-Nvw2mugj xao0v’c0’,uG w,hcsh’F 4kj ow,hF 4kj osuoDDD { ;af45g-Nvw2mujgxao0v’cs^;,uG oE,aocvaf-a’F oE,aodk-;oF oE,aornfm5d-toyfF gsQ^k_WODDD { ;af45g-Nvw2mujgxaodkl,uG dkls5’8Q,F ltgx-toyf8jk’MF muogouF dklIu3fic-o XH2?F dklvqd-uc-o XO2?DDD 65

@D xt3spf c]t 3mf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 !? xt3spf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 dyf9tde #G lbdlkxt3spf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 la’gdfI6[ c]h;[vd;jk ;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2,uxt3spfspa’cfjL xt3spf0v’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g-Nvw2 cl’lts;jk’ dkos6’8Q, I6[ !&D! xt3spf0v’g-Nvw2 .o-u;yfxt9e;ao 7qogIqkwfhoe.-h;af45g-Nvw2 g0Qk.odyf9tdes^kpg-aoj G .-h.odkoc8’j 167j q;dyoF .shcl’lts;kj ’F .-h.o3I’’kov5flkstdeF .sh7;k,vq[v5jocdIj kj ’dkpF .-hg0Qk.o g7vjn ’rkstot9da 8kj ’MDDD 66

@? 3mf0v’;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 dyf9tde $G lbdlkzqoglpskp 9kd;af45mujgxaog-Nvw2 { 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 8+wxoU c];h [vdzoq glpskp9kd;fa 4m5 guj xoa g-Nvw2Lj 7;ao]qf 4a’dkl]tg[uf vda 7uwr w2w\\hxkj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ !&D@ 3mf0v’;af45mugj xaog-Nvw2 ;af45g-nhvw2 ovd9kd9t.shxt3spfc]h; pa’.sh3mfvao.spj s^;’cd7j qoF lafF rnf c]t ly’j 8kj ’M 4hkgIqkskd [+]t,af]t;a’F [+,ult8y.odkooe.-hg-Nvw2fa’j dkj ;9trk.shgduf[aosk 8kj ’M mguj Iaf.shvkdkfgxaoryfF DDD 7e4k,G !D 9’qj [vd;af45g-Nvw2muoj adIPoI6h,k1kj ’|hvp & -toyf @D ;af45xtgrf.f8+wxoUgxaol’yj ;af45g-nhvw2L dD 4kj ow,h 0D oE 7D mPow0 ’D foy -kp #D 0UgzY’F dt[v’.-hw;hgrvnj spa’L $D oda IPo9txvh ’doa co;.f grvjn s^udg;oA dkogdufvda 7uwrL 67

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;fa 485 kj ’M ;fa 4g5 xoa rfy ;fa 4[5 g+ xoa rfy -oU .l2j vd3,o oEfn,j 1k0hkc,’w,h 1k[kh /ojy g0kQ gskQ^ doa -k dk; 1kl[6 ;af45gxaoryfc,jo lyj’8jk’Mg,njvg0Qkl6jIjk’dkp3fpmk’xkdF mk’fa’ c]tສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mk’zy;|a’c]h;gduf,uzqodtmq[8+Ijk’dkpD ly’j ;af45gxaoryfc8]j t-toyf,udkovvd]yf-hkF w; 8kj ’daoS [k’-toyf[+IhkpcI’ 9t4nd ltlq,.oIkj ’dkpw;hfqowx9y’j vvd]yfF c8[j k’-toyf,u]yfIhkpcI’ g,nvj Ikj ’dkpwfhIa[g0Qkwx c];h gdufdkovvd]yfmoa muD .o-u;yfxt9e;ao,ul’yj ;af45gxaoryfs^kp-toyfF groyj lk,kf9afc[’j vvdgxaoxtgrff’aj oUG { ly’j gl[8yfg-oaj G /yoj F 1kl6[F -kF 1k[hkF dk;Xmyogou?DDD { vkskom.uj llj u x5’c8’j doyj F mkfdao[6fDDD { zt]yf8traog7vnj ’.-h8kj ’Mg-oaj G 1klufp6’F oE,aog-Nvw2F 1k0hkc,’w,hDDD @D zqoglpskp9kd;af45gxaoryf !? zqoglpskp9kdlyj’gl[8yf 9’jq ldb lkI[6 8+wxoU c];h [vdg4y’zoq dtm[q 9kddko8yfl’yj gl[8yfD 69

