Sports Book

COURTSHIP POINT FOR POINT RACKET SPORTS Apart from the top of the back wall, all surfaces are Professionals play the best of five games; the winning player or team in play, including the ceiling. The floor surface is is the first to reach 11 points with at least a two-point margin of victory. usually made of planks of polished wood or similar Amateurs play two games, with the winning player being the first to 15 material. The back wall (and sometimes the side points. If each player wins one game, a tiebreaker is required. It is not walls) is made of transparent plexiglass. The court necessary to win by two clear points in amateur racquetball. In addition to is a confined space that retains heat and may singles and doubles, three-player variants include “ironman” (two against quickly render players in need of refreshment. one) and “cutthroat,” in which players take turns opposing the other two. 40 ft (12 m) 20 ft (6 m) Ceiling in play 20 ft (6 m) RACQUETBALL Along with the floor and walls, the ceiling forms part of the playing surface High line 1 ft 6 cinm) Service zone Any ball hitting the (45 The server must back wall above bounce the ball once in this line is out this area before hitting it against the front wall Short line The serve must rebound beyond this line Referee (90 c3mft) 15 ft (4.5 m) Service box Sits on an elevated chair The server’s feet or overlooking balcony must be within this area for a commanding view of the whole court 5(1f.t5 m) 5(1f.t5 m) Receiving line Judges The receiver must not move forward across this broken They watch for foot 12 ft (3.6 m) faults and other rule line until the serve has bounced off the front wall infringements; a player may appeal against their 15 ft (4.5 m) rulings to the referee KILL SHOT DEFENSE AND ATTACK This stroke is normally played If a player does not think they are in a position to finish with bent knees when the a rally, they may play a defensive shot to lure their ball is already close to the opponent away from the center of the court. If ground. The idea is to keep successful, they can go for the kill with their next shot. it as low as possible when Some of the key rally strokes are as follows: it hits the front wall. CEILING SHOT PINCH SHOT Because the roof is in This is the name for any bounds, players often stroke that hits the side wall take advantage of it. first, then the front wall, and This stroke aims to “dies” near the side wall make the ball bounce on the opposite side of the for the second time in court. The aim is to get the the back court. ball to bounce twice before DOWN THE LINE PASS it reaches the side. A player standing near the side wall sends a INSIDE STORY GOVERNING BODIES forcing shot back past The International Racquetball Professional racquetball is him even closer to the Federation organizes World run by two organizations: side of the court. The Championships every two the International Racquetball strokemaker must be years, with competitors from Tournament (IRT) careful not to obstruct more than 40 countries. The and the Women’s the opponent. IRF regularly updates the Professional Racquetball world rankings. Association (WPRA).

ETON FIVES GAME OVERVIEW Server “Up” Blackguard line This little-known ball game is played by two teams The server The area above This vertical black of two men or women on an unusual court that is throws the ball so the upper ledge enclosed on three sides, features a buttress on the that it bounces on the front wall line is about left-hand side, and is about 6 in (15 cm) higher at off the front is known as “up” 30 in (75 cm) the front than the back. The players can strike the and right walls, from the right wall ball only with their hands or wrists and must hit landing roughly in the ball “up” against the front wall to stay in a rally. the middle of the lower court NEED2KNOW Column Buttress It is difficult At the base of this The game originated at Eton to return a feature on the front court College and spread to other side is the “hole.” If the private schools in England, shot that ball goes into the hole, it but it is still played by only hits one of is virtually unplayable a few thousand athletes. the columns Although there are a few courts in Europe, Eton fives is played mainly in its native Britain and in Nigeria, where a version of the game flourishes in the northern states and there are at least 30 courts. Cutter’s partner This player hits the ball if his or her partner cannot reach it Server’s partner This player tries to return any shots that the server misses SCORING Key step Matches are the best of five games, and each Vertical, and about game is won by the first pair to reach 12 points. 6 in (12 cm) high Only the serving pair can score. Points are won Cutter if the ball hits the ground more than once, hits This player can choose when to return a the front wall under the line or ledge, or leaves serve and can leave any number of serves the court completely. unhit. Should he or she decide to return it, the ball will be smashed hard against the right wall and the front wall to the right of the blackguard line and above the ledge A STRANGE CONVERSION THE COURT Hard ball THE ORGAN ROOM AT The Eton fives court is based on an area of the The ball is a little larger than THE OPERA HOUSE IN chapel at Eton College where the game was first a golf ball and is made of GLYNDEBOURNE, EAST played. Every court differs slightly, but a number of rubber and cork. It loses SUSSEX, IS NOW features are universal. A step divides the court into little of its pace when ONE OF ENGLAND’S front and back sections. The court is enclosed on bouncing off the walls GRANDEST SITTING three sides by irregular walls. There is a buttress and floor of the court. ROOMS. STRANGELY, on the left of the court where the upper and lower Soft gloves IT BEGAN LIFE AS AN courts meet, brick columns on either side of the Padded leather gloves ETON FIVES COURT open end, and a ledge on all three sides. These protect the hands. Reversed BEFORE CONVERSION features ensure that, after hitting a wall, the ball’s rough leather on the palm side TO A MORE SEDATE USE. trajectory is almost impossible to predict. The home gives added grip. Inner gloves absorb team, however, is usually at an advantage, as they sweat and give further protection. are familiar with the court’s unique elements.

RACKETS Heavy ball Catgut racket RACKET SPORTS This is heavy, This averages 27 in weighing 1 oz (76 cm) long and (28 g), but small, weighs 9 oz (255 g). just 1 in (2.5 cm) It is strung with catgut in diameter NEED2KNOW GAME OVERVIEW PADDLEBALL Rackets has many similarities with First played in Fleet Prison, London, rackets squash, but it is played on a larger did not gain respectability until introduced court with a harder ball. Rackets to Harrow School in 1822. can be played as singles or doubles. English players have dominated Play is fast and furious. world rackets. SCORING THE COURT back wall The court is enclosed, and Only the server can score. He or the floor and walls are hard 60 ft (18.28 m)service Shorts and she must serve from the service box and smooth. The front and 36 ft (10.92 m)box shirt so the ball strikes the front wall above side walls are 30 ft (9 m) Clothing is the service line and rebounds into high, and the back wall is service loose-fitting the service court on the other side. half that height. There is a court to allow free Players must return the ball before it fixed wooden board on the movement bounces twice; shots must strike the front wall, the upper edge front wall above the play line. Missing of which is the play line, front wall a shot results in the server’s side 2 ft 3 in (0.68 m) from the 30 ft (9.14 m) winning a point or the service floor. Another line, 9 ft 6 in switching. The first side to reach (2.93 m) from the floor, is 15 points wins the game. the service line. NEED2KNOW TIME-OUTS For a 15-point game, two Paddleball originated in the United States, one-minute time-outs are where it is still most popular. allowed. For 21-point and The governing body of one-wall paddleball 25-point games, the rules allow is the United States Paddleball Association. for three one-minute breathers. Tournament committees allow Paddle Ball substitutes in some competitions. This is typically wooden and This has a rubber surface Unusually, a player can switch perforated, with no webbing. and is harder and smaller the paddle from hand to hand Maximum size is 171⁄2 x 9 in than a tennis ball. Its during a game. (44.5 x 23 cm) diameter is 17⁄8 in (5 cm) 20 ft (6.1 m) PADDLEBALL 9 ft (2.7 m) long line GAME OVERVIEW 9 ft (2.7 m) service line Players hit a ball against the wall or walls of a court with a short line paddle while their opponents attempt to hit it on the rebound. There are one-, three-, and four-wall games, both singles and front court doubles. In one- and three-wall games, play is to 11, 15, 21, or 25 points. Four-wall is a 21-point game. front wall RULES OF THE COURTS 16 ft (4.9 m) ONE-WALL COURT SERVICE The most popular version of paddleball is The server must not cross either the The server must remain inside the played on a court 20 ft (6.1 m) wide and service line or the short line. Served service zone, between the short and 34 ft (10.3 m) long, with a single wall 16 ft balls should hit the wall and rebound service lines. A serve is illegal if the ball (4.9 m) high, topped with a fence. The short to land in the receiving area, which is hits the floor before crossing the short line, 16 ft (4.9 m) from the wall, defines the between the short and long lines. line or if it rebounds from the front front court. The long line, 18 ft (5.4 m) behind wall and hits two or more walls before the short line, defines the back court. The front striking the floor. The server loses the court of a three-wall court has side walls 12–16 ft right to serve if he or she makes two (3.7–4.9 m) high. A four-wall court has a ceiling, illegal serves in a row. front and side walls 20 ft high (6.1 m), and a back wall at least 12 ft (3.7 m) high.

NEED2KNOW PELOTA Often regarded as a Basque and Catalan GAME OVERVIEW sport, pelota is also played in other parts This is the fastest ball game in the world. Standard pelota, known as of France and Spain, as well as in “cesta punta,” is a game for two players, but other versions can be Argentina, Ireland, Italy, and Mexico. played as doubles. Using bizarrely shaped racketlike baskets, which In its native Spain and France, pelota is are strapped to their wrists, players aim to sling a ball against a wall known as “jai-alai,” which is the Basque in such a way that their opponents cannot return it before it bounces for “happy festival.” twice. There are numerous variants, including a bare-handed game, A ball that is well hit by a highly skilled “pelota a mano,” that may be single combat or two against one. The pelota player may reach speeds of form known as “frontenis” is played with tennis rackets with reinforced 188 mph (300 kph). strings; “xare” also uses tennis rackets, but with loosened strings; and “leather paleta” and “pala corta” are played with solid wooden bats. Cesta 2 in (5 cm) Pelota PLAYING PELOTA The racket is made The ball is hard, with a latex The score required to win a match can of braided willow twigs core wrapped in wool and an be anything between 25 and 50 points. mounted on a curved outer casing of two leather In doubles, both players can score, arm of chestnut or ash regardless of whether they have the On hand strips sewn together serve. At the start of each point, the The glove is attached to Safety lid server throws the ball in play with the the cesta and held in cesta from behind the service line; a place on the player’s The helmet is vital safety legal serve must go straight to the front wrist by a strap (cinta) wear. No pelotari (player) wall above the low horizontal metal strip PLAYER and land on the floor in the area between PROFILE would be seen alive for lines 4 and 7. The side and back walls Pelota players need to be long without one may be used only once the ball is in play. wealthy (or at least have Rallies continue until the ball goes out sponsorship) just to afford Waistband ribbon or is not returned. If one player obstructs the rackets, which are May be colored to another, a let is normally played unless handmade and often denote the player’s it is clear what would have happened. last less than a single team or status match. The arms, legs, ONE TO WATCH and back must all be in Court dress One of the sport’s most important requirements good condition, but the Players wear is that rallies should be continuous, and the critical area is the hip, judges keep a close eye on every stroke to which is heavily involved polo shirts ensure that they are all one fluid movement. If in every stroke. Elderly and long it looks as if the player has cradled the pelota players often suffer from in the cesta—even for a moment—he or she arthritis in the hip joints. pants. Shorts loses the point. are not DYNAMIC ACTION GAME FOR A FLUTTER The cesta punta player (pelotari) generally IN PELOTA DE GOMA, THE BALL IS catches the speeding ball, or pelota, considered PRESSURIZED AND FILLED WITH with his cesta. Once the ball is safely suitable attire GAS, MAKING IT FLY EVEN FASTER snared, he will draw back his throwing Leave no trace THROUGH THE AIR THAN THE arm, then whip it forward again, Running shoes with STANDARD PELOTA. THE GAME IS SO launching the pelota toward the front nonmarking soles FAST THAT IT’S HARD TO APPRECIATE wall of the court at a blistering speed. allow quick WITHOUT SLOW-MOTION REPLAYS. movement and DESPITE THIS, IT’S STILL A BIG prevent damage to CROWD-PLEASER AND ONE OF THE MOST WAGERED SPORTS IN SPAIN. the court

COURTING RITUAL Pasa line Falta line Front court RACKET SPORTS Most variants of pelota are played on indoor courts known as Marked with the Marked with the players frontons. The overall length may vary, but the marked areas are number 7 on the number 4 on the Try to intercept always in proportion. The front, back, and left-hand walls are parts wall; any serve must wall; any serve the pelota of the playing area. The flooring (cancha) is made of polished hit the frontis and must bounce during rallies cement, but beyond the sideline, the surface changes to wood so then bounce before it beyond this mark that any ball that lands on it makes a recognizably different sound. reaches this mark To the right, a glass or plexiglass panel covers the whole wall area; behind it is elevated seating for spectators. PELOTA/TRINQUET WALLCRAFT Some players overpower their33 ft (10 m) opponents by force of stroke, but most rely on subtle and deceptive spin. Among the most effective shots are the chula, in which the ball lands in the crack between the back wall and the floor, and the carom, which hits the side wall, front wall, and then floor, falling away toward the right-hand screen. The dejada is a drop shot that hits the front wall just above the foul line. The arrimada is a forcing drive that goes as close as possible to the side wall, making it almost unplayable. Service line 98–177 ft (30–54 m) The server (left) must put the pelota into play from behind this mark 29(9ft–161i.n5–m37) ft 9 in Back court players Note how in doubles the nonserver covers the right of the court, leaving the left to his teammate FRONTONS 11 ft 6 in (3.5 m) Metal strip Frontis There are three standard courts. Frontenis and pelota de goma This extends across the The front wall of are played on a 98 ft (30 m) court; pelota a mano and leather front wall and is 2 ft–3 ft the court is made pelota are contested on a 118 ft (36 m) fronton; and cesta punta 3 in (0.6–1 m) in height is a game for a court that measures 177 ft (54 m) in length. of granite TRINQUET COURT Viewing galleries Step-by-step method Service area The most unusual pelota court is called Where spectators The ball comes off the Known as the dau, the the trinquet, and this gives a whole new can watch the stepped area at server puts the ball in meaning to the term “spectator sport.” The game in safety unpredictable angles play from this square steps on the side are part of the playing area, but members of the audience can 13–20 ft (4–6 m) 28–36 ft (8.5–11 m) sit on them at their own risk. (There are Court judges also upstairs viewing galleries for those The judges watch 147–197 ft (45–60 m) Front grille who value their safety.) for foot faults and A grille set in to balls landing out the front wall, KNOWING THE ROPES which measures In the traditional Valencian trinquet game known 12 in (30 cm) as “pelota vasca,” opponents face each other across, creates an on either side of a rope hung across the middle uneven surface on of the fronton. Other variant forms of pelota which to bounce contested on a trinquet are played off the front the ball wall using cestas or gloved hands. These include leather and rubber pelota, pelota a mano, and xare. The ball—known as pilota de vaqueta (“little cow ball”)—is 13⁄4 in (4.2 cm) in diameter.

COMBAT



BOXING FIGHTER PROFILE Boxers require good upper body strength— SPORT OVERVIEW particularly a strong punch—and a high Boxing is a sport of great skill and physical toughness. Two resilience to being hit (a “good chin”). combatants endeavor to punch one another to score points from Boxing is a really tough aerobic workout, so the judges or referee while avoiding being hit themselves. Almost fighters need to display a fanatical training all areas of the head and body above the waist are designated ethic and great stamina. Speed, agility, and scoring areas. Contests are won on points or by knockout. quick reflexes are beneficial, particularly for There is a major disparity between the amateur those fighting at lower weight levels. and professional ranks in boxing. Leading professional fighters are among the Fist protection biggest earners in the sports world. Fighters’ hands are wrapped in bandages Bob and weave before being fitted Head movement is into padded gloves vitally important for fighters; it is more difficult for opponents to hit a moving target Trunks Cotton shorts have padded waistbands to provide some protection from low body shots Solid base Boxing shoes provide comfort, ankle support, and above all grip on the ring floor SIDELINES 45 The age of George Foreman when NEED2KNOW 500 The total amount, in millions of he regained the world heavyweight title, Modern boxing was first codified knocking out Michael Moorer for the IBF in 1867 by a set of 12 rules written dollars, generated from pay-per-view sales of and WBA titles in November 1994. Foreman by John Graham Chambers and the world title fight between Floyd Mayweather had first won the world heavyweight title endorsed by the 9th Marquis of Jr. and Conor McGregor in August 2017. in 1973. Queensberry. Amateur boxing differs in various 135 132, The highest live 242 Number of fights fought by ways from the professional arm of the sport. attendance for a boxing contest—Tony Zale American featherweight Willie Pep during versus Billy Pryor in August 1941. a 26-year career (1940–1966).

THE RING Rope-a-dope Hit the deck COMBAT SPORTS The name boxing “ring” is a term that dates from when Ropes are about 1 in The ring floor has about contests were fought in a roughly drawn circle on the ground. (2.54 cm) in diameter 1 in (2.54 cm) of padding A modern boxing ring is set on a raised platform. It is square, and held up on posts at covered by stretched with a post at each corner, to which four parallel rows of ropes heights of 18 in, 30 in, canvas. The canvas are attached with a turnbuckle. Each side of a standard ring is 42 in, and 54 in (46 cm, commonly features 16–25 ft (4.88–7.32 m) between the ropes, with another 76 cm, 1 m, and 1.37 m) advertising from the 2 ft (60 cm) outside known as the apron. The platform is promoter or sponsors 3–4 ft (1–1.2 m) from the ground, with the posts rising around 5 ft (1.5 m). Referee 16–25 ft (4.88–7.3 2 m) 16–25 ft (4.88–7.3 2 m) BOXING The referee is assisted by three judges and a timekeeper, but only he can stop the contest Cornermen Neutral corner Each boxer has a Each fighter is given an trainer, a second opposite corner to which he (assistant trainer), and retreats at the end of each a cut man at their round. The other two corners disposal during the are designated neutral. Boxers break between rounds are sent to a neutral corner after a Top judgment knockdown or following a rule breach Three judges work with the that requires intervention from the referee referee to score the bout EQUIPMENT AMBLING ALP Fighters wear shorts, boxing shoes, and padded gloves, which ITALIAN BOXER PRIMO CARNERA, HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION come in two sizes—8 oz (227 g) and 10 oz (283 g)—depending IN 1933, WAS A GIANT OF A MAN—STANDING 6 FT 5 IN on the weight of the boxer. Mouth guards are required and (197 CM) TALL AND WEIGHING 276 LB (125 KG). HE HAD A groin guards are optional in professional boxing. In amateur PRODIGIOUS APPETITE. FOR BREAKFAST, IT IS CLAIMED HE bouts, fighters additionally wear head guards and vests and ATE 19 PIECES OF TOAST, 14 EGGS, A LOAF OF BREAD, have larger, softer gloves. This is the only equipment fighters HALF A POUND OF VIRGINIA HAM, A QUART OF ORANGE wear and use in the ring, but in training, boxers additionally JUICE, AND TWO QUARTS OF MILK. use free weights, punching bags, jump ropes, speed bags, and other items to hone themselves into fighting shape. Cushions blows Usually made of leather with a foam interior Side holes The headwear does not fully cover ears to enable fighter to hear referee’s instructions GROIN GUARD MOUTH GUARD GLOVE HEAD GUARD Protects fighters’ groins Plastic mouth guards Gloves are specially Worn for amateur contests and from injuries resulting guard the top teeth padded to protect professional sparring only, they offer from illegal low blows. from being knocked out. only the wearer. protection but limit peripheral vision.

