Fjalori

["99 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT7.\t Shtresa e aplikimit s\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb abonentit (Call Center) drejt nj\u00eb abonenti t\u00eb rrjetit quhet \u201coutbound\u201d. Thirrje t\u00eb tilla mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb p\u00ebr shpjegime dhe ndihm\u00eb, p\u00ebr telemarketing, p\u00ebr verifikime etj. OSS (Operation Systems Outgoing \u2013 Thirrje Dal\u00ebseSupport) \u2013 Mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs t\u00ebSistemeve Operative Termi \u201cdal\u00ebs\u201d i referohet nj\u00eb thirrjeje q\u00eb del nga nj\u00eb rrjet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb T\u00eb gjith\u00eb programet (software) rrjet tjet\u00ebr (dhe lidhet zakonisht mee prapavij\u00ebs t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr trafikun dal\u00ebs). Gjithashtu p\u00ebrdoretkonfigurim, ekzekutim, menaxhim edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar linjat apo qarqetdefektesh, llogarish dhe sigurie q\u00eb mbartin k\u00ebto thirrje nga nj\u00eb rrjetquhen mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs (suport) t\u00eb te tjetri. Termi \u201cdal\u00ebs\u201d i referohetsistemeve operative. edhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi dhe lidhet me trafikun (apo linjat) q\u00eb ai gjeneron OTA (Over the Air) \u2013 Lidhje drejt t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet Ajrit Outgoing Call \u2013 Thirrje Dal\u00ebse Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoretgjer\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar sh\u00ebrbimet, Me thirrje dal\u00ebse n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00ebt\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb realizohen nj\u00eb thirrje (p.sh. telefonike, etj.) e(aksesohen) n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet telefonit cila del nga rrjeti (ose nj\u00eb abonentcelular pa qen\u00eb nevoja e p\u00ebrdorimit i tij) dhe q\u00eb terminohet \/ hyn te nj\u00ebt\u00eb nj\u00eb USB\u2013je apo t\u00eb lidhjes rrjet tjet\u00ebr (ose abonent i tij).Bluetooth lokale. Outbound (call) \u2013 Thirrje eDrejtuar Jasht\u00eb (thirrje dal\u00ebse) Nj\u00eb thirrje e gjeneruar (iniciuar)nga nj\u00eb agjent (punonj\u00ebs) i qendr\u00ebs O","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 100I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Outgoing Message \u2013 Mesazh Outside plant \u2013 Pjesa eDal\u00ebs Jashtme e Rrjetit Me mesazh dal\u00ebs n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb N\u00eb telekomunikacionevenj\u00eb mesazh (p.sh. SMS, MMS, etj.) me \u201cpjes\u00eb t\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb rrjetit\u201di cili gjenerohet nga rrjeti (ose nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihet gjithe pjesa kabllore siabonent i tij) dhe q\u00eb terminohet\/hyn dhe infrastruktura respektive (site nj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr (ose abonenti i tij). tubacionet, kabinetet, kullat, shtyllat, pusetat etj.) si dhe \u00e7do element tjeter Outgoing Traffic \u2013 Trafik Dal\u00ebs i vendosur ne k\u00ebt\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit (si psh. p\u00ebrs\u00ebritsat, spliterat etj.). Kjo Me trafik dal\u00ebs n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb pjes\u00eb rrjeti shtrihet nga qendrat etrafikun (p.sh. telefonik, t\u00eb dh\u00ebna komutimit deri tek abonenti fundor.etj.) e gjeneruar nga nj\u00eb rrjet (oseabonent i tij) dhe q\u00eb terminohet \/ hyn OVSF (Orthogonal Variablete nj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr (ose abonent i tij). Spreading Factor) \u2013 Faktor i Shp\u00ebrndarjes Variab\u00ebl Ortogonale Outgoing Trunk \/ Line \u2013 Qark \/linj\u00eb Dal\u00ebs\/e \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb implementimi (zbatimi) e aksesit t\u00eb shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb Me qark \/ linj\u00eb dal\u00ebs \/ e tregohet me ndarje kodi (CDMA), kunj\u00eb rrug\u00eb lidh\u00ebse q\u00eb fillon nga rrjet sinjali para se t\u00eb transmetohetjon\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrfundon te nj\u00eb rrjet shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00ebtjet\u00ebr. Ky qark\/linj\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr spektrit p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kodit t\u00ebt\u00eb mbartur trafikun q\u00eb gjenerohet p\u00ebrdoruesit. Ve\u00e7oria e k\u00ebsaj m\u00ebnyren\u00eb rrjetin ton\u00eb dhe terminohet n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb s\u00eb kodet e p\u00ebrdoruesverrjetin tjet\u00ebr. Kjo gj\u00eb vlen edhe p\u00ebr zgjidhen me kujdes n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eblinj\u00ebn e abonentit. t\u00eb jen\u00eb ortogonal\u00eb me nj\u00ebri \u2013 tjetrin. Outdoor Coverage (mobile) \u2013 OXC (Optical Cross Connect)Mbulimi i Ambienteve t\u00eb Jashtme \u2013 Kryq\u00ebzues i Lidhjeve Optike Me mbulim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm kuptojm\u00eb OXC (shpesh e quajm\u00eb \u201coptikprezenc\u00ebn e sinjalit t\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb kroskoneksh\u00ebn\u201d) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisjel\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (referuar nj\u00eb fuqie t\u00eb e cila p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetet me fibracaktuar t\u00eb sinjalit) n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb optike t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve mehapura (jasht\u00eb godinave). q\u00ebllim realizimin e komutimit dhe shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb sinjalit optik n\u00eb drejtimet e k\u00ebrkuara. O","101 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT P nj\u00eb pik\u00eb (origjine) n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr (destinacion) n\u00eb rrjetin internet P2P (Peer \u2013 to \u2013 Peer) \u2013 P2P ose n\u00eb \u00e7do rrjet tjet\u00ebr me baz\u00eb komutimin paket\u00eb. Paketa p\u00ebrmban P2P \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb model i nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb (t\u00eb vog\u00ebl) t\u00eb informacionitdecentralizuar komunikimi, ku secila q\u00eb do t\u00eb transmetohet. Gjith\u00ebpal\u00eb ka t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat atribute \/ aft\u00ebsi m\u00eb informacioni \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb ngapal\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr dhe secila pal\u00eb mund t\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi e madhe paketash t\u00eb cilatinicioj\u00eb nj\u00eb sesion komunikimi. udh\u00ebtojn\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00ebputura nga nj\u00ebra \u2013 tjetra dhe rimblidhen n\u00eb pik\u00ebn PABX (Private Automatic fundore (destinacion).Branch Exchange) \u2013 PABX (Cen-tral Privat Telefonik Automatik) Packet \u2013 switched data transmission \u2013 Transmetimi i t\u00eb PABX \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb central Dh\u00ebnave me Komutim Paket\u00eb.telefonik automatik privat (jopublik) i destinuar p\u00ebr t\u2019u p\u00ebrdorur Tregon transmetimin e t\u00ebn\u00eb realizimin e komunikimeve n\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb rrjetet \/ sistemetkompani, biznese, institucione etj.. respektiv\u00eb sipas parimit t\u00eb ndarjesFillimisht k\u00ebta centrale njiheshin s\u00eb informacionit n\u00eb paket\u00eb (pra mesi centrale private telefonike PBX an\u00eb t\u00eb rrjeteve me komutim paket\u00eb).(Private Branch Exchange) dhek\u00ebrkonin prezenc\u00ebn e operator\u00ebve PAM (Pulse Amplitude Mod-p\u00ebr realizimin e komunikimit. ulation) \u2013 Modulimi Impulsiv i Amplitud\u00ebs PBX (Private Branch Exchange)\u2013 PBX (Central Telefonik Privat) \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb modulimi, e cila realizon vendosjen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyre Shiko \u201cPABX\u201d. periodike t\u00eb impulseve p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e amplitud\u00ebs s\u00eb sinjalit. Ky modulim \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e procesit t\u00eb realizimit t\u00eb modulimit me kodim t\u00eb impulseve (PCM). Packet \u2013 Paketa Nj\u00eb paket\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebsia baz\u00ebe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb transmetohet nga P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 102I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Paging Service\u00a0\u2013 Sh\u00ebrbim p\u00ebr Patch Panel \u2013 Panel BashkuesNjoftim (pejxher) (lidh\u00ebs) Nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim q\u00eb lejon Esht\u00eb nj\u00eb strukture q\u00eb ka t\u00ebtransmetimin e njoftimeve instaluara nj\u00eb numer prizash (jacks)(lajm\u00ebrimeve) n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet sinjalit RJ45, duke krijuar k\u00ebshtu panelinradio. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht ky sistem bashkues. K\u00ebta panele zakonishtbazohet n\u00eb transmetimin thjesht t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb 12, 24, 48 ose 96 portasinjaleve t\u00eb lajm\u00ebrimit (psh.nj\u00eb ton (jacks RJ45) dhe sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb\/ zile) ose mesazheve t\u00eb shkruara. terminuar kabllot e nj\u00eb rrjeti (psh.Pajisjet marr\u00ebse jan\u00eb t\u00eb vogla dhe LAN) si dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb mund\u00ebsuar lidhjenportative. Ky lloj sh\u00ebrbimi u p\u00ebrhap (crossconnect \u2013 kroskonektimin)n\u00eb vitet \u201980 t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, e rrjetit me portat e komutatoritpor nuk pati nj\u00eb zhvillim t\u00eb madh (switch).dhe kryesisht u p\u00ebrdor nga biznese,spitale, institucione, qendra tregtar\u00ebetj. Patch Cable \u2013 Kabllo Bash- Pay Phone \u2013 Telefon mekuese (lidh\u00ebse) Pages\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kabllo UTP (ose tip \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb telefon public i cilitjet\u00ebr), m\u00eb nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar (nga operon me an\u00eb t\u00eb monedhave,disa dhjetra cm. deri n\u00eb disa metra) me an\u00eb t\u00eb kartave t\u00eb kreditit dhei cili ka n\u00eb t\u00eb dy an\u00ebt e tij konektor t\u00eb debitit, ose me karat telefonikelidh\u00ebs (mashkull) RJ45. Ky kabllo (karta t\u00eb parapaguara). Ky telefonsh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur dy priza (jack) vendoset ne vende publike (n\u00ebme nj\u00ebra tjetr\u00ebn. Zakonisht \u201cpatch ambjent t\u00eb hapura ose kabina)cable\u201d (njihet edhe si patch cord) dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb i aksesush\u00ebm nga gjith\u00ebsh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur portat e \u201cpatch publiku p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar thirrjepaneleve \u2013 paneleve lidh\u00ebs\u201d me telefonike. Njohen edhe si kartfonnj\u00ebra tjetr\u00ebn, ose kompjuterin m\u00eb (cardphone).port\u00ebn e komutuesit (switch). P","103 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT PCH (Paging Channel) \u2013 Kanal themelore t\u00eb konvertimit t\u00eb sinjalitp\u00ebr Shk\u00ebmbim Lajm\u00ebrimesh analog n\u00eb sinjal numerik (digital).(njoftimesh) Thelbi i k\u00ebsaj m\u00ebnyre q\u00ebndron n\u00eb vendosjen e nj\u00eb serie bite\u2013sh p\u00ebr Kanali radio, i cili i vendosej nj\u00eb t\u00eb treguar madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e sinjalit n\u00ebp\u00ebrdoruesi n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar. Kjo madh\u00ebsishk\u00ebmbyer lajm\u00ebrime (me tone\/zile \u201clexohet\u201d n\u00eb m\u00ebnyre periodike dheose me germa). n\u00eb vazhdim vlerat e lexuara dhe kodura organizohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb varg \u201c0\u201d e \u201c1\u201d (sipas nj\u00eb formati t\u00eb caktuar) dhe transmetohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb periodike gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb intervali t\u00eb vog\u00ebl kohor. Formati standard dhe shpejt\u00ebsia e transmetimit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kanal zanor sipas k\u00ebsaj teknike \u00ebsht\u00eb 64kbit\/s. PC (Personal Computer) \u2013 PCMCIA (Personal ComputerKompjuter Personal Memory Card Interface Associa- tion) \u2013 Organizata p\u00ebr Nd\u00ebrfaqen N\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb pajisje e Kart\u00ebs s\u00eb Memories t\u00eb Komp-kompjuterike (hardware dhe juterit Personalsoftware) e destinuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimpersonal. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebre nga Organi p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktondy pjes\u00eb kryesore, nj\u00ebsia qendrore standardet dhe formatet p\u00ebr kartatdhe ekrani. e memorieve n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt personale si dhe n\u00eb pajisjet e tjera PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) ndihm\u00ebse quhet PCMCIA. Tashm\u00eb\u2013 Modulim Impulsiv i Koduar \u00ebsht\u00eb aktive edhe ne kartat e telefonave t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (celular\u00eb). \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb modulimie p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb teknik\u00ebn emultipleksimit me ndarje n\u00eb koh\u00eb \u2013TDM (Time division Multipleksing).PCM \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga metodat P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 104I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT PCS 1900 (Personal Commu- PDC (Personal Digitalnications Systems 1900MHz) \u2013 Communications) \u2013 KomunikimetSistemet Personale t\u00eb komuniki- Numerike Personalemeve n\u00eb brezin 1900 MHz Nj\u00eb teknologji numerike e Sistemi GSM 1900 fillimisht komunikimeve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme, cila\u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur ne SHBA dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aplikuar n\u00eb Japoni (njihet edhenjohur m\u00eb emrin PCS 1900. si JDC \u2013 Japanese Digital Celular). P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb standard japonez q\u00eb PCU (Packet Control Unit) \u2013 punonte n\u00eb bandat e frekuencaveNj\u00ebsia e ontrollit t\u00eb Paket\u00ebs 800 MHz, 900 MHz, dhe 1400 MHz. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element i rrjeteve PDU (Protocol Data Unit) \u2013numerik\u00eb t\u00eb komunikimit q\u00eb Nj\u00ebsia e t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb Protokollitfunksionojn\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb teknik\u00ebss\u00eb komutimit paket\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb element N\u00eb rrjetet e telekomunikacionevep\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs n\u00eb rrjetin GPRS\/UMTS. me PDU kuptojm\u00eb informacionin q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet n\u00eb rrjet si nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi e PDA (Personal Digital cila mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00ebAssistant) \u2013 Ndihm\u00ebsi Personal kontrollit (si p.sh. adresaetj. ) ose t\u00ebNumerik dh\u00ebna t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje numerike e Penetration \u2013 Penetrim (osepajisur me ekran dhe memorie, e cila densitet)sh\u00ebrben kryesisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosurt\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb nevojiten Penetrimi (njihet edhe si densiteti)gjat\u00eb aktivitetit t\u00eb nj\u00eb personi (n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues baz\u00eb i rrjeteve t\u00ebzyr\u00eb ose jasht\u00eb saj). P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht komunikimit dhe jep sasin\u00eb e linjave\u00ebsht\u00eb e pajisur me aft\u00ebsi sinjalizuese apo abonent\u00ebve p\u00ebr 100 banor\u00eb. Ky(njoftuese) p\u00ebr t\u00eb kujtuar nj\u00eb veprim tregues zakonisht jepet n\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje,q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb planifikuar t\u00eb kryhet. k\u00ebshtu p.sh. me penetrim 25% t\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi (psh. telefoni) kuptojm\u00eb se p\u00ebr \u00e7do 100 banor\u00eb 25% e tyre g\u00ebzojn\u00eb apo p\u00ebrdorin sh\u00ebrbimin e ofruar nga nj\u00eb operator. Ky tregues mund ti referohet telefonave (fiks apo t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm, p\u00ebrdorueseve t\u00eb internetit, t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve, etj.) kundrejt popullsis\u00eb (apo numrit t\u00eb familjeve). P","105 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Personal Communications ta p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb edhe si nj\u00eb fjal\u00ebSystems or Services \u2013 Sh\u00ebrbimet kalim (password) q\u00eb b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundurose Sistemet e Komunikimit Per- lidhjen e telefonit me rrjetin.sonal Pixel \u2013 Piksel PCS (personal CommunicationSystem) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim telefonik Piksel \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb q\u00eb vjen ngapa tel (i ngjash\u00ebm me sh\u00ebrbimin \u201celement i figur\u00ebs \u2013 picture element\u201dtelefonik celular), por q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebsia baz\u00eb q\u00eb tregon nj\u00ebfokusuar n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin personal shkall\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb programimin et\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit si dhe n\u00eb rritjen e ngjyrave n\u00eb ekranin e nj\u00eb kompjuterimund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebvizshm\u00ebris\u00eb se ose pajisje tjet\u00ebr numerike. Piksel\u2013itij. Nj\u00ebsoj si sh\u00ebrbimi celular, edhe ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim logjikPCS k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb numer antenash se sa nj\u00eb kuptim fizik. P\u00ebrmasat(stacionesh) p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbuluar nj\u00eb e fizike t\u00eb nj\u00eb piksel\u2013i varen ngazon\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar. Duke shfryt\u00ebzuar shkalla e rezolucionit (zb\u00ebrthimit)k\u00ebt\u00eb rrjet \u00e7do terminali fiks, apo t\u00eb q\u00eb ju vendosni n\u00eb nj\u00eb ekran apol\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (ose mobil) i ofrohen pajisje. N\u00eb rast se \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosurlehtesit\u00eb e komunikimit pavar\u00ebsisht shkalla maksimale e rezolucionitnga v\u00ebndndodhja gjeografike. kjo n\u00ebnkupton q\u00eb p\u00ebrmasat fizike t\u00eb piksel\u2013it jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta m\u00eb p\u00ebrmasat Physical Layer \u2013 Shtresa Fizike e pik\u00ebs (dot pitch) q\u00eb ekrani ka (pra t\u00eb nj\u00ebsis\u00eb \/ vler\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar N\u00eb modelin OSI (Open System nga teknologjia e prodhimit). DheInterconnection) shtresa fizike \u00ebsht\u00eb e kund\u00ebrta piksel\u2013i do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb ishtresa baz\u00eb e tij, e cila realizon madh se pika e ekranit kur shkalla elidhjet fizike n\u00eb rrjet. Konsiderohet rezolucionit do t\u00eb jet\u00eb vendosur m\u00ebsi shtresa ku fillon, ku p\u00ebrcaktohet e vog\u00ebl se maksimalja. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00ebdrejtimi si dhe ku p\u00ebrfundon rrjedha arsyeja q\u00eb termi piksel\u2013i p\u00ebrdorete sinjalit. m\u00eb shume se pika (dot). PIN (Personal Identifier Number) Plesiochronous Digital\u2013 Numri Personal Identifikues Hierarchy (PDH) \u2013 Hierarkia Nj\u00eb num\u00ebr, zakonisht mekat\u00ebr shifra q\u00eb duhet futur n\u00eb nj\u00eb Numerike Pothuajse Sinkronetelefon t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (celular) p\u00ebrta aktivizuar at\u00eb. Ky kod \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb Hierarkia numerike (dixhitale)mas\u00eb parandaluese ndaj p\u00ebrdorimit pothuajse sinkrone \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebt\u00eb paautorizuar t\u00eb telefonit. Mund teknologji e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb rrjetet e transmetimit t\u00eb telekomunikacionit p\u00ebr t\u00eb transportuar sasi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 106I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITdh\u00ebnash n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet sistemeve me p\u00ebrqendrimi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisjefibrat optike dhe mikroval\u00eb. e thjesht\u00eb e grumbullimit t\u00eb linjave fizike, ose nj\u00eb pajisje e teknologjis\u00eb PLMN (Public Land Mobile s\u00eb lart\u00eb si p.sh. nj\u00eb router, sistemNetwork) \u2013 Rrjeti Publik Tok\u00ebsor i komutimi (central etj.).L\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (mobil) PoE (Power over Ethernet) \u2013 Rrjetet e telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb Furnizimi me Energji Elektrike mel\u00ebvizshme (celulare\/mobile), t\u00eb cilat an\u00eb t\u00eb Kabllit Ethernetsigurojn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet e l\u00ebvizshmequhen rrjete publike tok\u00ebsore t\u00eb Nj\u00eb teknologji e cila lejonl\u00ebvizshme. T\u00eb till\u00eb rrjete jan\u00eb GSM furnizimin me energji elektrike t\u00eb nj\u00eb(2G), 3G, 4G etj. Ky p\u00ebrcaktim pajisje apo sistemi, duke p\u00ebrdorursh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr ti dalluar ata nga rrjetet t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn kabllo q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebre tjer\u00eb si p.sh. rrjetet satelitore. transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (at\u00eb t\u00eb lidhjes ethernet) njihet si PoE (pra PMD (Polarization \u2013 mode pajisja nuk ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kabllodispersion) \u2013 Shp\u00ebrndarje me ushqimi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb).Modalitet t\u00eb Polarizuar PMD \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb eshp\u00ebrndarjes modale ku rezja edrit\u00ebs l\u00ebviz me dy polarizime t\u00ebndryshme (vertikal dhe horizontal)n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin ambient dhe me t\u00ebnj\u00ebjt\u00ebn shpejt\u00ebsi. N\u00eb realitet kemidiferenca n\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi p\u00ebr shkak sevet\u00eb ambienti ku transmetohet nuk\u00ebsht\u00eb perfekt. POC (Point of Concentration)\u2013 Pika e P\u00ebrqendrimit Pika e p\u00ebrqendrimit (ose Polarization \u2013 Polarizime koncentrimit) \u00ebsht\u00eb pika kugrumbullohen linjat ose trafiku Polarizim (shpesh e quajm\u00eb edhei nj\u00eb rrjeti ose e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb tij. polarizim i val\u00ebs) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shprehjeNga pik\u00ebpamja teknike nj\u00eb pik\u00eb q\u00eb tregon drejtimin fluksit elektrik P","107 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITn\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb elektromagnetike. PoP (Point of Presence) \u2013 PikaPra, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb veti e val\u00ebve, t\u00eb cilat e Prezenc\u00ebsmund t\u00eb luhaten n\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00ebse nj\u00eb drejtim. Nga pik\u00ebpamja e Me pik\u00eb prezence kuptohet nj\u00ebtransmetimit n\u00eb rrjetet e komunikimit \u201cpik\u00eb\u201d (q\u00ebnd\u00ebr) e cila b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundurp\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrdoren polarizimet lidhjen\/aksesimin me pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tjeravertikal ose horizontal (ose t\u00eb dyja t\u00eb rrjetit ose me rrjete t\u00eb tjera.nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht). Fizikisht nj\u00eb PoP mund t\u00eb vendoset n\u00eb hap\u00ebsirat q\u00eb ka vet operatori Pole \u2013 Shtyll\u00eb ose n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb tjera jasht\u00eb tij. Nj\u00eb PoP synon jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb fuqizoj\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element i struktur\u00ebs rrjetin e vet\u00eb operatorit n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn kus\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve q\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb prezent, por t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb leht\u00ebsip\u00ebrdoret si p\u00ebr vendosjen e kabllove p\u00ebr ofrim sh\u00ebrbimesh edhe n\u00eb pjes\u00ebtajror\u00eb (bak\u00ebr ose fib\u00ebr optike) ashtu ku ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb prezent. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00ebedhe antena. Shtylla n\u00eb vr\u00ebsi t\u00eb operator\u00ebt e telekomunikacionevedestinacionit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit mund t\u00eb vendosin PoP\u2013et e tyre edhe n\u00ebjet\u00eb prej druri, betoni, metalike ose vende t\u00eb tjera ku nuk jan\u00eb prezentmateriali plastik. me rrjet. Nga pik\u00ebpamja e nd\u00ebrtimit nj\u00eb PoP mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb PON (Passive Optical router ose nj\u00eb grup pajisjesh, t\u00eb cilatNetwork) \u2013 Rrjeti Optik Pasiv jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura m\u00eb rrjetin e operatorit q\u00eb e ka vendosur k\u00ebt\u00eb PoP. Nj\u00eb rrjet transmetimi q\u00ebmb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb fibrat optike, por Population Coverage (mobile)q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrmban element\u00eb aktive \u2013 Popullsia e Mbuluar (me sh\u00ebrbi-(element\u00eb\/pajisje elektronike aktive) min e l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm)n\u00eb gjith\u00eb shtrirjen e tyre (pra midispajisjeve qendrore deri n\u00eb pajisjet P\u00ebrqindja e banor\u00ebve (kundrejtterminale (p.sh. t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit). totalit) t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ju ofrohet mund\u00ebsiaNj\u00eb rrjet i till\u00eb synon eliminimin e e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00ebnyjave aktive gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs (nyje telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme,k\u00ebto q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb furnizim me nga ana e rrjetit t\u00eb nj\u00eb operatori,energji elektrike) si dhe optimizmin quhet thjesht \u201cpopullsia e mbuluar\u201d.e shfryt\u00ebzimit t\u00eb fibrave (me an\u00eb t\u00ebspliterave). Portability \u2013 Portim Portimi \u00ebsht\u00eb procesi i kalimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb abonenti nga nj\u00eb rrjet n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proces kalimi, P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 108I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITabonenti ruan t\u00eb pandryshuar procesin \u201cPort Out\u201d. Ky proces \u00ebsht\u00ebnumrin e tij. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e vlefshme i vlefsh\u00ebm si p\u00ebr rrjetet fikse ashtup\u00ebr abonent\u00ebt e rrjeteve fikse dhe edhe ato t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme (mobile).e atyre t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme (mobile) sip\u00ebr ata me parapagim ashtu edhe Postpaid (Contract) \u2013 Pas \u2013ata me pas \u2013 pagim. Shiko edhe pagim ose Me Kontrat\u00eb\u201cnumber portability\u201d. Nj\u00eb form\u00eb pagese ku fillimisht Portal \u2013 Portal sh\u00ebrbimet p\u00ebrdoren dhe pastaj pa- guhen quhet \u201cpas \u2013 pagim\u201d. Zakon- P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht tregon nj\u00eb nyje isht k\u00ebto marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie bazohen n\u00ebq\u00ebndrore t\u00eb aksesushme nga nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb (marr\u00ebveshje) midisp\u00ebrdoruesit p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen, ofruesit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit dhe p\u00ebrdoruesitp\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb informacionin e t\u00eb tyre. Pas \u2013 pagimi realizohet n\u00ebnevojsh\u00ebm ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb fatur\u00ebs s\u00eb gjeneruar nga op-veprim t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha link\u2013 eratori dhe zakonisht b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb her\u00ebet (faqet www) t\u00eb kategorive t\u00eb n\u00eb muaj.ndryshme q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00ebnyje. Portalet mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtaten Postpaid Connection Chargesipas k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit \u2013 Pagesa e Lidhjes p\u00ebr Abonent\u00ebt(si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb rasti me faqet e blerjeve Celular\u00eb me Pas \u2013 pagimn\u00eb internet, si Amazon etj.), p\u00ebrt\u2019u ofruar atyre p\u00ebrmbajtje t\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb fillestarepersonalizuar. q\u00eb paguhet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb momentin e abonimit (p\u00ebr abonent\u00ebt Port In \u2013 Portoj Brenda Rrjetit e rinj me pas \u2013 pagim, me kontrat\u00eb). Kur n\u00eb ne rrjetin e nj\u00eb operatori Postpaid Subscriber \u2013 Abonentvjen nj\u00eb abonent nga nj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr me Pas \u2013 pagimkemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me procesin \u201cPortIn\u201d. Ky proces \u00ebsht\u00eb i vlefsh\u00ebm si Abonenti me pas\u2013pagim (njihenp\u00ebr rrjetet fikse ashtu edhe ato t\u00eb edhe si abonent\u00eb me kontrat\u00eb) quhetl\u00ebvizshme (mobile). nj\u00eb abonent, i cili fillimisht merr dhe p\u00ebrdor sh\u00ebrbimet e ofruara dhe i Port Out \u2013 Portoj Jasht\u00eb Rrjetit paguan ato m\u00eb von\u00eb (zakonisht n\u00eb fund t\u00eb \u00e7do muajit). Pagesat p\u00ebr Kur nga rrjeti i nj\u00eb operatori sh\u00ebrbimet e p\u00ebrdoruara bazohetlargohet nj\u00eb abonent dhe kalon n\u00eb n\u00eb kontrat\u00ebn e lidhur midis tij dhenj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me operatorit q\u00eb ofron sh\u00ebrbimet. Ky tip P","109 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITabonenti mund t\u00eb shihet edhe si e realizimin e lidhjes m\u00eb internetin,kund\u00ebrta e atij me parapagim. duke shfryt\u00ebzuar lidhjen ethernet. Zakonisht p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb realizimin POTS (Plain Old Telephone e lidhjes me internetin bazuar n\u00ebService) \u2013 Sh\u00ebrbim i Thjesht\u00eb teknik\u00ebn xDSL (si ADSL etj.)Telefonik Prepaid \u2013 Parapages\u00eb Sh\u00ebrbim telefonik analogstandard q\u00eb ofrohet nga rrjeti Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyra pagese, e cilakomutimit telefonik publik (PSTN k\u00ebrkon b\u00ebrjen e pages\u00ebs para se t\u00eb\u2013 Public Switching Telephone filloj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim quhetNetwork) njihet si POTS (sh\u00ebrbimi i \u201cparapages\u00eb\u201d. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00ebthjesht\u00eb ose i vjet\u00ebr telefonik). Ky lloj pagese ku p\u00ebrdorimi i sh\u00ebrbimevesh\u00ebrbimi telefonik p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb gjer\u00ebsi kusht\u00ebzohet me gjendjen ebande analoge prej ~4 KHz (300Hz llogaris\u00eb s\u00eb abonentit. Llogaria ku\u2013 3, 400Hz) ruhet pagesa paraprake mund t\u00eb rimbushet sipas nevoj\u00ebs n\u00eb \u00e7do PP (Payback Period) \u2013 koh\u00eb. Gjithashtu duhet t\u00eb theksohetPeriudha e Kthimit t\u00eb Shpenzimit se kjo m\u00ebnyr\u00eb pagese nuk p\u00ebrfshin detyrime, apo shpenzime t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr Periudha kohore e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen (ose gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00ebt\u00eb realizuar kthimin e nj\u00eb investimit, saj). P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb kategori abonent\u00ebshpra p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u201cshlyer\u201d shum\u00ebn e investimit nuk gjenerohet fature.fillestar quhet \u201cPayback Period\u201d. PPP (Point to Point Protocol) \u2013 Prepaid Connection Charge \u2013Protokolli Pik\u00eb m\u00eb Pik\u00eb. Pagesa e Lidhjes p\u00ebr Abonent\u00ebt me Parapagim Nj\u00eb protokoll i p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebrrealizimin e lidhjeve t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb, e cila paguhetmidis nyjave t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti, me q\u00ebllim vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb momentin eshk\u00ebmbimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebna midis tyre. lidhjes \/ abonimit (p\u00ebr abonent\u00ebt me parapagim). N\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb PPPoE(Point\u2013to\u2013PointProtocol politikave tarifore t\u00eb operatorit q\u00ebover Ethernet) \u2013 Protokolli Pik\u00eb ofron sh\u00ebrbimin, kjo tarif\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00ebm\u00eb Pik\u00eb mbi Ethernet e ndryshme dhe nuk ka lidhje me depozit\u00ebn q\u00eb abonenti ngarkon p\u00ebr PPPoE \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb realizuar komunikimin.i p\u00ebrdorur nga abonent\u00ebt p\u00ebr P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 110I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Prepaid Subscriber \u2013 Abonent Primary Network \u2013 Rrjetme Parapages\u00eb Primar P\u00ebrdoruesit e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb Rrjet primar apo rrjeti i par\u00eb itelekomunikacioneve (por jo vet\u00ebm), referohet p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht pjes\u00ebs s\u00ebt\u00eb cil\u00ebt b\u00ebjn\u00eb pages\u00ebn m\u00eb p\u00ebrpara rrjetit kabllor urban q\u00eb shtrihet ngase ti p\u00ebrdorin ato quhen abonent\u00eb sistemet qendrore deri tek kabinetetme parapages\u00eb. Zakonisht ata kryesore t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes se k\u00ebtijblejn\u00eb paraprakisht sh\u00ebrbime me nj\u00eb rrjeti. Zakonisht \u00ebsht\u00eb i nd\u00ebrtuar me\u00e7mim t\u00eb caktuar me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb krediti kabllo me kapacitet t\u00eb madh (mbit\u00eb parapaguar n\u00eb llogarin\u00eb e tyre, 200 linja) dhe shtrihet n\u00eb tubacionet(llogari kjo q\u00eb mund ta rimbushin e infrastruktur\u00ebs n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore t\u00ebn\u00eb \u00e7do koh\u00eb dhe sipas nevoj\u00ebs). rrjetit urban\/lokal. Shiko \u201ctrunk\u00cbsht\u00eb m\u00eb e zakonshme p\u00ebr rrjetet cable\u201d.e telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme(mobile). Privat Cirucuit \u2013 Qark Privat Presentation Layer \u2013 Shtresa Qark privat n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00ebe Prezantimit linj\u00eb lidh\u00ebse (qark) t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb dispozicion t\u00eb nj\u00eb klienti p\u00ebr \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga shtresat e modelit t\u2019u p\u00ebrdorur nga ky i fundit p\u00ebr nj\u00ebOSI. Kjo shtres\u00eb i lejon bart\u00ebsit dhe sh\u00ebrbim telekomunikacioni (telefoni,aplikacioneve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb data, video, internet) n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt n\u00eb komunikim, si dhe pagese mujore. Njihet edhe si linj\u00ebb\u00ebn ngjeshjen, riformatimin dhe me qira (shiko \u201cleased line\u201d).kodimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Privat IP address \u2013 Adresa IP Privat Network \u2013 Rrjet Privat Private Rrjet privat n\u00eb telekomunikacion Adresat IP p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesn\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb rrjet (pavar\u00ebsisht (p\u00ebr kompjuterin ose nj\u00eb terminalnga shtrirja), i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb menduar t\u00eb tij) mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb ne dy forma; et\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr realizimin e jasht\u00ebme dhe e brendshme (kjo ngakomunikimeve midis nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i rrjetit ku \u00ebshte lidhurcaktuar personash (pjes\u00ebtare) p\u00ebrdoruesi). Nj\u00eb adres\u00eb e jashtmeq\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit institucion, \u00ebsht\u00eb adresa IP q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonkompani, organizat\u00eb etj. Pra \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhjen me rrjetin internet, pra adresanj\u00eb rrjet i cili nuk ofron sh\u00ebrbimet p\u00ebr q\u00eb njihet nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00ebpal\u00eb t\u00eb treta ose p\u00ebr publikun. Shiko adres\u00eb tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetinedhe \u201cRrjet jo Publik\u201d. e brendsh\u00ebm dhe p\u00ebrcaktohet P","111 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITnga router\u2013i tek i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhur Protocol \u2013 Protokollp\u00ebrdoruesi quhet \u201cadresa IPprivate\u201d. Gjithashtu theksojm\u00eb se N\u00eb telekomunikacion protokolliadresa IP private nuk mund routohet n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb grup rregullashdrejt elementet p\u00ebrb\u00ebres t\u00eb rrjetit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosurinternet. Ka disa seri t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara komunikimin midis dy ose shumet\u00eb adresave IP t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb dedikuar nyjave t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti. Gjithashtup\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim privat, zakonisht ato \u00ebsht\u00eb e vlefshme si p\u00ebr rastet ejan\u00eb n\u00eb zon\u00ebn 192.168.*.