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[qfmu !( s^addkooe.-h;af453fpmqj;wx !D dkooe.-h;af45.o-u;yfxt9e;ao dyf9tde !G lbdlkdkooe.-h;af45 9q’j 0Poxt3spf c]t 3mf.odkooe.-hly’j ;af458+wxoU .l8j k8t]k’ ;af458jk’M xt3spf.odkooe.-h 3mf.odkooe.-h 1klfu p’6 oE1k]kh ’svh ’oE ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ w2 ]fq 1kxq;rtpkf g7njv’dyoF fn,j leg]fa I[6 .o-u;yfxt9e;aoF 7qogIqk9e8hv’.-hlyj’;af458jk’Ms^kp1jk’7nG { .-h.odko[=]y3rdg-ajoG xkdtxJv’F 1kxq;rtpkfDDD { .-hv5xt3rdg-ajoG xJ5pF 1k0hksphkF 1k0hkc,’w,h DDD pvh ol’jy ;fa 485 kj ’Mmdju k;j ,kooA ,7u o5 xt3spfmcju 8d8kj ’doa f’aj ooA F 4kh .-[h 4+ dn ;my vu kfgxoa vao8t]kp8+z6h.-h c]t z6hvnoj 3fpdtmq[mk’dq’ c]t mk’vhv,D ltoAodvj o9toe.-hly’j ;af45 8kj ’M8hv’lbdlk7Qo7;hk g4y’zqoxt3spfF zqodtmq[F c]t ;ymuoe.-h1kj ’4nd8hv’8k,s^addkoD I6[ !(D! vkdkocrh9kd dko.-h1k]hk’shv’oE 72

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດdkooe.-hlyj’;af458jk’M muj4nd8hv’ 7;oxt8y[af8k,s^addkofaj’oUG !? lbdlk]adltot0v’ly’j ;af45oAog-aoj G ]adltotvk-yfF [kg-uF 7;k,gxaoryfF 7;k,9e gxoa m9uj t8vh ’.-.h sDh @? vkj o7ecotoe s^n ;ymudkooe.-h 16j .olts^kddeda[ c]t xt8y[af1kj ’4nd8hv’D #? la’gdfg[y’j zt]yf8trao;kj wfhzkj o dkoIa[Iv’ c]t vto5pkf.shoe.-h9kdvq’dko mudPj ;0hv’ s^n [+F ;aomuzt]yf c]t ;ao\\qfvkp5dkooe.-hDDD $? lbdlkg4y’ zqodtmq[8+z6h.-hF z6hvnoj M c]t l’yj c;f]hv,D 4hklk,kf.-hly’j vonj s^n ;ymuvonj muj xvfwrd;j k d=7;ooe.-hcmoD 7e4k,G !D dkooe.-hly’j ;af45.sh4nd8hv’ gIqk7;oxt8y[afco;.fL @D 4hk.lxj 5Jpzad.oxt]y,kos^kp9t,uzqodtmq[mk’dq’ s^n mk’vhv,8+7qogIqkco;.fL #D g,vnj oadIPog9a[ 4hk9egxao8hv’.-h1k 7;ogIafco;.fL $D gxoa sp’a groyj 9’jb skh ,.-3h m]tl[a g;]k1.j6 dxh EoE,oa L &D dvj o[=]y3rdvkskoleg]fa I[6 7;ol’a gdfsp’a cfLj 74

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rkdmu IV dkog7njvomuj [qfmu !) dkog7jnvomjudqo9ad !D dkog7jnvomjudqo9ad dyf9tde !G I6[ !)D! !? oda IPoz|6h ’bj 0oB wx|kh dtfko c];h 9[a gvkq \\kd[ko 0oB -.nj o]tf[a l’6 .f|’jb D 9kdooA xvj p\\kd[koooA ]’q lrj6 oN svh ’ rvh ,fP;doa ooA .szh vh6 ojn l’a gdfg[’yj m8uj ’A 0v’\\kd[ko mP[.ldj a[rNoshv’IPo c]t grfkoD @? xt8y[af7hkp7n0=h !? c8xj Pj ocd;’j wxmk’0;k’D { dkol’a gdfc8]j t7’A gxoa co;.fL { oda IPo9tlts^[5 dPj ;d[a dkog7nvj omu0j v’;fa 485 kj ’M;kj co;.fL 1.6j ol’yj c;f]vh ,vvh ,38gIkq F ,;u fa 4s5 k^ p1kj ’g7vnj omguj -oja G .[w,sh ojq^ 8dq ]’q F 7oq pkj ’F odq [oy F ]qfc]oj DDD lyj’8kj ’Mfa’j dkj ;F 4hkgIqkla’gdfg[yj’dt38;af459t[+gsao;kj muj8A’0v’,aoxPj ocx’S c84j kh gIkq mP[m8uj ’A 0v’,oa .ldj [a ;fa 4v5 onj m1uj 76j ’q muj g-oja G gIvn oF 8oQ w,Fh 3’oj sou DDD 9tgsoa ;kj m8uj ’A 0v’ ;af45mugj Iqkla’gdfoAospa[g0Qk s^n skj ’wdvvd9kd;af45167j q’muoj AoD dkoxjPocx’mju8A’0v’;af45|jb’ mP[.ljmju8A’0v’;af45vjnomju4n;jk [+g7jnvomju gvUo;jk dkog7vnj omduj oq 9da D ;af45mu1j 67j q’muj mu4j ngvqkgxaosa^d0v’dkoxP[mP[mu8j A’ gvUo;kj ;af45sa^d\\kpD 75

