orthdox magazine caliph

bosch ad 2

F´v sImïv \\n§Ä¡nSbn \\n¶v aqeyt_m[apÅ hnZymk¼¶À ]ndhnsbSp¡p¶nÃ?- ( hn. JpÀB³ 78/11 ) 3



kaÀ¸Ww P‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑sâ \\à `‑mKh‑p‑w ‑sNehg‑n¨ k‑vI‑qÄ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑v P‑oh‑nX¯‑n \\‑n¶‑v, C³Ì{K‑m‑w doÂ-kn\\pw BÀ‑s‑s¡-h‑n-e‑pÅ Ì‑mäk‑n\\p-a-¸pdw, P‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑te¡‑v H¶‑p‑w ]IÀ¯‑m‑t\\‑m ]T‑n¡‑m‑t\\‑m I-gn-bmsX ‑t]‑mb Hc‑p ]ä‑w _‑mey- I‑ua‑mc b‑uh\\¯‑n\\‑v.

Achbdn‑ \\‑pt‑ hï‑n A]c\\‑pa‑p¼‑n ‑ss‑ I\\‑o«p‑ ¶hÀ¡‑v Nn‑ e‑sXÃ‑m‑w k‑z]v‑\\§fm‑ W‑v, Ah‑scb‑pw‑ Iq‑ ‑sS¡‑q«e‑mWv‑ h‑nZym‑ `ym‑ kw‑ . 6

Np‑ hc‑ns‑ e Ip‑ ¯n‑ hcIfp‑ ‑w a\\Ên‑ s‑ â ‑s‑shI‑rX§f‑p‑w ku‑ l‑rZw‑ ho‑ W‑pSª ¢‑mk‑v ap‑ dn‑ Ifp‑ ‑w BZÀi‑w \\ã‑s¸-«v‑ s‑ s‑ e‑wK‑nIXb‑n A`bw‑ ‑tXSp‑ ¶ hn‑ Z‑ym‑ ÀY‑n h‑n¹hI‑mc‑nIf‑p‑w H¶‑n¨‑p ‑tNcp‑ t‑ ¼m‑ t‑ g-¡‑v Hcp‑ Ie‑meb‑w ]q‑ À¯n‑ b‑mI‑p¶p‑ ? D·m‑ Z elc‑nbn‑  D‑uX‑nhn‑ Sp‑ ¶- ]‑pI IW‑-s¡ ]‑pd¯‑nd§‑p¶ _‑nc‑pZ[‑mcn‑ IÄ¡- ‑v ]‑pXn‑ b Im‑ e‑-s¯ ‑t\\c‑mwh®‑w \\‑nÀhN‑n¡‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶p‑ ‑t>‑m? At‑ Xm‑ kz‑ ´‑w P‑oh‑nX¯n‑ -s‑ â AÀ°w‑ t‑ XSn‑ A- hÀ Aebp‑ Ib‑mt‑ W‑m? - FUnäÀ 77

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Cu ASn sIm­>Xv \\½psS Xs¶ IcW¯mtWm ? Hc‑p a\\‑pj‑y\\‑v H¶‑p‑w ‑sN¿‑m\\‑nÃ‑m¯, A£c‑mÀ°¯‑n \\‑nÊl‑mb\\‑mb, X‑sâ \\‑nd‑w, P‑mX‑n, \\‑of‑w ,XS‑n ,a‑pS‑n , aä‑p ic‑oc ‑s‑shh‑n[‑y§Ä F¶‑nh‑sb Xa‑mi‑sb¶ H‑ma\\‑t¸c‑n«‑v If‑nb‑m¡‑n BßcX‑nbSb‑p¶hc‑p‑sS a‑pJ¯‑v \"Not All Jokes are Funny' 11

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Nn-d-I-ä am-em-J apl½Zv- kmZnJv amemJbmhm\\mbncp¶p AhfpsS B{Klw. F¶n«pthWw ]mh§sf klmbn¡m³. tImSn H¶v sImSp¯hÄ amemJbmbn. B tImSnbpsS ISw XoÀ¡m³ HmSn \\S¶p ]Ww hmcn amemJbmWv I¨hS¯n\\pw DïtÃm Hcp amemJ 14 14

RC-´m³y apl½Zv- lm^nkv hbÊ‑v 74, k‑z‑mX{´³. cï‑p ]X‑nä‑mï‑n\\‑n¸‑pd‑w \\‑oï \\‑n{Zb‑n \\‑n¶‑p R‑m\\‑pWÀ¶‑p. I®‑mS‑nb‑n ‑t\\‑m¡‑n, AÛ‑pX‑w-! R‑m³ X‑s¶b‑m‑tW‑m CX‑v? k‑vt\\l‑t¯‑mS‑p‑w Hc‑pa‑tb‑mS‑p‑w Ig‑nª‑nc‑p¶ F‑sâ P\\§Ä ‑s‑sZh\\‑ma‑w Dc‑ph‑n«‑p ]ck‑v]c‑w Gä‑pa‑p«‑p¶‑p. Ch‑n‑sS K‑mÔ‑nb‑nÃ, ‑s\\l‑v-d‑ph‑pa‑nÃ, ‑tK‑mU‑vtkb‑p‑w ‑tK‑mÄh‑m¡d‑p‑w a‑m{X‑w. ] i‑ph‑p‑w ]i‑nb‑p‑w a‑m{X‑w! \\‑nÊl‑mb\\‑mW‑v R‑m³ , Ad‑nh‑pï‑v, Ad‑nh‑pÅhc‑pï‑v, ‑tP‑me‑nb‑nÃ. \\‑oX‑nb‑p‑w A\\‑oX‑nb‑p‑w X½‑n a‑md‑n‑t¸‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. FX‑n‑sc ]db‑p¶h‑sc‑sb‑m¶‑p‑w I‑mW‑m\\‑nÃ. ‑tN‑mc¡d Iï‑p. ‑sI‑m¶‑p XÅ‑nbX‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑m‑w. I®‑mS‑nb‑ne‑pÅX‑v R‑m³ X‑s¶b‑m‑sW ¶‑pd¸‑n¡‑m³ kab‑saS‑p¯‑p \\‑oï Dd¡‑w X‑s¶b‑mW‑v \\ ÃX‑v. 15

apl½Zv- dk ]-cn-Wm-aw 1.0 ap-¯-Ñ-s\\ I-ï-t¸mÄ A-ѳ F-Wo-äv A-cn-In-te-¡v am-dn-\\n-¶p A-Ñ-s\\ I-ï-t¸mÄ Rm-s\\m-¶v F-Wo-än-cp-¶p F-s¶ I-ï-t¸mÄ A-h³ kv-{Io-\\o¶p ap-J-ap-bÀ-¯n t\\m-¡n B C-cn-¸v Xp-SÀ-¶p ]-cn-Wm-aw 2.0 ap-¯-ѳ So-¨-dm-bn-cp-¶p F-Ãm-h-cpw am-tj- F-¶p hn-fn-¨p ap-¯-Èn So-¨-dm-bn-cp-¶p F-Ãm-h-cpw So-¨À F-¶p hn-fn-¨p Rm-\\pw So-¨-dm-Wv A-h-sc-s¶ F-Sm F¶p hn-fn-¡pw. 16

]-cn-Wm-aw 3.0 F-sâ A-¨-¨-sâ ]-Ån-¡q-Sw Hm-e-sa-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p A-hn-sS Kp-cp-¡-·mÀ hn-\\-bm-\\zn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p F-sâ A-½-bp-sS k-vIqÄ Hm-Sv ]m-In-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p A-hn-sS A-[ym-]-IÀ Ip-«n-IÄ-s¡m-¸-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-sâ k-vIqÄ tIm¬-{Io-äv sI-«n-S-am-Wv A-Xp-sIm-ïm-hmw A-hÀ-s¡-Ãmw Pm-S-bm-Wv 17