*. Zakonisht komunikimit rrjet \u2013 p\u00ebrdorues ashtuadresat private p\u00ebrcaktohen nga edhe rrjet \u2013 rrjet.administrator i rrjetit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebmose nga vet router\u2013i ku jan\u00eb lidhur Proxy \u2013 Nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsp\u00ebrdoruesit. \u201cProxy\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm Product Life Cycle \u2013 Cikli i me an\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb cilit nj\u00eb sistem vepronJet\u00ebs s\u00eb Produktit n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi tjet\u00ebr, kjo n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb Periudha q\u00eb fillon me protokollit.specifikimet fillestare t\u00eb produktitdhe p\u00ebrfundon me daljen e produktit PTN (PacketTransport Network)nga tregu quhet \u201cproduct life cycle\u201d. \u2013 Rrjeti i Transportit Paket\u00ebCikli i jet\u00ebs t\u00eb nj\u00eb produktit \u00ebsht\u00eb ip\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga faza t\u00eb ndryshme, Rrjeti i transportit (transmetimit)duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin shkencor, me baz\u00eb paket\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjetzhvillimin, prodhimin, p\u00ebrdorimin, ku informacioni (z\u00eb, t\u00eb dh\u00ebna apopjekurin\u00eb, r\u00ebnien dhe daljen nga figur\u00eb) q\u00eb mbartet \u00ebsht\u00eb i organizuarskena. n\u00eb paketa, t\u00eb cilat l\u00ebvizin t\u00eb pavarura nga nj\u00ebra tjetra dhe rigrumbullohen Profit \u2013 Fitimi n\u00eb destinacion respektiv p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikrijuar informacionin fillestar (t\u00eb Fitimi \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa e mbetur origjin\u00ebs).pasi zbriten nga e ardhura t\u00eb gjithashpenzimet. Fitimi \u00ebshtw\u00eb elementi PS (Packet Switching) \u2013baz\u00eb mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebn llogariten taksat si Komutim Paket\u00ebdhe dividendi. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsishttreguesi baz\u00eb i suksesit t\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb e cila nukkompanie. Dallojm\u00eb dy lloje fitimi: shfryt\u00ebzon kanale permanent\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimi neto (net profit) dhe fitimi bruto t\u00eb realizuar lidhjet (ashtu si veprohet(gross profit). p.sh. n\u00eb rastin e teknik\u00ebs TDM (Time Division Multipleksing) nw rrjetet P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 112I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITme komutim qarku), por cop\u00ebton t\u00eb PSDN (Public Switched Datadh\u00ebnat (informacionin) n\u00eb paketa t\u00eb Network) \u2013 Rrjeti Publik i Komuti-ve\u00e7anta me ID t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara para mit t\u00eb t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnavese ti transmetoj\u00eb dhe pastaj i gruponato p\u00ebrs\u00ebri bashk\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb parim \u00cbsht\u00eb rrjeti i cili realizonthemelor i rrjeteve IP. transmetimin \/ p\u00ebrpunimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis p\u00ebrdorueseve t\u00eb PSN (Packet Switching Net- rrjetit ose me rrjetet e tjera. Ky rrjet iwork) \u2013 Rrjeti me Komutim Paket\u00eb ofron sh\u00ebrbimet e vetat p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Nj\u00eb rrjet q\u00eb transporton PSN (Public Switched Network)informacion duke shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb \u2013 Rrjeti Publik i Komutimitrrjedh\u00ebn e informacionit n\u00eb \u201cpaketa\u201dnumerike (me adresa plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb Nj\u00eb term i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm q\u00ebp\u00ebrcaktuara), t\u00eb cilat transmetohen tregon se rrjeti realizon komutiminn\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur dhe m\u00eb pas p\u00ebr pal\u00ebt e tjera.rimblidhen m\u00eb sekuenc\u00ebn e duhurn\u00eb destinacion p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb PSU (Power Supply Unit) \u2013rikrijuar informacionin fillestar njihet Nj\u00ebsia e Furnizimit me Energjisi rrjeti me komutim paket\u00eb. PSU \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb PS (Packet Switch) \u2013 Komutim rrjeti apo sistemi, e cila realizonPaket\u00eb furnizimin e tyre me energji elektrike (sipas k\u00ebrkesave teknike). Shpesh e Tregon m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn (\u00ebsht\u00eb njohim edhe si \u201cburim ushqimi\u201d.nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb) e realizimit t\u00eb nj\u00ebkomunikimi duke u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb PSTN (Public Switchedteknologjin\u00eb e komutimit paket\u00eb. N\u00eb Telephone Network) \u2013 Rrjeti ik\u00ebt\u00eb rast p\u00ebr vendosjen \u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje Komutimit Telefonik Publik.nuk komutohen qarqet si n\u00eb rastine rrjeteve me komutim qarku, por \u00cbsht\u00eb rrjeti tradicional ithjesht komutohen paketat me synim telekomunikacioneve (bazuar n\u00ebd\u00ebrgimin e tyre n\u00eb destinacionin e teknologjin\u00eb e komutimit me qarkk\u00ebrkuar. \u2013 \u201ccircuit switched\u201d), i cili operon brenda nj\u00eb vendi apo rajoni dhe ofron sh\u00ebrbimin(et) telefonike p\u00ebr publikun dhe pal\u00ebt e tjera (t\u00eb treta) t\u00eb interesuara. P","113 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT PtP (Point to Point) \u2013 Lidhja nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare etj.), i cili operonPik\u00eb me Pik\u00eb brenda territorit t\u00eb nj\u00eb vendi dhe ofron sh\u00ebrbimet e veta p\u00ebr publikun PtP i referohet lidhjes s\u00eb e gjer\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr \u00e7do pal\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00ebkomunikimit midis dy nyjeve interesuar quhet rrjet publik, si p.sh.ose pikave fundore. Kjo m\u00ebnyr\u00eb rrjeti telefonik publik i Albtelekom\u2013it.p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson lidhjen m\u00eb klasike n\u00ebrrjetet e telekomunikacioneve dhe Public IP address \u2013 Adresa IPmund t\u00eb realizohet si m\u00eb kabllo Publike(bak\u00ebr apo fib\u00ebr optike) ashtu edhepa tel (wireless). Nj\u00eb adres\u00eb Ip konsiderohet si publike (ose adres\u00eb e jashtme) kur PtMP (Point to Multi Point) ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00eb zon\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar\u2013 Lidhja nga Nj\u00eb Pik\u00eb te Shum\u00eb t\u00eb adresave IP private dhe \u00ebsht\u00ebPika. e vlefshme p\u00ebr t\u2019u njohur nga rrjeti internet dhe p\u00ebrdoruesit e tjer\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyre lidhje q\u00eb K\u00ebto adresa Ip publike p\u00ebrdoren sip\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetet e komunikimit nga serverat \/ routerat, pajisjet e(kryesisht n\u00eb lidhjet pa tel), dhe tjera t\u00eb rrjetit internet, ashtu edheq\u00eb realizon shp\u00ebrndarje e sinjalit nga \u00e7do p\u00ebrdorues i rrjetit internetnga nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e vetme n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u lidhur m\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesinshum\u00eb pikave t\u00eb tjera. mbajt\u00ebs t\u00eb nj\u00eb IP publike. Adresat IP publike p\u00ebrcaktohen nga organizmat nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb, jan\u00eb t\u00eb organizuara n\u00eb blloqe (klasa ose grupe) dhe ju jepen p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim operator\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Public Network\u00a0\u2013 Rrjet Publik Nj\u00eb rrjet telekomunikacioni, (kup\u00ebrfshihen nyjat lokale, sistemet ekomutimit, sistemet e transmetimit,linjat e p\u00ebrdorueseve, lidhjet P","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 114I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Q paraprakisht (pra kundrejt nj\u00eb vlere, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb projektuar q\u00eb n\u00eb QAM (Quadrature Ampli- nd\u00ebrtimin e sistemit). P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsishttude Modulation) \u2013 Modulimi i QoS \u00ebsht\u00eb performanca e nj\u00ebAmplitud\u00ebs s\u00eb Kuadratur\u00ebs rrjeti e par\u00eb nga p\u00ebrdoruesit e tij. P.sh. nj\u00eb nga treguesit e QoS t\u00eb QAM \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tip modulimi i nj\u00eb rrjeti telekomunikacioni \u00ebsht\u00ebsinjalit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb \u201cmosrealizimi i thirrjeve\u201d, k\u00ebshtusistemet e transmetimit mikrovalor mund t\u00eb themi se QoS e nj\u00eb rrjeti(radiorele) dhe n\u00eb ai satelitor. N\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mir\u00eb n\u00eb rast se nuk realizohetthelb nj\u00eb sinjal QAM ka sinjale 1 thirrje n\u00eb 1000 (ose 0.1%).mbart\u00ebs t\u00eb pavarura me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebnfrekuenc\u00eb por me diferenc\u00eb faze Quadruple Play Service \u201390 grad\u00eb midis tyre (pra me nj\u00eb Sh\u00ebrbim i Kat\u00ebrfisht\u00ebt\u00eb kat\u00ebrt\u00ebn e nj\u00eb cikli, nga kurrjedh edhe emri kuadratur\u00eb) dhe Sh\u00ebrbimi i kat\u00ebrfisht\u00eb (quadruplesi rezultat dalja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sinjal i play ose\u00a0 quad play) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb termmoduluar, i cili p\u00ebrmban ndryshime q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton integrimin e mobilitetitn\u00eb faz\u00eb dhe n\u00eb amplitud\u00eb (mund ta (l\u00ebvizshm\u00ebris\u00eb) n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin ekonsiderojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb modulim si nj\u00eb trefisht\u00eb (triple play service). Shikomiksim t\u00eb modulimit n\u00eb faz\u00eb dhe n\u00eb edhe \u201ctriple play service\u201d.amplitud\u00eb). \u00a0 QoS (Quality of Service) \u2013Cil\u00ebsia e Sh\u00ebrbimit Cil\u00ebsia e sh\u00ebrbimit n\u00ebtelekomunikacion (ashtu si edhen\u00eb fushat e tjera) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues(ose nj\u00eb grup treguesish) baz\u00eb,i cili matet direkt ose llogaritetn\u00eb baz\u00eb statistikash. QoS ka siq\u00ebllim t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb sa mir\u00eb ofrohetnj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim kundrejt pritshm\u00ebris\u00ebose kundrejt nj\u00eb vlere t\u00eb caktuar Q","115 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT R radio. Termi RAN p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetet e telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme, Radio Link Protocol (RLP) \u2013 si psh. n\u00eb ata GSM \/ UMTS t\u00eb cil\u00ebtProtokolli i Lidhjes s\u00eb Radios njihen si GRAN (GSM RAN) dhe UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN). RLP n\u00eb thelb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonnj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb (e cila p\u00ebrs\u00ebritetautomatikisht) q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00ebnd\u00ebrfaqet ajrore (air interface) t\u00ebrrjeteve pa tel (mobile\/celular\u00eb). RACE (Research and Devel- RTN (RadioTransport Network)opment in Advanced Communi- \u2013 Rrjeti i Transportit me Radiocations in Europe) \u2013 Programi iK\u00ebrkim\/Zhvillimit p\u00ebr Komunikime RTN p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson sistemet \/t\u00eb Avancuara n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb lidhjet e bazuara n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e radio frekuencave p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar Komisioni Evropian (European transferimin e informacionit ngaCommission) ka l\u00ebshuar nj\u00eb nj\u00eb nyj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeteprogram t\u00eb quajtur RACE, i cili ka komunikimi. K\u00ebto sisteme mund t\u00ebsi detyr\u00eb kryesore p\u00ebrcaktimin e jen\u00eb analoge (gjithmon\u00eb dhe m\u00ebpolitikave p\u00ebr telekomunikacionet pak), numerike ose IP.n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. RAN (Radio Access Network) RACH (Random Access\u2013 Rrjeti i Aksesit t\u00eb Radios Channel) \u2013 Kanali i Aksesit t\u00eb Rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm Me RAN n\u00ebnkuptohet gjith\u00ebpjesa e rrjetit t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve Tregon nj\u00eb kanal komunikimi,t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme (mobile) q\u00eb fillon i cili mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret (zgjidhet)nga terminali fundor (p.sh. aparati n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00ebtelefonik celular) deri te pjesa realizuar lidhjen e nevojshme.q\u00ebndrore (core) e rrjetit. Realizimi ikomunikimit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetitbazohet plot\u00ebsisht n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb R","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 116I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT RAM \u2013 (Random Access informacioni i d\u00ebrguar merret n\u00eb \u00e7astMemory) \u2013 Memoria me Akses t\u00eb nga pala tjet\u00ebr. Thirrjet telefonikeRast\u00ebsish\u00ebm apo video konferencat jan\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb komunikimit n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale. RAM \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga format emagazinimit (memorizimit) t\u00eb t\u00eb Real Time Transmission \u2013dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb sistemet kompjuterike. Transmetim n\u00eb Koh\u00eb RealeNj\u00eb RAM lejon leximin oseregjistrimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, sipas Nj\u00eb transmetim quhet n\u00eb koh\u00ebradh\u00ebs q\u00eb ato aksesohen, dhe reale kur jo vet\u00ebm koh\u00ebzgjatja epothuajse m\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gjat\u00ebsi mesazhit t\u00eb transmetuar dhe atij t\u00ebkohore. Ato nd\u00ebrtohen kryesisht me marr\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e barabart\u00eb, por edheqarqe t\u00eb integruar. vonesa nga pika e transmetimit deri tek ajo e marrjes nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb RAN (Radio Access Network) m\u00eb e madhe se koha e p\u00ebrhapjes\u2013 Rrjeti i Aksesit me Radio s\u00eb sinjalit n\u00eb mjetet (mjediset) e p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr transmetim. RAN \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb rrjeti t\u00ebtelekomunikacionit (p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht i Reconnection \u2013 Rilidhjerrjeteve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme \/celular), i cili\u00ebsht\u00eb i vendosur midis terminalit Procesi i lidhjes p\u00ebrs\u00ebri t\u00ebfundor (telefon, kompjuter etj.) dhe abonent\u00ebve (numrave) q\u00eb jan\u00ebpjes\u00ebs qendrore t\u00eb rrjetit (core). shk\u00ebputur nga rrjeti, ose \u00e7aktivizuarTeknologjia e p\u00ebrdorur \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb ndryshme (kryesisht p\u00ebre sistemeve t\u00eb transmetimit me \u00e7\u00ebshtje pagesash) njihet si \u201crilidhje\u201d.mikrovale. Ky proces \u00ebsht\u00eb i vlefsh\u00ebm si p\u00ebr rrjetet e telekomunikacioneve fikse RAT (Radio AccessTechnology) ashtu edhe p\u00ebr ato t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme.\u2013 Teknologjia e Aksesit Radio RAT tregon llojin e teknologjis\u00eb Reference Offer \u2013 Ofert\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar lidhjet Referenceradio (mikrovale) n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn eaksesit t\u00eb rrjetit. Nj\u00eb ofert\u00eb reference \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument i p\u00ebrgatitur nga nj\u00eb Real \u2013 Time Communications operator telekomunikacioni dhe ka\u2013 Komunikime n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale si q\u00ebllim p\u00ebrcaktimin e kritereve dhe procedurave baz\u00eb p\u00ebr dh\u00ebnien e \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim komunikimi nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi (ose grup sh\u00ebrbimesh)(zakonisht dypal\u00ebsh) n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin R","117 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITnj\u00eb linj\u00eb (ose grup linjash) p\u00ebr Relative Transmission Level \u2013nj\u00eb operator tjet\u00ebr. Oferta e Niveli Relativ i Transmetimitreferenc\u00ebs synon rregullimin emarr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrmjet operatorit N\u00eb telekomunikacion nivel relativdh\u00ebn\u00ebs dhe operatorit p\u00ebrfitues, i transmetimit \u00ebsht\u00eb raporti i fuqis\u00eblidhur me sh\u00ebrbimet dhe leht\u00ebsimet s\u00eb sinjalit n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar t\u00ebshoq\u00ebruese q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb transmetimit me fuqin\u00eb edokument. Operatori dh\u00ebn\u00ebs lejon sinjalit referenc\u00eb.p\u00ebr operatorin p\u00ebrfitues aksesinp\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimet (pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit) Repeater \u2013 P\u00ebrs\u00ebrit\u00ebsp\u00ebrkat\u00ebse, sipas p\u00ebrcaktimeve n\u00eb\u201cautorizimin\u201d respektiv dhe akteve t\u00eb Tregon nj\u00eb pajisje e cila vendosettjera rregulluese p\u00ebr k\u00ebto sh\u00ebrbime. n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb linj\u00ebs s\u00ebNj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht jep edhe informacionet transmetimit me q\u00ebllim p\u00ebrforcimine nevojshme p\u00ebr infrastruktur\u00ebn e sinjalit dhe d\u00ebrgimin e tij n\u00ebe rrjetit t\u00eb tij duke u mb\u00ebshtetur destinacion duke ruajtur parametratn\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje paraprake e nevojshme t\u00eb tij. Thjesht mund t\u00ebkonfidencialiteti. themi se p\u00ebrs\u00ebrit\u00ebsit p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u201cp\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar\u201d nj\u00eb sinjal q\u00eb udh\u00ebton n\u00eb distanca t\u00eb gjata. Regulatory Environment \u2013 Resellers \u2013 Rishit\u00ebsMjedisi Rregullator P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht me \u201cmjedis Operator\u00eb apo individ\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb,rregullator\u201d n\u00ebnkuptohet vendosja t\u00eb cil\u00ebt n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjejee ligjeve, rregullave, normave etj. blejn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime nga nj\u00eb operatorp\u00ebr zhvillimin dhe kontrollin n\u00eb nj\u00eb kryesor (i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i aft\u00eb q\u00eb m\u00ebsektor t\u00eb caktuar (nga ana e shtetit an\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit \/ sistemeve t\u00eb veta t\u00ebose institucioneve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb \u201cprodhoj\u00eb\u201d k\u00ebto sh\u00ebrbime) dhe iqeveris\u00eb). P\u00ebr telekomunikacionin, rishesin ato p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit fundor\u00ebinstitucioni rregullator jo vet\u00ebm quhen rishit\u00ebs.q\u00eb vendos rregulla, standarde,norma, jep autorizime p\u00ebr ushtrimin Reuse \u2013 Rip\u00ebrdorime aktivitetit si dhe udh\u00ebzime\/rekomandime p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zbatim rigoroz Brenda kontekstit t\u00eb rrjeteve t\u00ebt\u00eb politikave, vendimeve, rregullave, telekomunikacioneve (t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme)por edhe kontrollon sistematikisht rip\u00ebrdorimi ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me procesinzbatimin e tyre. e caktimit t\u00eb frekuencave apo kanaleve p\u00ebr qelizat e rrjetit n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb qelizat fqinje t\u00eb mos R","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 118I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITp\u00ebrdorin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat frekuenca\/ ndihm\u00ebn e