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[qfmu !_ I6[c[[0v’dkog7jnvomuj !D dkog7jnvomju-jn dyf9tde !G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju-jn 9’qj la’gdfI6[]5,j oU c]h;[vd;kj G I6[ !_D! I6[ !_D@ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { gloha mk’dko8dq 0v’;fa 4c5 8]j t1kj ’gxoa co;.fL { g-nvdc0;o75 mucj 0;ow;hoAogxaoco;.fL 9kdI[6 gsoa ;kj g-vn dc0;o;fa 4|5 da gxoa gloA -Sjn gloA mk’dko8dq 0v’;fa 485 kj ’Mdg= xoa gloA -nDj gryoj gvUodkog7nvj omu0j v’;fa 485 kj ’M g-y’j gloA mk’g7nvj omu0j v’,oa gxoa gloA -n;j kj dkog7nvj omu-j nDj @D dkog7jnvomjuphkp0t|ko dyf9tde @G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju0t|ko I6[ !_D# 77

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dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 kj ’Mg-’yj gloA mk’g7vnj om0uj v’,oa gxoa gloA 37’h ;kj dkog7vnj om3uj 7’h I6[ !_D& $D dkog7jnvomju,qo dyf9tde $G lbdlkdkog7jnvomju,qoD 9q’j .-hlQo|bj’0v’g-nvd,af;af45|bj’ c]h;9a[lQo0v’g-nvdmujpa’gsn^v 9kdoAo cd;’j g-nvd .sh;af45g7nvj omuDj la’gdfglAomk’g7nvj omu0j v’;af45mu,j af16lj Qog-nvdD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gloA mk’g7nvj omu0j v’;fa 4g5 xoa co;.fL g,njvcd;’j g-nvdF ;af45g7njvogxao;q’muj,uglAo]aflt\\u 9edfa X7;k,pk;0v’g-vn d?D ltooA F gloA mk’g7vnj om0uj v’ ;fa 4f5 ’ja dkj ;gxoa ;’q ,oq m,uj gu loA ]fa lt\\gu mkjq d[a 7;k,pk;0v’ g-nvdoAoD grjyogvUo dkog7jnvomju0v’;af458jk’Mg-jy’glAo mk’g7nvj omu0j v’,oa gxoa gloA ,oq ;kj dkog7nvj mu,j oq D I6[ !_D* 7e4k,G 9’jq pdq 8;q 1kj ’dkog7vnj omcuj 8]j tc[[ X-Fjn 37’h F ,oq c]t pkh p0t|ko? .swh f1h kj ’|vh p c8]j tc[[ # 8q;1kj ’D 79

[qfmu @W dkog7njvomujlt\\jeltg\\u !D dkog7jnvomju-njlt\\Oltg\\u dyf9tde !G 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 7oq z|6h ’bj 0]ju fq 4[u wx8k,mk’8vo|’bj .oI[6 ],5j oU 3fp-;j ’g;]k]ts;kj ’lv’ muj8A’8+dao0v’]qfc,oj ! okmu gmqkj daoD 200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m I6[ @WD! ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dko0]uj fq 4[u 0v’7oq z|6h ’bj 1g6j m’y mk’8vo|’bj f’ja I[6 0kh ’gm’y o.U sIh s6h p’a L w]ptmk’g7nvj omumj u7j oq 0u]j fq 4u[zo6h Uwxwfgh xoa f’ja .o8k8t]k’],5j oUG okmu ! @ # $ w]ptmk’mujwxwfh @WW @WW @WW @WW dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 kj ’M g-’yj rkp.ow]ptg;]kgmkjq doa r;d,oa wxwfwh ]ptmk’gmkjq doa groyj gvUo;kj dkog7nvj mu-j lnj t\\ej ltg\\uD @D 7;k,w;0v’dkog7jnvomjult\\jeltg\\u dyf9tde @G 9q’j lbdlk0=h,6odPj ;da[zqodkoc0’j 0aoc]oj w;.ow]ptmk’pk; *W c,af .o8k8t]k’ ],j5 oGU 80