RULES AND REGULATIONS STAT CENTRAL The basic rules of boxing are that two fighters of a similar weight, under the supervision of a referee, attempt to strike one another above the waist WEIGHT LIMITS (10 OZ GLOVES) with clenched fists with the intention of scoring more points than the opponent (to win rounds) or by knocking the opponent to the canvas for a TITLE WEIGHT period of 10 seconds. Blows to the back of the head or kidneys are illegal, as are blows with the open, laced part of the gloves. Beyond that, rules HEAVYWEIGHT 201+ lb (91+ kg) differ between the amateur and professional arms of the sport. CRUISERWEIGHT 176–200 lb (79.7–90.6 kg) LT. HEAVYWEIGHT 169–175 lb (76.5–79.2 kg) AMATEUR SPR. MIDDLEWEIGHT 161–168 lb (72.9–76.1 kg) Amateur fighters wear shorts, tank tops, and shoes. For protection, they wear a mouth guard, groin guard, and leather headguard. Contests are held over three two- MIDDLEWEIGHT 155–160 lb (70.2–72.5 kg) minute rounds. Points are scored for every legal punch landed with the knuckle portion of the glove (painted white) and the totals run for the whole fight, not for individual rounds. SPR. WELTERWEIGHT 148–154 lb (67–69.7 kg) PROFESSIONAL WEIGHT LIMITS (8 OZ GLOVES) Pro fighters, in contrast, fight stripped to the waist and without headguards. Contests are THE COUNT TITLE WEIGHT much longer, too—world championship fights Following a knockdown, consist of 10 three-minute rounds, with a the referee first escorts the WELTERWEIGHT 141–147 lb (63.8–66.6 kg) one-minute break in between. Individual rounds aggressor to a neutral corner SPR. LIGHTWEIGHT 136–140 lb (61.6–63.4 kg) are scored out of 10 by a panel of three judges. and then starts counting to The fighter that wins the round is awarded 10 10. The prostrate fighter SPR. FEATHERWEIGHT 127–130 lb (57.5–58.9 kg) points, the loser nine. If a round is particularly has 10 seconds to both regain FEATHERWEIGHT 123–126 lb (55.7–57 kg) one-sided—in other words, a knockdown his feet and present himself SPR. BANTAMWEIGHT 119–122 lb (53.9–55.2 kg) occurs—the scores are given as 10/8. Points in an acceptable condition to are deducted by the referee for indiscretions. continue or the fight is over. BANTAMWEIGHT 116–118 lb (52.5–53.4 kg) SPR. FLYWEIGHT 113–115 lb (51.2–52.1 kg) FLYWEIGHT 109–112 lb (49.3–50.7 kg) TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS SOUTHPAW Basic boxing training centers around physical fitness, speed of A boxer’s stance and method of movement, throwing jabs, and footwork. Good punches can only be fighting is either described as thrown from a solid base. The techniques of throwing different punches orthodox (left arm and foot forward) is taught later. Top boxers work with their trainers for weeks at a time or southpaw (right arm and foot leading up to championship fights working on their overall conditioning forward). A southpaw is usually and on a fighting style tailored to their upcoming opponent. They will someone who is left-handed, using practice key punches and spar with fighters of a similar build and their right hand for jabs and their fighting style to their opponent in an attempt to gain some advantage. left for power punches and hooks. Some particularly dextrous fighters ATTACK are able to switch between styles Boxers must show aggression and throw punches in order to win fights, so attacks— during bouts. Because most fighters either as single punches or more commonly two- or three-punch combinations—are are orthodox, a southpaw opponent essential. In order to launch a flurry of punches, the boxer must first contain their can be a tricky proposition, opponent—a moving target is hard to strike. Therefore, good, quick footwork with requiring an altered set of tactics. the intention of cutting off the ring and trapping the opponent in a corner is important. Knockout Perfect punch Feel the pain Block A tight defense is A fully extended Hooks to the body This straight has sometimes no equal arm makes for greatly weaken a been blocked by a textbook jab fighter’s resilience a good defense to an uppercut JAB HOOK STRAIGHT UPPERCUT The staple punch of any boxer, a Hooks are delivered to the side of Thrown with the “second” arm (right The most devastating punch in boxing, stiff jab keeps an opponent at bay the head or body. Because of the arm for orthodox boxers), the straight the uppercut is delivered from a and sets up attacks. Jabs are usually angle of delivery, the receiving fighter has a greater distance to travel, leaving crouching position onto the opponent’s the first punch in any combination. will often not see a hook coming. the aggressor open to a counterpunch. chin from below with great force.

DEFENSE Angled attack STAT CENTRAL COMBAT SPORTS The ability to keep from being hit, something the great The cross strikes the Muhammad Ali was a master at, is probably more opponent at an angle MOST CONSECUTIVE TITLE DEFENSES important than landing your own punches. The sheer speed of movement of some fighters can make them NAME WEIGHT difficult to hit. However, the best means of repelling an attack is by covering up the head and body with the JOE LOUIS 26 (HEAVYWEIGHT) arms and hands with elbows tucked into the waist. DARIUSZ MICHALCZEWSKI 23 (LT. HEAVYWEIGHT) COMBINATIONS RICARDO LOPEZ 21 (STRAWWEIGHT) A series of punches thrown in quick succession with JOE CALZAGHE 21 (SPR. MIDDLEWEIGHT) both hands and from different angles is far more likely to SVEN OTTKE 21 (SPR. MIDDLEWEIGHT) achieve results than single shots, however hard they are thrown. These attacks often cause the opponent to lower BERNARD HOPKINS 20 (MIDDLEWEIGHT) or raise his guard, enabling the oncoming boxer to score HENRY ARMSTRONG 19 (WELTERWEIGHT) hits in unprotected areas. A typical sequence might start with a 1-2 combination to the head. When the opponent EUSEBIO PEDROZA 19 (FEATHERWEIGHT) raises his hands to defend, the boxer uses the opportunity to sidestep and throw hooks to the body to finish off. KHAOSAI GALAXY 19 (JR. BANTAMWEIGHT) BOXING CROSS LARRY HOLMES 19 (HEAVYWEIGHT) Thrown with the “second” hand, the cross punch is delivered right-to-left OLYMPIC HEAVYWEIGHT GOLDS or left-to-right across the opponent’s head or body. TYPES OF FIGHTERS YEAR NAME COUNTRY The style of fighting that a boxer chooses will be designed around his physical stature and strengths and weaknesses. For instance, former heavyweight champion 2016 EVGENY TISHCHENKO RUS Mike Tyson had a bullying, forward style and a fearsome punch. Floyd Mayweather 2012 OLEKSANDR USYK UKR Jr.’s style, in contrast, is about grace and poise. He is often able to outclass 2008 RAKHIM CHAKKHIEV RUS opponents with guile rather than brute force. 2004 ODLANIER SOLIS FONTE CUB 2000 FELIX SAVON CUB OUT-FIGHTER ROPE-A-DOPE 1996 FELIX SAVON CUB Boxers who fight at a distance are usually tall with a long A phrase coined by 1992 FELIX SAVON CUB reach. They do not need to get close to an opponent to Muhammad Ali, the 1988 RAY MERCER USA inflict damage and will resist all attempts to be drawn into rope-a-dope is the technique 1984 HENRY TILLMAN USA a brawl. Top out-fighters, such as former heavyweight of willingly lying on the ropes 1980 TEOFILO STEVENSON CUB champion Lennox Lewis, typically have a strong jab, too. in a tight defensive stance and IN-FIGHTER inviting the opponent to throw MOST CAREER FIGHTS Conversely, in-fighters are often shorter in height and punches until they tire. with a short reach. Because they cannot win contests from Although considered a sin in NAME WEIGHT FIGHTS a distance, they use their lower center of gravity to muscle boxing circles, Ali used this in close, spoiling the work of their opponent and inflicting style to great effect on several LEN WICKWAR LT. HEAVY 463 their own damaging punches. A fight between two occasions, most notably 350 in-fighters is always dramatic, since neither will back down. during the Rumble in the JACK BRITTON WELTER 333 BRAWLER Jungle in Zaire in 1974. 318 Also known as the “slugger” or “one puncher,” the brawler Reigning champion George JOHNNY DUNDEE FEATHER 311 often stands for everything that’s most brutal in the sport. Foreman threw hundreds of 299 Sluggers tend to lack finesse in the ring but make up for it punches at his apparently BILLY BIRD WELTER 298 in raw power, often able to knock almost any opponent out helpless opponent before, in 286 with a single punch. This makes them exciting to watch. the eighth round, Ali came off GEORGE MARSDEN N/A 282 the ropes and knocked out a 279 visibly exhausted Foreman. MAXIE ROSENBLOOM LT. HEAVY HARRY GREB MIDDLE YOUNG STRIBLING LT. HEAVY BATTLING LEVINSKY LT. HEAVY TED (KID) LEWIS WELTER INSIDE STORY BIRTH NAMES OF SOME GREATS Amateur boxing has been governed around the world since 1946 by the Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur (AIBA).The organization oversees the rules and BIRTH NAME FIGHTING NAME regulations of the sport, governs boxing at the Olympic Games, and has organized a world championship since 1974. The professional sport is marred by disagreement WALKER SMITH SUGAR RAY ROBINSON and corruption at governing level. A series of governing bodies recognizes their own world champions at different weights. It is rare in modern professional boxing for a ANTHONY ZESKI TONY ZALE fighter to be acknowledged as an undisputed world champion. ROCCO BARBELLA ROCKY GRAZIANO PROFESSIONAL GOVERNING BODIES In the complex world of professional boxing, there are currently more than 10 organizations that purport to be ARNOLD CREAM JERSEY JOE WALCOTT world governing bodies. The four most credible are as follows: The World Boxing Association (WBA) dates from 1921 and is the longest-standing professional governing body but did not have global coverage. In 1963, JOSEPH BARROW JOE LOUIS the World Boxing Council (WBC) was created in the interests of achieving the first truly international body to control the sport. In 1983, the International Boxing Federation (IBF)—formerly the United States Boxing ROCCO MARCHEGIANO ROCKY MARCIANO Association—was formed by breakaway members of the WBA. It is based in New Jersey. Then, in 1988, the World Boxing Organization (WBO) was created in Puerto Rico by further disillusioned members of the WBA. GERARDO GONZALEZ KID GAVILAN JUDAH BERGMAN JACKIE (KID) BERG WILLIAM GUIGLERMO PAPALEO WILLIE PEP ELIGIO SARDINIAS MONTALBO KID CHOCOLATE ARCHIBALD LEEWRIGHT ARCHIE MOORE RICHARD IHETU DICK TIGER

Face mask ATHLETE PROFILE NEED2KNOW Fencers wear a mask that Speed, fast responses, agility, covers the head and neck. The and quick footwork are important The term “fencing” is derived face is protected by a fine skills for fencing champions, who from the word “defense,” which metallic mesh, and the neck is tend to be lightly built and lithe. recalls the time when sword covered by a fabric bib Poise, balance, and hand-eye fighting was a vital skill on the Protective jacket coordination are also necessary battlefield. Competitors wear a padded attributes. Mental skills are as There are three types of fencing long-sleeved cotton jacket and, crucial as physical ones: distinguished by the type of for added safety, a protective concentration, quick thinking, and sword used in contests: the foil, undergarment, or plastron, on tactical ability are all important. the épée, and the saber. the sword-arm side Fencing is primarily a European tradition. It was particularly White breeches associated with France and Italy, Fencers traditionally wear white which is why so many fencing cotton knee-length breeches. terms still in use are French. The legs are not padded Hand guard Flexible blade SIDELINES A metal guard at The shape and the sword’s hilt stiffness of the 25 Number of fencers competing protects the fencer’s blade depends on fingers from injury in the 1896 Olympic Games. Fencing is the weapon one of only four sports to have appeared in every modern Olympic Games. Socks The fencer wears black or 5 Fencing is one of the five modern white knee-length socks pentathlon events in the Olympics, along Shoes with shooting, swimming, equestrian show jumping, and running. Nimble footwork is a key fencing skill, and competitors 13 Number of Olympic medals wear light, flat-soled shoes (including six gold) won by Italy’s with a good grip Edoardo Mangiarotti. He holds the record for winning the most fencing medals. 7 Number of hours a Masters Championship bout lasted in New York in the 1930s—after which bouts were limited to 30 minutes. Today, a bout lasts for just three minutes. FENCING “DISONISCHENKO” DURING THE 1976 OLYMPICS (AT SPORT OVERVIEW THE HEIGHT OF THE COLD WAR), Fencing matches consist of bouts between two opponents armed with SCANDAL ROCKED THE GAMES. BORIS lightweight, blunt-tipped swords. Points are scored by hitting target ONISCHENKO OF THE USSR WAS areas on the opponent’s body with the tip of the weapon. The target COMPETING AGAINST BRITAIN’S JIM areas are determined by the type of weapon being used. Modern FOX. FOX SUSPECTED FOUL PLAY, fencing developed from the centuries-old tradition of sword fighting AND IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT in warfare. Swordplay developed during the 16th century as a sport ONISCHENKO’S ÉPÉE HAD BEEN rather than as a means of survival. Fencing featured in the first RIGGED, ALLOWING HIM TO modern Olympic Games of 1896 and has appeared ever since. FALSELY RECORD HITS. DUBBED “DISONISCHENKO” BY THE PRESS, HE WAS DISQUALIFIED, ALONG WITH THE WHOLE SOVIET PENTATHLON TEAM.

ON THE PISTE COMBAT SPORTS Fencing bouts are conducted on a narrow, raised platform known as a piste. There is a runback, or extension, at either end of the fighting area 5–6½ ft (1.5–2 m) FENCING of the piste. The height of the platform may vary; the piste is raised to 46 ft (14 m) allow spectators a better view of the contest. The fighting area is covered with nonslip conductive mesh, which neutralizes any floor touches. Referee and judges Bouts are overseen by a referee, assisted by floor judges (standing on either side of the piste) who check whether the fencer is making touches out of bounds Electrical scoring apparatus Fencers wear conductive plastrons wired up to a cord. This registers when a successful touch has been landed by the opponent and is rigged up to electrical scoring equipment to automatically display points won by each fencer Timer and recorder They keep the time for each bout and record the scores Center line On guard lines Warning line Rear line This line indicates the Competitors start This indicates to the A fighter will be center of the piste each bout standing fencer that he or penalized for stepping behind their she is 6½ ft (2 m) over this line respective on guard away from the end line, about 6½ ft of the piste (2 m) behind the center line. After each hit, the fighters resume this position EQUIPMENT ELECTRONIC SCORING There are three different weapons used in fencing: the foil (the sword with An electronic scoring system was first used for which novices usually learn how to fence), the épée, and the saber. Each épée events at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. A has its own associated scoring zone on the opponent’s body and is played spring-loaded button at the tip of the sword is depressed to a unique set of rules. Elite fencers usually prefer to specialize in one of with each hit, activating an electric scoring light. As these disciplines rather than attempt to master all three. the whole body is a target in épée, a reliable scoring system was relatively easy to introduce. It wasn’t until FOIL the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne that an electric system A lightweight weapon with a flexible was first used for foil. It required the use of an electric blade, the foil has a push-button at its tip jacket to cover the target areas, enabling the device to that must be depressed with a pressure differentiate between “on-target” and “off-target” hits. of at least 1.1 lb (500 g) to register a hit. 43 in (110 cm) ÉPÉE 43 in (110 cm) The épée is heavier and stiffer than 41 in (105 cm) the foil, requiring a pressure of 1.6 lb (750 g) on the push-button to register ÉPÉE a hit. The whole body is a valid target. SABER With the saber, points can be scored using the edge of the blade, as well as the tip. There is no push-button: for safety, the sharp point is folded back. GRIPS FOIL SABER The grip is where the fencer holds the weapon, and there are four main types: French, Italian, Spanish, and pistol. The French grip (shown here) is popular with both novices and advanced fencers.

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOIL Torso target A fencing match consists of three three-minute bouts with Foil fighting offers the The torso and “V” of one minute’s rest between each bout. The winner is the first smallest target area, the groin are the only competitor to score 15 points, or whoever has the higher concentrated on the target areas for foil score at the end of regulation time. A competitor scores a opponent’s torso. The point by making a legitimate touch to a target area on the electronic scoring Access all areas opponent’s body. Each of the three disciplines within fencing system will only register A valid hit is scored has its own associated target area. If a fencer steps behind a hit landed in this area. anywhere on the the rear limit of his or her side of the piste, their opponent is ÉPÉE opponent’s body awarded a point. At Olympic events, there are no preliminary In épée fighting, a rounds—only elimination contests. touch can be registered Upper body anywhere on the body. A point is scored FENCING TERMS However, most attacks for every hit landed Fencing was a popular pursuit in France, Italy, and Spain, and many are made on the closest above the waist of the technical terms are French: part of the competitor, such as the hand, arm, THE EIGHT TARGET AREAS ATTACK AU FER An attack on the opponent’s blade or front foot. The four quarters of the torso are each CORPS A CORPS Literally translated as “body to body,” this is when SABER divided into two sections. These sections two fencers come into bodily contact (an illegal move) The entire upper body is are known as: prime, seconde, tierce, COUP SEC A meeting of blades that is both crisp and firm (literally, a target area in saber quarte, quinte, sixte, septime, and octave a “dry” blow) fighting, including the (this means simply one to eight). DEROBEMENT An evasive slide off an opponent’s blade arms and the head. DESSOUS The low line Saber fencing is Prime DESSUS The high line lightning fast and usually The first target area—on the low line FINALÉ The last part of an offensive action consists of attacks and Seconde JOUR An opening into which an attack can be launched feints (false attacks). The second target area—on the low line REPARTÉE Making repeated jabbing motions with the sword arm Tierce TOUCHÉ A touch with the weapon The third target area—on the high line Quarte BASIC TARGET AREAS The fourth target area—on the high line The torso is the main target area (and the only target area in Quinte foil fencing). For assault purposes, the torso is divided into four The fifth target area—on the high line quarters: areas on the upper half are known as the high lines; Sixte those on the lower half are called the low lines. The sixth target area—on the high line Septime INSIDE AND OUTSIDE LINES The seventh target area—on the low line The four quarters of the torso can also be described as inside and Octave outside lines. The two quarters of the target area facing the palm side The eighth target area—on the low line of the sword hand are known as the inside lines. The two quarters facing the back of the sword hand are referred to as the outside lines. HIGH LINES The two quarters of the high lines are each divided into two further areas. Quarte and sixte touches (four and six) are made with the sword hand in supination (nails up). Tierce and quinte (three and five) are made with the sword hand in pronation (nails down). ALL WHITE ON THE NIGHT The uniform worn during a fencing bout is traditionally white (although the International Fencing Federation now permits the use of other light colors). It is thought that the white jacket and breeches is a throwback to the days before electronic scoring systems were introduced: the blade would often be covered in soot or ink so that a touch would show up clearly on the opponent’s jacket. PLAYING THE GAME THE SALUTE Fencing matches begin with the fencers taking up their Fencing is a sport that takes its tradition positions behind their respective on guard lines. The referee seriously, and players adhere to a strict code signals the start of a bout by shouting “on guard!” Play is of courtesy, etiquette, and honor. An important athletic and fast (making an electronic scoring system a part of this is the ritual of the salute. The necessity), consisting of a series of attacks, parries, and opponents salute each other before the bout ripostes (counterattacks). In foil and saber fencing, a “right of by standing with their weapon held vertically way” rule determines who receives the point if both players in front of their face. They also salute the land a hit simultaneously. This generally means the attacking referees and spectators. After the bout, the player wins the point. In épée, both players receive a point. opponents will salute each other again and shake hands with their unarmed hand.

TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS STAT CENTRAL COMBAT SPORTS Fencing techniques focus on scoring successful touches on the legitimate target areas of the opponent’s body. Attacking and defending moves are OLYMPIC MEN’S FOIL CHAMPIONS of equal importance in contests, and a skillful fencer can parry an attack to turn it into an opportunity to launch a counterattack. In contrast to the YEAR NAME COUNTRY dramatic gestures and daring attacks often seen in swashbuckling movies, 2016 DANIELE GAROZZO (ITA) small, precise movements are generally required to avoid (or land) a hit—a 2012 LEI SHENG (CHN) surreptitious attack is more difficult to anticipate than a dramatic one. 2008 BENJAMIN KLEIBRINK (GER) 2004 BRICE GUYART (FRA) ATTACK In position An attack involves The “on guard” 2000 KIM YOUNG-HO (KOR) extending the sword position is the starting 1996 ALESSANDRO PUCCINI (ITA) arm toward the opponent. The arm point for both OLYMPIC WOMEN’S FOIL CHAMPIONS is extended from the offensive and shoulder completely defensive moves YEAR NAME COUNTRY FENCING straight, and the attack Lunge forward 2016 INNA DERIGLAZOVA (RUS) is made in one fluid The opening attack is 2012 ELISA DI FRANCISCA (ITA) movement. A lunge often accompanied by 2008 VALENTINA VEZZALI (ITA) forward will add force a lunge forward 2004 VALENTINA VEZZALI (ITA) to the attack. 2000 VALENTINA VEZZALI (ITA) PARRY Blade deflection 1996 LAURA BADEA (ROM) The parry is a defensive The parry deflects the action. This move is OLYMPIC MEN’S ÉPÉE CHAMPIONS designed to deflect or opponent’s blade block the opponent’s Overexposure YEAR NAME COUNTRY weapon from its The attacking fencer intended attacking is now exposed to 2016 SANGYOUNG PARK (KOR) course. Parries are any counterattack 2012 RUBEN LIMARDO (VEN) named after the target 2008 MATTEO TAGLIARIOL (SUI) position at which they 2004 MARCEL FISCHER (SUI) take place, such as 2000 PAVEL KOLOBKOV (RUS) a “quarte” parry. 1996 ALEKSANDR BEKETOV (RUS) RIPOSTE Counterattack Balancing act OLYMPIC WOMEN’S ÉPÉE CHAMPIONS The riposte is the Here, the riposte results The unarmed counterattacking follow-up arm helps to the parry. Once the in a successful hit maintain opponent’s weapon is balance deflected by the parry, YEAR NAME COUNTRY this leaves a space open for the defender to make 2016 EMESE SZÁSZ (HUN) an attack of their own. 2012 YANA SHEMYAKINA (UKR) The riposte can be made 2008 BRITTA HEIDEMANN (GER) directly after the parry 2004 TIMEA NAGY (HUN) or can be delayed. 2000 TIMEA NAGY (HUN) 1996 LAURA FLESSEL (FRA) INSIDE STORY OLYMPIC MEN’S SABER CHAMPIONS Fencing evolved from an ancient form of combat practiced by the ancient Egyptians and Romans, although the current rules and regulations are YEAR NAME COUNTRY loosely based on the conventions developed in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Fencing’s governing body is the Fédération Internationale 2016 ARON SZILAGYI (HUN) d’Escrime (FIE), which was established in Paris in 1913 to standardize 2012 ARON SZILAGYI (HUN) the rules that made international fencing tournaments possible. The FIE 2008 ZHONG MAN (CHI) organizes World Championships that take place every year apart from 2004 Olympic years. Fencing has been an Olympic sport since the first modern 2000 ALDO MONTANO (ITA) Olympics in 1896, with the first women’s event appearing in 1924. 1996 MIHAI CLAUDIU COVALIU (ROM) STANISLAV POZDNIAKOV (RUS) FIE FOILED AGAIN OLYMPIC WOMEN’S SABER CHAMPIONS Founded in 1913 and with TENSIONS RAN SO HIGH AT THE headquarters in Lausanne, 1924 OLYMPICS THAT AN ACTUAL YEAR NAME COUNTRY Switzerland, the Fédération DUEL WAS FOUGHT BETWEEN Internationale d’Escrime SPARRING COMPETITORS. AFTER 2016 YANA EGORIAN (RUS) (International Fencing Federation) JUST TWO MINUTES, BLOOD WAS 2012 KIM JIYON (KOR) is the organization responsible for DRAWN—AND HONOR RESTORED. 2008 MARIEL ZAGUNIS (USA) setting the rules and regulations 2004 for international contests. There 2000 MARIEL ZAGUNIS (USA) are currently 153 affiliated 1996 COMPETITION NOT HELD national fencing federations. COMPETITION NOT HELD

NEED2KNOW JUDO Freestyle sparring, or randori, is the best GAME OVERVIEW way to learn the techniques and tactics Judo developed in the 19th century from the teachings of of judo. This form of training is considered Jigoro Kano of Japan. Based on the centuries-old techniques to be the most effective way to improve of ju-jitsu, this unarmed combat sport forbids any form of muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness, punching or kicking. Instead, the aim is to score an ippon—the speed up reaction time, and hone the skills equivalent of a knockout punch—by throwing an opponent to needed to resist an opponent’s attack. the ground, pinning an opponent down, or forcing a submission Strangulation and choking are some using an armlock or choke. of the most effective techniques in judo. Strangulation cuts off the blood supply FIELD OF PLAY to the brain at the carotid arteries at the The size of the competition area conforms to the rules of the International sides of the neck, while choking blocks Judo Federation (IJF). The floor is covered with protective mats called tatami, the passage of air at the front of the which usually measure 6 ft 3 in x 3 ft 1 in and cushion the impact of throws. neck. Both may render an opponent Traditionally, tatami are made from pressed straw, but pressed foam is unconscious in seconds. more common today. Most competitions take place within a contest area The Kodokan Judo Institute in Tokyo, that measures 26 x 26 ft (8 x 8 m), although an area up to 33 x 33 ft Japan, is the spiritual home of judo. (10 x 10 m) is allowed. IJF rules also require a safety area of 10 ft (3 m). It was founded by Jigoro Kano The contest area and safety area are together known as the field of play. (1860–1938), creator of judo, in 1882. Referee Jacket The referee stands within the contest area and In international shouts “Hajime!” to start the fight. The referee competitions, the judoka judges the fight and signals his scores to the wears a blue or white scorers. If there is a dispute, the referee will consult jacket, called a uwagi, with the two corner judges to come to a decision made from heavyweight cotton. The size and fit must conform to the sport’s regulations Belt Identifying colors The belt is 10 ft (3 m) long, In competition, the color of the tatami that make up the contest area is different from and the color indicates those that make up the safety area. Any the judoka’s rank color combination can be used Safety area PLAYER PROFILE The safety area is a 10 ft (3 m) wide border that Anyone can practice judo. There are encloses the danger area. The safety area is not different weight classes, so there are completely out of bounds. A judoka may throw his or no size restrictions, and it is open to her opponent into the safety area and still score points both sexes. Strength is vital, but agility if a step is taken into the safety area after the throw. and flexibility are equally important. But an automatic penalty is given if a judoka intentionally steps out of the competition area Legwear SIDELINES 77 The age of Jigora Kano The legwear, called zubon, are made from a light 67 The official number of throws when he died in 1938. canvas-style fabric, with double stitching and knee in Kodokan judo. 7 The number of judo weight patches 3 Judoka ranked at 10th dan in categories in the Olympics. 2013, worldwide. 10 The average number of 200 The number of national seconds it takes a person to fall unconscious when placed in federations affiliated with the sport’s a chokehold. official governing body, the International Judo Federation.

BELT SYSTEM SCOREBOARD COMBAT SPORTS The color of a judoka’s belt corresponds to his or her rank within the kyu-dan grading system. Traditionally, there are six student grades (or The scoreboard displays the stopclock and the points dan), or kyu. In western judo, they have the following belt colors: white and penalties accumulated by each judoka during the (sixth kyu), yellow (fifth kyu), orange (fourth kyu), green (third kyu), fight. Judo has three scores, which are shown at the blue (second kyu), and brown (first kyu). Some countries have extra kyu top of the scoreboard below (from left to right): “I” and belt colors, while in Japan, judoka usually wear a white belt up to stands for ippon, “W” stands for waza-ari, and “Y” the rank of first kyu. The belt colors of the 12 advanced grades are stands for yuko. Judo has two penalties, which are much more consistent. Judoka from the first five dan wear a black belt. shown by the red light next to the letters in the center Judoka from sixth dan to eighth dan wear belts with alternating white of the scoreboard. “H” stands for hansokumake and red (or black) panels. Solid red (or black) belts are accorded to (immediate disqualification), and “S” stands for shido. judoka up to eleventh dan, while the belt for the highest rank, twelfth If a judoka is awarded four shidos, the result is a dan, is a wider version of the simple white belt of a beginner. hansokumake and the judoka is disqualified. Timers Scorers White Stopclock Blue JUDO There are two timekeepers. One records The scorer and contest recorder keep a The judoka in white The time limit for The judoka in blue the time for the contest. The other written record of the score and the overall scored an ippon to international scored two yukos specializes in “osaekomi,” the referee’s course of each fight win the match. The competition is five and one waza-ari. command to begin timing a hold scoreboard shows minutes for men There is one shido three penalties (shido) and four minutes against white for women against blue SCOREBOARD Scores are shown on an electronic display. The scoreboard also shows the penalties awarded against each judoka. Corner judge Two corner judges sit at opposite corners of the contest area. Their main responsibility is to check that the fight remains within the contest area. If the referee disputes a call, all three officials vote to decide on the outcome THE GENTLE WAY Judoka JUDO IS JAPANESE FOR “GENTLE WAY” In competition, the first judoka called AND REFERS TO THE AIM OF TURNING AN to fight wears a blue judogi. His or her OPPONENT’S STRENGTH TO YOUR OWN opponent wears a white judogi. At the ADVANTAGE. THE GOAL OF A JUDOKA IS beginning and end of the contest, each TO UPSET THE OPPONENT’S BALANCE contestant stands on the mark that AND MOMENTUM TO ACHIEVE FORCEFUL corresponds to the color of his or her THROWS WITH MINIMUM EFFORT. judogi and bows as a sign of respect. Both contestants return to their marks if the referee shouts “Matte!” during a fight

BASIC JUDO GRIP RULES AND REGULATIONS The basic judo grip is the sleeve and lapel grip. This involves Judo is governed by the rules of the International Judo gripping the lapel of the opponent’s uwagi with the right hand and Federation (IJF). Recent rule books show a trend toward using the left hand to grip the opponent’s right sleeve under the a dynamic style of judo—a defensive style is elbow. The basic grip is an excellent starting point for throws. heavily penalized. Gripping the lapel IPPON, WAZA-ARI, PENALTIES The lapel is used in YOKO, KOKA Judoka are expected to fight a number of moves fairly and in the spirit of the There are four ways to score sport. Foul play is heavily to grab hold of in a judo contest. A judoka penalized. The four levels of the opponent can win the fight outright by punishment are: first shido Elbow grip scoring an ippon or by scoring (known simply as shido), two waza-aris, which is the second shido (chui), third shido The judoka grips their equivalent of an ippon. Lesser (keikoku), and hansokukame opponent’s right sleeve scores include the yoko and (disqualification). Penalties are koka. If the time limit passes cumulative and result in the next under the elbow before an ippon is scored, the higher penalty, so a judoka who number of lesser scores is commits four relatively minor taken into consideration. violations may be disqualified. TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS There are two main phases of combat in judo. During the standing phase (tachi-waza), the goal is to throw your opponent onto their back using control, force, and speed. During the ground phase (ne-waza), the goal is to pin your opponent onto the ground or force a submission. THROWS A judoka uses a variety of throwing techniques (nage-waza) to force an opponent onto the ground. A judoka can score an ippon and win the fight outright by executing a powerful and controlled throw to force the opponent onto his or her back. In competition, however, judoka are evenly matched, so a throw will usually score a koka, yoko, or waza-ari. O-GOSHI Pivot point IPPON SEOINAGE Sack of rice The o-goshi is one of The hip is the pivot The ippon seoinage is Gripping the elbow the traditional throws point for the throw the most common throw sleeve, the opponent developed by judo’s encountered in elite is thrown over the founding father, Jigoro Floor contact judo competition. It shoulder and then Kano. It is classified as a The opponent is is classified as a forced to the floor hip-throwing technique, thrown off balance hand-throwing or koshi-waza. A hip once contact with technique, Flexible knees throw uses the hip as a the floor is lost or te-waza. Ippon The thrower’s knees pivot point to throw the seoinage involves are bent and flexible opponent to the floor. throwing an opponent There are several types over the shoulder to add momentum of hip throws. O-goshi and onto the floor. It to the throw is one of the first throws has been likened to a judoka will learn. throwing a sack of Getting a grip TOMOE NAGE rice over the shoulder. The thrower grasps Some throwing techniques, called High flying OSOTO GARI the sleeve at the sacrifice throws, or The opponent The osoto gari is another elbow and the jacket sutemi-waza, are is launched into the of the original judo dangerous to execute air over the thrower, throws used by Jigoro Leg sweep because the thrower who is on the floor Kano. It is classified as a The opponent’s leg is is positioned on the Foot to stomach foot-throwing technique, ground. One of these is The thrower plants their or ashi-waza. This swept up, throwing the tomoe nage, or circle foot into the opponent’s type of throw involves them off balance throw, which uses a foot stomach as leverage using one of the legs planted on the stomach for the throw to sweep away one or thigh to throw the of the opponent’s legs. opponent over the An effective osoto head or shoulders. gari pinpoints the load-bearing leg so that the opponent falls over.

STAT CENTRAL COMBAT SPORTS SIDELINES 4 The number of phases in throwing WEIGHT CATEGORIES 7 The number of points awarded technique: off-balancing, body positioning, FEMALE MALE execution, and finish. +172 lb (+78 kg) +220 lb (+100 kg) for throwing an opponent on their back without control and force. 25 The number of seconds an 172 lb (78 kg) 220 lb (100 kg) 154 lb (70 kg) 198 lb (90 kg) 2 The number of main phases of opponent must be held or pinned down 139 lb (63 kg) 179 lb (81 kg) to the floor in order to win a match. 126 lb (57 kg) 161 lb (73 kg) combat: the standing (tachi-waza) 114 lb (52 kg) 146 lb (66 kg) and the ground (ne-waza) phase. 106 lb (48 kg) 132 lb (60 kg) PINS SAMURAI SPORT MEN’S HEAVYWEIGHT JUDO JUDO IS DERIVED PARTLY FROM OLYMPIC CHAMPIONS A pinning hold (osaekomi-waza) is a JU-JITSU, THE HAND-TO-HAND grappling technique that aims to hold COMBAT TECHNIQUE USED BY YEAR WINNER (NATIONALITY) the opponent on the ground. Osaekomi, SAMURAI WARRIORS. IT IS THE ONLY in which both shoulders touch the OLYMPIC SPORT WHERE SUBMISSION 2016 TEDDY RINER (FRA) ground for more than 25 seconds, HOLDS ALLOW CHOKING AN 2012 TEDDY RINER (FRA) results in an ippon. For holds of shorter OPPONENT OR BREAKING THEIR ARM. 2008 SATOSHI ISHII (JAP) durations, a judoka may score a 2004 KEIJI SUZUKI (JAP) waza-ari (20–24 seconds), yoko (15–19 2000 DAVID DOUILLET (FRA) seconds), or koka (10–14 seconds). 1996 DAVID DOUILLET (FRA) 1992 DAVID KHAKALESHVILI (EUN) Around the neck Hip to chest Secure hold Grip the belt 1988 HITOSHI SAITO (JAP) The judoka wraps his The judoka’s hip is against One hand holds The other hand 1984 HITOSHI SAITO (JAP) arm around the his opponent’s chest the neck passes through 1980 ANGELO PARISI (FRA) opponent’s neck 1976 SERGEI NOVIKOV (USSR) the legs and grips the belt KESA GATAME YOKO-SHIHO GATAME WOMEN’S HEAVYWEIGHT Many judo throws end with kesa gatame in the This osaekomi holds the opponent’s neck and leg OLYMPIC CHAMPIONS ground phase, since the basic judo grip already while laying on their chest. One hand wraps around has one hand on the opponent’s lapel and one the neck and grips the lapel. The other passes YEAR WINNER (NATIONALITY) hand near the opponent’s elbow. through the legs and grips the belt at the back. 2016 EMILIE ANDEOL (FRA) SUBMISSIONS 2012 IDALYS OTIZ (CUB) 2008 TONG WEN (CHI) A submission is achieved through a joint lock (kansetsu-waza) or strangulation 2004 MAKI TSUKABA (JAP) (shime-waza). For reasons of safety, arm locks are the only kansetsu-waza allowed in competition. Strangulations are equally dangerous, and the use of shime-waza is usually restricted to age and rank in competitive judo. Strangle hold Thigh hold Put pressure on Over the chest INSIDE STORY The judoka grips the The opponent’s lower Leaning back, the The judoka’s legs Judo was first seen at the Olympics opponent under the body is held between judoka places huge in the 1964 Tokyo Games. It has chin and straightens pressure on the extend over the been a regular Olympic sport the judoka’s thighs opponent’s elbow opponent’s chest for men since the 1972 Munich his arms to exert Games. Women’s judo was included a chokehold as a demonstration sport in the 1988 Seoul Olympics and became OKURI-ERI-JIME JUJI GATAME an official Olympic event at the The judoka slides one hand under the opponent’s A powerful joint lock, here the legs end up across 1992 Barcelona Games. World armpit and grips the opposite lapel. At the same the opponent’s chest, the arm locked between the Championships for men, women, time, the judoka wraps the other arm around the thighs. The arm is held with the wrist to the chest. and juniors are held every two years. neck and slides the hand up the free lapel. Leaning back places huge pressure on the elbow. GOVERNING BODY The International Judo Federation (IJF) is the world’s governing body for judo. Founded in 1951, the IJF comprises five unions representing Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe, and Oceania.