WE’RE HIRING A COMPLETE TROLLEN Age Limit: 13-23 Qualification : sXmgnenÃmbva, Bhiy¯ne[nIw Hgnhv kabw ‘tI«]mXn’ Hcp aqe¡v sh¨v ‘tI¡m¯ ]mXn’sb Nfn akme tX¨v tdmÌv sN¿m³ {]tXyI IgnhpÅ bphXo bphm¡Ä¡v Ahkcw ©Metaverse Chali Company 18 18

Professional -Wise Distribuition Of Suisides 2020 ( India ) 19

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Dan apl½Zv- \\_vlm³ \\ãs¸« IqSv, \\nb{´W§fnÃm¯ ]mhw XeapdbpsS HmÀas¸Sp¯epIÄ, Nnet¸mÄ AXv ]Xncmbn amdntb¡mw. Imän AXv ]d¶pbcpw Xobn AXv \\odn¯ocpw Dan Hcp ASbmfs¸Sp¯emWv Ibdqcnhn« ]mhw InSm§fpsS Ime¯nsâ t\\À¡pÅ ]Sws]mgn¡Â! 21

{K-l-Ww 22 AÂ^n\\ AIv_À kz-]v-\\-§-fn a-Xn-a-d-¶-h³ Np-äp-ap-Å-sX-Ãmw sh-dpw sI-«p-I-Y-IÄ am-{Xw. k-¼m-Zn-¡m³ s\\-t«m-«-tam-Sp-¶-h\\v Np-äp-ap-Å-sX-Ãmw N-c-¡p-IÄ am-{Xw. H-¯n-cn B-{K-lm-`n-em-j-§-fp-tS-bpw {]-Xo-£-I-fp-sS-bpw \\n-g A-h-\\n \\n-¶v a-d-¨p-sh-¨ F-{X-sb-{X A-dn-hp-IÄ. 22

Iym¼kv a-Rv-Pqcn (e£Wsam¯Xv) .tNcp-hIÄ Al½Zv- jmln³ a‑m‑t\\P‑v-aâ‑v , \\‑s«Ã‑nÃ‑m¯X‑v 01 h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nIÄ (h‑nZ‑y AÀY‑n¡‑p¶hÀ I‑n«‑m³ _‑p²‑na‑p«‑m‑sW¦‑n ‑s‑sh_‑v AÀY‑n¡‑p¶hÀ Bb‑me‑p‑w aX‑n) Bhi‑y¯‑n\\‑v A²‑y‑m]IÀ , `‑oc‑p¡Ä 25 .kac‑w (]‑mI¯‑n\\[‑nI‑w ) Lc‑m‑th‑m (CS¡‑nS¡‑v ) . X½‑n XÃ‑v (I‑q‑sS¡‑q‑sS) K‑y‑m§‑pIÄ (C³Ì‑m{K‑m‑w A¡‑u‑tï‑mS‑p I‑qS‑nbX‑v) 5 C A[‑nI‑w . d‑oÂk‑v- (Bhi‑y¯‑ne[‑nI‑w) ¹¡‑mÀU‑pIÄ / ‑t\\‑m«‑ok‑v ‑t_‑mÀU‑pIÄ 20 .k¹‑n Hc‑mÄ¡‑v 3 F®‑w h‑oX‑w ‑sPk‑n_‑n 1 .‑te‑md‑n (‑sNI‑p¯‑m³ F¶‑v Fg‑pX‑nbX‑v ) 2 R‑x100 ‑s‑s_¡‑v (‑s‑ske³kÀ a‑mä‑nbX‑v) 10 .U‑n ‑sP ]‑mÀ«‑n (]¨ aª N‑ph¸‑v IfÀ ‑s‑seä‑pI‑tf‑mS‑v I‑qS‑nb ‑thZ‑n‑tb‑mS‑v I‑qS‑nbX‑v ) IfÀ (Bhi‑y¯‑n\\‑p‑w A\\‑mhi‑y¯‑n\\‑p‑w) . I©‑mh‑v (h‑oc‑y‑w I‑qS‑nbX‑v 1 I‑n‑te‑m) .I©‑mh‑v (h‑oc‑y‑w I‑pdªX‑v 2 I‑n‑te‑m ) ‑s‑se‑wK‑nIX ]‑q¡‑p¶b‑nS‑w 3 (\\½f‑nSa‑mb‑me‑p‑w aX‑n) X¿m-dm-t¡-ï cq]w \\‑s«Ã‑nÃ‑m¯ a‑m‑t\\P‑v-aâ‑v Hc‑p A‑t©¡À N«‑nb‑n‑te¡‑v Hc‑p _‑nÂU‑nM‑v CS‑pI, X‑pSÀ¶‑v A²‑y‑m]I‑sc ‑sI‑mï‑v c‑mh‑n‑se a‑pX ‑s‑shI‑p‑t¶c‑w h‑sc h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nI‑sf A‑sæ‑n ‑s‑sh_‑mÀ°‑nI‑sf Cf¡‑n‑sI‑mS‑p¡‑p‑w. h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑sS/s‑sh_‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑sS `‑mK¯‑p \\‑n¶‑v hà ‑s]‑m«e‑p‑w N‑oäe‑p‑w ‑tIÄI‑pIb‑m‑sW¦‑n X‑pSÀ¶‑pÅ H‑m‑tc‑m ‑sFä‑wk‑p‑w ‑tX‑m¶‑nb a‑mX‑nc‑n N«‑nb‑n‑te¡‑n«‑v Cf¡‑nb‑m aX‑n. ‑sFä‑wk‑v I‑q«‑p¶X‑n\\‑p‑w I‑pd¡‑p¶X‑n\\\\‑pkc‑n¨‑v \\‑n§Ä¡‑v thï I‑y‑m¼k‑m¡‑n a‑mä‑mh‑p¶X‑mW‑v. X‑pSÀ¶‑v Cã‑m\\‑pkcW‑w C³Ì{K‑ma‑n‑te‑m k‑v\\‑m¸‑v N‑mä‑n‑te‑m b‑qS‑q_‑n‑te‑m C«‑v ‑tkh‑n¡‑mh‑p¶X‑mW‑v. 23 23

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INDEX 25

knw]nÄ krãn kmÀ, amKkn\\ntes¡mcp ]pXnb krãn th-Ww. Hcp ]pXnb km[\\w \\yq sP³ Xs¶ Bbnt¡ms« \\msf {]Ên t]mhm\\pÅXmWv. kabsaSp¡ptam kmÀ F´n\\p ! Zm ]nSnt¨m... amdv aqSn, ape, HmcvKmkw \\me©v sXdn-IÄ... CsXm¶v A¸pd¯pw C¸pd¯pambn hmcn hnX‑ tdïtX D-Åq. knw]nÄ! ]ns¶ thsdbpapïv. {^jv sFäwkv ]ns¶ apIfn ]dª GsX¦nepw H¶v ]¨¡v X-s¶ CtaPv Bbn IqsS ht¶ms« t«m ! ]mÀ«n kt½f\\¯nsâ IhmS¯nsâ ap¶n sh¨Xnt\\¡mÄ H¶v tPmÀ Bbnt¡ms« 26