val\u00ebve elektromagnetike.kanale dhe si pasoj\u00eb t\u00eb shkaktojn\u00eb RFID b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur identifikiminnd\u00ebrhyrje (interferenca) midis tyre. dhe lokalizimin e objekteve dhe iNd\u00ebrsa qelizat m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta mund t\u00eb memorizon automatikisht k\u00ebto t\u00ebp\u00ebrdorin ato frekuenca. Kjo m\u00ebnyr\u00eb dh\u00ebna. Pajisja respektive q\u00eb q\u00ebrip\u00ebrdorimi zgjeron kapacitetin e nj\u00eb realizon k\u00ebt\u00eb identifikim, \u00ebsht\u00ebrrjeti celular duke b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb mundur nj\u00eb pajisje elektronike shum\u00eb ep\u00ebrdorimin e kanaleve t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta n\u00eb vog\u00ebl e nd\u00ebrtuar me nj\u00eb mikro\u00e7ippjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb rrjetit. (nj\u00eb mikroqark t\u00eb integruar), i cili i bashk\u00ebngjitet objektit q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb Revenues \u2013 T\u00eb ardhurat identifikohet. T\u00eb ardhurat e nj\u00eb kompanie RfI (Request for Interest) \u2013gjenerohen nga shitja e prodhimeve K\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr Shprehje Interesiapo sh\u00ebrbimeve (ose nga \u00e7do m\u00ebnyr\u00ebtjet\u00ebr e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kapitalit apo K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr Shprehje Interesiaseteve). T\u00eb ardhurat shprehin nj\u00eb \u2013 RfI \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e p\u00ebrdoruravler\u00eb para zbritjes t\u00eb shpenzimeve n\u00eb procesin e prokurimit p\u00ebr rastetapo kostove t\u00eb tjera. Njihen edhe m\u00eb e furnizimit me materiale\/sh\u00ebrbime,termat \u201csales\u201d apo \u201cturnover\u201d. p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin apo zgjerimin e nj\u00eb projekti ekzistues, p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e RF (Radio Frequency) \u2013 objekteve t\u00eb reja etj. Q\u00ebllimi kryesor iFrekuenca Radio RfI \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb kompanit\u00eb e ndryshme p\u00ebr Nj\u00eb sinjal (val\u00eb) me frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb marre pjes\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb proces t\u00eb till\u00eb.q\u00eb shtrihet n\u00eb brezin nga 3 KHz Zakonisht nga organizatori jepen t\u00eb(frekuenc\u00eb shum\u00eb e ul\u00ebt VLF) deri dh\u00ebna t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme p\u00ebr projektin\/300 GHz (frekuenc\u00eb ekstremisht objektin q\u00eb do t\u00eb prokurohet m\u00ebe larte EHF) quhet sinjal radio q\u00ebllim krijimin e nj\u00eb panorame t\u00ebose radio frekuenc\u00eb. Zakonisht qart\u00eb p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit.konsiderohet si radio frekuencebrezi nga 30Khz deri 300GHz. RFID (Radio Frequency Identi- RFID (Radio Frequency Iden-fication) \u2013 Identifikimi i Frekuen- tification) \u2013 Identifikimi me Radiocave t\u00eb Radios Frekuenc\u00eb RFID n\u00ebnkupton procesin e Konsiston n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e val\u00ebveidentifikimit (psh. t\u00eb nj\u00eb objekti) me elektromagnetike (val\u00ebve radio) p\u00ebr t\u00eb identifikuar \/ gjurmuar nj\u00eb objekt i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i pajisur paraprakisht R","119 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITme nj\u00eb pajisje identifikues (tag) q\u00eb RGU (Revenue Generatinggjeneron nj\u00eb sinjal radio. Units) \u2013 Nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e Gjenerimit t\u00eb t\u00eb Ardhurave RfP (Request for Proposal) \u2013K\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr Propozim RGU \u00ebsht\u00eb e ardhura q\u00eb siguron kompania (operatori), e gjeneruar K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr propozim \u2013 RfP kjo nga nj\u00eb abonent individual i saj.\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb Synohet kjo e ardhur e gjeneruarprocesin e prokurimit (tenderimit). p\u00ebr nj\u00ebsin\u00eb e koh\u00ebs t\u00eb rritet. RGURfP bazohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element q\u00eb tregon sa(q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban k\u00ebrkesa dhe kushte konkurruese \u00ebsht\u00eb kompaniateknike \/ komerciale \/ legale t\u00eb (operatori) n\u00eb treg.paracaktuara), i cili ju shp\u00ebrndahetfurnizuesve \/ prodhuesve me q\u00ebllim RJ (Registered Jack) \u2013 Lidh\u00ebsq\u00eb ata t\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb nj\u00eb propozim p\u00ebr (konektor) i Regjistruarmallin, apo sh\u00ebrbimin e k\u00ebrkuar.K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr propozim por kryesisht Nj\u00eb RJ \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqeq\u00ebndron n\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat baz\u00eb p\u00ebr fizike e standardizuar e rrjetit q\u00ebmallin apo sh\u00ebrbimin, por p\u00ebrfshin sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur pajisjet eedhe detaje specifike n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb telekomunikacionit midis tyre osekushteve me pajisjet terminale t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit. Sipas destinacionit dhe sasis\u00eb s\u00eb RfQ (Request for Quotation) \u2013 fijeve (p\u00ebrciellsave te bakrit) dheK\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr Kuotim destinacionit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit kemi k\u00ebto tipe lidh\u00ebsish: RJ11, \u00a0 RJ14, \u00a0 RJ21, K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr kuotim \u2013 RfQ RJ35, \u00a0RJ45, \u00a0RJ48. Standardi \u201cRJ\u201d\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton si fishin (plug) ashtuprocesin e prokurimit (tenderimi), edhe folenw (jack).ku organizatori k\u00ebrkon q\u00ebpjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb shprehininteresin e tyre dhe t\u00eb japin zgjidhjenp\u00ebrkat\u00ebse, por t\u00eb paraqesin edhekoston e nevojshme p\u00ebr plot\u00ebsimine k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00ebfaz\u00eb jepen vet\u00ebm shifrat (\u00e7mimet)n\u00eb nivel jo t\u00eb detajuar (jo n\u00eb nivelin e\u00e7mimeve \/ nj\u00ebsi). R","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 120I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT RJ11 Connector \u2013 Konektor RL (RadioLink) \u2013 Lidhja RadioRJ11 Lidhja radio (e njohur ndryshe RJ11 (registered jack\u201311) \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe si lidhja mikrovalore, radio\u2013ur\u00eb,nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe telefonike q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben radiorele, apo radiolink) p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonp\u00ebr lidhjet n\u00eb rrjetin PSTN (p.sh. t\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji transmetimi (pa tel) q\u00ebaparatit telefonik) me 2, 4 ose 6 fije. p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetet e komunikimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur lidhjen midis dy pikave t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb pamje direkt me nj\u00ebra tjetr\u00ebn. K\u00ebto lidhje mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb analoge, numerike (digital\u00eb), Ip (paket\u00eb) ose hibride. Nga pik\u00ebpamja e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs s\u00eb lidhjes dallojm\u00eb lidhjet pik \u2013 pik (point to point) dhe lidhjet pik\u00eb \u2013 multipik\u00eb (point to multipoint). RJ45 Connector \u2013 Konektor RNC (Radio Network Controller)RJ45 \u2013 Kontrolluesi i Rrjetit t\u00eb Radios \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lidh\u00ebs (konektor) tet\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element i rrjeteve t\u00eb\u2013 pin\u00ebsh (p\u00ebr tet\u00eb fije) i p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshmet\u00eb lidhur pajisjet e transmetimit t\u00eb q\u00eb kontrollon dhe administron rrjetint\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Kryesisht p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb radio t\u00eb pjess s\u00eb aksesit, gjithashtulidhjet Ethernet (si psh. n\u00eb lidhjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar10Base \u2013 T etj.) dhe pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha stacionet (BTS) fundore t\u00ebne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb rastet p\u00ebr lidhjen e k\u00ebtij rrjeti. RNC realizon edhe lidhjenkompjuter\u00ebve n\u00eb rrjet. m\u00eb pjes\u00ebn qendrore me komutim qarku si dhe me komutim pakete. ROI (Return on Investment) \u2013 Kthim i Investimeve Kthimi i investimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht fitimi i gjeneruar nga nj\u00eb investim (projekt) si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje e kapitalit t\u00eb shpenzuar. Ky proces b\u00ebn q\u00eb vendimmarr\u00ebsi t\u00eb krahasoj\u00eb zgjidhjet (projektet) e ndryshme midis tyre. R","121 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Roaming \u2013 P\u00ebrdorimi i Numrit n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb tregun. Ky proces mundMobile n\u00eb Rrjetin e nj\u00eb Operatori t\u00eb lidhet me investime serioze dheTjet\u00ebr t\u00eb konsiderueshme, si p.sh. nd\u00ebrtimi i stacioneve baz\u00eb (terminale) t\u00eb reja \u201cRoaming\u201d n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurimi p\u00ebr rrjetin e l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm.i vazhdueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb komunikimitp\u00ebr nj\u00eb abonent, i cili ndodhet jasht\u00eb Route \u2013 Rrug\u00eb (drejtim)zon\u00ebs s\u00eb mbulimit t\u00eb operatorit kuai \u00ebsht\u00eb i abonuar. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht, \u201cRoute\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb rruga q\u00eb ndjekn\u00ebnkupton abonent\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt l\u00ebvizin trafiku n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet, duke filluarjasht\u00eb vendit dhe shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nga burimi deri ne destinacioninkomunikuar nj\u00eb operator t\u00eb shtetit respektiv.ku ata kan\u00eb udh\u00ebtuar. Por edhe n\u00ebrastet kur nj\u00eb abonent p\u00ebrdor rrjetin Router \u2013 Rutere nj\u00eb operatori tjet\u00ebr brenda t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtitvend kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me sh\u00ebrbimit \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje e p\u00ebrdorur\u201croaming\u201d. Roaming bazohet n\u00eb kryesisht n\u00eb rrjetin e komutimit \/marr\u00ebveshjet e n\u00ebnshkruara midis p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (n\u00eb rrjetetoperator\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm dhe ka kompjuterik\u00eb) e cila realizon josi q\u00ebllim sigurimin e komunikimit thjesht komutimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (n\u00ebpavar\u00ebsisht vendndodhjes se form\u00eb pakete), por edhe rrug\u00ebtimin eabonentit. tyre p\u00ebr n\u00eb destinacionet e k\u00ebrkuara. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje e konfigurueshme Road Map \u2013 Harta e Zhvillimit sipas k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit me kapacitete t\u00eb ndryshme lidhjesh Tregon rrug\u00ebn (planin) e zhvillimit (nd\u00ebrfaqesh). Zakonisht routeratt\u00eb nj\u00eb produkti apo sh\u00ebrbimi t\u00eb ri, i cili jan\u00eb dy tipa; rutera fikse (p\u00ebr lidhjedo t\u00eb jet\u00eb i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr implementim fikse) dhe pa tel (wireless).pas nj\u00eb afati kohor t\u00eb caktuar. Roadmap zakonisht ju referohet planevet\u00eb zhvillimit disavje\u00e7ar. Roll \u2013 Out \u2013 Prezantimi N\u00eb thelb tregon procesin e futjes(ose inaugurimit) s\u00eb nj\u00eb produkti osesh\u00ebrbimi t\u00eb ri pas nj\u00eb reklamimi apolajm\u00ebrimi publik. Roll\u2013Out fillon kurprodukti ofrohet p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00ebtreg dhe vazhdon deri sa t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtoje R","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 122I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT ROM (Read Only Memory) \u2013 optimizimin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb spektritMemorie Vet\u00ebm Lexuese t\u00eb frekuencave q\u00eb nj\u00eb operator ka n\u00eb dispozicion si dhe me eliminimin Memoria (kujtesa) vet\u00ebm e shqet\u00ebsimit (nd\u00ebrhyrjeve) gjat\u00eblexuese \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tip memorie ku t\u00eb operimit.dh\u00ebnat ose programet q\u00eb ndodhenatje vet\u00ebm mund t\u00eb lexohen. N\u00eb RRC (Radio Resource Control)k\u00ebt\u00eb kujtese nuk mund t\u00eb shkruash \/ \u2013 Kontroll i Burimit Radioregjistrosh. RPP (Receiving Party Pays) \u2013 \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element kontrolli p\u00ebrMarr\u00ebsi Paguan pjes\u00ebn radio t\u00eb rrjeteve t\u00eb telekomu- nikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme p\u00ebrgjeg- \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb model pagese ku j\u00ebse p\u00ebr kontrollin dhe konfiguriminp\u00ebr nj\u00eb thirrje (bised\u00eb) t\u00eb realizuar, e nd\u00ebrfaqeve p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. Kjo realizo-pages\u00ebn e b\u00ebn abonenti i k\u00ebrkuar het me an\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit RRC.(marr\u00ebs), jo k\u00ebrkuesi. RSSI (Received Signal Strength RR (Radio Resource) \u2013 Burim Indication) \u2013 Tregues i Fuqis\u00eb s\u00ebRadio Sinjalit t\u00eb Marr\u00eb N\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb grupim t\u00eb Tregon p\u00ebr nj\u00eb telefon t\u00ebsistemeve dhe \/ ose t\u00eb frekuencave l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (mobile) ose p\u00ebr nj\u00ebt\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb nj\u00eb stacionin baz\u00eb (n\u00eb kushtet e nj\u00eb rrjetirrjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar lidhjet p\u00ebr pa tel) vler\u00ebn e fort\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb sinjalit n\u00ebkomunikimet e nevojshme. Thjesht marrje t\u00eb matur n\u00eb dBm . Gjithashtui quajm\u00eb \u201cburime\u201d ose \u201cpasuri\u201d RSSI \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues i nivelin eradio, sepse i p\u00ebrdorim ato p\u00ebr t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb q\u00eb merret (transmetohet) ngarealizuar nj\u00eb objektiv t\u00eb caktuar antena.(komunikimin). RTN (Radio Transport Network) RRM (Radio resource man- \u2013 Rrjeti i Transportit Radioagement) \u2013 Menaxhimi i BurimitRadio Zakonisht n\u00ebnkupton pjes\u00ebn e transportit t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti komuni- \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem i cili kimi, e cila bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrdoriminmenaxhon burimet radio, m\u00eb q\u00ebllim e frekuencave radio p\u00ebr realiziminmir\u00ebdministrimin, si dhe planifikimin e transmetimit te sinjalit (informa-e tyre p\u00ebr t\u2019i p\u00ebrdorur me sukses n\u00eb cionit). Kjo pjes\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin sistemetnj\u00eb rrjet. Kjo ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb kryesisht me radio mikrovalore TDM \/ Hibride \/ IP. R","123 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT RT (Remote Terminal) \u2013 STerminal i Larg\u00ebt SAC (Subscriber Acquisition Tregon nj\u00eb pajisje fundore, Cost) \u2013 Kosto e Blerjes s\u00ebe cila ndodhet n\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb Abonentitlarg\u00ebt nga sistemet qendroreose atyre t\u00eb aksesit t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti SAC tregon, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb operator,telekomunikacioni. koston q\u00eb nevojitet p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtuar nj\u00eb abonent. Zakonisht p\u00ebrfshin koston RUO (Reference Unbundling e shitjes dhe marketingut, dh\u00ebnienOffer) \u2013 Oferta e Referenc\u00ebs p\u00ebr falas t\u00eb pajisjeve (si p.sh. telefon),Akses n\u00eb Infrastruktur\u00ebn Fizike etj. Shiko edhe \u201cCAS \u2013 Kosto e blerjes s\u00eb klientit\u201d. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ofert\u00eb reference,(shiko reference offer) por q\u00eb ka si Segments and Marketobjekt ofrimin (p\u00ebr operator\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb Segmentation \u2013 Segmentet dhep\u00ebrfitues) e sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb aksesit t\u00eb Segmentimi i Treguthapur t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs fizike (LLU,bitstream) p\u00ebr t\u2019u krijuar mund\u00ebsin\u00eb Segmentimi i tregut \u00ebsht\u00eboperator\u00ebve p\u00ebrfitues t\u2019ju ofrojn\u00eb identifikimi i pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb tregut, t\u00eb cilatp\u00ebrdoruesve fundor\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme nga nj\u00ebra \u2013 tjetra.telekomunikacioneve. K\u00ebto pjes\u00eb tregu t\u00eb dallueshme nga nj\u00ebra \u2013 tjetra n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7orive specifike q\u00eb ato demonstrojn\u00eb quhen segmente. Segmentimi b\u00ebn q\u00eb kompania t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb sa m\u00eb mir\u00eb nevojat e klient\u00ebve t\u00eb saj potencial\u00eb (bazuar n\u00eb grupimin e drejt\u00eb t\u00eb tyre). N\u00eb thelb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me krijimin e grupeve homogjene t\u00eb konsumator\u00ebve (abonent\u00ebve p\u00ebr operator\u00ebt e telekomunikacioneve) me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb optimizohet p\u00ebrdorimi i burimeve dhe t\u00eb rritet efektiviteti, duke p\u00ebrgatitur dhe l\u00ebshuar zgjidhje dhe produkte sipas interesave t\u00eb S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 124I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITk\u00ebtyre grupeve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst p\u00ebr vendosen n\u00eb orbita t\u00eb ndryshmeoperatoret e telekomunikacioneve dhe n\u00eb distanca t\u00eb ndryshme ngadallojm\u00eb krijimin e segmenteve t\u00eb toka. Satelitet lidhen me stacionetm\u00eb posht\u00ebm: tok\u00ebsore me an\u00eb t\u00eb sinjaleve mikrovalore t\u00eb rendit nga disa GHz \u00bb\u00bb Mass Segment \u2013 Segment deri disa 10 GHz (p.sh. transmeton masiv (p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn) me 6GHz dhe merr me 4GHz). \u00bb\u00bb Youth segment \u2013 Segment Satellite Downlink \u2013 Lidhja p\u00ebr t\u00eb rinj Satelit \u2013 Tok\u00eb \u00bb\u00bb New consumer segment \u2013 \u00cbsht\u00eb lidhja q\u00eb mbart Segment p\u00ebr konsumator\u00ebt (transmeton) informacionin nga (abonent\u00ebt) e rinj sateliti n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb marr\u00ebsve tok\u00ebsor\u00eb (njihet thjesht si Downlink). \u00bb\u00bb SoHo segment (Small Office \/ Home Office) \u2013 Satellite Uplink \u2013 Lidhja Tok\u00eb Segment p\u00ebr \u201cZyr\u00eb e vog\u00ebl \u2013 Satelit \/ Sht\u00ebpi zyr\u00eb\u201d \u00cbsht\u00eb lidhja q\u00eb mbart \u00bb\u00bb SME segment (Small and (transmeton) informacionin nga Medium Enterprise) \u2013 stacionet tok\u00ebsor\u00eb drejt satelitit Segmenti