NEED2KNOW SUMO Wrestlers are known Four corners Gable roof In suspense formally as sumotoris, The four The structure The tsuriyane is informally as rikishi. corners may be is oriented. hung from the From the first bout in decorated to Rikishi always roof on ropes, Japan in 453 ce until the symbolize the enter from wires, or poles 1990s, sumo wrestling seasons east or west was a men-only sport, SPORT OVERVIEW of the year but the International Sumo wrestlers attempt to throw their Sumo Federation (IFS) opponent either out of the ring or off now actively encourages balance so that he has to touch the ground female participation. with some other part of the body than his The elaborate feet. Many matches last no longer than a ceremonies surrounding few seconds, but the techniques, tactics, a sumo contest are and rituals are endlessly fascinating to derived from Shinto millions. Sumo originated in China in the religious practices. The 3rd century bce, and was practiced almost prefight sprinkling of exclusively in Japan until the 20th century, salt on the dohyo, for when its popularity spread worldwide. example, is to ward off evil spirits. Mawashi Raised leg TSURIYANE CANOPY This thick belt is made This ritual precombat The overhead structure above the dais on which Chon-mage of a band of silk about gesture is a show the combat takes place is known as a “tsuriyane” Japanese term for the sumo 32 ft (10 m) long, of strength (canopy). It traditionally resembles the roof of topknot and hair slicked with wound repeatedly a Shinto shrine, but in some modern arenas, it oil. The hair is tied to denote around the wrestler’s may be no more than a sheet of plexiglass. rank: the greater the wrestler, midriff and secured the more complex the knot between his legs COMBAT ZONE Sumo bouts are played on a dohyo, a raised square platform within which a circular combat area is marked. The area is regarded as sacred to the spirits of the Shinto religion. A new dohyo is built for every major tournament. The edges of the circle are sprinkled with sand to help the referee see when a wrestler touches the perimeter. Judges Combat area Gyoji Four judges are A circular clay The Japanese term for referee. He positioned around surface is covered wears a samurai kimono and a hat the dohyo. The gyoji with sand; it is similar to that worn by medieval refers to them if he set on a raised Shinto priests. He also carries the cannot decide a platform 13–24 in battle fan of Japanese generals winner himself (34–60 cm) above the ground 18 ft 9 in (5.7 m) PLAYER Sagari Step to raised dias Parallel lines Water PROFILE Decorative silk This feature enables Combatants square For refreshment Sumo wrestlers must weigh tassels adorn the the referee and the up behind these before the bout and more than 154 lb (69 kg) and lower edge of wrestlers to mount marks before the at breaks during it be over 5 ft 7 in (1.7 m) tall. the mawashi the dohyo elegantly initial clinch Although many of the most famous wrestlers are huge men with enormous torsos and low centers of gravity, small and skillful combatants can often overcome much bigger opponents.

LAWS RANKING SYSTEM COMBAT SPORTS At the start of a bout, each wrestler claps his hands to show Sumo wrestlers have a strict pecking order; their rankings rise that he is not holding anything. Once battle commences, the in victory and fall in defeat. The exceptions are those in the SUMO first wrestler to go down is the loser. If both wrestlers fall highest echelon, the yokozuna, who generally retire rather simultaneously, the referee or the judges may award the bout than decline. Juryo wrestlers and those ranked above are to either fighter if, in their view, the other had no chance of entitled to wear kesho mawashi (ceremonial silk aprons). winning. Punching, kicking, choking, going for the eyes or stomach, pulling hair, and hitting below the belt are all YOKOZUNA The highest level a sumo wrestler can achieve; there prohibited and punishable by disqualification. are usually no more than two at any one time, and there have SUMO STYLES only been 72 in the entire history of the sport. There are two main styles of sumo wrestling: oshi-zumo and OZEKI The honorary title given to any winner of 33 bouts over yotsu-zumo. In the former, also known as “fighting apart,” the three consecutive tournaments. aim is to push the opponent out of the ring, often by using his SEKIWAKE Usually between three and five per tournament. own weight to his disadvantage. In yotsu-zumo, the objective KOMUSUBI Again, usually three to five per tournament. is to get ahold of the opponent’s belt, then carry him out or MAEGASHIRA The lowest elite echelon; usually number about 120. throw him down. Specific techniques are shown below. JURYO A group of 28 wrestlers of approximately equal ability. MAKUSHITA Apprentices who are learning from the grade above them; there are usually about 120 of them. Handling Low grip Ground force Shoo charge Attacker grasps Heavy pressure to The push is best Grab the bottom of belt prevent recovery aimed at the rear mawashi and start moving YORIKI UWATENAGE YORITAOSHI OKURIDASHI This move involves seizing the Gripping the mawashi, the sumotori The frontal crush-out: the opponent The rear push-out: wrestlers often opponent’s belt and attempting pulls his opponent down while turning is driven backward and collapses become victims of this move after an to march him out of the ring. his own upper body. under the force of the attack. attack of their own has gone wrong. Turning tables Flip over Upper hand The right arm turns The aim is to force a The thrust is at the defense into attack fall within the circle face and upper body Top to bottom The attacker pushes in order to get the opponent back onto his heels HATAKIKOMI OKURITAOSHI OSHIDASHI TSUKIDASHI As one wrestler charges, the other The rear push-down: the wrestler Frontal push-out: the attacker shoves The attacker drives his opponent sidesteps and slaps the opponent’s attacks from behind and forces the opponent out of the ring without out of the ring with a rhythmic back or arm, pushing him over. the opponent to the ground. gripping the mawashi. thrusting motion. SIDELINES INSIDE STORY In the modern sport of sumo wrestling, the most 294 The weight, in pounds (133 kg), of Ōrora Satoshi, prestigious events are the Grand Sumo tournaments. Six of them are held each year—three in Tokyo and one each the heaviest wrestler in sumo history. Born Anatoliy Valeryevich in Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. Each of the tournaments Mihahanov in 1983, he became the first Russian to enter lasts 15 days and is watched by millions of television professional sumo. He retired in 2018. viewers. Wrestlers may be promoted or demoted from one rank to another as a result of their performances 700 The approximate number of full-time professional at these events. From its historical stronghold in Japan, sumo wrestling spread to many other parts of the world sumo wrestlers across the six divisions. Most are Japanese, during the second half of the 20th century; it is now although several other nationalities are also represented. firmly established in 87 other countries, including the United States and 24 European nations. 34 000 000, , The annual fight money, in Japanese yen, earned by leading sumotori (about $284,000). INTERNATIONAL SUMO FEDERATION Some sumo stars supplement these basic earnings by sponsoring The world governing body is still based in Tokyo, commercial products and making personal appearances. and most of the administrators are Japanese.

WRESTLING NEED2KNOW EVENT OVERVIEW Wrestling is a combat sport in which players try to grapple their Wrestling is enjoyed around the world opponents to the ground using a variety of holds. It demands and is particularly popular in the United concentration and strategy, in addition to strength. The two main States, southeastern Europe, and West variations are freestyle—the more popular form—and Greco-Roman and Central Asia. wrestling. Women’s wrestling is also popular in some countries, As well as Greco-Roman and freestyle such as the United States. wrestling, many local forms exist, such as glima in Iceland, kushti in Iran, COMPETITOR PROFILE schwingen in Switzerland, yagli in Wrestlers must be physically strong and quick Turkey, and sombo in Russia. on their feet. Training involves weights and A women’s freestyle world championship distance running to build up strength and was introduced in 1987. stamina. Wrestlers also spend long periods rehearsing moves with sparring partners. Color coded Wrestlers wear different- colored singlets in each bout: one contestant wears red, the other blue Ankle support Rubber soled boots come up over the ankles to help prevent twists and sprains Skull cap Knee guards A head guard is not required, but Knee guards give many wrestlers wear them to support to the joints, reduce the risk of damage to ear which take a lot lobes during close encounters of pressure, and prevent grazing COMBAT AREA The wrestling area must be marked as shown. The In the chair 23 ft (7 m) surface, made of rubber, should be raised no more The mat chairman has than 3 ft 7 in (1.1 m) above the floor. In opposite the casting vote in any corners are red and blue triangles that mark the disagreements between wrestlers’ bases at the start of the bout. Matches the referee and judge are observed by a referee, who joins the wrestlers on the mat so that he can study every move at 39 ft (12 m) 29 ft 6 in (9 m) close proximity. On the sidelines sit a judge and a third official known as the mat chairman. They may Shock absorber stop the bout if they notice an infringement that the A competition-approved mat is 2 in referee has missed. (5 cm) thick and made of shock-absorbant, high-density foam. It is covered with an MARKING TIME antislip, static electricity-proof, PVC cover In freestyle wrestling, a pin (fall) ends a match. It must be held for about a second to score—the time it takes the referee to count “21, 22,” which he does in French (“vingt-et-un, vingt-deux”). A wrestler with a six-point lead is awarded that period of the bout.

RULES OF ENGAGEMENT GETTING TO GRIPS WITH IT COMBAT SPORTS Bouts are divided into two three-minute periods, with a third In Greco-Roman, wrestling only the upper body is involved; the period—known as the clinch—to settle ties. If a wrestler pins legs may never hold or be held. Freestyle is more of an “anything both his opponent’s shoulders to the ground, he wins outright. goes” event—even crotch holds are permitted. More often, the bout goes to the wrestler with the higher score. STARTING POSITIONS Points from 1 to 5, according to the move, are awarded by the The players are called from their corners by the referee, who officials for throws and getting an opponent to the floor— checks that their clothing has no sharp attachments and that their particularly in the “danger position,” with his back close to the fingernails are not too long. They then salute each other and shake mat, from where a pin may be easily possible. hands before the start of the bout. FREESTYLE Close fit Constrictor TAKEDOWN The key is to keep The attacker may Although the arms the chest close to also use his or her play a significant role the opponent arms to hold down in freestyle wrestling, the opponent’s legs both during and after WRESTLING the initial grapple, leg holds normally ATTACK GRASP TWIST DROP dominate. Most of The wrestler starts the move He then drops onto both Maintaining his grip, the The attacker keeps ahold a bout is fought with by going down on one knee knees and grabs the attacker then twists and of the opponent after he both players on the as he advances toward his opponent’s legs behind begins to get his legs around hits the floor and should mat. The double-leg opponent. the knees for leverage. those of the other wrestler. be in the better position. takedown is a common way to get an opponent to the floor. GRECO- Tight grip Possible pin If the attacker loses his It’s tough to exert enough pressure to ROMAN grip, the other fighter may turn on him pin an opponent from this position, GRAPPLE but the attacking wrestler has the There are two categories of Greco-Roman holds: advantageous position standing holds and mat holds. One exciting move is the shoulder throw, shown here. Also dramatic are head and hip tosses, which require strength, timing, and the agility to get out of the other START LIFT-OFF PITCH LAND LOCK wrestler’s way as he Approaching from the side, Having gained a hold, the Keeping his feet on the floor, The attacker maintains his chest or she falls. the attacker grabs his attacker lifts the other wrestler the attacker leans back and hold until the other wrestler is opponent around the chest. up, using his thighs and back. pulls the opponent over. doubled up on the mat. Protection area INSIDE STORY STAT CENTRAL The bout is stopped if a wrestler touches Wrestling has been a medal sport at every modern Olympic Games since 1896. Women WEIGHT DIVISIONS (MEN) this zone with any part of his body first competed at the Olympics in 2004. Wristy ref Professional wrestling emerged in the United DIVISION WEIGHT (MAX. WEIGHT) States in the early 20th century. The eventual The referee wears a red cuff on one arm result was the creation in 1963 of what SUPER HEAVYWEIGHT 211–264 LB (96–120 KG) and a blue cuff on the other; he shows became the World Wrestling Federation, or HEAVYWEIGHT 211 LB (96 KG) points awarded to each wrestler by WWF (now World Wrestling Entertainment, MIDDLEWEIGHT 185 LB (84 KG) raising fingers on the appropriate hand WWE). The WWF oversaw the 1980s’ and WELTERWEIGHT 163 LB (74 KG) 1990s’ heyday of events such as Wrestlemania, LIGHTWEIGHT 145 LB (66 KG) Wrestling area theatrical star-studded bouts that owed as The bout begins with the wrestlers much to entertainment as to sport. BANTAMWEIGHT 132 LB (60 KG) FLYWEIGHT 121 LB (50–55 KG) facing each other on opposite sides of the inner circle GOVERNING BODY TV TIMES The Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées (FILA) THE 1970S AND ’80S SAW BRITISH Passivity zone was set up shortly before the opening of the Stockholm WRESTLING AT ITS PEAK, WITH A 3 ft 3 in (1 m) circle warns Olympics in 1912. In 1946, it relocated to France. In 1965, MILLIONS TUNING IN EVERY SATURDAY. wrestlers that they are near the it moved to its current home in Lausanne, Switzerland. The edge of the wrestling zone. They organization currently has 176 affiliated national federations. can fight here but not begin moves Judge The judge records the scores he awards and also those signaled by the referee

NEED2KNOW SPORT OVERVIEW Karate is a Japanese martial art that literally means “empty Karate is the most widely practiced of all hand.” Derived from Chinese combat techniques, karate uses the Asian martial arts. There are more than the arms, hands, elbows, knees, feet, and head. Its key tenets 70 different styles. are self-defense, physical fitness, and spiritual awareness, Karate and kickboxing are quite closely which karate practitioners (known as karateka) traditionally related and for many years the same use for self-development. As pupils, they learn the basic governing bodies oversaw both sports. techniques of breathing, kicking, punching, and blocking and Karate began in Okinawa in the 17th the various stances that provide a platform for stability or century. Funakoshi Gichin, who created mobility. Karate’s three main elements are kata (a series of the Shotokan style in the 20th century, is moves), kumite (sparring with a partner), and kobodo (weapons considered the father of modern karate. forms). In the 1970s and ’80s, karate became competitive and eventually evolved into a sport with world championships. Foot strikes Kicks should strike the KARATE opponent using the ball of the foot or the instep. First Eye contact extending the knee and then As a sign of respect snapping through the lower for their opponent, leg generates extra power karateka never take their Loose fit eye off their rival, even The uniform must be light and when bowing before the loose fitting to give a full range of movement, including high contest begins kicks and low sweeps Colored belt FIGHTER PROFILE The color of the Karateka are toned, athletic karateka’s belt indicates individuals with strong upper the level of proficiency bodies and leg muscles. For he or she has reached kumite, karateka require a Balancing act relatively high pain threshold. Achieving good balance is fundamental to All leading karateka must have all martial arts. If a karateka’s stance is a high level of self-discipline poor and not well rooted, he or she will and live their life according to be easy to knock down or throw the karate code (dojo kun). SUPERFOOT SIDELINES BILL “SUPERFOOT” WALLACE WAS ONE OF THE WORLD’S LEADING PROPONENTS OF KARATE 178 The number of competitors AND KICKBOXING IN THE 1970S, WINNING 23 CONSECUTIVE FIGHTS BETWEEN 1974 AND 1980. taking part in the 1st World Championships WALLACE FOCUSED ON BUILDING MUSCLE IN HIS held in Tokyo in 1970. The competitors at LEFT LEG AFTER A JUDO INJURY TO HIS RIGHT the 2018 World Championships in Madrid, KNEE. HIS NICKNAME DERIVED FROM THE Spain, numbered more than 1,000. PRODIGIOUS POWER OF HIS LEFT LEG AND THE SPEED WITH WHICH HE COULD STRIKE. DURING 15 The number of cement slabs broken TRIALS, THIS WAS CLOCKED AT 60 MPH (90 KPH). by Bruce Haynes, an 8th-dan black belt and champion of tamashiwari. This karate art literally means “trial by wood” but has become the art of breaking objects with a single blow from a bare hand. 50,000,000 The estimated total number of individual members belonging to clubs, associations, and groups affiliated to the World Karate Federation (WKF).