^Ìv s_Â 27

HALF 28

AcpXv apl½Zv- Dsshkv kv-Iqfnsâ Xncpap³]nsemcp DZym\\apïv. t\\m¡msX ¢mÊnte¡v s]mt¡mWw tIdn hcp¶ hgnbn Nne a\\pjycpïv. anïnbm XÃv sImÅpw. ¢mÊnte¡pÅ hgnbn Npïn aqfm³ sh¼n \\n¡p¶ ]m«pïmhpw. ]mSnbm taep t\\mhpw thKw ¢mÊnse¯Ww. ]Tn¡m\\pïv Ipsd ... ]co£¡v F ¹kv Xs¶ hm§Ww.. ]Tn¨v ]Tn¨v henb BfmhWw .... Blm ...F¶n«v ... F¶ns«´m ... F¶n«v B{Kl§sfms¡ km[n¡Ww. Blm ! GXv ? H¶v t\\m¡m\\pÅ , anïm\\pÅ , ]mSm\\pÅ B{Kl§Ä ... Abv\\v? ¶m kv-IqÄ t]mhmsX \\n¶m Ct¸m Xs¶ km[n¡mtem hey Bfmhmtem !! 29 29

apl½Zv- lm^nkv c‑m{ã \\‑nÀa‑nX‑nb‑p‑sS ]W‑n¸‑pc, k‑zÀ¤ I‑meL«§f‑m‑sW¶‑p‑w AX‑v H‑t¶ kÀK‑mßIXb‑p‑sS h‑nf\\‑ne‑w, \\‑m‑sfb‑p‑sS ‑D-Å‑p-‑sh¶‑p‑w, AX‑v ‑sI‑mï‑v X-‑s¶ A-X‑v hf- ka‑ql \\‑nÀa‑nX‑nb‑p‑sS Beb§Ä ‑sc B-\\-µ-‑t¯‑m-‑sS I-g‑n-b-W-‑sa¶‑p-‑sa‑m-‑s¡ F‑s¶‑m‑s¡ h‑n‑tij‑n¸‑n¡‑s¸S‑p¶ \\½‑p‑sS i-c‑n X‑s¶. F¶‑m B ic‑nb‑p‑sS ]c‑n[‑n Ie‑meb§f‑n \\‑n¶‑p‑w GX‑m\\‑p‑w hÀ‑ F{Xb‑mW‑v? Fh‑n‑sS h‑scb‑mW‑v? j§f‑mb‑n \\½‑p‑sS ka‑ql¯‑n\\‑p‑w AX‑p hg‑n c‑m{ã ]‑p‑tc‑mKX‑n¡‑p‑w e`‑n¨ k‑w`‑mh\\ ‑s‑s_¡‑v, {S‑n¸‑v , ‑s‑s^\\‑mÀS‑vk‑v F´‑mW‑v? H‑m‑tc‑m _Pä‑pIf‑p‑w D¶X ‑tU, ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑v ‑tU, U‑n ‑sP, K‑mM‑nk‑w, h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk ‑taJe¡‑mb‑n ‑tI‑mS‑nIÄ h‑mb‑vt\\‑m«‑w , C³Ì‑m{K‑m‑w d‑oÂk‑v, ]‑pX‑nb I‑pe‑p¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ Ahb‑p‑sS‑sbÃ‑m‑w ‑s‑s^\\ I‑me‑s¯ e£W‑sa‑m‑s¯‑mc‑p I‑y‑m¼k‑mb‑n. H‑u«‑v]‑p«‑v F´‑mW‑v? Hä‑s¸« N‑ne \\à ]‑mÀ«‑n‑s¡‑mS‑nIÄ DbÀ¶‑p ‑s]‑m´‑p¶‑nS‑w h‑mÀ¯I‑sf‑mg‑n¨‑m \\½‑p‑sS ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑v I‑qS‑nb‑m‑sW¦‑n k‑z‑X{´ ‑s‑se‑wK‑nIXb‑mW‑v I‑y‑m¼k‑pIÄ Hc‑p a‑n\\‑n FâÀ‑s‑sS³‑saâ‑v ]‑pX‑nb ‑s{S³U‑v. ‑t{]ah‑p‑w I‑mah‑p‑w ‑skI‑vk‑v ]‑mÀ¡‑mb‑n a‑md‑n F¶X‑n‑t\\¡‑mÄ F´‑v h‑n¯‑v I¬‑skâ‑p‑w ‑tl‑m«‑v ‑tS‑m¸‑n¡‑pIf‑mW‑v. ‑t]‑mk‑nä‑oh‑v a‑mäa‑mW‑v I‑me{I‑taW k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑n- kÀK‑mßIXI‑sb¶‑m k‑zhÀ¤ cX‑nb‑p‑w «‑pÅX‑v? k‑z-X-{´ ‑s‑se‑wK‑nIXb‑pa‑m‑sW¶‑mW‑v ]£‑w. ‑tN¨‑n‑s¸®‑n\\‑p‑w A\\‑nb³ ‑sN¡\\‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑pI F¶X‑v ‑t]‑me‑p‑w cï‑m‑w ‑s‑se‑wK‑nIX ]‑q¡‑p¶b‑nS‑w X¸‑m\\‑pÅ Xc‑a‑m‑sW¶‑p‑w, _‑m¡‑v ‑s_©À / Dg¸³ CSa‑mW‑v I‑y‑m-¼k‑v. Bh‑nj‑vI‑mc k‑z‑mX‑ / k¹‑nIf‑pa‑mb‑n A½‑m\\a‑mS‑p¶h³ {´‑y‑w, kÀK‑mßIX, h‑yà‑nX‑z‑w, h‑yà‑n F¶ {]‑tb‑mK§‑sf‑m‑s¡ a‑mÊ‑pa‑mh‑p¶ k‑z‑mX{´‑y‑w F¶‑nhb‑p‑sS‑sbÃ‑m‑w AÀ°‑ta Ie‑n I‑me‑w. ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑v I‑me‑w F¶X‑v a‑md‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. lbÀ‑ ‑sk¡ïd‑n Xe‑ G‑sX‑mc‑mf‑p‑sSb‑p‑w P‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑se k‑phÀW, §f‑n h‑sc C‑u a‑mä§Ä {]ISa‑mW‑v. 30