]}f -nj c]t ok,ltd5o w]ptmk’ g;]kc]oj w]ptc]oj .o ]}f mu c];mk’ Xm? Xs? ! ;yokmu ! mD [q;]u *W !W DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD @ mD lvograf *W _F& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD # mD ;ucvaf *W !! DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD $ mD lumv’ *W _ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD & mD [5o,k *W !WD& DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD { .zc]oj g4y’glAow-]efa[mu !S @S #S $ c]t mu &L 0Po]efa[mu0v’c8]j t7qo.lj 8k8t]k’.oglqk ]efa[muD { w]ptmk’mjuc8j]t7qoc]jowfh.oc8j]t;yokmuc,jogmqjk.fL 7yfw]jc]h;0Pozqo.lj 8k8t]k’.oglqkl5fmhkp Xw]ptmk’c]oj .o ! ;yokmu? dko7yfw]j7jkw]ptmk’mjuc8j]t7qoc]jowxwfh.o ! ;yokmu c,jogvqkw]ptmk’ma’\\qf X*W c,af? sko.sh w]ptg;]kmujc8]j t7qo.-hc]oj .ow]ptmk’fa’j dkj ;D w]ptmk’m;uj fa 485 kj ’M g7vnj omwuj xwfh rkp.o w]ptg;]k ! s;q |;j pg;]k gvoU ;kj 7;k,w;D 4hkcmow]ptmk’ma’\\qffh;p s F 7;k,w; fh;p v c]t g;]kfh;p t 9tlk,kf0Pol6f 7yfw]7j ;k,w;wfhf’aj oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ v=s t X@W D !? 8k,l6f X@W D !? gonjv’9kd;kj sq;|;j p;afcmdw]ptmk’ s c,oj c,af Xm? c]t sq;|;j p;afcmdw]ptg;]k t c,oj ;yokmu Xs?D fa’j oAoF sq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,w;c,oj c,af 8+;yokmu Xc,af};yokmu? s^n m/s D s;q |;j p7;k,w;F ovd9kdc,fa 8+ ;oy kmu c];h S groyj p’a .-h c,fa 8o+ kmu Xm/mn?F d3y ]c,fa 8+ okmu Xkm/mn? c]t dy3]c,af 8+ -q;j 3,’ Xkm/h? #D 7;k,w;0v’dkog7njvomuj,qo dyf9tde !G .od=]toudkog7njvomuj,qolt\\ej ltg\\uF l6f7yfw]7j ;k,w;c,oj G ω= N X@WD @? t 81

.ol6f X @WD@ ? G N c,oj 9eo;oIv[xyjoma’\\qfF t c,oj w]ptg;]k oypq,.-hgxaookmu Xmn? ω c,oj 7;k,w; muoj ypq,.-hgxaoIv[}okmu [qfg]d8q;1jk’G !? oaddy]kc]oj w;zh6|bj’F .ow]ptg;]k & s c]oj wfh $W mD 4k,;kj oaddy]kzh6oAoc]oj fh;p7;k,w;gmqkj .f L .shIh6G cdGh S t S = 40 m oe.-hG v= t= 5s 7;k,w;0v’oaddy]kzh6oAoc,oj G -vd G v = ? 8v[ ) m/s ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @? 9ko0v’dq’g8uw22hk|;j p|bj’F rkp.og;]k & okmu xyoj wfh !(& Iv[D 9q’j 7yfw]j 7;k,w;0v’d’q g8uw22kh |;j pooA .shIh6G cdhG N = 1(& Iv[ oe.-hG t=&s 7;k,w;0v’9kodq’g8uw22hkoAoc,oj G -vd G = ? 8v[ G 35 Iv[}mn 7e4k,G !D 9q’j xPj o7;k,w;0v’;af45G 25 m/s gxao km/h; 7,5 km/h gxao m/s. @D gInv]e|bj’]vj ’8k,dtcloEws^1kj ’lt\\Oltg\\u.ow]ptmk’ _WW c,af .-hg;]k @W okmuD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;0v’gInvgxao dy3]c,af 8+ -q;j 3,’D #D ]fq 9da 7oa |’bj c]oj f;h p7;k,w;lt\\Oltg\\Su .ow]ptg;]k #W okmFu ]fq 7oa f’ja dkj ; c]oj wxwfhw]ptmk’ @& dy3]c,afD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;0v’]qfoAo gxao dy3]c,af 8+ -;qj 3,’D 82