p\u00ebr biznesin e (njihet thjesht si Uplink). vog\u00ebl dhe t\u00eb mes\u00ebm. SAR \u2013 Specific Absorption \u00bb\u00bb High Value Customer Rate \u2013 Koeficienti Specifik i segment \u2013 Segment p\u00ebr Absorbimit klient\u00eb me vler\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Etj. SAR \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb matje e nivelit Satellite \u2013 Sateliti (pra nj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb koeficientit) t\u00eb energjis\u00eb q\u00eb absorbohet n\u00eb trupin Nj\u00eb pajisje e teknologjikisht e njeriut kur ai \u00ebsht\u00eb ekspozuar n\u00ebe sofistikuar e cila b\u00ebn l\u00ebvizje nj\u00eb fush\u00eb elektromagnetike t\u00eb radiorrotulluese rreth tok\u00ebs dhe sh\u00ebrben frekuencave. Si nj\u00ebsi ajo p\u00ebrcaktohetp\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur komunikimin e pik\u00eb n\u00eb W\/kg (vat p\u00ebr kilogram). Ky\u2013 pik\u00eb ose pik\u00eb \u2013 shum\u00eb pika. N\u00eb tregues p\u00ebrcaktohet nga organetvar\u00ebsi t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit q\u00eb sateliti realizon respektive dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruesh\u00ebmkemi grupe t\u00eb ndryshme satelit\u00ebsh si p\u00ebr tu respektuar nga kompanit\u00eb q\u00ebp.sh. satelit\u00ebt e telekomunikacionit, nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb dhe shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb rrjetetsatelit\u00ebt e televizionit, satelit\u00ebt p\u00ebrparashikimin e koh\u00ebs, satelit\u00ebtushtarak\u00eb etj. Satelitet pasi l\u00ebshohennga stacionet respektive tok\u00ebsore S","125 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITdhe kan\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb cilat punojn\u00eb n\u00eb SDMA (Spatial Division Multi-zon\u00ebn e radio frekuencave (p.sh. ple Access) \u2013 Akses i Shum\u00ebfisht\u00ebvlera limit e lejuar p\u00ebr publikun e me Ndarje n\u00eb Hap\u00ebsir\u00ebekspozuar ndaj rrjeteve t\u00eb tilla \u00ebsht\u00eb SDMA \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebe niveli ~1.6W\/kg) aksesimi (pra p\u00ebr tu lidhur me nj\u00eb kanal komunikimi) e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb SCH(SynchronizationChannel) rrjetet e telekomunikacionve t\u00eb\u2013 Kanali i Sinkronizimit l\u00ebvizshme, e cila mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb rip\u00ebrdorimin e frekuencave brenda P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb pun\u00eb normale nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar. K\u00ebshtu dyt\u00eb pajisjeve \/ sistemeve t\u00eb rrjeteve t\u00eb qeliza mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtinkomunikimit \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm edhe grup frekuencash n\u00eb se ato nuksinkronizimi i tyre. Pik\u00ebrisht kanalet jan\u00eb fqinje dhe ndodhen larg nj\u00ebra(qarqet apo linjat) q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr \u2013 tjetr\u00ebs (n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb caktuart\u00eb d\u00ebrguar sinjalin (informacionin) q\u00eb quhet distanc\u00eb e rip\u00ebrdorimit).e sinkronizimit quhen kanale Gjithashtu SDMA \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebsinkronizimi. komunikimi satelitore q\u00eb optimizon p\u00ebrdorimin e spektrit t\u00eb frekuencave SDSL (Symmetric Digital dhe minimizon koston e sistemit.Subscriber Line) \u2013 Linja Numerike Teknika t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr k\u00ebtoSimetrike e Abonentit lidhje jan\u00eb edhe FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access dhe TDMA \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb numerike (dixhi- (Time Division Multiple Access).tale) e abonentit (pra q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetetn\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb numerike t\u00eb ko- SDH (Synchronous Digitalmunikimit) e cila p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00eb- Hiearchy) \u2013 Hierarkia Numerikesisht p\u00ebr lidhjen e internetit dhe (Dixhitale) Sinkronesiguron t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gjer\u00ebsi bande\/shpejt\u00ebsi n\u00eb t\u00eb dy drejtimet\u00a0 e \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb standard nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtartransmetimit upstream\u00a0 dhe\u00a0 down- (e p\u00ebrcaktuara nga ITU \u2013stream (pra simetrike n\u00eb t\u00eb dy International Telecommunicationdrejtimet). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji p\u00ebrf- Union) p\u00ebr transmetimin sinkronshihen tipe t\u00eb ndryshme lidhjesh t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mbi rrjetin me fibrasi IDSL, \u00a0 HDSL, \u00a0 HDSL2, G.SHD- optike. Ky transmetim mb\u00ebshtetetSL etj.. Kjo teknik\u00eb konsiderohet si mbi teknik\u00ebn e multipleksimit mevarianti i kund\u00ebrt i asaj jo simetrike ndarje n\u00eb koh\u00eb (Time Division(ADSL). Theksojm\u00eb se teknika Multiplexing). SDH p\u00ebrdoret n\u00ebSDSL p\u00ebr transmetimin e sinjalit (in- t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00ebformacionit) bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin Amerik\u00ebs s\u00eb Veriut dhe t\u00eb disae linjave t\u00eb bakrit. shteteve t\u00eb tjera, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrdorin S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 126I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITprotokollin e ngjash\u00ebm SONET Self Supporting Cable \u2013 Kabllo(Synchronous Optical Network). i Vetvarur SDH Rates \u2013 Shpejt\u00ebsit\u00eb e \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tip kablloje i p\u00ebrdorurSDH n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e rrjeteve kabllore ajror\u00eb (me kabllo bakri apo me fibra SDH \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hierarki e trans- optike). Kabllo \u00ebsht\u00eb i shoq\u00ebruar n\u00ebportit ne rrjetet e telekomunikacionit t\u00eb gjith\u00eb gjat\u00ebsin\u00eb e vet me nj\u00eb osee organizuar n\u00eb nivele, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb disa fije \u00e7eliku (q\u00eb i bashk\u00ebngjitetshum\u00ebfish\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb 155.520 trupit t\u00eb kabllos), i cili sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00ebMbit\/s. Kjo nj\u00ebsi (nivel) baz\u00eb e stan- mbajtur kabllon t\u00eb varur dhe p\u00ebr t\u00ebdardit t\u00eb rrjetit SDH quhet STM\u20131 eliminuar deformimin \/ d\u00ebmtimin e tijmoduli i nivelit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb transportit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs.sinkron (STM1 \u2013 Synchronous Trans-port Module level 1). M\u00eb posht\u00eb pojapim disa nivele t\u00eb hierarkis\u00eb SDH:\u2022\t STM \u2013 1 = 155.520 Mbit\/s\u2022\t STM \u2013 4 = 622.080 Mbit\/s\u2022\t STM \u2013 16 = 2, 488.320 Mbit\/s (~2.5 Gbit\/s)\u2022\t STM \u2013 64 = 9, 953.280 Session Layer \u2013 Shtresa Mbit\/s (~10 Gbit\/s) Seksion Secondary Network \u2013 Rrjet N\u00eb modelin OSI (Open SystemSekondar Interconnection) shtresa q\u00eb krijon, mir\u00ebmban dhe terminon lidhjet Rrjet sekondar (ose dyt\u00ebsor) e p\u00ebrdoruesit e quhet shtresa equhet ajo pjes\u00eb e rrjetit kabllor urban reaksionit.q\u00eb shtrihet nga kabinetet kryesoret\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb k\u00ebtij rrjeti deri Server \u2013 Servertek pikat (kutit\u00eb) e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eblinjave p\u00ebr abonent\u00ebt (zakonisht N\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimin e p\u00ebrgjith-mb\u00ebsht\u00ebtet n\u00eb kabllo me kapacitet sh\u00ebm \u201cserver \u2013 sherbyes\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebdisa dhjet\u00ebra linja). Kjo pjes\u00eb e pajisje (hard dhe soft) q\u00eb ju sh\u00ebrbenrrjetit mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e nd\u00ebrtuar si me pajisjeve t\u00eb tjera dhe p\u00ebrdoruesaveinfrastruktur\u00eb n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore (shpesh t\u00eb tyre. N\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb e informa-edhe duke vendosur kabllot direkt cionit serveri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb programn\u00eb tok\u00eb) ashtu edhe ajrore. S","127 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITkompjuterik i cili siguron sh\u00ebrbimin SH. P\u00ebrgjithsisht kwto jan\u00eb lidhjep\u00ebr programe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb kompjuterik\u00eb t\u00eb pajisjeve \/ sistemit t\u00eb pj\u00ebs\u00ebs s\u00eb(p\u00ebrfshi p\u00ebrdoruesat e tyre) q\u00eb ndod- aksesit t\u00eb rrjetit me p\u00ebrdoruesithen n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kompjuter ose n\u00eb e tij, pra brenda nj\u00eb zone t\u00ebkompjutera t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Gjithashtu edhe caktuar (metropolitan). Sistemet ekompjuteri ku programi respektiv i transmetimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb k\u00ebtosh\u00ebrbimit punon quhet shpesh her\u00eb raste jan\u00eb ato mikrovalore.\u201cserver\u201d. SGSN (Serving GPRS Support SHDSL (Symmetrical high\u2013Node) \u2013 Nyja Mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebse e speed digital subscriber line)Sh\u00ebrbimit GPRS \u2013 Linja Numerike Simetrike e Abonentit me Shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb Lart\u00eb SGSN \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga element SHDSL \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga tipet ekryesor\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit GPRS (General linjave q\u00eb bazohen n\u00eb teknik\u00ebnPacket Radio Service), dhe ka de- simetrike t\u00eb transmetimit numeriktyr\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoj\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb paketat e (SDSL). Ky tip siguron shpejt\u00ebsi m\u00ebt\u00eb dh\u00ebnave brenda rrjetit te teleko- t\u00eb madhe transmetimi se tipi baz\u00ebmunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme (GSM). SDSL. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht me SHDSLN\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm sigurohet nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi simetrikemund t\u00eb themi se SGSN kryen p\u00ebr (p\u00ebr t\u00eb dy drejtimet) nga 192 Kbit\/s\u201cdata\u201d t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat funksione si ato q\u00eb to 2, 312 Kbit\/s p\u00ebr rastet kur p\u00ebrkryen MSC (Mobile Switching Cen- transmetim p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb kopje (dyter) p\u00ebr trafikun zanor. SGSN lidhet p\u00ebrcjell\u00ebs), dhe 384 Kbit\/s deri 4,me BSC (Base System Controller) 624 Kbit\/s kur p\u00ebrdoren dy linjadhe sh\u00ebrben si pik\u00eb aksesi p\u00ebr p\u00ebr- (kat\u00ebr p\u00ebrcjell\u00ebs).doruesit e rrjetit GPRS. P\u00ebrmendimse SGSN mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb prezente Shared Fiber \u2013 Fib\u00ebr e Ndar\u00ebedhe n\u00eb rrjetin 3G (UMTS) ku lidhetme RNC (Radio Network Controller) Termi fib\u00ebr e ndar\u00eb tregon se nj\u00ebme an\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes Iu\u2013PS. fib\u00ebr optike p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nga disa p\u00ebrdorues (pra ndahet SH (Short Haul) \u2013 Komunikim midis tyre). P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht, n\u00ebn\u00eb Distanc\u00eb t\u00eb Shkurt\u00ebr (lidhje e zgjidhjet teknike nj\u00eb fib\u00ebr optike eshkurt\u00ebr) cila shtrihet nga ambientet (sistemet \/ pajisjet) e operatorit deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb Nj\u00eb lidhje q\u00eb realizon pik\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar (af\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesve)komunikimin midis dy pikave t\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret sipas parimit \u201cfib\u00ebr errjeti n\u00eb nj\u00eb distance jo m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe ndar\u00eb\u201d (nd\u00ebrsa nga kjo pik\u00eb n\u00ebse 20 km zakonisht konsiderohet si S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 128I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITdrejtim t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesave zakonisht Sim, micro sim, nano simshkohet me fib\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb(t\u00eb zez\u00eb)). Zgjidhje e \u201cfibr\u00ebs s\u00eb Signal \u2013 Sinjalndar\u00eb\u201d ka kosto m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, porkufizon shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb (gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e N\u00eb telekomunikacion sinjal quhetband\u00ebs). Rrjeti i fibrave optike, nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi fizike e ndryshueshme,q\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb parim, p\u00ebr t\u00eb e cila sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbartur nj\u00ebrealizuar shp\u00ebrndarjen p\u00ebrdor dy informacion t\u00eb caktuar (si z\u00eb, figur\u00eb,teknologji baz\u00eb: at\u00eb aktive (Active ose t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb ndryshme). KalimiOptical Networks \u2013 AONs) dhe at\u00eb nga informacioni n\u00eb \u201dsinjal\u201d dhepasive (Passive Optical Networks \u2013 anasjelltas b\u00ebhet me transformuesPONs). mekanik\u00eb \/ elektrik\u00eb si p.sh. mikrofoni, kufja, altoparlanti, ekrani Shared Access \u2013 Akses i etj.P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt (ndarje e aksesit) Signaling \u2013 Sinjalizim Shiko \u201cLine sharing\u201d. N\u00eb telekomunikacion me SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) sinjalizim n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb procesin Card \u2013 Karta SIM (Moduli i e dialogimit midis pajisjeve p\u00ebr t\u00ebIdentitetit t\u00eb Abonentit) vendosur nj\u00eb komunikim ose p\u00ebr ta nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb at\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb Nj\u00eb kart\u00eb SIM \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb qark i sistemet e sinjalizimit \/ protokolletintegruar s\u00eb bashku me memorien e komunikimit. Sinjalizimi p\u00ebrdorett\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb nj\u00eb material si n\u00eb rastet e lidhjes se dy sitemeveplastik dhe me kontakte fizik\u00eb \/ rrjeteve, ashtu edhe p\u00ebr lidhjensip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren nga e p\u00ebrdoruesave (abonent\u00ebve) metelefonat e l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm. Kjo kart\u00eb rrjetin.mban informacione personale t\u00ebabonentit si p.sh. nr. e telefonit,adresa etj., t\u00eb n\u00ebvojshme p\u00ebr t\u00ebvendosur lidhjen m\u00eb rrjetin mobiledhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar komunikimet.Kjo kart\u00eb hiqet thjesht nga telefonidhe mund t\u00eb vendoset n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebrsipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs s\u00eb abonentit. S","129 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Single \u2013 Mode Optical Fiber t\u00eb cilat sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimin\u2013 Fib\u00ebr Optike Nj\u00ebdrejtim\u00ebshe 2G dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb edhe(singlemode) p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimet e tjera 3G , 4G (LTE). Kur stacionet baz\u00eb (pjes\u00eb e Nj\u00eb tip fibre optik\u00eb ku rezja Rrjetit t\u00eb Aksesit Radio \u2013 RAN) jan\u00ebe drit\u00ebs p\u00ebrhapet p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb fibr\u00ebs projektuar q\u00eb t\u00eb supportoj\u00eb \/ realizoj\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb drejtvizore quhet si sh\u00ebrbimet e telekomunikacionevesinglemode (nj\u00ebdrejtim\u00ebshe). Kjo t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme 2G \/ 3G ashtu edhefib\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr transmetimet n\u00eb ato 4G (LTE) kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb m\u00ebdistanc\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. \u201cSingle RAN\u201d \u2013 Rrjet i Aksesit Radio i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt. Index Input Output pulse SIP (Session Initiationof refraction pulse Protocol) \u2013 Protokoll i Fillimit t\u00eb Sesionit Singlemode fiber SIP \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll Signal Propagation Delay\u00a0 \u2013 kontrolli i shtres\u00ebs s\u00eb aplikimit q\u00ebVonesa e P\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb Sinjalit p\u00ebrdoret si protokoll sinjalizimi p\u00ebr telefonin\u00eb n\u00eb internet. SIP b\u00ebn t\u00eb N\u00eb fizik\u00eb (n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb mundur integrimin e sh\u00ebrbimeven\u00eb fush\u00ebn elektromagnetike) koha baz\u00eb telefonik\u00eb me rrjetin internetq\u00eb i duhet nj\u00eb informacioni p\u00ebr t\u00eb si dhe sh\u00ebrbimet e tjera q\u00eb aikaluar nga burimi n\u00eb destinacion ofron. Ky protokoll p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr\u00ebsht\u00eb koha e p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb sinjalit t\u00eb filluar (iniciuar), kontrolluar si(njihet edhe si shpejt\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrhapjes dhe p\u00ebrfunduar (terminuar) nj\u00eb\u201cvelocity of propagation\u201d) ose koha sesion interaktiv t\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesie vones\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb sinjalit (sesione si p.sh. telefoni n\u00eb internet,(si p.sh. n\u00eb mjediset e transmetimit video konferenc\u00eb, transferimradio\u2013rele, n\u00eb fibrat optike etj.) skedar\u00ebsh, lodra on\u2013line etj. Ky standard \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar nga IETF Internet\u00a0Engineering\u00a0Task\u00a0Force). Single RAN (Single Radio SIP Trunk \u2013 Qarku\/linja SIPAccess Network) \u2013 Rrjeti i AksesitRadio i P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt Qarku SIP \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb qark virtual, i cili mb\u00ebshtetet mbi rrjetin internet Me termin SingleRAN p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar transportin fizik t\u00ebn\u00ebnkuptohet pjesa e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt e paketave t\u00eb z\u00ebrit (pra p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuarpajisjeve radio t\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb aksesit thirrje si dal\u00ebse ashtu edhe hyr\u00ebse). S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 130I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT SLA (Service LevelAgreement) t\u00eb tjera (si p.sh. edhe sh\u00ebrbime\u2013 Marr\u00ebveshja p\u00ebr Nivelin e dhe leht\u00ebsi t\u00eb cilat ofrohenSh\u00ebrbimit nga kompjuter\u00ebt), duke lejuar p\u00ebrdoruesin jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzoj\u00eb N\u00eb thelb SLA \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb at\u00eb \u00e7ka p\u00ebrmban vet\u00eb telefoni por(marr\u00ebveshje) midis nj\u00eb operatori edhe sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb ofrohen(ofrues sh\u00ebrbimesh) dhe nj\u00eb nga rrjeti ose nga vet\u00eb telefoni.p\u00ebrdoruesi ose nj\u00eb operatori tjet\u00ebr, ecila