I‑m¼k‑pIf‑p‑sS ]À¸k‑v X‑s¶ a‑md‑nb‑n«‑p‑tï‑m F¶‑m-‑te‑m-N‑n¨‑v, ‑s‑skU‑v _‑nk‑n\\k‑n‑s\\ F‑s¶‑mc‑p AS‑nb´‑nc N‑n´b‑mh‑m‑w. ‑sab‑n³ _‑nk‑n\\k‑m¡‑n A[‑y‑m]-\\‑s¯ ‑s‑skU‑v _‑nk‑n\\k‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p¶ A[‑y‑m] ‑skÂ^‑v ^‑n\\‑m³k‑n‑wK‑v Ic‑n \\‑n¶‑p‑w I‑qS‑pX‑se‑m¶‑p‑w {] Ø‑m]\\§f‑p‑sS AhØb‑mW‑v G‑sd X‑o£‑n¡‑p¶X‑p‑w ic‑nbÃ. Hc‑p Hg‑p¡‑n k¦S-Ic‑w. a‑m‑t\\P‑vsaâ‑pIÄ‑t¡‑m A[‑y‑m] a‑p‑t¶‑m«‑v ‑t]‑mh‑p¶ {]Ø‑m\\‑w F¶X‑n IÀ‑t¡‑m h‑nce\\¡‑m³ ]ä‑m¯ k‑mlN- Ih‑nª‑v I‑y‑m¼‑k‑pIf‑n \\‑n¶‑v H¶‑p‑w {] c‑y‑w. h‑m§‑mh‑p¶ ^‑ok‑n\\‑v kÀ¡‑mÀ X‑o£‑n¡‑m³ \\‑nÀh‑mla‑nÃ‑m¯‑n\\‑v C§‑s\\b‑p‑w h‑ne§‑v ‑sh¨‑t¸‑mÄ \\S¯‑n‑t¸‑mh‑m\\‑pÅ N‑ne I‑mcW§f‑pï‑v. Hc‑p Hg‑p¡‑n ¢‑mÊ‑n ‑sNeh‑n\\‑v a‑pg‑ph³ k‑oä‑pIf‑n‑te¡‑p‑w Ibd‑p¶‑p, ]c‑o£ Fg‑pX‑p-¶‑p, F¶X‑ne¸‑pd‑w AU‑va‑nj³ ]qÀ¯nbm¡ntb ]äq F¦nepw A¡‑mZa‑nI‑v \\‑neh‑mca‑pÅ NÀ¨If‑p‑w, CS‑s] ]e ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w k‑oä‑pIÄ Hg‑nª‑v Se‑pIf‑p‑w {I‑nb‑mßI k‑wh‑mZ§f‑p‑saÃ‑m‑w {] I‑nS¸‑mW‑v. FXnÀ i_v-Z§Ä k‑z´‑w lk\\‑w a‑m{Xa‑mW‑n¶‑v. NAAC h‑nk‑nä‑n\\‑pÅ i‑nj‑yKW§Ä X‑s¶ I¯‑n ‑sI‑mï‑p‑w N‑ne ‑s]‑mS‑n‑s‑s¡IÄ, ‑tk‑mj‑y ‑s‑sI¿‑q¡‑v ‑sI‑mï‑p‑w X‑mg‑v¯‑p¶ Ie‑nI‑me‑w. a‑oU‑nbb‑n‑se Ì‑mäk‑n‑te¡‑pÅ N‑ne hÀj§f‑p‑sS kÀh‑ok‑n‑s\\‑mS‑p¡‑w ‑t]‑mÌd‑pIÄ. Chb‑ne¸‑pd‑w I‑y‑m¼k‑pIf‑n ih¯‑n‑sâ a‑pIf‑ne‑pÅ d‑o¯‑v k½‑m\\a‑mb‑n \\‑n¶‑v c‑m{ã¯‑n\\‑p‑w ka‑ql¯‑n\\‑p‑w C\\‑n Gä‑p h‑m§‑p¶ A[‑y‑m]IÀ F´‑n\\‑mW‑v, hc‑p¶ Xea‑pd¡‑p‑w F´‑mW‑v \\½‑p‑sS B‑scb‑mW‑v ]T‑n¸‑n¨X‑v ? F´‑mW‑v ]T‑n¸‑n- I‑y‑m¼k‑pIÄ¡‑v ]IÀ¶‑v ‑sI‑mS‑p¡‑m\\‑pÅX‑v? ¨X‑v? ‑t]c‑n\\‑m‑sW¦‑ne‑p‑w A‑sæ‑ne‑p‑w \\-S¡‑p¶ \\‑neh‑mca‑pÅ ]‑mT‑y ]‑m‑tT‑yXc h‑njb§f‑n ]c‑o£¡‑v ‑tI‑m¸‑nbS‑n¡‑pI h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑sS Bß‑mÀ°a‑mb ]¦‑v F{X‑ F¶X‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑sS AhI‑mia‑mW‑v. t¯‑mfa‑pï‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p‑w? A\\‑phZ‑n¡‑mX‑nc‑p¶ A[‑y‑m]I‑s\\ ] ª‑n¡‑n«X‑v \\‑m‑w h‑mb‑n¨‑p. {]X‑nIc‑n¨‑mÂ, ]T‑n¡‑pI, A¡‑mZa‑nI‑v {] ‑s‑shI‑n«‑v h‑o-«‑n ‑t]‑mh‑p‑t¼‑mÄ A[‑y‑m] hÀ¯\\§f‑n GÀ‑s¸S‑pI F¶X‑v h‑ne I‑sâ I‑md‑n\\‑p Sbd‑pï‑mh‑nà F¶X‑v Gäh‑p‑w I‑pdª, a‑mÀIä‑nÃ‑m‑s¯‑mc‑p ‑sFäa‑mW‑n¶‑v. ‑sNd‑pX‑v. Hc‑mI‑vk‑nUâ‑v {]X‑o£‑n¨‑me‑p‑w ]T‑n¸‑n F‑s¶‑mc‑p ‑t]c‑v h‑oW‑m I‑y‑m¼k‑v ‑sNd‑pX‑mh‑nà {]X‑nIc‑n¡‑m³ ‑t]S‑nb‑mW‑v P‑oh‑nX¯‑n‑sâ H«‑pa‑p¡‑me‑p‑w \\ãa‑mI‑pa-‑t{X. ]eÀ-¡‑p‑w. {]X‑nIc‑n¨‑m‑te‑m, h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n k‑n\\‑naIf‑p‑w, b‑qS‑y‑q_‑v C³^‑vf‑ph³kÀa‑mc‑p‑w ‑sFI‑y‑w k‑nµ‑m_‑mZ‑v. ]‑mÀ«‑nb‑p‑w, a‑oU‑nbb‑p‑w, k¸‑vf‑n F¶X‑v Hc‑p ‑sdk‑vs]I‑väU‑v h‑m¡‑m- ka‑qlh‑p‑w ‑t]‑me‑p‑w X‑nc‑nª‑v ‑sI‑m¯‑p‑w. ¡‑n a‑mä‑nb‑n«‑pï‑v. ‑tX‑mä‑p F¶‑mWÀ°‑w. k¸‑vf‑n CÃ‑m‑sX´‑v I‑y‑m¼k‑v ‑s‑se-^‑v?! A[‑y‑m]I³ ]‑mT‑w ]T‑n¸‑n¨‑v I‑y‑m¼Ê‑n‑te¡‑v hc‑p¶X‑v X‑s¶ C³Ì‑{K‑m‑w ‑s]‑m‑t¡‑mW‑w. he‑nb Ub‑te‑m‑sK‑m¶‑p‑w d‑oÂk‑n\\‑pÅ ‑sI‑m‑sïâ‑v X¸‑n‑s¡‑mï‑mW‑v. ‑thï. D]‑tZi‑w \\‑mh‑n‑sâ A‑t§bä¯‑v Hc‑n¡Â ‑t]‑me‑p‑w Ibd‑n ‑t\\‑m¡‑m¯ ‑t]‑me‑p‑w ‑th-ï. ‑sSI‑vÌ‑v _‑p¡‑pIÄ ‑s‑se{_d‑n, Ì‑mäk‑n\\‑p‑w d‑oÂk‑n\\‑pa‑pÅ H¶‑m‑w OÀ±‑n¡‑m³ F´‑n\\‑mW‑v he‑nb ‑t] Xc‑w _‑m¡‑v{K‑uï‑mW-‑t{X! K‑m§‑n‑sâb‑p‑w k‑vsIb‑ne‑n A[‑y‑m]I·‑mÀ. Hc‑p _‑m¨‑n‑sâb‑p‑w ‑t]c‑n H‑tc‑m C³Ì{K‑m‑w ‑sd‑t¡‑mÀUU‑v ¢‑mÊ‑n‑t\\‑m Hc‑p ‑td‑m‑t_‑m«‑n‑t\\‑m A¡‑uï‑p‑w!! I‑y‑m¼k‑ne‑q‑sS \\S¡‑p‑t¼‑mÄ ‑sN¿‑mh‑p¶ Hc‑p ‑sX‑m-g‑nÂ. BÀ«‑n^‑nj‑y X‑s¶ Hc‑p _‑n P‑n F‑w C«‑v \\S¡‑p¶ Câe‑nP³k‑n‑sâ I‑me¯‑v A[‑y‑m]I Bä‑nä‑y‑qU‑mW‑v ]eÀ¡‑p‑w. h‑r¯‑nb‑p‑sS {]kà‑n F{X‑t¯‑mf‑sa¶‑v Iïd‑n-bW‑w. b‑q. P‑n. k‑n. / Kh¬‑saâ‑v A‑sX! h‑yà‑n k‑z‑mX{´‑ya‑mW‑v! k‑vsIb‑n i¼f‑w h‑m§‑p¶hc‑pÄ‑s¸‑sS k-½X‑w. CX‑v c‑m{ã¯‑n‑sâb‑p‑w 4 aW‑nb‑m‑tb‑m, H¶‑m‑w X‑n¿X‑nb‑m‑tb‑m 31 31