[qfmu @! dkog7jnvomju[+lt\\Oltg\\u !D dkog7jnvomju[+lt\\Oltg\\u dkog7nvj omucj o;.f gvUo;kj dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\\Oltg\\uL dyf9tdeG la’gdfdkog7jnvomju0Bo]q’0v’\\kd[komju4nd3po0Bo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 3po\\kd[ko0Bo8A’-nj 0D 3po0Bo8k,myf8k,.9 I6[ @!D! !? 9[a gvkq \\kd[ko 3po0oB 8k,];’8’A l’a gdfdkog7vnj om0uj v’\\kd[koD @? 9’jq 3po\\kd[ko0oB 8k,.9 l’a gdfdkog7vjn om0ju v’\\kd[koD gloA mk’g7nvj omu0j v’\\kd[ko .oc8]j td=]tougxoa co;.fL g;]k3po\\kd[ko0oB 8’A -nj sn^ 3po0oB 8k,.9 gsoa ;kj \\kd[kog7vnj om0uj oB lf5 -;j ’0v’,oa c]h;8qd]q’D oAoltcf’;kj g;]kg7njvomuj0Bo7;k,w;0v’,aos^5f]q’g4y’ W c]h;,ao8qd]q’fh;p 7;k,w;gru,j 0BoD 1.6j o-;u fy xt9e;oa c]t .og8da ody dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 kj ’M ];h oc8xj Pj ocx’7;k,w; g]NvpMD 8q;1jk’G .og;]kgIqk0ju]qf9ad sn^ ]qf.spjF 4hk8yf8k,g[jy’g0a,dq’g8u-U[vd7;k, w;0v’]fq 1.6j oc8]j t9f5 g;]k sn^ g;kQ vdu 1kj ’|’bj c,oj 7;k,w;.oc8]j tm8uj ’A gm’y gloA mk’g7vnj omuj 9tgsao;jk ,aog|a’8u’1j6g]NvpMD oAoltcf’;jk 7;k,w;0v’]qfmjugIqkde]a’0ujoAoxjPocx’ X-hk]q’ sn^ w;0Bo? 16jg]NvpMD 83

dkog7njvomuj0v’;af45g-yj’7;k,w;0v’,ao s^n w]ptmk’g7njvomujwxwfh.oc8]j tsq;|;j p g;]k[+gmkjq doa gvUo;kj dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\\Oltg\\uD .odkog7nvj omu[j +lt\\Oltg\\uF 7;k,w;.oc8]j t95fg;]kmugj Iqkde]a’la’gdf gryjogvUo;kj 7;k,w;maomuD 8q;1kj ’g,njvgIqkvvd]qfwxwfhw]ptg;]k # ;yokmuF g0a,dq’g8u]qf-U16j-nj0uf $WS oAo\\kp7;k,;kj 16j95fg;]k # ;yokmuF 7;k,w;maomu0v’]qfc,oj $W dy3]c,af 8+-q;j 3,’ s^n ;kj 16j95f g;]k # ;yokmu ]qfde]a’c]oj fh;p7;k,w; $W dy3]c,af 8+ -q;j 3,’D @D 7;k,w;0v’ dkog7jnvomju[+lt\\Oltg\\u gonjv’9kd;kj 7;k,w;0v’dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\\Oltg\\u xPj ocx’g]NvpMD 8q;1kj ’dko g7njvomuj0v’]qf7ao|bj’ g;]kg]uj,vvdgfuomk’ 7;k,w;0v’,ao8ej c]h;gruj,0BoS 8+9kdoAo.o ]ts;kj ’mk’7;k,w;0v’,oa [k’-;j ’-kh ]’q F [k’-;j ’w;0oB S lf5 mkh pg,vnj g4’y 9f5 \\kp7;k,w; 0v’,aos^5f]q’ c]h;15fD fa’j oAoF grnjv.shltf;d.odko7yfw]Fj gryjo9b’j .-h 7;k,w;xkodk’ s^n 7;k,w;ltg]pj D dko7yfw]7j ;k,w;ltg]pj c,oj 7yfw]8j k,l6f]5,j oUG S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ...Sn .ooAoG S1 ; S2 ; S3 ;…Sn c,oj w]ptmk’muj t1 + t 2 + t3 + ... + tn ;af45g7njvmujwxwfhrkp.oc8]j tw]ptg;]k t1 ; t2 ; t3 … tn Vl] = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gonjv’9kd G S1 + S2 + S3 +…Sn = w]ptmk’ S muj;af45g7njvomujwxwfhma’\\qf c]t t + t + t +…t = w]ptg;]k t muj;af45.-hg7njvomujwxwfhw]pt 123 n mk’ma’\\qfD fa’j oAoF dko7yfw]7j ;k, w;ltg]pj lk,kf7yfw]8j k,l6fG Vl] = s t [qfg]d8q;1jk’G !? ]qf7ao|bj’c]oj 8k,mk’8vo|bj’fa’j oUG -q;j 3,’mevyf wxwfh $W km S @ -q;j 3,’4af wxwfhw]ptmk’ !WW kmS 9kdoAo15frad ! -qj;3,’ c]h;c]jowx8+ ! -qj;3,’ c]t wxwfhw]ptmk’ #& kmD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;ltg]pj 0v’]qf7aofaj’dkj ;D cdh G oe.-hl6f S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ...Sn t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ... + t n 84