AREA OF COMBAT Scorer and timekeeper COMBAT SPORTS Kumite (sparring) matches are held on a square mat surrounded by a number of The scorer keeps track of officials who ensure the contestants do not break the rules and are awarded the points the points awarded by the for displaying the correct techniques. The karate rules of etiquette and respect are referee; the timekeeper stops followed—for example, contestants bow to each other before the start of a bout by and starts the clock at the bending forward from the waist but always keeping alert and looking ahead. referee’s signal Table of honor Corner judge (4) High-ranking karate Each corner judge experts oversee the has two flags (red contest. They are entitled and white), which to overrule any decision made by the officials correspond to the colors of the 26 ft (8 m) competitors. The judges assist the referee with awarding points KARATE 26 ft (8 m) Referee Referee’s position Starting lines Safety area The referee is in charge The referee starts the Karatekas begin each contest and Competitors are penalized of the contest, awarding resume after a break at two parallel for twice stepping into the points, giving warnings contest from a line lines 10 ft (3 m) apart 6 ft 6 in (2 m) wide safety 6 ft 6 in (2 m) from area around the mat and penalties, and the center of the mat signaling the start and end of each bout KARATE GEAR Karate gloves COLORED BELTS A karateka wears a white Some kumite Levels of proficiency in karate are normally indicated by the uniform, or gi, made up of a color of the karateka’s belt, or obi. Several elements in jacket, pants, and belt (see competitions allow the student’s abilities are evaluated when progressing from left). Like the judo uniform, the the use of gloves one grade to the next, including knowledge and mastery karate gi is cut from a canvas- with closed finger of techniques, as well as kata and kumite. The higher the style cloth that can stand up to design for semi- grade, the more extensive the requirements. The number a considerable amount of wear contact sparring and color of gradings vary between karate styles, but white and does not restrict the Karate shoes is always the most basic grading and brown the highest mobility of the karateka. The Beginners and kyu (pupil). Black belt is the highest karate grade. Upon gi may be light, medium, or intermediates attaining black, the pupil becomes a dan (master), although heavy. Karateka usually wear may benefit there are up 10 levels of dan. protective gear—men wear an from using soft athletic cup to protect their footwear that Black groin and women use a bust provide good 1st–10th Dan protector. Other gear, such traction with Brown as padded mitts, gloves, the floor 1st Kyu shin guards, foot protectors, Blue shoes, and mouth guards, 2nd Kyu are also permitted. Green 3rd Kyu THE KARATE CODE Red Karate has a dojo kun, a set of guidelines that karetekas follow in their everyday 4th Kyu lives and in the room, or dojo, in which karate is taught. This karate code can be Yellow summarized by five commands: • Seek perfection of character • Be faithful • 5th Kyu Endeavor • Respect others • Refrain from violent behavior White 9th–6th Kyu

KARATE STYLES KUMITE The Federation of All Japan Karate-do Organizations recognizes four Kumite matches are organized by age, main karate styles—Goju-ryu, Shito-ryu, Shotokan, and Wado-ryu— gender, weight, and experience. Each although there are more than 70 different ones, including Shorin-ryu, bout is two or three minutes long. Two Uechi-ryu, and Kyokushinkai. Styles that do not belong to one of these competitors stand on the starting lines schools are not considered to be illegitimate. Most schools are affiliated on the mat, bow, and at the referee’s with or heavily influenced by one or more of these traditional styles. signal begin fighting. Kumite bouts feature punching, kicking, knee/elbow SHOTOKAN strikes, open-handed techniques, locks, Shotokan is a school of karate, developed from various martial arts by master throws, and grappling. Karateka issue Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957). Techniques in kata are characterized by long, deep a loud kiai, or “spirit shout,” as they stances which provide stable, powerful movements and also help strengthen the execute a technique. A perfectly legs. Strength and power are demonstrated instead of slower, more flowing motions. delivered strike, blow, or throw receives WADO–RYU an ippon, or point. If the strike is slightly After receiving tutelage from Funakoshi and other Okinawan masters, Hironori flawed, the judge may award a waza-ari, Otsuka (1892–1982) set off to merge Shindo Yoshin Ryu with Okinawan karate or half point. The first karateka to score and formed Wado-ryu. The name is translated literally as “harmony.” three points is the winner of the contest. SHITO–RYU RULES OF CONTACT NEVER ATTACK FIRST This was developed in 1931 by In kumite, the level of contact varies GICHIN FUNAKOSHI, THE FOUNDER Kenwa Mabuni (1889–1952). It is a according to the style and the standard OF SHOTOKAN KARATE, BELIEVED combination style that attempts to of the karatekas. All techniques must be KARATE SHOULD BE A FORM OF unite the diverse roots of karate. controlled and executed without excessive DEFENSE ONLY. HE DECLARED GOJU–RYU force, especially to the head and neck. “THERE IS NO FIRST ATTACK IN Using a combination of hard Attacks to the throat, groin, temples, KARATE” BECAUSE IT IS AN ART and soft techniques, this style’s spine, instep, and back of the head are OF DEFENDING IN WHICH THE specialty is close-quarters combat. not allowed, and the referee may award ATTACKER ALWAYS LOSES. Major emphasis is given to correct penalties for any foul. breathing and body conditioning. SCORING CRITERIA KATA Toes back Scoring in kumite depends on the personal In kata, a competitor executes The toes are assessment of the referee, who needs to a series of choreographed pulled back evaluate whether a particular move was combat techniques—such as so the kick is delivered from the right distance, as well as kicks, blocks, punches, and being perfect in form, timing, and attitude. strikes (see right)—against an made with The referee also decides if a technique imaginary opponent. Officials the ball of would have been effective in real combat. evaluate competence by various criteria: precision, the foot REFEREE SIGNALS breathing, strength, During a bout, the referee may use various hand coordination, rhythm, FRONT KICK signals as a way of communicating to the karateka balance, concentration, and In this front kick (Mae geri), the right leg and the judges. These include signals for starting, comprehension of movement. lifts and the foot kicks forward. The right stopping, and resuming the contest, as well as for As well as individual events, hand stays on the hip, with the elbow in. points awarded, techniques executed simultaneously, pairs of karateka demonstrate fouls committed, and warnings for excessive contact. synchronized movements. From the hip The right fist is Knuckles out punched from the The knuckles of hip and, with knuckles the right fist face facing out, ends in out; the left fist is line with the chest under the right elbow with the knuckles uppermost AWARDING A POINT BACK FIST BLOCK REVERSE PUNCH A referee signals that a point (ippon) has been The back fist block (Uraken gamae) in In the reverse punch (Gyaku zuki), in the awarded by placing a hand on the opposite the front stance position ends with the front stance position, one fist punches shoulder and extending the arm downward at right fist forward at chest height. forward as the other goes back to the hip. 45° on the side of the scorer.

PUNCH TO MID SIDE KICK COMBAT SPORTS A key characteristic of punching in The side kick (Yoko Geri) is karate is the art of rotating the wrist so one of the most powerful karate the palms go from facing upward at kicks, especially when aimed at the start of the punch to facing the ribs or solar plexus. Either downward at impact. the side or the heel of the foot can be used in the kick. Maximum impact Wearing gloves lessens Counterpunch the power of the strike, A kick to the middle, which would usually be if properly evaded, can with the knuckles of the be efficiently countered index and middle fingers with a punch to the opponent’s midriff BACK KICK KICK TO HEAD KARATE The back kick (Ushiro Geri) can As the knee comes up, be used when facing an attack it is twisted sideways from the rear. A variation of this and thrust forward at is to spin around to attack an the opponent. At the opponent who is in front— same time, the body a spinning back kick. is rotated on the supporting leg. Heel first The strike when Leg grab performing the back The high kick, kick should be made unless executed with the heel of the very quickly, foot, with the toes is prone to a pointing downward retaliatory leg grab, as shown here Fists together Open palm INSIDE STORY The fists are The palm of the The World Karate Federation held together right hand is open, (WKF) organizes the World with the the left fist is kept Karate Championships every on the left hip, two years. Individual men’s knuckles facing and the breath events are held in kumite at outward and is slowly and various weights (-60 kg, -65 the thumbs strongly exhaled kg, -70 kg, -75 kg, -80 kg, at the top and +80 kg) and in kata. Individual women’s events DOUBLE PUNCH KNIFE HAND BLOCK are held in kumite at various The double punch (Heiko tate zuki) in the front This hand block (Tate shuko uke) is performed weights (-53 kg, -60 kg, and stance position has both fists forward and the in the rooted stance position, and the open right +60 kg) and kata. There are arms fully extended at chest height. hand is pushed slowly forward at shoulder height. also men’s and women’s team events in both kumite Quick fist Fists aloft and kata. In addition, the The left arm The right fist is at eye World Union of Karate-do straightens level, the left fist in front Organizations (WUKO) of the forehead; the organizes a World Karate as the fist knuckles of both hands Championships for seniors strikes face backward (between 18 and 35 years quickly of age) and veterans (36 and over), as well as the World ARM STRIKE DOUBLE-HANDED BLOCK Children, Cadets and Juniors In the back stance, the crossed arm strike with This block (Jodan haiwan uke) in the back stance Karate Championships. the right fist (Ura zuki) moves to the side fist position starts with both fists beside the left hip and strike with the left fist (Mawashi tettsui uchi). ends with both arms raised and forming a rectangle. WKF The World Karate Federation was formed in 1990. It is the largest international governing body of sport karate, with 191 member countries, and is the only one recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

KUNG FU: TAOLU NEED2KNOW COMPETITOR PROFILE Taolu competitors need to demonstrate In China, kung fu is generally gymnastic prowess and aesthetic flare. known by the term “wushu” Many positions are carried out with the and is the country’s national performer in very low squats, which require sport. Wushu literally means considerable stamina and leg strength. “military arts” or “martial arts.” Speed, grace, flexibility, and balance are The International Wushu key attributes. In individual competition, Federation (IWUF) is performers choreograph their own routines, the governing body for so they need artistic inventiveness as well. competition taolu, as well as the full-contact Skilled swordsman sport of sanshou. Competitors need great The types of taolu seen in mastery of taolu to wield competition are known as “external” forms. “Internal” weapons such as the forms of taolu are more jian in routines meditative and reflective. Taiji (tai chi) is a well-known type. Footwear Lightweight, soft leather shoes are worn during competition EVENT OVERVIEW TAOLU ON FILM The Chinese art of taolu (forms) was born in 1958 with the establishment of HOLLYWOOD ACTOR JET the All-China Wushu Federation. It is a style of kung fu in which competitors LI, STAR OF ROMEO MUST perform choreographed routines comprised of basic movements (stances, kicks, DIE, IS THE WORLD’S punches, balances, jumps, sweeps, and throws) on a padded mat. Performances MOST FAMOUS TAOLU are judged for artistic merit, much like ice-skating routines or rhythmic PRACTITIONER. HE WON gymnastics. Some categories of taolu are performed without weapons (so-called THE NATIONAL WUSHU “empty-hand” styles) and some with weapons. Most categories are for solo CHAMPION OF CHINA performers, but some are for pairs or groups. TITLE FIVE TIMES. THE FIELD Judges 46 ft (14 m) OF PLAY Taolu routines are assessed Taolu competitors perform on by a panel of 10 judges. 26 ft 3 in (8 m) Performance area a padded mat much like the They are divided into three The padded rubber surface ones gymnasts use to perform groups who assess quality of the mat guards against floor exercises. Performances of movement, overall any injuries that might occur by individual competitors take performance, and level of during flamboyant routines place on a mat measuring difficulty of the routine. There 46 ft x 26 ft 3 in (14 x 8 m). is an additional head judge Competitor The edge of the mat is Safety area Individual taolu competitors must perform marked out by a white border The safety area routines with or without weapons for at 2 in (5 cm) wide. The mat is surrounding the least one minute and 20 seconds. Group surrounded by a 6 ft 6 in (2 m) performance mat is performances must last at least 50 seconds safety area. Events for pairs or 6½ ft (2 m) deep groups of performers are carried out on a larger mat, Boundary line 52 ft 6 in x 46 ft (16 x 14 m), A 2 in (5 cm) white line which is surrounded by a marks out the edge of 3 ft (1 m) safety area. The the performance mat. This competition area is often set acts as a visual warning to on a raised platform that is the performer; he or she 1 ft 6 in–2 ft (50–60 cm) high. will be penalized for crossing this line during their routine

THE WEAPONS PERFORMING TAOLU COMBAT SPORTS Many of the forms of taolu focus on showing off the dexterity The main taolu events for individuals and groups, performed with with which the performer handles one of a number of traditional and without weapons, are explained below: weapons. Choreographed contests between two performers also take place. CHANGQUAN Long fist; a type of “empty-handed” solo contest derived from northern Shaolin boxing. Nandao 3¼ ft (97 cm) NANQUAN Southern fist; a solo contest derived from southern boxing. This type of sword is the TAIJIQUAN Shadow boxing; a form of “empty-handed” solo contest. Southern broadsword DAOSHU Routine performed with a broadsword. JIANSHU Performance with a double-edged sword. Dao 3¼ ft (98 cm) NANDAOSHU Southern-style broadsword. KUNG FU: TAOLU This is a single-edged sword TAIJIJIANSHU Taiji sword. described as willow-leaf shaped QIANGSHU Spear. GUNSHU Staff or cudgel. NANGUNSHU Southern-style staff or cudgel routine. This event was created in 1992. DUILIAN Choreographed routines for two performers; these may be performed with or without weapons. JITI Choreographed routines performed by a group, often to music. Jian 3½ ft (103 cm) Qiang Gun The jian is a double-edged straight sword The qiang is a type The gun is a type of of spear made of wax staff or cudgel made Taijijian 3½ ft (110 cm) wood. This weapon of wax wood. This is OTHER This sword is used in traditional taiji events is often practiced in often practiced along WEAPONS conjunction with Taolu routines are the jian (sword) with the nandao sometimes performed (the broadsword) with more exotic and esoteric weapons than 6 ft (180 cm) those illustrated, including 7 ft (210 cm) a three-sectioned staff, a rope dart, and a nine-sectioned whip. SCORING SYSTEM INSIDE STORY Each individual taolu performer starts their routine with 10 points. Five The governing body of taolu is the International of these points are allocated to quality of movement, three for overall Wushu Federation (IWUF), which was set up in performance, and two for the degree of difficulty of the routine. Each China in 1990. IWUF is currently campaigning error—whether a divergence from the routine, a stumble, or poor to have wushu (both sanshou and taolu) technique—is penalized by the deduction of a point. Group performers recognized as an official Olympic sport. are also scored on a 10-point system, split equally between quality of movement and overall performance. CHINESE WUSHU ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUES The Chinese Wushu Association Taolu contestants are awarded points for performing moves and maneuvers was set up in 1958. It is one of to a regulated standard; these might include somersaults, kicks, jumps, and 148 national associations under balances. Competitions are either in the form of set compulsory routines that the aegis of the IWUF and is all contestants perform or individually choreographed routines. Changquan influential because of the is considered to be the foundation of taolu and is often the first taolu form art’s Chinese origins. that new practitioners learn. Some fundamental changquan stances are described below. Posture Balance Finger point The head and torso Arm arches over Hand is flat and are kept in perfect the head to offer points forward vertical alignment counterbalance during this stance during the stance Endurance This provides great strengthening for the back and leg muscles SEATED STANCE CROUCH STANCE HORSE STANCE Also known as the sitting stance (or chi bu). In Chinese, this is the pu bu, also known Also known as the horse-riding stance One thigh is wrapped over the other. The as the drop or arrow stance. This is a very (ma bu in Chinese). The tops of the thighs front foot is flat on the floor, while the ball low squat where the crouching thigh of are parallel to the floor, the knees are turned of the back foot is in contact with the floor. the back foot is in contact with the calf. outward, and the feet point forward.

COMPETITOR KUNG FU: PROFILE SANSHOU Sanshou fighters need strength to land blows forcefully on their opponents; speed and agility to move quickly around the fighting area and dodge attacks; and flexibility to execute kicks and leg sweeps. Head SPORT OVERVIEW protector Sanshou is a Chinese martial art that Because blows resembles kickboxing. Bouts feature two to the head fighters who score points by landing blows are allowed, on their opponent or knocking them out. fighters wear Unlike taolu, sanshou is never practiced head guards with weapons. for safety Chest COMBAT AREA protector Sanshou matches take place on a square raised The torso is platform called a leitai surrounded by padded mats. protected by The leitai was traditionally 5 ft (1.5 m) above ground a padded level, but lower heights are now more common. It is nylon chest legitimate to try to force or throw an opponent off the platform. Fighters are penalized if any part of their shield body crosses the boundary line, which forms a square Recorder and 3 ft 3 in (1 m) inside the edge of the platform. timekeeper The recorder notes all of Leitai judge the points and penalties The platform judge supervises awarded. The timekeeper times each round and bangs the fight. He shouts “kaishi!” a gong to announce the to start a round and end of a round “ting!” to end one 26 ft 8 in (8 m) 39 ft 4 in (12 m) Sideline judge Judges There may be three or The head judge can five of these. Their job is overrule both the platform to signal if one of the judge and the sideline judges. The head judge announces combatants crosses the results of each round the boundary line Boundary line Fighters are penalized if any part of their body crosses this line during a bout NEED2KNOW SIDELINES 50 The number of participants at the Sanshou (which translates 12 The number of fighters who were 2012 Sanshou World Cup, which was held in as “loose hands”) was the Chinese city of Wuyishan. The competition developed by the Chinese banned from the National Chinese lei tai is separated into 18 different categories, with army after the Korean War tournament at Nanking in 1928 for fear of 11 categories for male fighters and seven (1950–1953) to improve killing other competitors. Lei tai combat was for women. soldiers’ hand-to-hand the ancestor of modern sanshou. combat skills. 10 000, The prize money, in Sanshou is not so much a 92 The number of Chinese provinces sport as a way of life that Chinese Yuan, awarded to the winner of the demands self-discipline represented by martial arts masters to discuss the 2006 World Cup in Xi’an. That’s equivalent to on and off the leitai. new fighting style that would become sanshou. $1,200: Sanshou may be a way of life, but it is not a good way to earn a living.