ka‑ql¯‑n‑sâb‑p‑w A¡‑uï‑n‑te¡‑v b‑uh\\‑w Hc‑p c‑mP‑y¯‑n‑sâ _‑m[‑yXb‑mb‑mW‑v Ibd‑p¶X‑ne‑mW‑v Z®‑w. a‑md‑p¶X‑v. b‑p‑s\\k‑vtI‑m \\‑nÀ‑tZi‑n¡‑p¶ P‑oh‑nX h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑w ‑t]‑me‑p‑w \\½‑p‑sS X‑sâ k‑ma‑m\\‑y _‑p²‑nb‑n I‑y‑m¼‑k‑pIÄ¡‑v \\ÂI‑m³ k‑m[‑n¡‑p¶‑nÃ. ‑tX‑m¶‑p¶‑sXÃ‑m‑w ‑sN¿‑m\\‑pÅ A[‑nI‑mch‑p‑w \\‑me‑m‑f‑p‑sS a‑p¶‑n Fg‑p‑t¶ä‑p \\‑n¶‑v k‑z‑mX{´‑yh‑p‑w X\\‑n¡‑p‑sï¶ [‑mcW k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑m‑t\\‑m, Bßh‑ni‑z‑mk‑t¯‑m‑sS h‑yà‑n k‑z‑mX{´‑y¯‑n‑sâ ‑t]c‑n CS‑s]S‑m‑t\\‑m, k½ÀZh‑p‑w ]‑nc‑na‑pd¡h‑p‑w k`‑yXb‑p‑sSb‑p‑w F¯‑nI‑vk‑n‑sâb‑p‑w kÀh ‑s‑sII‑mc‑y‑w ‑sN¿‑m‑t\\‑m, X‑oc‑pa‑m\\‑sa k‑oaIf‑p‑w e‑wL‑n¡‑p¶‑p. B N‑n´If‑n S‑p¡‑m‑t\\‑m DÅ ‑t_k‑nI‑v k‑vI‑n \\‑n¶‑mW‑v R‑m‑s\\´‑n\\‑v F‑sâ A²‑y‑m] ‑t]‑me‑p‑a‑nÃ‑m‑sX ]‑n-‑s¶-‑sb-´‑mW‑v I‑s\\ _l‑pa‑m\\‑n¡W‑w? i¼f¯‑n\\‑tà h‑nZ‑y‑mÀY‑nX‑z‑w k‑vI‑qf‑pIf‑n \\‑n¶‑p‑w Ab‑mÄ ‑sX‑mg‑n‑seS‑p¡‑p¶X‑v? F‑sâ ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑pIf‑n \\‑n¶‑p‑w ]T‑n¡‑p¶X‑v? _l‑pa‑m\\¯‑n\\‑b‑mÄ¡‑v AÀlXb‑nà X‑p- S§‑nb N‑n´IÄ hc‑p¶X‑v. kZ‑mN‑mc‑w, h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nI‑sf ]g‑n N‑mc‑n [‑mÀa‑nIX F¶‑sXÃ‑m‑w Hc‑p AÇ‑oe ]Za‑m¡‑n c£‑s¸S‑m³ hc‑s«. ‑s‑se^‑v F¶‑v ]dª‑m a‑mä‑m³ ]ec‑p‑w I¨ ‑sI«‑nb‑nd§‑nb I‑me¯‑v, ‑t¹ B³U‑v F³‑tP‑mb‑v a‑m{Xa‑m‑sW¶‑v h‑yà‑n k‑z‑mX{´‑y¯‑n\\¸‑pd‑w A]c\\‑p‑w k‑z‑mX‑ ]db‑m‑sX ]dª‑v, Ø‑m]‑n‑s¨S‑p¡‑m³ {´‑ya‑p‑sï¶‑v ad¶‑v ‑t]‑mh‑p¶‑pï‑v ]-e-‑t¸‑mg‑p‑w {ia‑n¡‑p¶ ka‑ql¯‑n\\‑p‑w, hf‑w ‑sh¡‑p¶ . ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑pIf‑n‑se H‑mhd‑m¡e‑pIÄ ]c‑nkc ]‑mÀ«‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w `cW I‑qS¯‑n\\‑p‑w h‑mk‑nIf‑p‑sSb‑p‑w A²‑y‑m]Ic‑p‑sSb‑p‑w aä‑p ‑sNd‑pXÃ‑m¯ ]¦‑pï‑v. ]‑pX‑nb I‑me‑s¯ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑nIf‑p‑sSb‑p‑w ‑s‑sk‑zc P‑oh‑nX¯‑n\\‑v h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk c‑oX‑nb‑n F‑t¶‑m FI‑vk‑v] _‑p²‑na‑p«‑pï‑m¡‑p¶X‑v ]ec‑p‑w C‑u-b‑n‑sS {] bd‑n Ig‑nª X‑nbd‑nIÄ¡‑p‑w K‑y‑mk‑n\\‑p‑a¸‑pd‑w X‑nIc‑n¨‑v X‑pS§‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. P‑oh‑n¡‑m³ Fh‑n‑sSb‑mW‑v ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v? a‑sä‑mc‑p a\\‑pj‑y‑s\\ a‑m\\‑n¡‑m\\‑p‑w ‑s] aä‑pÅh‑s\\ D]{Zh‑n¡‑m¯ F´‑p‑w c‑pa‑md‑m\\‑p‑w Fh‑n‑sSb‑mW‑v ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶X‑v? ‑sN¿‑m\\‑pÅ A[‑nI‑mc‑w X\\‑n¡‑p‑sï¶‑v ‑tX‑m- h‑o«‑n‑te‑m \\‑m«‑n‑te‑m ‑td‑mU‑n‑te‑m CS‑s]‑tSï ¶‑p-¶-hÀ ]‑s£ k‑z´‑s¯ ‑t{Z‑ml‑n¡‑p¶ c‑oX‑n‑sb¡‑pd‑n¨‑v ‑t]‑me‑p‑w BÀ¡‑p‑w X‑n‑s\\ h‑nk‑vac‑n¡‑p¶‑p. F³‑tP‑mb‑v Z‑n [‑mcWb‑nÃ. FX‑nÀ e‑n‑wK‑s¯ a‑m\\‑n‑t¡ï ‑ta‑m‑saâ‑v F¶ ‑t]‑mf‑nk‑n \\‑m‑sf‑sb¡‑pd‑n¨‑v h‑n[‑w Ad‑nb‑m¯ Ah\\‑v Ah‑sf¶‑m Hc‑p Hc‑p A´h‑p‑w \\ÂI‑p¶‑nà . I‑y‑m¼k‑n‑sâ Nc¡‑v' a‑m{Xa‑mW‑v. X‑nf¡¯‑n‑s\\‑mS‑p¡‑w Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ ‑sX‑mg‑n‑seS‑p¡‑m³ \\‑nÀ_Ô‑nXc‑mh‑p¶‑p. Hc‑p a\\‑pj‑y\\‑v P‑oh‑nX h‑nP‑ I‑mcW‑w C³Ì‑{K‑m‑w d‑oÂk‑n\\‑p‑w b¯‑n\\‑v Bhi‑ya‑mb k‑t´‑mj, B‑tc‑mK‑y, BÀ‑s‑s¡h‑ne‑pÅ Ì‑mäk‑n\\‑pa¸‑pd‑w ] k‑m¼¯‑nI,‑ ‑s]c‑pa‑mä, a‑qe‑y [‑mÀa‑nI, T\\‑I‑me‑w Ah\\‑pï‑m¡‑n‑s¡‑mS‑p¯ h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk§Ä \\ÂI‑m¯‑nS‑t¯‑mf‑w I‑me‑w, ‑s{]‑mUÎ‑nh‑nä‑n ]‑qP‑ya‑m-W‑v. ‑sX‑mg‑ne‑nÃ‑mb‑va k‑vI‑qf‑pIf‑p‑w ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑pIf‑p‑w ‑t\\c‑t¼‑m¡‑p‑w ‑sb¡‑mf‑p‑w C¶‑v c‑mP‑y‑w ‑t\\c‑nS‑p¶ {]i‑v\\‑w FâÀ‑s‑sS³‑saâ‑v ]‑mÀ¡‑p‑w ‑sX‑mg‑n Hc‑p ‑sX‑mg‑ne‑n\\‑v ‑sX‑mg‑ne‑pSa \\‑nj‑vIÀj‑n¡‑p¶ P‑oh‑nX¯‑n\\‑p a‑p³]‑pÅ d‑n{^j‑vsaâ‑v c‑oX‑nb‑ne‑pÅ k‑vI‑nÃ‑p‑w A`‑nc‑pN‑nb‑p‑a‑pÅ ‑skâ‑d‑p‑w a‑m{Xa‑mW‑v. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk‑s¯b‑p‑w D‑tZ‑y‑mK‑mÀ°‑nI‑sf e`‑n¡‑p¶‑nà F¶X‑mW‑v. h‑nZ‑y‑m i‑meI‑sfb‑p‑w ]‑p\\À h‑nN‑n´\\‑w a‑q‑t¶‑m A‑t©‑m hÀj‑w Ig‑nª‑n«‑p‑w Hc‑p ‑sN‑tbï‑nb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a\\‑pj‑y‑sâ ‑sX‑mg‑ne‑n\\‑p‑w {]‑m]‑vXa‑mh‑m¯ h‑n[‑w, Hc‑p Bhi‑y§fd‑nª‑pÅ ]T\\ c‑oX‑nb‑p‑w A`‑nc‑pN‑nb‑p‑w k‑vI‑nÃ‑p‑w ]c‑n‑t]‑mj‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ k‑ne_k‑p‑w P‑oh‑nX‑w ]T‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶ h‑nZ‑y‑m Ig‑nb‑m‑sX Bk‑z‑mZ\\§f‑p‑sS H‑mÀ½IÄ CS§f‑p‑w A\\‑nh‑mc‑yXb‑mb‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p. a‑m{X‑w _‑m¡‑nb‑m-¡‑n iÞ‑oIc‑n¡‑s¸S‑p¶ a‑md‑nb‑n‑sæ‑n a‑mä‑paX‑pIf‑o ka‑ql‑s¯b‑mIb‑mÂ...`‑oIca‑m‑w h‑n[‑w 32 32