7;k,w;ltg]pj 0v’]qf7aof’aj dkj ;c,oj G Vl] = 40 + 100 + 0 + 35 1+ 2+1+1 = 175 = 35km 5 @? oaddy]kc]oj mqozh6|bj’ c]oj fh;p7;kw;ltg]pj & c,af 8+ ;yokmuD 4k,;kj 4hkoaddy]kzh6oAoc]oj .ow]ptg;]k # -;qj 3,’F 9twxwfhw]ptmk’9addy3]c,afL .shIh6G cdhG Vl] = 5 m/s oe.-hl6fG Vl] = S t t = 3h = 10 800s ⇒ S = V l] × t w]ptmk’mujoaddy]kzh6oAowxwfhc,oj G S= 5 m/s × 10 800s = 5 4000m = 54km 8v[G 54 km ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k,G !D .o[oa fkdkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 485 w+ xoFU dkog7vnj om0uj v’;fa 4.5 fgxoa dkog7vnj omluj t\\ej lt g\\uL dkog7nvj omu0j v’;fa 4.5 fgxoa dkog7nvj omu[j +lt\\ej ltg\\uL d? dkog7njvomuj0v’.[rafraf]q,mujde]a’xyjoxqddt8yD 0? dkog7njvomuj0v’]qfg]uj,vvdgfuomk’ 7? dkog7njvomuj0v’]qf4u[xvj p]q’7hvp ’? dkog7njvomuj0v’]qfg,g0Qkv6]j qf @D oadIPo-kp7qo|bj’0uj]qf4u[wx8k,mk’ @ w]ptfa’j oUG w]ptmuj|bj’]q’7hvppk; !@W c,fa .-gh ;]k #W ;yokmuS 9kdooA wx8k,mk’rP’ pk; *W c,fa .-gh ;]k @$ ;yokmuD 9q’j 7yfw]7j ;k,w;ltg]pj muj oadIPozh6oAo0uj]qfwx.oc8]j tw]ptmk’ c]t 7;k,w; ltg]pj ];,m’a lv’w]ptmk’ooA D #D 7;k,w;ltg]pj 0v’gInv[yo]e|bj’gmqkj da[ (&W km/h. 4hkgInv[yo]eoAo.-hg;]k[yo ! h #W mn, gInv[yo]eoAo9t[yowxwfhwdgmqkj .f kmL $D 7qozh6|bj’0a[]qf9adwx8k,mk’ g-yj’c8]j tw]ptg;]k # okmu ]k;wxwfhw]ptmk’ 8kj ’dao f’aj .o8k8t]k’],5j oUG 85

w]ptmk’ d0 07 7’ ’9 9l 7;k,pk;0v’w]ptmk’ ( km) w]ptg;c]oj ]qf Xmn? 0,5 0,15 0,25 0,3 0,3 33 333 1j6.ow]ptmk’.f7qozh6oAoc]jo]qffh;p7;k,w;lt\\jeltg\\uL w]ptmk’.fc]jofh;p 7;k,w;[+lt\\ej ltg\\uL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 86

[qfmu @@ 7;k,vB’8B’ c]t ,;olko0v’;af45 !D 7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45 dyf9tde !G !? ;k’d[a l0= k;.l|j kh 38t c];h [.+ szh .6h f sn^ ;af45vjno.fc8t8hv’,aoD la’gdfg[jy’;jk ,ao9t,udkog7njvog|a’ s^n [+D @? 9q’j la’gdfdkog8t[ko mugj 8twx8k,|hk fyo c]t |hkfyo-kpD #? 9’jq l’a gdf c]t xP[mP[dko-d5 38t c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8a’j .sh,aog7nvj ophkpwx8k,rNo shv’IPo xP[mP[;kj vao.f’kj pd;kj D dkola’gdf ;af458jk’M mujdjk;,kgmy’oUgxaoco;.fL pvh osp’a L .o-u;yfxt9e;ao gIqkgsao;jkG I6[ @@D! { ;af458kj ’Mmuj[+lk,kfg7njvog|a’3fp380v’,aogv’wfhg-aoj G dhvosuoF 38tF 8a’j F 86hF DDD 4hk[+,uspa’c8t8hv’,aoF ,ao9t15foY’16jmuj8A’0v’,aooAo8ts^vfwxD g;Qkvud1kj ’|bj’F ;af458kj ’Mmuj15foY’16j 4hk[+,u7;k,cI’mk’ovd s^n [+,u;af45vnjodtmq[.lFj ,ao9t15f oY’16mj u8j A’gfu,0v’,ao8ts^vfwxD { ;af458jk’Mmjude]a’g7jnvomju1j6g-ajoG ]qf4u[mjude]a’c]jo1j6 g,jnvg-qk4u[ ,aod=pa’c]jo wx8+S g,nvj .-oh Y;,nfuf\\kd[u|;j p|’bj f;h pcI’gmkjq doa F 4kh fuf.s,h oa dY’wx8k,|kh fyo cdoj c]t dhP’,aowxwfhwdd;kj fuf.sh,aodY’wx8k,|hkfyo-kpDDD g;Qkvud1kj ’|bj’ ;af458kj ’Mmujde]a’g7njvomuj16j 4hk[+,u7;k,cI’ s^n ;af45vnjodtmq[.l,j ao ,ao9tg7njvomuj 8ts^vfwxD 87