SANSHOU CAN DO COLOR CODED COMBAT GEAR COMBAT SPORTS Competitors fight in one of 10 weight During bouts, sanshou fighters wear Sanshou is a high-impact, often-violent sport, categories. Matches consist of a boxing-style vests and shorts. Boxing so fighters are required to wear protection for KUNG FU: SANSHOU maximum of three two-minute rounds gloves soften hard blows from the fist, the chest, head, hands, groin, and mouth. with one minute’s rest in between. but fighters are barefoot, affording no (If a fighter wins the first two rounds, protection from kicks. One contestant Mouth guard he wins outright, and the third round wears black clothing and the other A mouth guard reduces is not contested.) Points can be scored wears red so the judges can easily the risk of damage from by landing blows with the fists or the distinguish between them. Combatants a kick to the face feet to the opponent’s torso or head, also wear mouth guards. by kicks to the thigh, by knockout, or by Chest protector making the opponent fall over. Double BLOW SOFTENERS The front of the torso points are awarded if a fighter makes Combatants protect is protected against the opponent fall over while remaining their fists with standard hard blows. The neck standing himself. Leg sweeps, flying boxing gloves strapped is left unguarded to jumps, and grappling are all legitimate around the wrists. allow the head to moves. Three points are also awarded move freely if the opponent falls off the leitai. Groin protector ILLEGAL MOVES Hard-wearing Blows to the groin are Blows may not be made with the knees or the leather forbidden, but groin elbows or by headbutting. Fighters cannot hit Gloves are made guards are still essential opponents in the back of the head, the neck, of an outer layer or the groin. Punches are not allowed below of leather stitched Point of contact the belt, although blows with the feet can be with nylon thread This flailing kick found its target made to the opponent’s upper leg. and padded with Groundfighting is not allowed. high-density below the opponent’s knee polyurethane Upright stance METHODOLOGY Head sway The standing knee and leg Sanshou fighting features many of the This fighter’s attempt to get his head are locked to act as a pivot tactics and techniques used in other out of the way is futile because his for the swing kickboxing-style martial arts—such as feet are flat on the mat HOOKED-LEG KICK punches and kicks—but with the In this attacking move, the fighter balances on addition of throws and sweeps. his left foot, extends his back leg behind him, and sweeps it around in a circular movement, kicking THE KICKING CRAFT Heel spin his opponent’s front leg from under him and There are several dramatic ways of getting As the kick knocking him off balance. an opponent to the floor. These include the flying scissor-kick, in which one fighter follows jumps at his opponent, wraps his legs on through, this either side of the opponent’s waist, and knocks him to the ground. Leg sweeps are leg moves also an effective way of felling an opponent, clockwise as shown right. They also allow the fighter BACK-SWEEP KICK to keep his head and torso out of his The fighter rotates on his front foot so that his back opponent’s reach. faces his opponent. His back leg sweeps up to his opponent, making contact at chest height with the Evasive techniques are also important; back of the leg. Unless the opponent anticipates combatants must be on their toes at all this attack, he will be knocked off balance. times other than when they are actually kicking. A sanshou fighter is never more vulnerable than when he just launched an attack into thin air. FOUR SKILLS INSIDE STORY During the Korean War, the Chinese divided Sanshou’s governing body, the International Wushu Federation (IWUF), was the basic skills that proponents should established in 1990. It organizes the World Championships of Wushu (covering master into four groups: da (striking), which both sanshou and taolu) every two years. First held in 1991 in Beijing, the encompasses all blows with the fist, open championships circled the globe (stopping at, among other places, Baltimore, hand, elbows, fingers, and head; ti (kicking), Hanoi, Rome, and Yerevan) before returning to the Chinese capital in 2007. including sweeping, kneeing, and stomping; The first Sanshou World Cup was held in Shanghai in 2002 and is now shuai (wrestling, throwing, and takedowns); organized in alternate years to the World Championships of Wushu. and na (joint locks, chokes, and other submission grips). After the war, some of the IWUF more extreme elements were toned down in The International Wushu Federation was recognized by the International recognition of the fact that sanshou was now Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2002, but the sport has yet to make its debut a sport rather than combat, but the broad as an Olympic event. The headquarters of the IWUF are in Beijing. The IWUF principles remain central to modern practice. has 152 member nations around the world.

JU-JITSU SPORT Hand and foot protectors OVERVIEW All fighters must wear this Ju-jitsu is an ancient Japanese protection—normally martial art whose popularity has fingerless mittens and socks spread worldwide and developed into different forms. The two Colored belt Cotton gi versions currently sanctioned by One combatant wears a Known as a gi, the the JJIF, the world governing body, red belt and the other a outfit comprises a are the fighting system and the loose-fitting cotton duo system. The object of the former blue one to indicate is to score points. This can be done their respective corners. jacket and long by striking them, and—after getting Belts should go around pants; women must them off balance and onto the mat—forcing a submission. In the the body twice and wear a plain white duo system, fighters spar using leave 6 in (15 cm) on T-shirt or leotard various prearranged moves. either side of the knot underneath the gi; COMPETITOR PROFILE men must be naked Fighters must have speed of movement, good balance, and strength, especially in the grip. beneath it so that Joints need to be as flexible as possible, both opponents cannot to deliver attacks and—since many of the blows are directed at the shoulders, elbows, grab their and knees—to receive them. And, of course, undergarments technical ability is crucial. Long pants COMBAT AREA Should cover at least The entire combat zone,.including the half of the shinbone; warning area, is known as the competition must not be rolled up area. It is usually 32 ft 6 in (10 m) square, although some national and international Table referee 3 ft 3 in tournaments take place on smaller One judge is seated (1 m) fighting areas measuring 19 ft 6 in (6 m) alongside the mat, square. In major competitions, the surface accompanied by a scorer 26 ft 3 in (8 m) is made of traditional woven straw mats and a timekeeper known as tatami. Side referees 39 ft (12 m) Two; move around NEED2KNOW the safety area to maintain the best Ju-jitsu comes from two Japanese view of the bout words: “ju” means “gentleness” and “jitsu” is “art.” Fighting area As the sport spread across the world, The mats are usually green teachers developed their own schools, but may be any color; outside known as “ryu.” of major competitions, a Telling someone that you practice single sheet of rubber is ju-jitsu is too vague to be very sometimes used helpful; there are so many different Warning area varieties of the art that you need Red perimeter markings show to be more specific. combatants that they are in danger of stepping out of bounds Safety area Surrounds the warning area

SIDELINES POINTED MANEUVERS COMBAT SPORTS Ju-jitsu originated as a philosophy and a way of life; it has 3 The number of basic states of mind that are traditionally only comparatively recently become a sport. Hence, many of the point-scoring techniques have been contrived so that regarded as essential for excellence at the art of ju-jitsu. They they can be judged by set criteria. are zanshin (power), fudoshin (preparation), and mushin (potential). FIGHTING SKILLS The illustrations below show one possible way of scoring an ippon in 72 The total number of national bodies affiliated with the each of the categories under the fighting system. Ju-jitsu is classified as a martial art, but injuring the opponent has no part of it. Fighters Ju-jitsu International Federation. who have gained an advantage need not—in fact, must not—drive it home; they have already proved their point and scored their ippon. 1,139 The period, in years, since the first Japanese STRIKE Pivotal moment JU-JITSU ju-jitsu school was founded by Prince Teijun. The fighter on the left aims The standing leg to land a foot or hand on must be braced, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT the body of the opponent, with the foot firmly The requirements for victory vary according to the ryu, or who takes evasive grounded and school of ju-jitsu. In JJIF competitions, there are two main measures and aims to turn balanced on the mat sets of rules, as follows. defense into counterattack. FIGHTING SYSTEM TAKEDOWN Role reversal The attacker puts one hand The man on top may The winner is the combatant who first scores an ippon (point) around the opponent’s appear to be in control, in each of three categories: in the striking section, a clean shoulder and the other but he is about to be punch or kick; in the throwing section, a clean takedown; around his torso, then thrown onto the mat and in the groundwork section, a submission. swivels his own upper body to push him across his DUO SYSTEM thigh and onto the mat. In this modified form of ju-jitsu, before each stage of the SUBMISSION Double contest, the referee calls out a number that corresponds to One fighter puts the other jeopardy one of 20 authorized moves. One competitor attacks and the in an armlock; when the The assailant other defends. For example, the offensive player may be called latter can stand the pain no uses both hands on to attempt a stranglehold; meanwhile, the defender is given longer, he or she will tap on to twist the the objective of countering with a throw. (Avoiding the attack the mat with the free hand opponent’s arm is not enough.) Marks are awarded for technique and speed. to indicate submission. to the limit DUO THROW Engagement Push and pull Pivotal moment Happy landings When the referee calls the number The combatants allow each The defender on the Having lifted the opponent off the mat, the The ability to land that corresponds to the shoulder other to take up the starting left bends his knees; defender bends forward to complete the gracefully and without throw, the designated attacker moves position; they do not have when he straightens throw; note how he keeps hold of the other injury is every bit as in from behind and puts his or her arm to fight to get it them again, he will lift fighter’s arm throughout the move important in ju-jitsu as around the opponent’s neck. That the the attacker off the mat the art of throwing defender counterattacks is not in doubt; what counts is the way he or she does it. Here, the defender throws the attacker in the manner shown. Mat referee Observes the fight from close quarters and awards points 3 ft 3 in (1 m) SHERLOCK HOLMES INSIDE STORY IN ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S 1893 At the start of the 21st century, ju-jitsu’s biggest growth area THRILLER “THE ADVENTURE OF THE was in Brazil, where there were three types of contests: sport EMPTY HOUSE,” SHERLOCK HOLMES ju-jitsu, in which no strikes are allowed; submission wrestling, USES JU-JITSU TO SAVE HIMSELF which is similar except that the fighters wear shorts rather than FROM CERTAIN DEATH AT THE HANDS conventional gi; and, most popular of all, vale tudo contests OF HIS ARCHENEMY, PROFESSOR (straight fights with few rules). These forms of the sport are MORIARTY. DOYLE HAD PROBABLY outside the control of the JJIF. BEEN INFLUENCED BY THE RECENT ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRITISH JU-JITSU INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION JU-JITSU SOCIETY. Largely through the efforts of the JJIF (founded in 1972), in 1994, ju-jitsu was added to the list of sports at the World Games. The JJIF controls every aspect of the study and teaching of all styles of the sport and divides them into two broad categories: koryu (classical) and goshin (modern).

TAE KWON DONEED2KNOW The word “Tae kwon do” is variously translated as “the way of hand and foot” or “the way of kicking and striking.” Tae kwon do originated in EVENT OVERVIEW Korea, where it remains Tae kwon do is an exciting combat sport between two men or women who score the national martial art. points by striking their opponent, often with a rapid combination of kicks— In other parts of the including jumping or flying kicks—and punches. The fighter with the greater world, it is also popular number of points at the end of the timed bout is the winner, unless one is as a form of exercise. knocked down for a count of 10. PLAYER PROFILE Doctor on call Recorder Judges Tae kwon do athletes are light, lithe, A medical doctor The recorder Three lineside judges observe fast-moving, and strong. Agility and can administer keeps a record the combat to award points flexibility are important attributes, treatment to of the points and for legitimate blows and as high kicks are a key tactic: kicks competitors and penalties awarded deduct points for penalties. to the opponent’s face score more ensure they are to each competitor Two or more judges must highly than blows to the torso. fit to continue a by the judges and register a point for it to be Quick responses are essential contest, or stop times the contests recorded to a competitor for effective defense. the contest if not SIDELINES Waist bands Referee 35 ft 9 in (11 m) A colored belt The referee Alert line 4 The number of weight knotted around the starts and ends A different-colored waist indicates the each bout, safety area warns divisions into which both fighter’s rank supervises the competitors that male and female combatants match, and they are near the are divided in the Olympic Dobok indicates fouls edge of the mat Games: flyweight, lightweight, The uniform is a middleweight, and heavyweight. light and loose 8 The number of medals (out white jacket and pants of a possible 16) won by South Korea at the first two Olympics— Coaches’ position Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004— The fighters’ coaches in which tae kwon do was a watch the bout from competitive sport. The tally is opposite sides of the made up of five gold, one silver, and two bronze. competition area 10 The number of student COMPETITION AREA Contests take place on a square rubber mat at least 1 in (2 cm) thick. The competition ranks, from tenth (beginner) to area may be raised by 19½–23½ in (50–60 cm), with a shallow slope (around 30°) to floor first. Ranks are known as dans. level. The officials take up position around the outside of the competition area. 209 The number of member nations in World Tae kwon do.

REQUIRED CLOTHING KICKING OUT COMBAT SPORTS Fighters wear full protective clothing when they take up Tae kwon do places more emphasis on kicks than most position on the mat. To make each combatant distinct, one martial arts and takes advantage of the legs’ ability to wears blue and one wears red markings on the chest guard or deliver blows with more force and from a greater distance helmet, or on hand and foot protectors if they are worn. Only than punches. Two of the most effective kicks are the the chest guard is worn over the loose-fitting white uniform. hook kick and the side kick (below). Headgear Parallel lines TAE KWON DO Protective headgear is both The leading arm and leg essential and required, as are parallel to each other kicks to the face are allowed Torso guard Rock solid Body armor protects the The feet are chest, ribs, and abdomen. firmly planted The central target area on the mat may be electronic to record hits STARTING POSE INTO MOTION The fighter is in regular defensive The fighter raises his knee Forearm guards pose, with his hands raised to to hip level and keeps his Made from lightweight foam block any attack. hands raised. padding, forearm guards absorb the impact of blows Groin guard First Leg thrust A foam-covered plastic cup footing The attacker twists protects the groin, secured The standing the leg outward by an elastic waistband foot pivots ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY the body SIDE KICK Tae kwon do retains its Korean origins in much of the language forward The leg is fully extended associated with the sport. Referees begin bouts by shouting “Shi-jak!” WIND-UP to the side and the hip (“Start”) and end bouts by shouting “Keu-man” (“Stop”). Combatants The fighter pivots to face twisted for extra power. often scream “Kiai!” (which means “working with ki” ) when delivering forward to come into an a blow to their opponent; the shout releases energy (ki) and helps attacking position. them strike a blow with greater strength and force. As with boxing, a knockout is concluded by the referee counting to 10—announced STRAIGHT PUNCH by the referee declaring “Yeol” (the Korean word for “10”). In the straight punch-pull combination, the nonstriking hand is kept low with the fist palm upward as the striking hand quickly punches straight with the fist palm down. SCORING POINTS Right Quick change Points are earned by landing blows on the opponent or, in approach The left arm swiftly sparring competitions, by stopping blows 1 in (2 cm) from an The combatant opponent. A blow to the torso with the hand or foot earns one leads with his throws the next point, a kick to the neck or head earns two, and knocking the right arm punch as the right opponent down earns three. Under World Tae kwon do rules, if arm is pulled back a fighter reaches 12 points or gets 7 points ahead, he or she wins the match. A match can also be won by knockout. Points into the body are deducted for fouls, such as hitting below the belt, hitting the back, and hitting behind the head. In the case of a tie, INSIDE STORY a sudden-death bout is played. Tae kwon do was internationalized by US troops returning home after the Korean War in the early 1950s. Korean HAIR-RAISING ROOTS lobbying led to the founding in 1973 of the World Tae TAE KWON DO EVOLVED SOME 2,000 YEARS AGO FROM kwon do Federation (WTF)—now World Tae kwon do—as A NUMBER OF KOREAN MARTIAL ARTS. ONE FIGHTING the sport’s governing body. The first world championships TECHNIQUE, AT A TIME WHEN IT WAS FASHIONABLE FOR were held the same year. MEN TO WEAR A LONG PONYTAIL, WAS TO TIE A SHARP COMB OR METAL WEIGHT TO THE END OF THE BRAID GOVERNING BODY AND SWING IT TO STRIKE AN OPPONENT IN THE EYES. World Tae kwon do was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1980. Tae kwon do became an official Olympic sport in 2000, having appeared at the games as a presentation sport in Seoul in 1988.

KICKBOXING NEED2KNOW SPORT OVERVIEW Kickboxing is a fast-moving combat sport that combines boxing Kickboxing is a techniques with kicks derived from martial arts, mainly karate. Although professional sport for it resembles traditional Thai boxing and Full Contact (see box opposite), it both men and women. was developed by martial arts experts in the United States in the 1970s. Top bouts draw huge Professional bouts are up to 12 rounds long, and each round lasts two audiences in southeast minutes. Fights are decided by knockout or, more commonly, by points Asia and Japan, where scored for blows landed on the opponent. kickboxers enjoy superstar status. FIGHTER PROFILE Referee In the West, kickboxing Kickboxers need the strength, speed, resilience, The referee stands in the ring has become a popular and endurance of boxers combined with the with the fighters, starting form of exercise due to agility and flexibility required to execute the and ending each bout and its high fitness demands extended high kicks. A high level of resistance to overseeing the contest and challenging moves. pain is necessary, particularly when competing The rules of kickboxing under rules that allow kicks to the fighters’ legs. Starting positions are complicated by the Hand The fighters line up on two fact that there is no protection white lines, marked 3 ft one governing body Kickboxers fight (1 m) from the center of but a number of rival in standard the ring on opposite sides organizations. boxing gloves Corner team Exposed target Each fighter has a trainer Baggies No padding is who discusses tactics and Loose boxing-style worn on the two seconds who tend to torso, and this injuries between rounds shorts give the area of the body legs freedom is a major target of movement Foam boots Timekeeper In Full Contact He times each bout, ringing a bell to start kickboxing, padded and end each round foam protectors are Strength THE RING permitted for the During training, Originally fought on mats, modern kickboxing feet and shins contests take place in standard boxing rings— fighters work sprung canvas squares enclosed on all four extensively on sides by four ropes. The bottom rope must building leg muscles be a minimum of 13 in (33 cm) above the canvas floor; the top rope should be no more than 4 ft 4 in (1.32 m). BOXING BEAUTY TRAINED AS A MONK, NONG TOOM BECAME ONE OF THAILAND’S LEADING KICKBOXERS— AND THE MOST NOTORIOUS. HE WAS A MAKEUP- WEARING TRANSSEXUAL WHO FOUGHT TO EARN CASH FOR A SEX CHANGE OPERATION, WHICH HE HAD IN 1999. HIS STORY WAS TOLD IN THE 2005 MOVIE BEAUTIFUL BOXER.

KICKBOXING, FULL CONTACT, SCORING SYSTEM COMBAT SPORTS AND MUAY THAI Contests are won either through knockouts or accumulation of The pure form of kickboxing is often confused with Thai points. In some contests, winners are decided on the number KICKBOXING boxing (Muay Thai) and the European sport of Full Contact. of rounds won, not overall points. The scoring areas are All are closely related, and it is important to understand the the front, back, and side of the head; the front and side key differences. Fighters in all three sports wear mouth of the body; and all areas of the leg. Points are awarded guards, gloves, and groin protection. as follows: One point is awarded for all successful punches. • In kickboxing, combatants are permitted to punch Footsweeps and kicks to the body also score one point. Two according to the rules of professional boxing—in other words, points are awarded for a kick to the head. A jumpkick that lands no blows below the belt—and kick any part of the body. on the body is awarded two points, and one that connects with • In Full Contact, fighters wear long pants and T-shirts, the head is awarded three points. protective foam boots, and optional shin pads and FIGHTING STYLES head guards. Normal boxing rules apply, but fighters Kickboxers can target the opponent’s torso and head with are prohibited from kicking below the waist. punches such as jabs, hooks, crosses, and uppercuts. There • Muay Thai is the oldest and most violent form of is also a variety of kicks, including front and side kicks and the “kickboxing.” The rules regarding punching and kicking swinging roundhouse kick. A roundhouse kick is one when are more relaxed, and fighters are permitted to strike the fighter swings his or her leg in a circular motion to gain using their hands, shins, elbows, and knees. momentum for a blow to the opponent’s lower leg, torso, or head. There is very little difference between the punching styles Doctor Scorekeeper of kickboxing and traditional boxing—in fact, many fighters Medical assistance Seated with move between one or the other discipline. A well-executed on hand in case of the judges, he punch is often less destructive than a kick, however, owing to records all the padded gloves used. head injuries points and penalties scored 20 ft (8 m) KNEE STRIKE No advance Low kicks to the leg are A low kick to the Judge often most effective, as they The third judge slow the opponent down knee stalls any monitors scoring and prevent him or her forward movement of the contest from preparing a retaliatory kick. Low kicks (excluding by the opponent by the other sweeps) are not permitted Soft spot two judges in Full Contact. The attacker aims MIDLEVEL KICK to connect with PROTECTIVE GEAR A midlevel kick is aimed the opponent’s Most protective equipment is mandatory for Full at the midsection of the unprotected ribs Contact combat. Shin guards and footpads are not opponent’s body. When allowed in Oriental, Muay Thai, and sanshou bouts, performed with speed but are optional, or even recommended, in other and power, such kicks can forms of the sport—and certainly for amateur bouts. bruise or even damage the opponent’s ribs. AIM HIGH Knockout High kicks to the head are The attacker potentially the most risky, swings his leg high, as they leave the attacker aiming for the most open to counterattack. opponent’s head But they are spectacular— and can potentially win a bout with a single blow. Helmet Shin guards Foot pads INSIDE STORY Protects the In Full Contact, Cushion the The first governing body associated with kickboxing when vulnerable temples shin guards offer impact of kicks the sport emerged in the 1970s was the Professional Karate and head from protection from for both fighters Association (PKA). Today, the governance of the sport is blows or punches illegal kicks fragmented, with several different organizations each hosting regular events and world championships. The World Kickboxing Association (WKA), which was established in the late 1970s and has over 107 member nations, is the best known of this group of rival federations.