a\\ximkv{X¯nsâ ]pdw ImgvNIÄ ln_ Imcm«v a\\imkv{X¯nsâ ]pdw ImgvNIfn NneXv am{Xw ]dbmw. tI«ncn¡m³ Bsf tXSpt¶m³ {`m´\\mhpw.., a\\ximkv{Xw ]Tn¡pt¶m³ apJw t\\m¡n hn[nsbgpXp¶ tPmÕy\\mIpw. ]Tn¨Xv ]dbp¶Xv Zln¡mXmhpt¼m ]Tnt¨m\\v {`m´pamhpw...

I®S JmenZv dk X¸‑n]‑nS‑n¨‑v Hc‑p h‑n[¯‑n Ah³ ‑tI‑m‑tfP‑n‑se¯‑n. _‑p¡‑n‑seb‑p‑w, ‑t_‑mÀU‑n‑seb‑p‑w hc‑nIÄ Ah\\‑v a§‑nb I‑mg‑vNIf‑mb‑nc‑p¶‑p. \"FS‑m... \\‑n‑sâ ‑tk‑mU‑mI‑p¸‑n‑sbh‑n‑sS?\" Hc‑p¯³ ]c‑nl‑mk‑t¯‑m‑sS ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p. \"]‑mÀ«‑n _‑m\\d‑pIf‑n‑se AÇ‑oe N‑n{X§Ä I‑mW‑p¶X‑ne‑p‑w \\ÃX‑v C‑u a§‑nb I‑mg‑vNIÄ I‑mW‑p¶X‑mW‑v.\" ad‑p]S‑n ]dª‑v Ah³ \\S¶I¶‑p. 34

apl½Zv- PZoÀ {]iv\\w a{Zkbn t]mhp¶ s]¬ Ip«nIfpsS X«amWv {]iv\\w. lÃ! AhÀ B X«w CSp¶Xv AhcpsS Cã {] Imcw Bbncn¡ptam ? C½mXncn InSntemkv-In tNmZyw ! lÃm !!! aZvdkbn t]mhp¶ B¬Ip«nIÄ CSp¶ ]mâpw Ip¸mbhpw AhcpsS Cã{]Imcw Xs¶ Bbncn¡ptam ? AtXm aXw Xe¡v ]nSn¨ c£nXm¡fpsS \\nÀv_Ô{]Imcambncn¡ptam ? B Ip«nIÄ¡v ep¦ntbm, {Suktdm Asæn H¶pw CSmsX t]mhm³ Bbncn¡ptam Cãw ? lsænepw R½Ä B¬ Ipt«ymÄ¡v tNmbv¡m\\pw ]dbm\\pw BcqÃtÃm. lbv-t¡ms« ! 35

Farhan VP All around me I see sin You’ll probably get tan If you divide it by cosine All because of an ancient man The only reason I dread life The only reason trigonometry ran All because of an ancient man By the name of kawarizmi 36