p\u00ebrcakton treguesit e ndrysh\u00ebm Smartphone Penetration \u2013t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00eb \/ niveli t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit q\u00eb do Penetrimi i Telefonave t\u00eb Zgjuart\u00eb ofrohet (si cil\u00ebsia, p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia,koha e dh\u00ebnies s\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit, koha Zakonisht tregon p\u00ebrqindjen ee riparimit t\u00eb defekteve, num\u00ebr telefonave t\u00eb zgjuar kundrejt totaliti defekteve dhe shpesht\u00ebsia e t\u00eb telefonave n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim, osendodhjes s\u00eb tyre, si dhe tregues t\u00eb p\u00ebrqindjen e telefonave t\u00eb zgjuartjer\u00eb). N\u00eb SLA p\u00ebrfshihen gjithashtu kundrejt popullsis\u00eb.edhe nd\u00ebshkimet (gjobat) n\u00eb rastmos realizimi t\u00eb treguesve t\u00eb SLA. Smart Card \u2013 Karta SmartP\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht n\u00eb SLA p\u00ebrcaktohen (e zgjuar)parametrat minimale t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00ebs\u00eb pranush\u00ebm t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit (si Karta Smart (e zgjuar), e ciladhe jepen m\u00ebnyrat e llogaritjes njihet edhe si Chip Card, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebrespektive t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit). element i vog\u00ebl, i nd\u00ebrtuar me qark t\u00eb integruar (q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb inteligjenc\u00eb SM (Session Management) \u2013 t\u00eb caktuar) dhe i pajisur gjithashtuMenaxhimi i Sesionit N\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb procesi q\u00eb lidhetme regjistrimin e aktivitetit t\u00eb nj\u00ebp\u00ebrdoruesi n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha seancat(proceset) e nd\u00ebrveprimit mesistemin \/ rrjetin ku ai sh\u00ebrbehet. Smartphone \u2013 Telefon i Zgjuar Telefoni i zgjuar \u00ebsht\u00ebnj\u00eb pajisje fundore e rrjetit t\u00ebtelekomunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme,i cili ka t\u00eb integruara me sh\u00ebrbimetbaz\u00eb telefonike edhe sh\u00ebrbime S","131 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITme nj\u00eb memorie t\u00eb brendshme. Ajo SMS (Short Message Service)lidhet direkt m\u00eb pajisjen lexuese \u2013 Sh\u00ebrbimi i Mesazheve t\u00ebme an\u00eb t\u00eb kontakteve fizike Shkurt\u00ebr (SMS)sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore ose me ane t\u00eb radiofrekuencave (pa kontakt fizik). Kartat Nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim i rrjeteve t\u00ebSmart p\u00ebrdoren si karta krediti ose telekomunikacioneve q\u00eb mund\u00ebsondebiti (pra n\u00eb transaksione bankare shk\u00ebmbimin e mesazheve me tekstdhe pagesa), n\u00eb sistemet e siguris\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr nd\u00ebrmjet dy a m\u00eb shum\u00ebs\u00eb kompjuterave, n\u00eb identifikimin p\u00ebrdoruesish (aparateve fundoree personave n\u00eb komunikimet pa t\u00eb tyre, zakonisht telefonave t\u00ebtel etj. N\u00eb telekomunikacionet e l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm\/celular\u00eb).l\u00ebvizshme SIM (subscriber identitymodules) card \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kart\u00eb e SMSC (SMS Centre) \u2013zgjuar me p\u00ebrmasa t\u00eb vogla, e Qendra e Sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb Mesazhevep\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr lidhjen me rrjetin dhe t\u00eb Shkurt\u00ebrp\u00ebr komunikimet. Nj\u00eb element pjes\u00eb e rrjetit t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (celular) telefonik q\u00eb ka p\u00ebr detyr\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00eb, magazinoj\u00eb (memorizoj\u00eb), dor\u00ebzoj\u00eb (si dhe t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrroj\u00eb) mesazhet e p\u00ebrdorusve t\u00eb rrjetit. SMSCB (SMS Cell Broadcast) \u2013 Transmetimi i Nj\u00ebkohsh\u00ebm i Mesazheve (SMS) SME (Small \/ Medium \/ Enter- Nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00ebprise) \u2013 Nd\u00ebrmarrje t\u00eb Vogla dhe rrjetet e telefonis\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebvizshmet\u00eb Mesme (celulare) p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar dor\u00ebzimin e nj\u00ebkohsh\u00ebm t\u00eb SMS\u2013ve drejt nj\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruan numri t\u00eb madh p\u00ebrdoruesish q\u00eb ind\u00ebrmarrjet (bizneset) e vogla, p\u00ebrkasin nj\u00eb zone t\u00eb caktuar.t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb zakonisht nj\u00eb num\u00ebrpunonj\u00ebsish posht\u00eb nj\u00eb limiti t\u00eb SMS \u2013 MO (SMS Mobilecaktuar. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht SME\u2013t\u00eb kan\u00eb Originated) \u2013 Nisja (d\u00ebrgimi) inj\u00eb num\u00ebr punonj\u00ebsish deri 200 (t\u00eb Mesazheve (SMS)dh\u00ebna t\u00eb p\u00ebrafruara). SME \u00ebsht\u00ebpranuar si terminologji nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb Aft\u00ebsia e nj\u00eb rrjeti p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar\/organizmash dhe institucionesh transmetuar nj\u00eb SMS t\u00eb gjeneruarnd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. nga nj\u00eb telefon i l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (celular). S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 132I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT SMS \u2013 MT \u2013 SMS Mobile Machines Corporation), e cila \u00ebsht\u00ebTerminated \u2013 Marrja (terminimi) e e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga 5 nivele (shtresa)Mesazheve (SMS) dhe konsiston n\u00eb nj\u00eb grup pro- tokollesh komunikimi t\u00eb destinuar Aft\u00ebsia e nj\u00eb rrjeti p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrlidhjen e makro \u2013 komp-\/ transmetuar nj\u00eb SMS drejt nj\u00eb juter\u00ebve n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet. Ky model 5telefoni t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (celular). shtresor (layers) ka evoluar n\u00eb baze t\u00eb modelit 7 shtresor t\u00eb njohur nd\u00ebr- SMS \u2013 PP (SMS Point to Point) komb\u00ebtarisht is modeli OSI \u2013 Open\u2013 Mesazhe (SMS) nga Pika n\u00eb Pik\u00eb System Interconnection. Aft\u00ebsia e sistemit p\u00ebr t\u00eb SNCP (Sub Networktransmetuar nj\u00eb mesazh drejt nj\u00ebabonenti (telefoni), pra ta terminoj\u00eb Connection Protection) \u2013 Mbrojtjaat\u00eb tek ai, ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar nj\u00ebmesazh t\u00eb gjeneruar (d\u00ebrguar) nga e Lidhjes s\u00eb N\u00ebn \u2013 Rrjetitnj\u00eb abonent (telefon) drejt nj\u00eb tjetri.N\u00eb thelb shpreh shk\u00ebmbimin e SMS \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm mbrojtjejemidis dy pikave. p\u00ebr rrjetet SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), e cila realizohet duke SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer vendosur nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb dyt\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00ebProtocol) \u2013 Protokolli i Thjesht\u00eb i mekaniz\u00ebm zakonisht informacioniTransferimit t\u00eb Post\u00ebs (sinjali) transmetohet nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht sipas nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb unazore nga t\u00eb dy linja. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll i cili sh\u00ebrben SNMP (Simple Network Man-p\u00ebr t\u00eb transferuar (shk\u00ebmbyer) agement Protocol) \u2013 Protokolli ipost\u00ebn elektronike (e\u2013mail) nd\u00ebrmjet Thjesht\u00eb i Menaxhimit t\u00eb Rrjetitserverave. Pjesa d\u00ebrmuese esistemeve t\u00eb post\u00ebs elektronike SNMP \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll(e\u2013mail) q\u00eb mb\u00ebshteten n\u00eb rrjetin standard q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetininternet p\u00ebrdorin k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll internetit dhe q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr(SMTP) p\u00ebr realizimin e shk\u00ebmbimit administrimin e pajisjeve t\u00eb rrjetitt\u00eb post\u00ebs elektronike (\u201ce\u2013mail\u201d). IP. Nga pajisjet e rrjetit, t\u00eb cilat SNA (Systems Network p\u00ebrdorin protokollin SNMP mund t\u00ebArchitecture) \u2013 Arkitektura e Rrjetit p\u00ebrmendim Router, Switch, Server,t\u00eb Sistemeve Workstation, Printer etj. SNMP p\u00ebrdoret kryesisht n\u00eb sistemet Nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb rrjeti (e zhvilluar e administrimit t\u00eb rrjetit p\u00ebr t\u00ebnga IBM \u2013 International Business monitoruar gjendjen e pajisjeve t\u00eb S","133 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITlidhura n\u00eb rrjet dhe q\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet t\u00eb sht\u00ebpie) dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar si n\u00ebjen\u00eb t\u00eb monitoruara. drejtim t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs ashtu edhe n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb punonj\u00ebsve (q\u00eb SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb me pak se dhjet\u00eb). Mb\u00ebshtetjaRaporti i Sinjalit me Zhurm\u00ebn e aktivitetit t\u00eb SoHo p\u00ebr komunikim k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb vog\u00ebl pajisjesh Raporti Sinjal \u2013 Zhurm\u00eb \u201cSignal \u2013 t\u00eb telekomunikacionit.to \u2013 Noise\u201d (shpesh tregohet thjeshtsi SNR ose S \/ N) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi SON (Self Optimizing Network)e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb shkenc\u00eb dhe inxhinieri \u2013 Rrjetet e Vet\u00eb \u2013 Optimizuarae cila tregon raportin e sinjalit t\u00ebd\u00ebshiruar (t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm) p\u00ebrmbi Nj\u00eb rrjet i vet\u00eb \u2013 optimizuarnivelin e zhurm\u00ebs q\u00eb shoq\u00ebron at\u00eb. n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb e cila b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur rregullimin e parametrave t\u00eb Software \u2013 Program Kompjuterik ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb rrjetit (elektronike apo mekanik\u00eb) n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb automatike, N\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter apo sitem komp- pa prezenc\u00ebn e personelit, n\u00ebjuterik n\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimin e p\u00ebrgjith- ato pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit ku k\u00ebrkohet kysh\u00ebm \u00e7do komand\u00eb \/ program apo optimizim. SON \u00ebsht\u00eb tipike p\u00ebrt\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb ndryshme konsiderohen rrjetet e telekomunikacioneve t\u00ebsi \u201csoftware\u201d (m\u00eb thjesht \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme dhe b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundurmund t\u00eb ruhet elektronikisht mund t\u00eb rregullimin automatik t\u00eb pjes\u00ebskonsiderohet si software). Software s\u00eb aksesit direkt nga qendra(ose e shqip\u00ebruar si \u201cpajisje t\u00eb buta\u201d) (elementeve dhe parametrave t\u00ebjan\u00eb (konsiderohen) element\u00ebt q\u00eb stacioneve baz\u00eb (p\u00ebrfshi edhemund\u00ebsojn\u00eb kompjuterin t\u00eb kryej\u00eb antenat)).detyrat specifike. Programet komp-juterike t\u00eb cil\u00ebt i mbivendosen pjes\u00ebs SONET \u2013 Synchronous Optical\u201chardware\u201d (pajisjeve fizike) ndahen Network \u2013 Rrjeti Optik Sinkronn\u00eb dy grupe kryesore: sistemi soft-ware dhe aplikimi software. SONET \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll standard i komunikimeve numerike SoHo (Small Office \/ Home Office) q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetet e transmetimit\u2013 Zyr\u00eb e Vog\u00ebl \/ Zyr\u00eb n\u00eb Sht\u00ebpi me distanc\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb me fibra optike. SONET b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur transmetimin SoHo p\u00ebrcakton nj\u00eb aktivitet e nj\u00ebkohsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shum\u00eb sinjaleve(zyr\u00eb) t\u00eb vog\u00ebl (e cila mund t\u00eb mbi t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn fib\u00ebr optike. Ky modelkrijohet edhe n\u00eb ambientin e nj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nga Instituti Nacional S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 134I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITAmerikan i Standardeve (ANSI Wavelegth (metres)\u2013 American National StandardsInstitute) dhe p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb, Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-Ray Gamma Raynd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bot\u00ebsp\u00ebrdoret standardi i Hierarkis\u00eb 10-3 10-2 10-5 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12Numerike Sinkrone (SynchronousDigital Hierarchy\u00a0\u2013 SDH). Frequency (Hz) 104 108 1012 1015 1016 1018 1020 SP (Service Pack) \u2013 Paketa eSh\u00ebrbimit Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim (update) i Spread Spectrum\u00a0 \u2013 Spektri iversionit t\u00eb nj\u00eb programi (software) Shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebq\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb rregulluar \/zgjidhur nj\u00eb problem ekzistues N\u00eb telekomunikacion, si dherealizohet duke p\u00ebrdorur paket\u00ebn p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht n\u00eb sistemet e radioe sh\u00ebrbimit (SP) Ky p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim komunikimit, teknika e spektrit t\u00ebofrohet si nj\u00eb mini \u2013 program i shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb e cilagatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr tu instaluar dhe quhet b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur d\u00ebrgimin e nj\u00eb sinjali\u201cpaket\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi\u201d. m\u00eb nj\u00eb brez m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb se ai baz\u00eb. Kjo b\u00ebhet e mundur duke e d\u00ebrguar Spectrum \u2013 Spekt\u00ebr at\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb brez m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb frekuencash. Zakonisht i referohemispektrit elektromagnetik. Spektri Splitter \u2013 Shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebs (ndar\u00ebs)elektromagnetik n\u00ebnkupton grupine p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga t\u00eb gjitha frekuencat Shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi (splitter) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebe rrezatimin elektromagnetik. Ai element i rrjetit t\u00eb telekomunikacionitshtrihet nga frekuencat m\u00eb t\u00eb (i cili p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb teknik\u00ebn DSL)ul\u00ebta (si p.sh. ato t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb q\u00eb vendoset n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn fundore t\u00ebkomunikimet radio) deri tek rrezatimi linj\u00ebs se abonentit dhe ka si q\u00ebllimgama (frekuenca ekstremisht t\u00eb ndarjen e sinjalit data nga sinjali ilarta), duke mbuluar k\u00ebshtu gjat\u00ebsi z\u00ebrit. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet k\u00ebtij elementi b\u00ebhetvale nga mij\u00ebra kilometra deri n\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebgjat\u00ebsi vale t\u00eb barabarta me mas\u00ebn t\u00eb pavarur dhe t\u00eb nj\u00ebkohshmee atomit dhe m\u00eb tej. si sh\u00ebrbimi data (internet) ashtu edhe telefonia. Theksojm\u00eb se S","135 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITspliteri (ndar\u00ebsi) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element SRC \u2013 Subscriber Retentionq\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret edhe n\u00eb rrjetet e Cost \u2013 Kostoja e Mbajtjes s\u00ebshp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb sinjalit zanor apo Abonentitteleviziv. P\u00ebrcaktohet si kosto e nevojshme q\u00eb nj\u00eb operator duhet t\u00eb shpenzoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur abonent\u00ebt ekzistues n\u00eb rrjetin e vet ( pra p\u00ebr t\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar mund\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb abonent t\u00eb largohet). Pranohet se kosto p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr nj\u00eb abonent t\u00eb ri \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se ajo e mbajtjes t\u00eb nj\u00eb abonenti ekzistues. SP (Service Provider) \u2013 Ofrues (sigurues) Sh\u00ebrbimi N\u00eb telekomunikacion nj\u00eb kompani e cila b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur ofrimin e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e nj\u00eb rrjeti (dhe jo vet\u00ebm) njihet thjesht si ofrues sh\u00ebrbimesh. SQL (Structured Query Lan- SS7 (Signaling System Nr. 7)guage) \u2013 Gjuha e Pyet\u00ebsorit t\u00eb \u2013 Sistemi Sinjalizues Nr. 7Strukturuar Sistemi Sinjalizues Nr.7 (SS7) Esht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup i protokolleve t\u00ebe caktuar p\u00ebr administrimin e t\u00eb sinjalizimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura nga rrjetetdh\u00ebnave t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem menaxhimit t\u00eb telefonike (PSTN) p\u00ebr vendosjen ebaz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Thjesht mund komunikimeve si brenda rrjetit ashtut\u00eb trajtohet si nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb me an\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb edhe me rrjetet e tjera. SS7 \u00ebsht\u00ebcil\u00ebs k\u00ebrkohen informacione nga nj\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem sinjalizimi me kanal t\u00ebbaz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt dhe ka ardhur si zhvillim i sistemeve t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme t\u00eb sinjalizimit Nr1, 2, ...5 etj. S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 136I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT SSH (Secure Shell) \u2013 Mb\u00ebsht- p\u00ebrdoruesve. SSP p\u00ebrdor protokolletjell\u00ebse e Sigurt\u00eb e sistemeve t\u00eb sinjalizimit (si sistemi i sinjalizimit No.7 \u2013 Signalling System SSH \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll rrjeti i 7\u00a0(SS7)) p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur lidhjen, p\u00ebrkoduar, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb komunikim t\u00eb sigurt\u00eb ta manaxhuar at\u00eb apo edhe p\u00ebr tat\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis shk\u00ebputur k\u00ebt\u00eb lidhje.dy kompjuter\u00ebsh t\u00eb lidhur n\u00eb nj\u00ebrrjet. SSH b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur lidhjen e SSS (Supplementary Servicenj\u00eb klienti me nj\u00eb server me an\u00eb t\u00eb Support) \u2013 Mb\u00ebshtetje e Sh\u00ebrbimitnj\u00eb kanali t\u00eb sigurt mbi nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb Shtes\u00ebhapur (pambrojtur), duke p\u00ebrdorurrespektivisht programet specifik\u00eb Aft\u00ebsia e nj\u00eb rrjeti p\u00ebr t\u00ebSSH t\u00eb serverit dhe SSH t\u00eb klientit. mb\u00ebshtetur realizimin e sh\u00ebrbimeveP\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht SSH cil\u00ebsohet si nj\u00eb shtes\u00eb (suplementare) quhet SSS.facilitet q\u00eb b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur lidhjen menj\u00eb kompjuter me q\u00ebllim ekzekutimin Standby time (battery life) \u2013nga distanca t\u00eb nj\u00eb komande p\u00ebr Koha e Mbajtjes (jeta e bateris\u00eb)l\u00ebvizjen e nj\u00eb informacioni (t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb)nga nj\u00eb kompjuter n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Gjat\u00ebsia e koh\u00ebs kur nj\u00eb bateri mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00eb nj\u00eb telefon SSID (Service Set Identifier) t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (celular), i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i\u2013 Identifikues i Pajisjeve t\u00eb ndezur, por nuk merr ose nuk b\u00ebnSh\u00ebrbimit thirrje. SSID (njihet edhe thjesht si emri Standing Charge \u2013 Pagesai rrjetit) \u00ebsht\u00eb emri i nj\u00eb rrjeti lokal Fiksepa tel (Wireless Local Area Network\u2013 WLAN). Pajisjet pa tel, pjes\u00eb e Ky term tregon nj\u00eb pages\u00eb fiksek\u00ebtij rrjeti, duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin (nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb), e cila duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhetem\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb komunikuar midis tyre. nga p\u00ebrdoruesit (p\u00ebrdoruesi mundZakonisht ky em\u00ebr vendoset direkt t\u00eb jet\u00eb individ, biznes apo operator)n\u00eb pajisjet e aksesit pa tel t\u00eb rrjetit. n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb periodike (zakonisht nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb muaj) p\u00ebr ti siguruar atij SSP (Service Switching Point) nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb sigurt\u00eb p\u00ebr gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb\u2013 Pika e Komutimit t\u00eb Sh\u00ebrbimit koh\u00ebs (pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse abonenti e p\u00ebrdor apo jo at\u00eb). Njihet edhe N\u00eb telefoni SSP \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb si tarif\u00eb fikse mujore (p.sh. p\u00ebrcentral (sistem komutimi) q\u00eb b\u00ebn t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtjen e linj\u00ebs).mundur realizimin e lidhjes midis dy S","137 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Static IP Addressing \u2013 STM (Synchronous TransferAdresim me IP Statike Mode) \u2013 M\u00ebnyra e Transferimit Sinkron Procesi i lidhjes apo adresimit,n\u00eb rastet kur ku proces mb\u00ebshtetet Nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb multipleksimi en\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e IP statike quhet qarqeve e p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb rrjetetadresim me IP statike. e transmetimit q\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb metod\u00ebn e ndarjes n\u00eb koh\u00eb (time STB (Set \u2013 Top Box) \u2013 Pajisja division) quhet SDH. Shiko: \u201cSDHDekoduese Rates \u2013 Shpejt\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb SDH\u201c. STB (q\u00eb njihet edhe si STU STM (Synchronous Transport\u2013 Set \u2013 Top Unit) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb Module) \u2013 Moduli i Transportitpajisje e cila realizon marrjen e Sinkronsinjaleve (kanaleve) televiziv\u00eb(t\u00eb transmetuar nga operatoret Nj\u00ebsia baz\u00eb e organizimit t\u00ebteleviziv\u00eb) dhe i transformon ato transmetimit n\u00eb rrjetet SDH, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00ebn\u00eb formen e p\u00ebrshtat\u00ebshm\u00eb p\u00ebr edhe niveli i par\u00eb i modulit t\u00eb trans-tu marr\u00eb dhe shfaqur n\u00eb ekranin e portit sinkron, sh\u00ebnohet STM\u20131. Kytelevizorit. Mund ti cil\u00ebsojm\u00eb edhe si nivel ka shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e transmetimitmodeme apo dekodues televiziv\u00eb. t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me 155.520\u00a0 megabitK\u00ebto pajisje p\u00ebrdoren gj\u00ebr\u00ebsisht n\u00eb p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb\u00a0(Mbit\/s). Nivelet e tjeratelevizionin kabllor ose at\u00eb satelitor. jan\u00eb shum\u00ebfisha t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb par\u00eb. Shiko: \u201cSDH Rates \u2013 Shpejt\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb STK (SIM Application Tool Kit) SDH\u201d.\u2013 Aplikacion p\u00ebr SIM STP \u2013 Signaling Transfer STK \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aplikim q\u00eb ju lejon Point \u2013 Pika e Transferimit t\u00ebkontrollin e telefonit si dhe shtimin Sinjalizimite funksioneve t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme n\u00ebmenun\u00eb e telefonit p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar STP \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem i cilish\u00ebrbime t\u00eb reja si banking, realizon transferimin e mesazhevee\u2013mail etj. STK konsiderohet si nj\u00eb te sinjalizimit (SS7) midis pikavestandard i sistemit GSM i cili b\u00ebn fundore t\u00eb sinjalizimit me pikat eSIM (Subscriber Identity Module) t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb transferimit t\u00eb sinjalizimit.gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbime me vler\u00eb t\u00eb Mund t\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb pik\u00ebshtuar. e sistemit q\u00eb realizon tranzitimin dhe rrug\u00ebzimin e mesazheve t\u00eb sinjalizimit. S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 138I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Submarine \/ underwater Cable Subscriber \u2013 Unsubscribed\u2013 Kabllo N\u00ebndetar \/ N\u00ebnujor Status \u2013 Gjendja e Abonentit i \u201c\u00c7\u2019abonuar\u201d Nj\u00eb kabllo, i cili sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00ebvendosur komunikimin midis dy Esht\u00eb statusi i nj\u00eb abonenti, ipikave dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar p\u00ebr t\u2019u cili nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb aktiv p\u00ebr arsye seshtrir\u00eb n\u00ebn uj\u00eb (p.sh. n\u00eb shtratin \u00ebsht\u00eb larguar nga rrjeti (ka mbyllure detit) njihet si kabllo n\u00ebndetare. kontrat\u00ebn, pra nuk figuron m\u00eb si iNj\u00eb kabllo i till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje rregjistruar).t\u2019u rezistoj\u00eb kushteve t\u00eb ambientitn\u00ebnujor. Subscriber \u2013 Restricted Status \u2013 Gjendja e Abonentit e \u201cKufizuar\u201d Submarine \/ Underwater FiberOptic Cable \u2013 Kabllo me Fib\u00ebr Tregon se nj\u00eb abonent \u00ebsht\u00ebOptike N\u00ebndetare \/ N\u00ebnujore aktiv, por p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb ndryshme ka kufizime n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e sh\u00ebrbimeve Shiko \u201cSubmarine cable\u201d, me t\u00eb (p.sh. vet\u00ebm merr thirrje).vetmin ndryshim se kabllo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebfibra optike. Subscriber \u2013 Suspended Status \u2013 Gjendja e Abonentit i Subscriber Status \u2013 Statusi i \u201cPezulluar\u201dAbonentit Abonenti ka p\u00ebr nj\u00eb moment Tregon gjendjen e nj\u00eb abonenti (apo periudhe kohore) nj\u00eb gjendje(pajisjeve t\u00eb tij) kundrejt rrjetit ku ai jo aktive p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet ose\u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment (ose p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tyre.periudhe kohore) t\u00eb caktuar. Subscriber \u2013 Frozen Status Disa nga k\u00ebto gjendje listohen \u2013 Gjendja e Abonentit e \u201cNgrir\u00eb\u201dm\u00eb posht\u00eb: Tregon se nj\u00eb abonent \u00ebsht\u00eb Subscriber \u2013 Active Status \u2013 jo aktiv p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb ndryshmeGjendja e Abonentit \u201cAktiv\u201d (zakonisht p\u00ebr arsye pagesash), dhe ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje \u201ct\u00eb Tregon se nj\u00eb abonent \u00ebsht\u00eb ngrir\u00eb\u201d, duke mos pasur mund\u00ebsi t\u00ebi gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb dhe d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet deri n\u00eb momentinthirrje drejt t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. \u201ce sqarimit\u201d. S","139 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Subscriber \u2013 Disconnected Subsidy \u2013 Ndihm\u00eb (Subvencion)Status \u2013 Gjendja e Abonentit e\u201cShk\u00ebputur\u201d N\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm n\u00ebnkuptohet nj\u00eb lloj \u00cbsht\u00eb gjendja teknike e lidhjes s\u00eb suporti financiar apo nj\u00eb pajisje p\u00ebrnj\u00eb abonenti, ku ky i fundit rezulton nj\u00eb institucion, biznes apo individ.i shk\u00ebputur nga rrjeti (kjo gjendje N\u00eb bot\u00ebn e telekomunikacionevemund t\u00eb lidhet me defekt teknik, me ky term i referohet pajisjeve t\u00ebprishje t\u00eb kontrat\u00ebs, m\u00eb shk\u00ebputje t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb nj\u00eb operator u jep falasp\u00ebrkohshme p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb ndryshme abonent\u00ebve.si : transferim etj.). Switch \u2013 Komutues Subscriber with Contract \u2013Abonent me Kontrat\u00eb Zakonisht \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje e rrjeteve t\u00eb komunikimit dhe atyre Shiko \u201cpost \u2013 paid subscriber\u201d. kompjuterike q\u00eb b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur lidhjen e nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb caktuar Subscriber Line Charge (SLC) p\u00ebrdoruesish si dhe realizon\u2013 Pagesa p\u00ebr Linj\u00ebn e Pajtimtarit funksionet e komutimit p\u00ebr t\u2019i lidhur ata me nj\u00ebri tjetrin ose me ambientin Nj\u00eb pages\u00eb e cila vendoset e jasht\u00ebm (pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb rrjetit). N\u00ebnga operatori (kompania) i gjuh\u00ebn e p\u00ebrditshme quhen thjeshttelekomunikacioneve dhe duhet t\u00eb \u2018switch\u2019.paguhet nga pajtimtari (abonenti)pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse ai e p\u00ebrdor apojo telefonin. Kjo pages\u00eb synon t\u00ebkompensoj\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht koston eoperatorit p\u00ebr mir\u00ebmbajtjen lidhjess\u00eb telefonit t\u00eb pajtimtarit. Succesfull Calls \u2013 Thirrjet e Switching System \u2013 SistemSuksesshme Komutimi \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb thirrje, e cila iniciohet N\u00eb rrjetet telefonike menga nj\u00eb abonent, pranohet nga sistem komutimi n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb nj\u00ebsistemi dhe vendoset komunikimi qend\u00ebr ku lidhet nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madhmidis dy pal\u00ebve. abonent\u00ebsh t\u00eb cil\u00ebt komunikojn\u00eb S","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 140I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITmidis tyre si edhe me pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb System \/ Network Dimesioningrrjetit. Shpesh sistemet e komutimit \u2013 Dimesionimi i Sistemit \/ Rrjetiti quajm\u00eb centrale telefonike. K\u00ebtasisteme mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb lokale ose Me dimensionim t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemitranzite n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb detyrave q\u00eb kuptohet p\u00ebrcaktimi i t\u00eb gjith\u00ebrealizojn\u00eb. parametrave t\u00eb tij n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb \u00e7astit dhe plot\u00ebsimit Sync (Synchronization) \u2013 t\u00eb mund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb tyreSinkronizim n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. N\u00eb rastin e rrjeteve t\u00eb telekomunikacionit ky operacion Sinkronizimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb synon nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb rrjeti t\u00eb aft\u00eb t\u00ebe p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb rrjetet e komunikimit p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat e p\u00ebrdoruesveme q\u00ebllim realizimin e transmetimit (me nj\u00eb grad\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi t\u00eb caktuar)t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb sinkrone. p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar kohore.Nj\u00eb transmetim i till\u00eb k\u00ebrkonprezenc\u00ebn e sinjalit t\u00eb sinkronizimitq\u00eb quhet sinjali \u201cor\u00eb\u2019 (clock) dhe\u00ebsht\u00eb me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi shum\u00eb t\u00eblart\u00eb. Nj\u00eb proces transmetimisinkron siguron nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eblart\u00eb por ka edhe kosto t\u00eb lart\u00eb,kjo e krahasuar me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn josinkrone t\u00eb transmetimit. SyncE (Synchronous Ethernet)\u2013 Sinkronizimi Ethernet Sinkronizimi Ethernet (sh\u00ebnohetthjesht si SyncE) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb standardi ITU\u2013T (p\u00ebr rrjetet kompjuterike)i cili leht\u00ebson transferimin esinjaleve t\u00eb \u201cor\u00ebs\u201d (sinkronizimit)p\u00ebrmes shtresave fizike t\u00eb lidhjesEthernetit. Sinjali i sinkronizimitsipas metodes \u201cSyncE\u201d mund t\u00ebgjurmohet nga sistemet respektivet\u00eb sinkronizimit. S","141 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT T (telefoni, internet etj.), destinacionit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs (brenda rrjetit, jasht\u00eb rrjetit etj.). Tarifat n\u00eb vetvete jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebra nga dy komponent\u00eb kryesore: T1 (T \u2013 1) 1.\t pages\u00eb fikse (standing fee) \u201cT1\u201d tregon nj\u00eb nivel shpejt\u00ebsie 2.\t dhe pagesa p\u00ebr thirrjen (calltransmetimi t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash n\u00eb rrjetet fee).e telekomunikacioneve. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00ebstandard i p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb vendet e Bashk\u00ebsia e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb tarifaveAmerik\u00ebs dhe ka nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej t\u00eb nj\u00eb operatori formon sistemin \/1.544Mbit\/s. Hierarkia e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb planin tarifor t\u00eb tij.vendet amerikane ka disa nivele siT1, T2, T3... dhe korrespondon me Tariff Options \u2013 Opsionethierarkin\u00eb evropiane me nvele E1, TariforeE2, E3, .... Shiko edhe p\u00ebrcaktimine \u201cE1\u201d. Nj\u00eb kompani (operator) mundet q\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb TACS (Total Access Commu- tarifa t\u00eb ndryshme (kjo p.sh. n\u00ebnications System) \u2013 Sistemi i var\u00ebsi t\u00eb koh\u00ebs kur realizohetKomunikimit me Akses t\u00eb Plot\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi, apo n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00eb q\u00eb ky sh\u00ebrbim ofrohet), n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast TACS p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb standard kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb m\u00eb opsione tarifore.t\u00eb telefonis\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme t\u00eb Ofrimi i opsioneve tarifore b\u00ebhet p\u00ebrgjeneruar n\u00eb Britanin\u00eb e Madhe. dy q\u00ebllime kryesore:Ky sistem operon ne band\u00ebn efrekuencave 900MHz. 1.\t t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb rrjetin (sh\u00ebrbimet q\u00eb ofrohen) m\u00eb atraktiv p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit, Tariff \u2013 Tarifa 2.\t t\u00eb kontrolloj\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb trafikun dhe burimet e N\u00eb rrjetet e telekomunikacioneve rrjetit (kjo sidomos p\u00ebr t\u00ebtarifa n\u00ebnkupton pages\u00ebn q\u00eb menaxhuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb trafikunnj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb p\u00ebr gjat\u00eb pikut).nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim q\u00eb ai ka p\u00ebrdorur. Abonenti \u00ebsht\u00eb i lir\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedh\u00ebP\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb tarife p\u00ebrcaktohet opsionin tarifor t\u00eb cilin e konsideron sin\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00eb zgjatjes (p\u00ebr nj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuarnj\u00ebsi kohe etj.), tipi i sh\u00ebrbimit k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e tij (bised\u00eb, info, etj.). T","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 142I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Tariffing System \u2013 Sistemi TCH\/F\u00a0(A full rate traffic channel)Tarifor \u2013 Kanal Trafiku me Shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb Plot\u00eb Sistemi tarifor vendoset ngaoperatori, i ofrohet p\u00ebrdoruesit P\u00ebr realizimin e komunikimitdhe bazohet n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet TCH\/F dedikohet nj\u00eb slot p\u00ebrsh\u00ebrbim \u2013 pages\u00eb. Sistemi tarifor frame (p\u00ebr kuad\u00ebr). Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb\u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i kanal komunikimi q\u00eb krijohet midismadh tarifash t\u00eb ndryshme, ku t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit dhe sistemit (rrjetit).pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb i korrespondonnj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi. Tarifat p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht TCH\/H\u00a0 (A half rate trafficjan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb channel) \u2013 Kanal Trafiku mendryshme. Bashk\u00ebsia e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Gjysm\u00eb Shpejt\u00ebsitarifave p\u00ebrb\u00ebn sistemin tarifor (icili ndryshon n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb tregut, P\u00ebr realizimin e komunikimitteknologjis\u00eb etj.). TCH\/H dedikohet nj\u00eb slot p\u00ebr \u00e7do 2 frame (kuad\u00ebr). Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb Tariffing Plan \u2013 Plani Tarifor kanal komunikimi q\u00eb krijohet midis p\u00ebrdoruesit dhe sistemit (rrjetit). P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht tregon nj\u00eb sistemtarifor i aplikuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb TCH\/8\u00a0 (The\u00a0 eighth rate trafficcaktuar dhe n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb caktuara. channel) \u2013 Kanal Trafiku mePlanet tarifore mund t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb Shpejt\u00ebsi Nj\u00eb t\u00eb Tet\u00ebnbazuar n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse,koh\u00ebn kur aplikohen etj. Shiko edhe P\u00ebr realizimin e komunikimit\u201cTariffing System\u201d. TCH\/8 dedikohet nj\u00eb slot p\u00ebr \u00e7do 8 frames (kuad\u00ebr). Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kanal TCH (Traffic Channel) \u2013 Kanal komunikimi q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb procesinTrafiku e vendosjes s\u00eb lidhjes (call setup), si dhe p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimin e mesazheve t\u00eb TCH \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kanal komunikimi shkurtuara (SMS). Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim i till\u00ebi cili mbart si sinjalin e z\u00ebrit ashtu p\u00ebrcaktohet p\u00ebr arsye se shpejt\u00ebsiaedhe t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. N\u00eb teknik\u00ebn e transmetimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e limituar.GSM kemi tre tipe kryesorekanalesh trafiku, konkretisht: TCH TCP (Transmission Controlme shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb plot\u00eb (full rate), Protocol) \u2013 Protokolli i KontrollitTCH me gjysm\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi (half rate) t\u00eb Transmetimitdhe TCH me shpejt\u00ebsi nj\u00eb t\u00eb tet\u00ebn(eighth rate). TCP \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll standard q\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton rregullat e vendosjes T","143 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITdhe mbajtjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb komunikimi n\u00eb sistemet e komunikimit, ku n\u00ebrrjet m\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs programet baz\u00eb t\u00eb shum\u00ebfishimit t\u00eb kanaleve\/e aplikimit realizojn\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimin e qarqeve t\u00eb komunikimit q\u00ebndront\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. TCP gjithashtu siguron ndarja n\u00eb koh\u00eb (q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb sedor\u00ebzimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave sipas t\u00eb \u00e7do kanal, pavar\u00ebsisht se i takonnj\u00ebjtit rregull q\u00eb ato jan\u00eb d\u00ebrguar t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit link (rrug\u00eb) komunikimi, i(gjeneruar). TCP \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga vendoset n\u00eb dispozicion nj\u00eb koh\u00ebprotokollet baz\u00eb t\u00eb rrjeteve TCP\/ e caktuar (konkretisht nj\u00eb \u201cTS \u2013 timIP dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar nga IETF slot\u201d e ndrysh\u00ebm nga ajo e kanaleve(Internet Engineering Task Force). t\u00eb tjer\u00eb). Zhvillimi i k\u00ebsaj teknike u b\u00eb baz\u00eb p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e rrjeteve t\u00eb TCP\/IP (Transmission Control telekomunikacioneve TDM \u2013 TimeProtocol \/ Internet Protocol) \u2013 Division Multipleksing.Protokolli i Kontrollit t\u00ebTransmetimit\/ Protokolli i Internetit TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) \u2013 Akses i Shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb T\u00eb dy k\u00ebta protokollet jan\u00eb gjuha me Ndarje n\u00eb Koh\u00ebkryesore e komunikimit n\u00eb internetdhe p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb rregullat baz\u00eb t\u00eb \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr t\u00ebtij. Gjithashtu ata mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren ofruar sh\u00ebrbimin n\u00eb rrjetet TDM (Timesi protokoll komunikimi edhe p\u00ebr Division Multipleksing) t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshmerrjetet private. TCP\/IP \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb (wireless), por jo vet\u00ebm. TDMAthelb nj\u00eb program me dy shtresa. punon duke mund\u00ebsuar ndarjen eShtresa e sip\u00ebrme, ajo TCP, nj\u00eb radio frekuence n\u00eb \u201ctime\u2013slote\u201dmenaxhon ndarjen e nj\u00eb mesazhi dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e k\u00ebtyre \u201csloteve\u201d p\u00ebrapo dosje (file) n\u00eb paketa t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb t\u00eb realizuar thirrjet e nevojshme (pracilat pasi transmetohen n\u00eb internet shum\u00eb thirrje n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb)ribashkohen p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar mesazhinorigjinal. Shtresa e poshtme, ajo IP, TDD (Time Division Duplex) \u2013p\u00ebrpunon pjes\u00ebn e adres\u00ebs p\u00ebr \u00e7do Dupleks me Ndarje n\u00eb Koh\u00ebpaket\u00eb me q\u00ebllim d\u00ebrgimin e tyre n\u00ebdestinacionin e duhur (t\u00eb sakt\u00eb). TDD \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret TDM (Time Division Multiplex- n\u00eb sistemet e telekomunikacioneveing) \u2013 Multipleksim me Ndarje n\u00eb dhe komunikimet radio e cila iKoh\u00eb referohet lidhjes (link\u2013ut) duplekse t\u00eb komunikimit ku ndarja midis \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb multipleksimi uplinkut dhe downlink realizohet(shum\u00ebfishimi) e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb duke i diferencuar ato n\u00eb koh\u00eb T","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 144I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT(pra duke i vendosur n\u00eb slote t\u00eb pajisjeve elektronike. Gjithashtundryshme) brenda t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs band\u00ebfrekuence. telekomunikacioni p\u00ebrcaktohet TD \u2013 SCDMA (Time Division edhe si shkenca e teknologjia e\u2013 Synchronous CDMA) \u2013 CDMASinkrone \u2013 me ndarje n\u00eb koh\u00eb komunikimit n\u00eb distanc\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet TD\u2013SCDMA \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb variant i transmetimit te sinjaleve elektrik\u00eb,zhvilluar (n\u00eb Kin\u00eb) si nj\u00eb alternativ\u00ebe rrjeteve t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve val\u00ebve elektromagnetik\u00eb, ose optiket\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme W\u2013CDMA (CodeDivision Multiple Access) t\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb pajisjeven\u00eb vendet per\u00ebndimore. Synon t\u00ebsiguroj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe elektronike p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse.mbulim m\u00eb t\u00eb madh (mir\u00eb). Telecommunication \u2013 Tele- TELCO (TELephone\u00a0 Compa- komunikacioniny) \u2013 Kompani Telefonike Me telekomunikacion Nj\u00eb kompani (operator), e cila n\u00ebnkuptohet realizimi i komunikimitsiguron sh\u00ebrbime telefonike p\u00ebr n\u00eb distanc\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00ebp\u00ebrdoruesit quhet telco. Nj\u00eb telco duke p\u00ebrdorur sinjalet elektrike apomund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb kompani lokale, val\u00ebt elektromagnetike, bazuar n\u00ebkomb\u00ebtare ose nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, kjo pajisjet \/ sistemet \/ rrjetet respektive.n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb mbulimit q\u00eb kjo kompani Telekomunikacion rrjedh ngarealizon, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve bashkimi i fjal\u00ebs greke \u201ctele\u201d q\u00eb kadhe llojeve t\u00eb tyre. Telco n\u00ebnkupton kuptimin \u201cn\u00eb larg\u00ebsi\u201d dhe ajo fr\u00ebngesi operator\u00ebt e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb \u201ccommunication\u201d q\u00eb ka kuptimintelekomunikacioneve fikse ashtu \u201ctransferim informacioni\u201d. Shikoedhe t\u00eb atyre t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme (mobile). \u201ctelecom\u201d. Telecom \u2013 Telekom Telecommunication Services \u2013 Sh\u00ebrbimet e Telekomunikacionit Telekom p\u00ebrdoret si shkurtimi termit \u201ctelekomunikacion\u201d, dhe N\u00eb telekomunikacion me terminn\u00eb thelb tregon komunikimin n\u00eb \u201csh\u00ebrbimet e telekomunikacionit\u201dlarg\u00ebsi n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptohet \u00e7do sh\u00ebrbim q\u00eb ofrohet nga nj\u00eb operator telekomunikacioni (ofrues sh\u00ebrbimesh) si dhe \u00e7do lloj grupimi specifik t\u00eb informacionit (sh\u00ebrbimit) q\u00eb shk\u00ebmbehet nd\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrdoruesve me an\u00eb t\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb telekomunikacionit. T","145 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Telecommunication Tariffs \u2013 Telephone Trunk \/ Lines \u2013 Linj\u00ebTarifat e Telekomunikacionit \/ qark Telefonik N\u00eb thelb me \u201ctarifa telekomunik- Linja \/ qarku telefonike i mund\u00ebsonacioni\u201d n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi komunikimin telefonikvendosur dhe t\u00eb pranuar midis op- m\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, pra \u00ebsht\u00eb rruga eeratorit t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve q\u00eb nevojshme q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb thirrje dal\u00ebse siofron sh\u00ebrbimin dhe abonent\u00ebve q\u00eb dhe t\u00eb marr\u00eb thirrjet hyr\u00ebse.do i p\u00ebrdorin k\u00ebto sh\u00ebrbime. K\u00ebtotarifa tregojn\u00eb termat dhe kushtet Telephone exchange \u2013 Central(si p.sh. llojet e tarifave, m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e Telefonikpagesave, madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre etj.) q\u00ebnj\u00eb operator ka vendosur p\u00ebr ofrimin Shiko \u201cExchange\u201de sh\u00ebrbimeve. Telecom carrier \u2013 Mbart\u00ebs Telephone Booth \u2013 Kabin\u00eb TelekomunikacioniTelefonike Telecom carrier \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb Kabina telefonike \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompani e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb autorizuar ngastruktur\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e cila lejon agjencit\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb operuarvendosjen e nj\u00eb telefoni me pages\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin e telekomunikacioneve.(pay phone) si dhe hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e Zakonisht \u201cTelecom carrier\u201dnevojshme p\u00ebr personin q\u00eb do t\u00eb konsiderohen kompanit\u00eb ebisedoj\u00eb. telekomunikacionit t\u00eb cilat operojn\u00eb mbi rrjetet e interurbane ose nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Telecom Operator \u2013 Operator Telekomumikacioni \u00c7do kompani e autorizuar nga organet p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse t\u00eb punoj\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e telekomunikacioneve (pavar\u00ebsisht sektorit q\u00eb mbulon, atij lokal, komb\u00ebtar apo nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar; ose telekomunikacioneve fikse, t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme etj.) njihet thjesht si operator telekomunikacioni. Shpesh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtuar k\u00ebta operatore quhen \u201ctelco\u201d. T","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 146I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Teleconferencing \/ Video- ka vendosur p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha thirrjet q\u00ebconferencing \u2013 Telekonferenc\u00eb \/ hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin e tij nga operator\u00ebtVideokonferenc\u00eb e tjet\u00ebr. Sidoqoft\u00eb duhet mbajtur n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb q\u00eb kjo tarife varet nga Nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim i teleko- modeli i zgjedhur p\u00ebr realizimin emunikacioneve i cili b\u00ebn t\u00eb pagesave, respektivisht; \u2013 paguanmundur realizimin e shk\u00ebmbimit k\u00ebrkuesi (thirr\u00ebsi), paguan marr\u00ebsi (idydrejtim\u00ebsh t\u00eb bised\u00ebs apo t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuari) ose me pages\u00eb zero.figur\u00ebs nd\u00ebrmjet m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dypjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs quhet Telekonferenc\u00eb \/ Territory Coverage (mobile) \u2013Video \u2013 konferenc\u00eb. Territor i Mbuluar (me Sh\u00ebrbimin e L\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm) Telnet \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll i p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb P\u00ebrqindja e territorit (kundrejtInternet ose rrjetet LAN i cili siguron totalit) ku sinjali (me nj\u00eb nivelnj\u00eb komunikim interaktiv me baz\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar fuqie) i rrjetit t\u00ebtekstin duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb terminal telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshmevirtual. (mobile) \u00ebsht\u00eb prezent njihet si mbulim territori. Termination \u2013 Terminim \/ P\u00ebr-fundim TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) \u2013 Sistem Tok\u00ebsore me N\u00eb telekomunikacion termi Qarqe Radio\u201cTerminim\u201d ka dy kuptime kryesore.Kuptimi i par\u00eb \u201ccall termination\u201d Esht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem radiotregon terminimin e nj\u00eb thirrjeje tok\u00ebsor i standardizuar nga ETSItelefonike (apo k\u00ebrkese p\u00ebr (European Telecommunicationskomunikim) n\u00eb destinacionin Standardization Institute) q\u00ebe k\u00ebrkuar (pra n\u00eb abonentin e \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar kryesisht si nj\u00ebk\u00ebrkuar). Kuptimi tjet\u00ebr, \u201ctermination infrastruktur\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb sisteminpoint\u201d ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb m\u00eb pik\u00ebn fundore t\u00eb radio t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbyernj\u00eb lidhjeje apo kanali. si nj\u00eb rrjet i siguris\u00eb publike. Ky rrjet p\u00ebrdoret nga grupe apo Termination Rates\u00a0 \u2013 Tarifat e institucione t\u00eb caktuara (p.sh. rrjetiTerminimit i policis\u00eb, rrjeti i zjarrfik\u00ebseve etj.) dhe projektohet q\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtes\u00eb Me tarifa t\u00eb terminimit tregohen si sh\u00ebrbimin zanor dhe at\u00eb t\u00eb\u201cpagesat \/ tarifat\u201d q\u00eb nj\u00eb operator komunikimit data. \u201cTrunked Radio\u201d T","147 FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONITp\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb rrjet radio, ku Timeslot \u2013 Kanal Kohorsistemet operojn\u00eb s\u00eb bashku n\u00ebfrekuenca t\u00eb ndryshme (por q\u00eb i \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term i p\u00ebrdorurp\u00ebrkasin s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs band\u00eb (brez) n\u00eb teknik\u00ebn e multipleksimitfrekuencash), t\u00eb kontrolluar n\u00eb (shum\u00ebfishimit) bazuar n\u00eb pariminm\u00ebnyr\u00eb komjuterike me q\u00ebllim me ndarje n\u00eb koh\u00eb (TDM \u2013 Timep\u00ebrdorimin e tyre nga shum\u00eb Devision Multipleksing). Timep\u00ebrdorues. slot n\u00ebnkupton hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn kohore t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb dispozicion Third Network \u2013 Rrjeti i Tret\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb kanali komunikimi. Kjo hap\u00ebsir\u00eb kohore i vendoset n\u00eb Rrjeti i tret\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa e m\u00ebnyr\u00eb periodike kanalit p\u00ebr t\u00ebrrjetit kabllor urban q\u00eb shtrihet nga realizuar d\u00ebrgimin dhe marrjen epikat e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb linjave t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb informacionit. Zakonishtabonent\u00ebve deri tek vendndodhja e madh\u00ebsia e k\u00ebsaj hap\u00ebsir\u00eb kohoretij. Ky rrjet quhet edhe thjesht linja e ndryshon n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00ebabonentit ose pjesa e fundit e linj\u00ebs multipleksimit dhe p\u00ebrmban tet\u00eb(\u201clast mile\u201d). bit. Sa m\u00eb e lart\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb shakalla e multipleksimit aq m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl \u00ebsht\u00eb Throughput \u2013 Kapaciteti Dal\u00ebs \u201chap\u00ebsira kohore\u201d e vendosur n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kanal Nga pik\u00ebpamja e p\u00ebrgjithshme komunikimi.me \u201cThroughput\u201d n\u00ebnkupto-het shpejt\u00ebsia (shkalla\/niveli) e TMSI (Temporary Mobileprodhimit ose shpejt\u00ebsia me t\u00eb Subscriber Identity) \u2013 Identiteti icil\u00ebn nj\u00eb \u201cdi\u00e7ka\u201d mund t\u00eb p\u00ebr- P\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm i Abonentit t\u00eb Rrjetitpunohet. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb t\u00eb L\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (mobile)e kompjuter\u00ebve me \u201cThroughput\u201dtregohet puna q\u00eb kompjuteri b\u00ebn P\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb vend t\u00ebp\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar kohe.Gjithashtu me \u201cThroughput\u201d n\u00ebnk- IMSI\u00a0 (International Mobileuptohet edhe p\u00ebrqindja e me-sazheve t\u00eb d\u00ebrguara brenda nj\u00eb Subscriber Identity). TMSI ndryshonkanali komunikimi etj. N\u00eb rrjetete sotme, \u201cThroughput\u201d zakonisht n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb periodike me q\u00ebllim q\u00ebmatet me bit p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb (bps),ose me paketa p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb. t\u00eb sigurohet nj\u00eb mbrojtje shtes\u00eb kund\u00ebr p\u00ebrgjimit t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm dhe garanton sigurin\u00eb e informacionit t\u00eb pajtimtarit si dhe t\u00eb thirrjes. T","FJALOR I P\u00cbRGJITHSH\u00cbM 148I FUSH\u00cbS S\u00cb TELEKOMUNIKACIONIT Top \u2013 Up \u2013 Rimbushja e Transcoder \u2013 TranskoderLlogaris\u00eb Termi transkoder dhe transkodim Procesi i mbushjes s\u00eb llogaris\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton procesin e konvertimit t\u00ebt\u00eb nj\u00eb abonenti (t\u00eb nj\u00eb telefoni) me nj\u00eb sinjali nga nj\u00eb format numerikparapagim quhet top\u2013up. Nj\u00eb gj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Ky proces \u00ebsht\u00eb ie till\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet n\u00eb \u00e7do koh\u00eb vlefsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr \u00e7do informaciondhe n\u00eb \u00e7do pik\u00eb t\u00eb autorizuar nga numerik (digital) qoft\u00eb ky z\u00eb, figur\u00eb,operatori. foto etj. P.sh. p\u00ebr muzik\u00ebn numerike mund t\u00eb realizohet konvertimi i nj\u00eb Tower \u2013 Kull\u00eb regjistrimi nga formati AAC n\u00eb nj\u00eb format tjet\u00ebr MP3 etj. Nj\u00eb element i infrastruktur\u00ebs s\u00ebrrjeteve t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve Transmisison \u2013 Transmetim(por jo vet\u00ebm) i cili sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00ebinstaluar antenat dhe pajisjet e tjera Thjesht, transmetimi n\u00ebradio t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb komunikimit telekomunikacion \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb procespa tel (sistemeve t\u00eb komunikimit i cili realizon d\u00ebrgimin dhe marrjenmikrovalor apo stacioneve baz\u00eb e informacionit midis dy ose m\u00ebt\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb telekomunikacioneve t\u00eb shum\u00eb pikave me an\u00eb t\u00eb pajisjevel\u00ebvizshme). respektive. Transmetimi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb analog, numerik, Ip ose hibrid (i perzier\u00eb) dhe mund t\u00eb realizohet nga linjat e fikse (bak\u00ebr, fib\u00ebr optike, etj.) ose me an\u00eb t\u00eb sistemeve pa tel (wireless). Transport Layer \u2013 Shtresa e Transportit Shtresa e Transportit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga shtat\u00eb shtresat e modelit OSI. Kjo shtres\u00eb b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur shp\u00ebrndarjen e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duke i kontrolluar dhe rigrumbulluar ato. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur edhe detektimin dhe korrigjimin e gabimeve t\u00eb mundshme. T"]