SOMBO NEED2KNOW FIGHTER SPORT OVERVIEW Sombo was developed in the Soviet PROFILE Sombo is a Russian combat discipline Union in the 1920s when Joseph Stalin Strength and resilience are featuring many wrestling techniques, wanted his army to improve its essential. Fighters need such as throws, pins, and locks. There hand-to-hand combat skills. Military endurance to withstand are two types of sombo (which is also leaders combined disciplines including attacks, together with the known as sambo): sport sombo and karate and judo with traditional fighting spirit and tactical combat sombo. Sport sombo includes wrestling styles from Armenia, Georgia, awareness to overcome their many moves, such as leg locks, that Moldova, Mongolia, and Russia. opponents. Speed and agility are illegal in judo. Combat sombo The International Amateur Sambo are also important qualities also includes punches and kicks. Federation (FIAS) is the sport’s that help combatants to governing body. Sambo is an acronym outmaneuver the opposition. that stands for “self-defense without a weapon.” Top layer SCORING SOMBO This is a cotton Sombo matches usually last five minutes karate-style jacket and are supervised by a center referee known as a kurtki. (who gestures when points have been Gripping and awarded), a mat judge, and a mat pulling on chairman. Points are awarded for hold the opponent’s downs: a fighter who holds his opponent’s jacket is a back to the mat for 10 seconds gains legitimate move two points and for 20 seconds gains Bare legs four points. Whoever is first to achieve Fighters wear shorts so that a 12-point margin wins the match. judges see clearly what they are doing with their legs, OUTRIGHT VICTORY and thus monitor the risk A fighter can win outright without the of injury from potentially necessary points margin if he can throw crippling leg locks his opponent onto his back while remaining standing. He also wins outright by forcing his opponent into a successful submission hold. This kind involves getting the opponent in an arm or leg lock while on the floor. Chokeholds and holds to feet and hands are illegal. When the grip is so strong and the opponent can no longer stand the pain, he calls out or hits the mat, prompting the referee to end the match. Leg lock Out of the loop This fighter is executing a The victim cannot use leg lock and stretching his his right leg to resist opponent’s Achilles heel because of the pressure on his left thigh Supple boots Fighters wear light, supple boots with a good grip FIELD OF COMBAT Passivity zone 3 ft (1 m) THE BEST POLICY? Sombo contests take place on a circular This red ring 3 ft (1 m) VASILI OSHCHEPKOV’S DECLARATION area in the middle of a hexagonal or warns fighters of THAT HE HAD BEEN INSPIRED TO square mat. The bout begins in the inner the mat’s edge 26 ft–29 ft 3 in (8–9 m) DEVELOP SOMBO BY JIGARO KANO, circle, marked with a white boundary Inner ring THE JAPANESE FOUNDER OF JUDO, line. This is where sombo fighters begin The action ANGERED STALIN, WHO WANTED THE their bout. Around the mat is the starts here SOVIET UNION TO BE THE SOURCE OF protection area, which is colored pale Action area EVERYTHING GOOD IN THE WORLD. blue. This is padded to help prevent Most of the fight OSHCHEPKOV PAID FOR HIS injury if a fighter is thrown out of the takes place in HONESTY WITH HIS LIFE. main wrestling area. this ring

Men NEED2KNOW COMBAT SPORTS The helmet that protects the fighter’s face, throat, and head Kenjutsu, from which kendo is derived, dates back to KENDO the 11th century. It was the martial art favored by the Shinai Do samurai warriors. Today’s The kendo weapon is a bamboo Protective armor kendo gear resembles stick that represents a sword for the fighter’s samurai armor. chest and sides Kendo translates as “the way of the sword,” while SPORT OVERVIEW kenjutsu means “the art KENDO Kendo is a Japanese martial art in which ritual, of swordsmanship.” philosophy, and etiquette are as important as A number of bodies promote fighting skills. The sport is based on an ancient kendo as a modern sport, form of Japanese sword-fighting called kenjutsu. including the International Modern kendo fighters use a bamboo stick known Kendo Federation (FIK), which as a shinai rather than a real sword. Bouts feature two organizes the World Kendo contenders, clothed head to foot in distinctive black Championships that take gear, who aim to strike each other with their shinai. place every three years. CAN DO’S FIGHTER Kendo matches last for five minutes, and whoever is the PROFILE first to score two points wins. An extra three minutes may Kendo fighters train their be played if there is no outright winner after the first five minds, as well as their minutes—then whoever scores the first point wins. A point bodies: mental discipline is scored by making a cut to one of seven permitted areas is as important as physical (see below) with the top third of the shinai or by a thrust fitness, and calmness and to the throat with the tip. Usually, one chief referee and two concentration are vital. The sub-referees score the match; a point is logged when cuts and thrusts require at least two of them signal that a clean hit has been made. precision and skill to execute, and fighters need Men quick reactions to defend A cut can be made to the top center of the opponent’s head themselves from attack. Migi-Men A fighter can make a cut to the right side of the head ON THE SQUARE Hidari-Men Kendo contests, known as shiai, are fought on a Cuts are allowed to the left side of the head wooden floor in a court known as a shiajo that has a cross marked in the center. Fighters must remain Chudan tsuki on the shiajo during a contest. Traditional etiquette A thrust can be made with the tip of is observed, and fighters bow to one another at the the shinai to the opponent’s throat beginning and end of the match. Migi-Do A cut can be made to the right side of the body BREACHING THE DEFENSE Hidari-Do A key offensive technique is to draw the opponent out of A cut can be made to the left side of the body position with a feint, then land a blow on one of the other target areas thus exposed. When landing a blow, the fighter Kote calls out the part of the body he has struck—for example, A cut can be made to the opponent’s right wrist “do!” for the side. Fighters shout “kiai!” before launching Hidari-Kote an attack to try to intimidate their opponent. A fighter can make a cut to the left wrist LEGITIMATE TARGETS Attempting a men One fighter aims his There are eight legitimate areas for a kendo shinai at his opponent’s fighter to cut or strike an opponent with the headguard shinai: three on the head, one on the throat, two on either wrist, and two on any part of Scoring a do the side of the body. The opponent strikes the armor on the side of the body and scores a do

WATER



High-tech swimsuit Swimming cap Body shaven COMPETITOR Swimsuit technology is now Long-haired swimmers Some swimmers remove PROFILE as much of their body hair The arms and legs must be tightly regulated by FINA, usually wear a cap, as possible in order to strong, since endurance is with limits on fabric width, but it is not required prevent it from slowing essential for both sprinters them down in the water; and long-distance swimmers. weave, and buoyancy to do so however, this is a choice, Swimmers are recognizable not a requirement by the shape of their upper or a necessity bodies, which develop broad shoulders and taper to narrow waists and hips. Plastic goggles Goggles can be worn to reduce irritation that the chemicals in the pool water can cause. They must fit tightly to be effective Bounds of decency Ear plugs Swimsuits must be They are not essential, tasteful, discreet, but ear plugs are used and—above all— never transparent by competitors who when dry or wet find water in the ears uncomfortable NEED2KNOW SWIMMING There are four main competitive EVENT OVERVIEW swimming styles: backstroke, No matter what the distance—and the length of events varies from breaststroke, butterfly, and freestyle. 164 ft (50 m) to 4,921 ft (1,500 m)—the object of any swimming There are currently 34 officially race is to beat the other swimmers in the race and complete the recognized Olympic swimming course. Each race requires a particular stroke or combination of race events, 17 for each sex. four swimming styles: breaststroke, backstroke, butterfly, and Olympic Games competitions, prior freestyle. There are both individual and team races; the team races to 1908, included a variety of unusual include four swimmers from each team that compete against each events such as underwater swimming, other, and they usually take place at the end of a meet. 200 m obstacle swimming, and the plunge, for vertical distance. THE POOL The pools used in top-class competitions are 164 ft (50 m) long and 82 ft SIDELINES (25 m) wide. They are divided into eight lanes, each 9 ft (2.75 m) in width; there is an extra 1 ft 3 in (40 cm) of water outside lanes one and eight. The 20.91 The number of seconds water should be a uniform 6 ft (1.8 m) deep throughout and maintained at a constant temperature of 75–84°F (25–28°C). When lanes are used, the color it took Brazilian freestyle swimmer of the lane ropes should be as follows: two green ropes for lanes 1 and 8; four César Cielo to achieve a world record blue ropes for lanes 2, 3, 6, and 7; and three yellow ropes for lanes 4 and 5. for completing one length of a 164 ft The floats extending for a distance of 16½ ft (5 m) from each end of the pool (50 m) pool on December 18, 2009. are red, and at the 49 ft (15 m) mark from each end of the wall of the pool, the floats should be distinct in color from the surrounding floats. 8 The number of gold medals won by In other events, such as diving, pools with sloping bottoms may be used, as American swimmer Michael Phelps at long as they are no less than 4 ft (1.2 m) deep at the start and at least 3 ft 6 in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. (1 m) deep at the other end; they may be divided into as many as 10 lanes, each about 7 ft (2 m) across. 15 Age at which Australian Ian Thorpe, nicknamed “Thorpedo,” became the youngest ever individual world champion, in 1998. 24.98 The time, in seconds, it took China’s Yang Wenyi to swim 164 ft (50 m), the first female to break 25 seconds for this distance.

IN THE SWIM WHAT THEY WEAR WATER SPORTS There are several different swimming styles, and the rules of Traditional-style swimsuits have largely been replaced competition are tailored to take account of each discipline. by high-tech swimwear. Suits fit tightly and reduce drag, SWIMMING However, the configuration of the pool, starting and finishing although regulations were tightened by FINA in 2010 regulations, and the way in which races are timed and judged amid fears that the suits gave athletes an unfair advantage. are common to all types of races. Rules for international events are laid down by Fédération Internationale de Natation SWIMSUIT DESIGN (FINA), the world governing body for the sport. The full-body skinsuits used to great effect at the 2000 and 2004 Olympics were limited to STARTING BLOCK leg and torso coverage only for Beijing 2008, For all competitive events apart from backstroke, each swimmer mounts then banned altogether from 2010. a starting block, which is a small platform situated on the end of the pool, above the racing lane. When the start of a race is signaled, swimmers High-tech material dive from the starting block into their lane and begin swimming. Modern body suits are made of a combination of materials, including Nylon, Spandex, and Lycra Block construction Strict regulations The starting block is built of FINA rules state that women’s suits must not stainless steel, and the top cover the neck, shoulders, or knees, while men’s suits must leave knees and navel bare of the platform is covered GOGGLES with slide-free rubber Antifog, scratch-resistant lenses in a flexible PVC frame are an essential aid for improving Wall touch pad the visibility of competition swimmers. This is the area that No leaks must be touched when a Some goggles have swimmer turns or at the silicone seals for end of a race. Pressure improved waterproofing closes an external electric circuit when contacted, so that races can be timed Multicolored flags Referee Stroke Lane ropes Starter The water Timekeepers 49 ft (15 m) from At all major judges Lane dividers float on the The starter takes control Water is kept They start their watches each end of the events, the Their duty is surface of the water and are of the start of the race at a constant at the starting signal pool, a row of to ensure that firmly stretched between the temperature and stop them when the colored flags hang referee swimmers ends of the pool. Made of a of 78–84°F swimmer in their lane makes the perform the lightweight material, such as (25–28°C) completes the race. across it so that the final decision stroke legally plastic, they define the lanes As soon as the race backstrokers know on all matters finishes, they record for swimming races the time on a card and how far it is until give it to the chief timer they reach the wall 82 ft (25 m) 164 ft (50 m) Chief timer False start recall rope Electronically The rope is suspended Finish judge Turn judges Pool construction measured above the pool at a This official clarifies Positioned at the ends The pool is made from reinforced times for distance of 46 ft (15 m) the result and reports of the pool, they check concrete and, for major events, each race are from the start line. If a to the referee must comply with FINA regulations checked by false start is signaled, the that turns are legal the chief timer rope drops into the water to alert the swimmers, who must then return to their starting positions

STAT CENTRAL RACE STARTS The start of competition races are governed by an official starter, who LONG COURSE WORLD RECORDS (MEN) reports to the event referee. Once the referee gives permission for an event to start, the starter assumes authority to begin the race. At the EVENT TIME starter’s first signal, swimmers assume their starting positions. For a SWIMMER 20:91 backstroke event, this is in the water; for other races, the competitors 46:91 will mount their starting block and face down their respective lanes. 50 M FREESTYLE 1:42:00 CÉSAR CIELO 3:40:07 RACE TIMING FALSE STARTS 7:32:12 In major swim meets, such as the World These occur when a swimmer 100 M FREESTYLE 14:31:02 Championships and the Olympics, races attempts to begin a race CÉSAR CIELO 51:85 are electronically timed to the nearest before the official signal 1:51:92 one-hundredth of a second. Electronic touch to do so. Fédération 200 M FREESTYLE 56:88 pads are affixed to the walls of the pool at the Internationale de Natation PAUL BIEDERMANN 2:06.12 end of each lane. Their upper edge must be Amateur (FINA) rules state 49:50 at least 12 in (30 cm) above the water level. that anyone causing a false 400 M FREESTYLE 1:50:73 Touch pads are linked to an electronic timing start will be disqualified. PAUL BIEDERMANN system and respond to the slightest pressure When a false start happens, from the swimmer at the end of the race. the starter gives a second 800 M FREESTYLE Individual timekeepers are also used, and signal (identical to the start ZHANG LIN each one takes the time of the swimmers in signal), and the false start the lane assigned them. After the race, they rope also falls into the pool 1,500 M FREESTYLE record the times on a card, which is passed to alert the swimmers. SUN YANG to the chief timekeeper. 100 M BACKSTROKE RYAN MURPHY 200 M BACKSTROKE AARON PEIRSOL 100 M BREASTSTROKE ADAM PEATY 200 M BREASTSTROKE ANTON CHUPKOV 100 M BUTTERFLY CAELEB DRESSEL 200 M BUTTERFLY KRISTÓF MILÁK LONG COURSE WORLD RECORDS (WOMEN) Diving in The start block is a nonslip platform EVENT TIME STARTING FROM THE BLOCKS STARTING IN THE POOL SWIMMER 23:67 Almost all competitive events begin from the starting Backstroke and medley relay events 51:71 blocks. When the starting signal sounds, swimmers begin with each swimmer in the pool 50 M FREESTYLE 1:52:98 dive from their block into the water to begin gripping the starting block. Swimmers SARAH SJOESTROEM 3:56:46 swimming. A block is usually 20 x 20 in (0.5 x 0.5 m) brace their legs against the pool wall 8:04:79 and stands 20–30 in (0.5–0.75 m) above the water. and, when the start signal is given, use 100 M FREESTYLE 15:20:48 Blocks have a maximum downslope of 10º from this leverage to power in a backward SARAH SJOESTROEM 57:77 back to front. direction to begin racing. 2:03:35 200 M FREESTYLE 1:04:13 QUICK TURNS Approach FEDERICA PELLEGRINI 2:19:11 A vital part of any race is the turn, which The head goes 55:48 takes place when a swimmer reaches the end down and the legs 400 M FREESTYLE 2:01:81 of the pool and needs to begin another length go over the top, in KATIE LEDECKY in the quickest possible time. A smooth turning a somersaultlike technique can shave vital seconds from a motion 800 M FREESTYLE competitor’s overall event time. Each swim Contact KATIE LEDECKY stroke requires a slightly different turning The feet make method, but the tumble turn forms the base for contact with 1,500 M FREESTYLE freestyle and backstroke turns. Butterfly and the pool wall KATIE LEDECKY breaststroke turns do not require a tumble. THE TUMBLE TURN Push 100 M BACKSTROKE Illustrated on the right, the tumble turn is used in The feet push against the wall while REGAN SMITH freestyle and backstroke events. While the butterfly arms are stretched forward and breaststroke require that the swimmer touches Twist 200 M BACKSTROKE the pool wall with both hands when turning, in The swimmer twists into a downward- REGAN SMITH freestyle and backstroke, the turn can be executed facing position when racing freestyle or using just the feet. Swimmers racing backstroke remains on their back for the backstroke 100 M BREASTSTROKE events are allowed to turn onto their front (while LILLY KING gliding only) just before executing the turn. As with the start of the race, swimmers are to be underwater 200 M BREASTSTROKE for only 49 ft (15 m) before breaking the surface RIKKE MØLLER PEDERSEN and using the event stroke. 100 M BUTTERFLY SARAH SJOESTROEM 200 M BUTTERFLY LIU ZIGE