{ g,njvg;]kgIqkoa’j 16jgmy’]qfF g,njv]qf4ndshk,.sh15fdtmaosao 38gIqkf;owxmk’|hkSສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g;]k]fq vvdgfuomk’1kj ’dtmoa soa 38gIkq g’udwxmk’s^’a D { g;]kgIkq 0]uj fq 4[u F g,vnj c]oj f;h p7;k,w;gmkjq doa 4kh 0zuj f6h P;gsoa ;kj skh ,.s,h oa 1f5 wfwh ; d;kj g;]k,zu v6h onj -vh omkh pD { g;]kdY’;af450t|kf.spgj mqkj daoF ;af45.fg[qkd;kj gIqkdY’,ao’kj pd;kj c]t g,njv ,aodY’wxc]h; gIaf.sh,ao15fd=’kj pd;kj D dq’dao0hk,;af45muj|add;kj dY’,aopkdd;kj c]t g,nvj ,aodY’wxc]h;.sh,ao15fpkdd;kj DDD xkdqfdko8kj ’Mmujdkj ;,kgmy’oAo ltcf’.shIh6;kj ;af45|bj’ 4hk[+,u7;k,cI’ s^n ;af45 vjnodtmq[.ljF ;af4515foY’,ao9tIadlkrk;t15foY’8ts^vfwx c]t ;af45de]a’g7jnvomju,aod= 9tIda lkrk;tg7nvj omu8j ts^vfwxD gryoj g;kQ ;kj ;fa 415 f5 oY’1,6j oa ,u7;k,vB’8B’7’q muSj ;fa 4m5 duj e]’a g7njvomuj,ao,u7;k,vB’8B’g7njvomuj c]t ;af45|add;kj ,u7;k,vB’8B’ .spdj ;kj ;af45mujg[qkd;kj D @D ,;olko0v’;af45 9kdxkdqfdko8kj ’M dPj ;da[7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45mujdkj ;,k.o0h=!D ltcf’.shIh6;kj ;af 45muj|add;kj s^n ;af45muj,u,;olkos^kpd;kj ,u7;k,vB’8B’.spdj ;kj ;af45mujg[qk s^n ;af45muj,u,;o lko|vh pd;kj D f’ja ooA F groyj 9’bj g;kQ ;kj ,;olko0v’;fa 4|5 ’bj c,oj xt],y komduj eofq 7;k,v’B 8’B 0v’;fa 4o5 oA D #D ,;olko9egrkt0v’;af45 dyf9tde @G ,;olko9egrktc,jospa’L !? .-h9vd-toyffP;dao # |;j pS |;j pmu ! gvqkoE.lgj 8a,F |;j pmu @ gvqkgdnv.lgj 8a,F |;j pmu # gvqkfyo-kp.lgj 8a, oE gdnv fyo-kp I6[ @@D@ 88