CâÀsh 37

HALF 38

C‑u ‑te Hu‑ «n‑  D]t‑ b‑mK‑n¨‑ncn‑ ¡p‑ ¶ N‑n{X§Ä ‑sX‑m«S‑p¯ k-‑vIq‑ fp‑ Ifn‑  \\‑n¶p‑ ‑w R§Ä ] IÀ¯n‑ bXm‑ Wv‑. CXv‑ km‑ [m‑ cW k-v‑I‑qf‑pIfn‑ s‑ e Ø‑ncw‑ Im‑ g‑vNbm‑ Wv‑. GX‑m\\p‑ w‑ Nn‑ e Nn‑ {X‑ §Ä Iq‑ S‑nbp‑ ïv­‑ ‑sk³kÀjn‑ ¸‑v `b¶v‑ Ch‑ns‑ S s‑ I‑mSp‑ ¡p‑ ¶‑nÃ. Al½Zv- jmln³ ‑tI‑mfP‑pIf‑p‑sSb‑p‑w k‑vI‑qf‑pIf‑p‑sSb‑p‑w, a‑p¡‑ne‑p‑w a‑qeb‑ne‑p‑w a‑q{X¸‑pcb‑ne‑p‑w, Dc‑p«‑nb‑p‑w N‑pc‑p«‑nb‑p‑w ‑sh«‑nb‑p‑saÃ‑mw ‑sXd‑nb‑p‑w I‑pd‑nb‑p‑w ‑tX‑m¶‑nh‑mk§f‑p‑w, F´‑n\\‑v, ‑t_‑mf‑oh‑nb³ I‑mS‑pIf‑n‑se ‑tk‑m I‑mÄU‑v h‑n¹h iÀ±‑ne‑pIf‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑n‑sh¨‑v k‑zb‑w‑t`‑mK k‑pJaSb‑p¶ N‑nec‑pï‑v. ‑tk‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nbb‑n ‑t^¡‑v A¡‑uï‑n h¶‑v Xeb‑p‑w h‑me‑pa‑nÃ‑m¯ Iaâ‑pIf‑p‑w ‑t]‑mÌ‑pIf‑pa‑nd¡‑n Bßk‑w b‑qP‑yaSb‑p¶hc‑psS‑b‑pw Ig¸‑v X‑oÀ¡‑m\\‑mb‑n C³‑t_‑mI‑vk‑pIf‑n Ibd‑n \\‑nc§‑n ‘Aswathi achu' a‑mc‑mI‑p¶ 39

Rc¼‑pIf‑p‑sSb‑pw ‑sI‑mï‑v l‑o‑td‑m BI‑pIb‑p‑w aX‑n. BZÀi§f‑me‑p‑w h‑n¹h‑ a‑sä‑mc‑p ]IÀ¸‑v. ‑sN¿‑p¶ Rc¼‑pIf‑pï‑v. hc‑nIf‑me‑p‑w \\‑n_‑nUa‑mW‑v DÅ‑ne‑pÅ Bib¯‑n\\v C³‑t_‑mI‑vk‑pIf‑ne‑q‑sS _‑m{X‑q‑w N‑pac‑pIÄ. h‑nkÀP‑ya‑mI‑p¶X‑nâ{Xb‑p‑w \\‑nc´c‑w aä‑p k‑v{X‑oIf‑p‑sS \\‑neh‑mca‑nÃ‑m¯X‑v ‑sI‑m‑tï‑m, k‑pJh‑nhca‑t\\‑zj‑n¨‑p C‑u I‑y‑m¼k‑n Z‑pÀKÔ‑w ha‑n¡‑p¶X‑v \\à k‑tl‑mZc·‑mc‑mI‑m³ R§f‑p‑w ]T‑n¨‑nc‑p¶‑p ‑sI‑m‑tï‑m Bb‑nc‑n¡‑m‑w {ia‑n¡‑p¶hc‑pa‑pï‑v. F¶X‑n\\‑v ‑sXf‑nh‑mb‑n ‑sFUâ‑nä‑n ‑shf‑nh‑m¡‑m‑sX AhÀ _‑m¡‑nb‑m¡‑p¶X‑v a‑q{X¸‑pcb‑p‑sSb‑p‑w F ¹‑Ê‑pIf‑m ‑s_©‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w ‑s]‑mX‑p CS§f‑p‑sSb‑p‑w a‑p§‑n¯‑mg‑p¶ ‑tIcf¯‑n‑sâ ‑sUk‑v¡‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w ka‑qla‑m[‑ya§fp‑sS Ie‑meb§f‑n‑te‑s¡‑m¶‑v Fg‑pX‑n¡‑q«‑nb _‑m¨‑n‑sâ ‑t] N‑pac‑pIf‑ne‑p‑saÃ‑m‑w Ibd‑n ‑sNÃ‑pI. N‑pac‑pIf‑p‑w c‑p‑w aä‑pa‑mW‑v. I‑y‑m¼Ê‑n‑se A\\‑mhi‑y§f‑p‑w ‑s_©‑pIf‑p‑w I‑p¯‑nhcb‑p‑sS K‑y‑m‑§‑pIf‑p‑sS ‑t]c‑p‑w AhÀ AÃ‑m¯X‑p‑w ‑tI‑md‑n kÀ¤‑mßIXIf‑m ]‑n´‑pSc‑p¶ ]‑mÀ«‑nIf‑p‑sS ‑sh¡‑p¶X‑v. \\‑ndª‑p I‑nS¡‑p¶‑pï‑mI‑p‑w. ‑t]c‑p‑w Bg¯‑n hcª‑p I‑m‑se‑mS‑nª ‑sUk‑vI‑pIf‑p‑w ‑sh¡‑p¶hc‑pa‑pï‑v. tk‑mj‑y a‑oU‑nb l‑mÀÍ‑nk‑vI‑nÃ‑m¯ I¼‑y‑q«À ‑t]‑mÌ‑pIÄ¡‑v X‑m‑sg ‑t^¡‑v e‑m_‑pIf‑p‑w, N‑pac‑n\\‑p ‑te‑mI‑mÛ‑pX‑ A¡‑uï‑pIf‑n h¶‑p a‑pIf‑n‑te¡‑v I‑meSb‑mf§f‑p‑w §f‑n ‑s]« X‑mP‑va‑le‑n‑sâ I‑p¯‑n¯‑nc‑n¸‑v Dï‑m¡‑pIb‑p‑w \\a‑p¡‑v I‑mW‑m‑w. k‑vI‑qf‑n‑sâ a‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w J‑pX‑p_‑v Bf‑pI‑sf ‑ta‑mia‑mb‑n N‑pä‑p]‑mS‑v a‑pg‑ph³ a‑nT‑mb‑n a‑n\\‑md‑nsâ a‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p N‑n{X‑oIc‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w, ISe‑mk‑pIf‑me‑p‑w, hnt\\mZ Ncn{X k©mc ] aä‑pÅhc‑p‑sS C³‑t_‑mI‑vk‑n ‑t]¸d‑pIf‑me‑p‑w h‑r¯‑nl‑o\\ cnkc§fnepw F´n\\v, ‑sN¶‑v Ak`‑ya‑mb a‑mW‑v. Hc‑p Ie‑meb {] sdbnÂth tÌj\\pIfpsS `‑mjb‑n ‑tX‑m¶‑nh‑mk§Ä Wb‑s¯ I‑sï¯‑ph‑m³ _m{¯qanepw sI.Fkv. Fg‑pX‑pIb‑p‑w AÇ‑oe N‑n{X‑ ‑s_©‑pIf‑p‑w N‑pac‑pIf‑p‑w BÀ.Sn.kn _Ênsâ koänsâ §Ä Ab¨‑p‑sI‑mS‑p¯‑v a‑q{X¸‑pcIf‑p‑w ]cX‑nb‑m ]ndInep‑saÃmw Fg‑pX‑nb‑p‑w hc¨‑p‑w B\\µ‑w I‑sï¯‑p¶ N‑ne a‑t\\‑m‑tc‑mK‑nIf‑pï‑v. Hc‑p hk‑vX‑ph‑p‑w AX‑n‑sâ X\\X‑mb c‑oX‑nb‑n \\‑ne\\‑n¡‑p¶X‑v Cãa‑nÃ‑m¯ N‑neÀ, k¼‑qÀ® a‑t\\‑ml‑mc‑nXb‑n AX‑n‑s\\ I‑mW‑p‑t¼‑mÄ Ah‑ c\\‑p`h‑n¡‑p¶ Hc‑p a‑m\\k‑nI ]‑nc‑na‑pd‑p¡a‑pï‑v. C¯c‑w Fg‑p¯‑pIf‑p‑w hcIf‑p‑w I‑mW‑p‑t¼‑mÄ h‑n‑tZi‑nIf‑mb‑n \\½‑p‑sS \\‑m«‑n‑se¯‑p¶ b‑m{X¡‑mc‑p‑sS a\\Ê‑pIf‑n C´‑y¡‑m‑sc¡‑pd‑n¨‑v c‑q]‑s¸S‑p¶ Hc‑p {] X‑nO‑mbb‑pï‑v. h‑nI‑rXa‑mb l‑rZba‑pÅhÀ I‑mcW‑w Hc‑p P\\Xb‑p‑sS k‑wk‑vI‑mch‑p‑w 40