TECHNIQUES SEVEN UP WATER SPORTS Swimming styles have been developed based around a number of basic AT THE 2007 LONG COURSE CHAMPIONSHIPS principles. To achieve maximum speed, for example, the torso and legs IN MELBOURNE, AMERICAN MICHAEL PHELPS should be kept parallel to the surface of the water to reduce the amount PROVED HIS DOMINANCE IN THE SPORT BY of drag acting on the swimmer. The arms and hands should extend in WINNING SEVEN GOLD MEDALS, FIVE OF THEM front of the head as much as possible. A longer stroke generates more IN NEW WORLD RECORD TIMES. forward thrust, as the arm spends more time moving through the water. BREASTSTROKE Forward start Beginning the stoke Finishing the stroke To execute the breaststroke, After the dive, begin the stoke by shrugging The palms are pushed back to down Put your face into the water, stretch your good coordination is needed. The the shoulders up, with elbows turned out and arms forward, then kick. Bend your knees arm movements must be made the palms of the hands facing outward at an and back in a full circle. Breathe in and lift your feet up to your bottom. Turn simultaneously, as should the leg as you finish the circle, lifting your movements. The arm cycle comes angle of 30 to 45º to the forearms your feet, pushing with the bottom of first and is followed by a kick, then face out of the water your foot, in a circular motion a brief glide. The event starts with the swimmer diving from the blocks. SWIMMING BACKSTROKE Backward start Beginning the stroke Finishing stroke Also known as the back crawl, the Put one arm in the water in a straight Once the hand is in the water, it should Keep pushing the hand toward the feet until swimmer counts the number of strokes line above your shoulder; keep the arm push down and toward the feet. The elbow your elbow is straight. Then lift it out of the to figure out when the end of the pool straight all of the time it is out of the water. should be slightly bent. The legs kick in an water, back to its original position, and repeat will be reached. When using this stroke, The little finger should enter the water first the swimmer should remain close to the up and down motion from the knee Finishing the stroke surface of the water. The race begins Beginning the stroke The kicking legs remain submerged, in the pool, not on top of the block. The while the arms are alternately technique is shown on the left page. Increase your speed by bending lifted forward and pulled back your elbow and pushing your hand through the water FREESTYLE Forward start toward your feet, keeping it going The fastest swimming stroke, the Put your hand into the water in until it reaches the top of your leg freestyle, or front crawl, requires front of your head and stretch it the swimmer to move facedown through the water, breathing after forward as far as it will go every two or three strokes by turning the head up through the surface. Movements should be as smooth as possible, and the legs should be kicking continuously. BUTTERFLY Forward start Beginning the stroke Finishing the stroke This stroke requires a high degree of Diving from the starting block, the Put the hands in the water in front When the hands reach the thighs, lift stamina and strength, particularly in the swimmer begins to dolphin kick them out of the water, breathe, then upper body. The arms must leave the the legs when submerged of the shoulders and pull them water, then power back down through the toward your feet. The arms work at throw them back to the start. Kick water, at the same time. It can be difficult when your arms go in and come out getting the right order: kick the legs as the same time and keep moving the hands go in; kick the legs as the throughout the stroke of the water hands come out; when the arms are near the thighs, lift up the torso and breathe. MEDLEY Backstroke Breaststroke Butterfly Freestyle The medley relay involves The medley relay The second leg The third part of the The final leg is swum individuals or teams of four, each begins in the pool, of the race is the race is swum using member swimming at least 164 ft with the backstroke using any other (50 m) before handing over to a breaststroke the butterfly recognized stroke teammate. Four different strokes are used for each “leg” of the race in a prescribed order: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and freestyle. INSIDE STORY GOVERNING SWIMMING Representations of swimmers date from the Stone Age, but competitive The international governing body for swimming swimming began in Europe in approximately 1800, and modern styles is the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), have evolved since that time. Swimming events were included in the first established in 1908. FINA oversees and runs all modern Summer Olympic games in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Women world championship and Olympic events, as well were not eligible to compete until the Stockholm Games of 1912. as diving, water polo, open water marathon, and synchronized swimming events.

NEED2KNOW THE POOL Diving events take place from platforms and springboards in a diving pool or The four main diving events swimming pool. The length and breadth of the pool are variable; some competitions are the men’s and women’s are held in the deep end of regular pools. The platforms and springboards have 3 m springboard and 10 m nonslip surfaces and are reached by suitable stairs, not ladders. The minimum platform. The World depth of water beneath a 10 m platform is 11 ft 6 in (3.5 m). For other platforms Championships also feature and springboards, it should be at least 6 ft (1.8 m) deep. a 1 m springboard event. The Fédération Internationale 10 m platform de Natation (FINA) governs On the fourth story of the rules for diving in the an Olympic apparatus Olympic Games, the World Championships, the World Judges 7.5 m Junior Championships, and Judges sit poolside springboard the World Diving Cup. and mark dives on Not used in the a scale of 0–10 Olympics, but a ATHLETE popular height in PROFILE other competitions Divers are supple yet strong 5 m platform enough to hold or alter their Seldom used in position in midair. Legs, arms, major contests, and joints must be in peak but a popular condition. Divers often emerge at the top level height for training dives between about 14 and 16 years of age. 3 m springboard A standard height in the Olympics Water dressing 1 m springboard Divers wear a one-piece The 1 m board is swimsuit that must not be transparent, even bouncier than its higher when wet counterpart, so divers Shaping up usually execute a high Judges award marks for jump to get maximum the lines formed by the momentum into the air diver’s body during the Water jets descent—the more Water is sprayed shapely the silhouette, across the surface the higher the score to ease the force of Arm shape a diver’s impact The hands and arms are brought together above EVENT OVERVIEW the head in a single, Diving is the art of jumping acrobatically into the sweeping, symmetrical water of a swimming or diving pool from platforms motion; any failure incurs or springboards of different heights. Competitors are a point penalty judged on the degree of difficulty of their dives and the technical proficiency with which they execute them. DIVING

SIDELINES 5 The number of World KEEPING SCORE WATER SPORTS Divers are allowed a certain number of attempts 3 The number of consecutive Championship competitions won by per round, usually six for men and five for women. DIVING American diver Greg Louganis. He Every dive must feature various elements, such as Olympic diving gold medals—a also won Olympic golds in 1984 and somersaults and twists. The exact requirements are record—won by Klaus Dibiasi, an 1988 in the 3 m springboard and notified by the organizers before the competition. Austrian-born Italian who won the 10 m platform events. Contestants are marked not only on the way they 10 m platform diving events at Tokyo perform these compulsory moves, but also on the in 1968, Munich in 1972, and 70 The number of Olympic way in which they hit the water; top marks are Montreal in 1976. awarded to splashless entries, known as “rips.” medals won by US male divers 13 The age of China’s Fu between 1904 and 2012. The total SCORING includes 13 golds in the 10 m There are seven judges in Olympic and world events and Mingxia when she became the platform and 15 golds in the 3 m five in most other competitions. Each judge awards every youngest-ever champion in the springboard. The United States has dive a mark out of 10: 3 for takeoff, 3 for flight, and 3 for women’s 10 m platform event at the been the world’s leading diving entry. (They award the 10th point at their discretion.) After 1992 Olympics. Four years later, she nation, but it was eclipsed by China logging the scores, they eliminate the highest and lowest and took gold in both 10 m and 3 m dives. at the 2012 Games, winning one gold multiply the remainder by a previously agreed on degree of medal in comparison to China’s six. difficulty (DD) factor to determine the final score for the dive. BOARD MANEUVERS FORWARD TWO-AND-A-HALF SOMERSAULTS WITH TUCK There are 91 officially recognized platform dives and 70 springboard One of the most popular and spectacular dives, this demanding dives. They are divided into six groups: forward, backward, reverse, move packs the maximum of athleticism into a total flight time of inward, twist, and handspring (or armstand). Handsprings are permitted less than two seconds. only from the 10 m platform; all other dives must be launched by the feet. Takeoff SYNCHRONICITY The launch must In synchronized competitions, two teammates jump simultaneously from platforms be upward to or springboards of the same height and try to perform either exactly the same dive create enough or two different dives that complement or mirror one another. One peculiarity of this time and space event is that divers who have jumped badly may score highly—as long as they both for the full made the same mistakes. Synchronized diving became an Olympic event in 2000. movement TUCK Fetal position Tuck up In the perfect tuck, the body is compact and bent Straight backs incur The diver must be fully tucked before her at the hips, with the knees bent and held together. penalties, so divers head first points directly downward The diver tucks the calves against the backs of Revolution number one the thighs, holding them in position with the hands aim for a kind of By the time the diver’s head returns to clasped on the shins. The feet are close together fetal position the upright position, she has held the and the toes are pointed throughout the movement. tuck through a 180° spin In a tuck dive that contains a twist, the diver needs to show the tuck position clearly. PIKE Joint to joint One complete cycle In a pike, both legs are straight, with the body bent at When clasping the As the diver’s head points the hips, the feet together, and the toes pointed. The calves, the elbows directly downward, she has position of the arms is at the diver’s discretion—the touch the knees completed one somersault arms may be clasped around the calves or the back Human The second somersault of the knees, as shown, or held out at the sides. If a torpedo After the second somersault, pike dive contains a twist, it is important for the diver The whole the diver will prepare for the to show the pike position clearly in order to prevent body is as stiff final half-somersault the judges from deducting points. as a board Moment of release STRAIGHT The diver unclasps her legs and Also known as the layout, the straight dive calls for holds her thighs in readiness to an absolutely rigid and fully stretched body, with adopt the entry position straight legs, feet together, and pointed toes; the Lineup and final approach arms may be stretched above the head or held One last half turn as the diver tight against the side of the body. If a straight dive straightens the whole body contains a twist, the twist must not be initiated from and points the toes the platform or springboard. Perpendicular entry PLUNGE FOR DISTANCE Divers aim for a 90° angle and IN THIS ONE-TIME-ONLY OLYMPIC EVENT HELD IN 1904 IN ST. LOUIS, lose points for deviations COMPETITORS MADE STANDING DIVES FROM THE POOLSIDE TO SEE HOW FAR THEY COULD GO UNDERWATER. THEY WERE NOT ALLOWED TO MOVE THEIR BODIES IN THE WATER AND HAD TO RELY ON THEIR PREENTRY MOMENTUM. GOLD WENT TO WILLIAM DICKEY OF THE UNITED STATES, WHO REACHED A DISTANCE OF OVER 62½ FT (19.05 M).

NEED2KNOW WATER POLO Water polo originated in England around the 1860s, GAME OVERVIEW when swimming was Water polo is a water-based sport played by two teams of seven players combined with field-based (six outfield players and one goalkeeper). The object of the sport is to sports. The earliest version propel the ball into the opposing team’s goal; each goal scores one point, of water polo was based on and the winning team is the one with the highest number of goals. rugby and was notoriously Matches are made up of four quarters lasting seven minutes each; two violent and lawless. three-minute phases of overtime may be played if necessary. Water polo Water polo first appeared is a particularly challenging and fiercely competitive sport; the action is at the Olympics in 1900. fast, and fouls are very common, particularly underwater—referees have The men’s event has taken to be extra alert to spot them all. The sport has been likened to a mixture place at every Olympics since of swimming, volleyball, rugby, and wrestling. 1908. The women’s event was introduced in 2000. THE POLO POOL Water polo is popular in the The dimensions for the water polo pool at the Olympic Games are as shown here. US and Europe, particularly The water should be at least 5 ft 9 in (1.8 m) deep. Matches in other competitions Hungary, Italy, and Spain. may take place in areas of different dimensions. Conventional swimming pools may be used, but they have shallow ends, which are undesirable in a game where field players SIDELINES are not allowed to touch the bottom. Whatever the type of pool, the playing area is marked out by buoys. The field of play is divided by goal lines, 2-meter lines, 4-meter 20 The number of goals shared lines, and 7-meter lines on either side of a midline. by Croatia and Serbia in the final of the men’s World Cup in Oradea, Romania, in 2010. The Serbia team won the game 13–7. 10 The number of gold medals shared by the women’s teams of the United States, Italy, and Hungary in World Championships. Swimming cap Ear protectors GOAL AREA The competitors The caps feature ear The goals are either fitted to the side of the pool wear swimming caps protectors designed to or attached by cables. A limp net encloses the in team colors; the keep water out but allow entire goal area. The goalkeeper for each team home team wears the players to hear their guards the goal area by trying to deflect or catch dark-colored caps teammates and the referees the ball when the opponents attempt to shoot the and the away team ball through the goal mouth. wears light-colored caps. The 3 ft (1 m) goalkeepers wear a red cap marked with a number 1 9 ft 9 in (3 m) PLAYER PROFILE Players need strong swimming skills, including the ability to sprint. Accurate ball handling is essential; this is particularly difficult, as throws are made while treading water and the player has to propel his or her body out of the water. Players need to be strong to tackle opponents and withstand attacks. Team skills and strategic thinking are also key.

WHO PLAYS WHERE? STARTING PLAY WATER SPORTS The goalkeepers are not allowed to move over the midline Water polo matches are divided into four quarters. Each quarter into the other half of the pool. The field players (all the players begins with the two teams lined up on opposite sides of the pool on except the goalie) can move anywhere, and they play both their respective goal line. The referee blows a whistle to indicate the offense and defense. The center forward, who leads the start of the quarter, then drops the ball on the midline. The players attack, will generally take up a position directly in front of the sprint toward the ball, and whoever reaches it first wins possession. opponent’s goal. The other five field players are known as That team now takes the offense. Whenever a team takes possession perimeter players. They tend not to keep to one position but of a ball, they have 35 seconds to shoot at the goal or surrender rotate around the perimeter of the offense to find goal-scoring possession—a shot clock starts counting down the time. opportunities or keep an eye on their opponents. First Second winger First driver Second driver Point man Center forward/ Goalkeeper WATER POLO winger The second winger The drivers’ role is to The second driver On offense, the point center back Defends the goal The two wingers are sets up attacks on the move the ball into a backs up the first man is the player The center forward area and deflects offensive players other side of the pool goal-scoring position. driver to set up who is farthest away is usually positioned opponents’ attacks positioned on the They are positioned goal-scoring chances from the opponent’s in front of the on the goal 2-meter line on either side of the goal area opponent’s goal center forward between the 2-meter Referees and 4-meter line. There are two referees, 98 ft 6 in (30 m) He or she is guarded one on each side of the by the opposing pool, and they do not center back enter the water 65 ft 6 in (20 m) Midline Each quarter begins when the referee drops the ball on the midline, which is marked by white buoys 5-meter line A penalty is awarded to the offensive team if a foul is committed by a defending player within the 4-meter zone 2-meter line This marks offside; a player on the offense is deemed offside if she or he enters the 2-meter zone while the ball is behind them Goal area WET GEAR 8½–9 in (21.6–22.6 cm) Goal line The goal area is 9 ft 9 in x All competitors must wear swimsuits and colored, Players line up on the goal line at the 3 ft (3 m x 1 m) above the numbered caps, which are the key feature to identify beginning of each quarter of the match surface of the water players. Athletes are not allowed to play with grease LIGHT AND TIGHT or oil on their body. The swimsuit should be tight-fitting but allow POLO WITHOUT HORSES ease of movement through the water. Items WATER POLO NOW BEARS BALL that may cause injury are LITTLE RESEMBLANCE TO The ball has to comply with strict not permitted. FIELD POLO, PLAYED ON regulations. It is spherical and has a HORSEBACK. IT TOOK waterproof rubber outer cover, an air No see-throughs THE NAME WATER POLO chamber, and a self-closing valve. Only nontransparent BECAUSE, ORIGINALLY, Competition balls weigh 14–15 oz one-piece or two- PLAYERS RODE ASTRIDE (400–450 g) and are usually yellow piece swimsuits FLOATING BARRELS TO with black lines. are allowed SIMULATE HORSES AND HIT THE BALL WITH STICKS.

POOL RULES SCORING Two hands good Matches consist of four quarters of A goal is counted if the entire ball crosses the The goalkeeper is the seven minutes, with a two-minute break line between the goal posts and the crossbar. only player permitted between each quarter. Each team is Although goals can be scored with any part to catch the ball with allowed a timeout of two minutes during of the body other than the fist, in both hands each match. In case of a draw, two practice, they nearly all come further three-minute sessions are from attacking throws. Red head played, followed, if necessary, by three FROM DEFENSE TO ATTACK Goalkeepers wear a minutes decided by a golden goal. In addition to preventing the opposing red cap to make them team from scoring, the goalkeeper has easily identifiable Field players may touch the ball with a key part to play in launching team only one hand and cannot use their fists members on the offensive. Accurate to hit the ball. They must not touch the passing is a vital skill. bottom or side of the pool. Touch and go Goalkeepers may handle the ball with The defender keeps an eye on the both hands, may hit the ball with their goalkeeper and the ball as she fists, and may touch the bottom of the swims out of her team’s goal area pool. However, they are not allowed past to make herself available for a pass the halfway line. Players cannot push the ball underwater when being tackled or push or hold an opponent unless that player is holding the ball. If an attacker’s shot goes out of play at the end of the pool, the game is restarted by the defense. If the defense touched the ball last, the attacking side is awarded a free throw from the 2-meter line. WATER SKILLS TREADING WATER Outstanding swimming skills and stamina are essential for water polo players, who Outfield players cannot touch the bottom or may swim 1¾–3 miles (3–5 km) during a typical match. There is a lot of physical the side of the pool; shots and passes must contact, and resilience is needed to withstand robust opposition challenges. Players be made while treading water. To power must be constantly aware of their surroundings—the rapidly changing range of their shots, players propel their bodies out opportunities and threats in every part of the pool. That is why water polo features of the water; some can lift themselves out some swimming styles that look different from those employed in swimming races. to thigh level. The popular “eggbeater” Players always swim with their heads out of the water to observe the action, and method of treading water involves rotating a type of backstroke where the player is almost upright in the water is frequently the legs rather than using a scissor kick used. Swimming is combined with ball-handling skills to shoot goals or advance to maintain a constant position. the ball to teammates, as discussed below. SHOOTING DRIBBLING PASSING There are several ways to shoot. The lob is a Players can advance the ball up the pool by All but the simplest passes require great skill, as high, arching overhead shot often taken from swimming while pushing the ball in front of the ball must be thrown and caught accurately an angle on either side of the goal. The skip them. They must neither hold the ball while with one hand only. A dry pass is a high-speed shot involves bouncing the ball off the water pushing nor push it beneath the surface of the pass made to an outfield player without the ball with enough force to propel it into the goal. The water. Any player attempting to dribble the ball touching the water. A wet pass is made by power shot is made by a player propelling her will almost certainly be challenged, and he bouncing the ball off the surface of the water to body out of the water and throwing the ball at or she will need to fend off tackles from the an attacking teammate. In the diagram below, the goal. The diagram below shows an attacker opposing side. Here, the attacker has made her the player in possession has several passing faking a shot in one direction and then, having way through the last line of defense to create a options, including the simple one to the player made the keeper dive, throwing the ball into shooting opportunity in an advanced position. on his right and a more ambitious through ball the unguarded other side of the goal. A pass to that position would have been offside. for a teammate swimming quickly into space. The attacker If the keeper dives The longer pass here may shoot right, the attacker may be wet or dry right or left shoots right The attacker dribbles The short pass gives the receiver between the defenders passing options on both sides