@? gvqk9vdmuj[ao95;af45c8]j t-toyfoAowx-’aj 3fp-’aj gmnjv]t9vdD [aombd,;olko0v’ c8]j t9vdmu-j ’aj wfhD ,;olko0v’c8]j t9vdmu-j ’ja wfmh P[doa gxoa co;.fL zoq mwju f9h kddfy 9tdeo.U sIh ;6h kj ;fa 485 k’-tofy doa m,uj [u ]= ,y kf gmkjq doa F r;d,oa ,,u ;olko 8kj ’daoD f’ja oAoF ;af458kj ’M mu,j u[=]y,kfgmkqj da[sq;|;j p[=]y,kffP;dao 9t,u,;olko8kj ’daoD grjyogvUo,;olko0v’;af45-toyf|jb’mju,u[=]y,kfgmjqkda[|jb’sq;|j;p[=]y,kf;jk ,;olko 9egrkt0v’;af45-toyfoAoD ,;olko9egrkt0v’;af45-toyf|b’j gryoj 7yfw]8j k,l6fG D= M .ooAo M c,oj ,;olko0v’;af45 ,usq;|;j pgxao kg V V c,oj [=]y,kf0v’;af45 ,usq;|;j pgxao m3 D c,oj ,;olko9egrtkt0v’;af45 ,usq;|;j pgxao kg/m3 [qfg]d8q;1jk’G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gsa^dmvj o|bj’ ,u,;olko @#$ c]t ,u[=]y,kf #W cm3 D 9q’j 7yfw]j ,;olko9egrkt0v’ gsda^ mvj ooDU .shI6hG cdhG M = 234g oe.-hl6fG D = M V = 30 cm3 V -vdG D = ? ,;olko9egrkt0v’gs^da c,oj G D= 234g = 7,8 g / cm3 30cm3 = 7800 kg / m3 8v[G D = 7800kg/m3 89

8k8t]k’,;olko9egrkt0v’mkf9eo;o|bj’ -mjn kf ,;olko9egrkt (kg/m3) -mjn kf ,;olko9egrkt (kg/m3) 7e 19 300 [k 13 600 -on 11 300 oEmtg] 1 030 g'yo 10 500 oE 4 C= 1 000 mv' 8 900 oEdhvo 0 =C 900 gsd^a 7 800 oE,oa dkf 800 l'a dtlu 7 100 gskQ^ 800 vk]6,ou vu v, 2 700 oE,oa cvfa -'a 700 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k,G !D gxaospa’g,nvj gIqkg8ltf5fF 38gIqk9b’j ]Q,wxmk’|hkL 9’qj vtmy[kp @D ,;olko0v’g’yogmqkj da[ !W &WW kg / m3 oadIPog0Qk.9;kj co;.fL #D grnjvgIafgInvo0v’gInv[yo 3fp,u 3]st # 1kj ’.shg]nvd.-h g-aoj G vk]6,uouvv,F gsa^d c]t mv’D oadIPo7yf;kj 7;o9tg]nvdgvqk3]st-toyf.fL phvospa’L $D gsa^d c]t mv’,u,;olko @ kg gmqkj daoD 4k,;kj gsa^d s^n mv’ ,u[=]y,kf.spdj ;kj L &D ;af45-toyf|bj’ ,u[=]y,kf !& cm3 c]t ,u,;olko !W*F& g D 4k,;kj 4hk;af45-toyf fP;daooAo,u[=]y,kf !WW cm39t,u,;olkogmkqj .fL c]t ;af45oAogIaffh;pmkf.fL *D la’dtluxPj ’|bj’ ,u[=]y,kf #&W cm3D 9q’j 7yfw],j ;olko0v’,aoD (D oE,oa cvfa -’a 1.6j o4’a |;j p|’bj ,,u ;olko *W kg D 4k,;kj []= ,y kf0v’,oa ,gu mkjq .fL 90

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rkdmu V 3]d c]t fyo [qfmu @# |j;p3]d c]t c,jgs^ad0v’|j;p3]d !D dkodegouf0v’|j;p3]d oadIPog7up,uco;7yflq’wl[+;kj |;j p3]d0v’gIqkoU,u]adltotgxaoco;.fL c]t gduf0Bo,kwfhco;.fL ,to5fm5dltw\\ rtpkpk,7yf c]t 8v[[aosk8jk’MdjP;da[3]d1j6ltg\\u;jk 3]d,u ]adltotco;.f gduf0Bo,kwfhco;.f ,uvkp5gmqkj .fD g,nvj gduf0Bo,kc]h; pa’7q’16lj trk[gfu, s^n ,udkoxjPocx’1jk’.fcfj ,ao,u7;k,djP;0hv’da[f;’fk;vjnoMco;.f c]t xtdv[lhk’ ,k9kdspa’ 9’qj la’gdfI6[]5,j oU;kj |;j p3]d,u]adltotco;.fD 3]dmu4j kj p9kdpkovtrvo3] I6[ @#D! |;j p3]d .oltw\\;ymtpklkfpa’[+mao9tg]uo ,to5fgIqkg-jnv;jk|j;p3]dc,jogm[rtg9Qk s^n zl6h da lyfgxoa zlh6 kh ’0Bo c]t g-nvj ;kj 3]d,u]da ltotc[ogxoa czoj rP’D xfa 9[5 oa oU 7;k,dkh ;|kh mk’;ymtpklkf wfh-j;p.sh,to5fgIqkIh67;k,9y’djP;da[3]ds^kp0BoD zqodko7Qo7;hk 91

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