h‑nI‑rXa‑mI‑p¶‑p. X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n ^‑n³e³U‑n‑se h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk ‑s‑shh‑n²‑ya‑mÀ¶ C‑u {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (A) X‑p- k{¼Z‑mb‑s¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w c‑mP‑y‑s¯ {][‑m\\ e‑y-X-b‑p‑w {S‑p-¯‑n {b‑p‑w h‑mN‑mec‑mI‑p¶, Ad_‑n Øe§‑sfÃ‑m‑w {] (Acce‑s‑s) X‑p-e‑y-X- \\‑mS‑pIf‑n‑se IS‑pI«‑n Wb‑n\\‑nIf‑p‑sS \\‑ma§f‑me‑p‑w \\‑nba§Ä Ch‑n‑sS ‑sa‑m‑s‑s_ \\¼d‑pIf‑me‑p‑w b‑p‑w h¶‑m a‑m{X‑ta \\½‑p‑sS \\‑ndª‑nc‑n¡‑pIb‑mW‑v. \\‑mS‑v \\¶‑mI‑q F¶‑v ] \\‑s«Ã‑nÃ‑m¯ C¯c‑w {] Hc‑n¡‑n‑s¡‑mS‑p¡‑p‑ta‑m dª‑v \\½‑p‑sS \\‑m«‑pI‑mÀ hÀ¯‑nIf‑ne‑q‑sS k‑t´‑mj‑w F¶‑pI‑q‑sS N‑n´‑n¡‑pI. hg‑nbc‑nI‑n‑te¡‑v ¹‑mÌ‑nI‑v I‑sï¯‑pIb‑mW‑v N‑neÀ. I‑p¸‑nIf‑p‑w aä‑p ‑th Ì‑pIf‑p‑w ‑s]‑mX‑p he‑n‑s¨d‑nb‑p¶‑p. ] N‑pac‑pIf‑ne‑p‑w CS§f‑n‑se hk‑vX‑p¡Ä c‑nkc§Ä h‑r¯‑nl‑o\\ ‑s]‑mX‑p CS§f‑ne‑p‑w Bc‑p‑tSX‑paÃ‑mX‑mI‑p¶, a‑m¡‑p¶X‑ne‑q‑sSb‑p‑w Fg‑pX‑p¶X‑p‑w I‑p¯‑n F¶‑m FÃ‑mhÀ¡‑p‑w a‑q{X¸‑pcb‑ne‑p‑w aä‑p‑w hcb‑v¡‑p¶X‑p‑w \\½‑p‑sS I‑p¯‑n hcb‑v¡‑m³ ] ‑tX‑m¶‑nh‑mk§f‑p‑w k‑z‑mX{´‑ya‑m‑sW¶‑p‑w ä‑p¶, \\i‑n¸‑n¡‑m³ ‑sXd‑nIf‑p‑w ‑t{]a‑teJ\\§f‑p‑w AX‑n‑se‑m¶‑p‑w b‑m‑sX‑mc‑ph‑n[ AÀlXb‑pÅ H¶‑mb‑n«‑mW‑v Fg‑pX‑n hb‑v¡‑p¶X‑ne‑q‑sSb‑p‑w ‑sXä‑pIf‑p‑a‑n‑sö‑p‑w ] Ah I‑mW‑s¸S‑p¶X‑v. a‑t\\‑ml‑mc‑nX dª‑p \\S¡‑p¶ h‑nZ‑y‑mÀ°‑n lÀ¯‑me‑pIÄ¡‑p‑w I‑sï¯‑pIb‑mW‑v N‑neÀ. h‑n¹h k‑wLS\\If‑pï‑v. kac§Ä¡‑pa‑nSb‑n ‑s]‑mX‑p C‑sX‑m‑s¡b‑mW‑v k‑z‑mX‑ a‑pXe‑pIÄ I¯‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w ‑C¯c‑w k‑mU‑nÌ‑v {´‑yh‑p‑w kÀK‑mßIXb‑p‑w AS‑n¨‑pXIÀ¡‑pIb‑p‑w a‑t\\‑m‑s‑shIe‑ya‑pÅh‑sc F¶‑mW‑v h‑nZ‑y‑mk¼¶À ‑sN¿‑p‑t¼‑mÄ C‑sXÃ‑m‑w N‑nI‑nÕ‑n¡‑p¶X‑ne‑p‑w F¶‑v k‑zb‑w \\‑m«‑n‑se H‑m‑tc‑mc‑p¯c‑p‑sSb‑p‑w AhÀ¡‑v \\·b‑p‑sS ]‑mX h‑n‑tij‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶hÀ AhI‑mia‑m‑sW¶ ‑t_‑m[‑y‑w I‑mW‑n¨‑p ‑sI‑mS‑p¡‑p¶X‑ne‑p‑w h‑ni‑zk‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w \\a‑p¡‑nÃ‑mX‑m‑h‑pIb‑mW‑v. \\½‑p‑sS h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mk h‑ni‑zk‑n¸‑n¡‑pIb‑p‑w ]«W§‑sf a‑t\\‑mlca‑m¡‑m³ k{¼Z‑mbh‑p‑w A[‑y‑m] ‑sN¿‑p¶X‑v Fs´mcp timI‑ Ie‑mI‑mc·‑mÀ AÀ°h¯‑mb Ic‑p‑w ka‑qlh‑p‑w ] amWv‑. k‑z´‑w h‑oS‑n‑sâ N‑n{X§Ä hc¨‑nS‑p‑t¼‑mÄ c‑mPb‑s¸«‑nc‑n¡‑p¶‑p N‑pac‑pIf‑n‑te‑m, ]‑mÀ«‑n Z‑nhk§Ä¡I‑w F¶‑pÅX‑v h‑mk‑vXha‑mW‑v. H‑m^‑ok‑pIf‑n‑te‑m, F´‑n\\‑v, AX‑n\\‑pa‑pIf‑n c‑m{ã‑o ‑sI‑mS‑nac§f‑n ‑sX‑mS‑m³ b]‑mÀ«‑nIf‑p‑tSb‑p‑w aä‑p‑w amtd­nbncn¡p¶p, ‑t]‑me‑p‑w k½X‑n¡‑m¯ ‑t]‑mÌd‑pIf‑p‑w _‑m\\d‑pIf‑p‑w FÃmw. Cu ]cnkch‑ {]Ø‑m\\§Ä¡‑v ]X‑n¸‑n¡‑p¶‑p. Z‑oÀL‑t\\ pw Npäp]mSpw kIeXpw C¯c‑w I‑mc‑y§f‑n c‑s¯ A[‑z‑m\\¯‑n\\‑p‑w FtâXv IqSnbmsW¶ at\\ A`‑n{]‑mb‑w ]db‑ph‑m³ N‑n´IÄ¡‑p‑sa‑mS‑ph‑n m`mh¯n \\n¶pw, AXnsâ b‑m‑sX‑mcÀlXb‑pa‑nÃ. hc¨‑nS‑p¶ N‑n{X§Ä ipNnXzhpw kwc£Whpw N‑pac‑pIf‑n hc¡‑p¶X‑n‑sâ If¦‑s¸S‑p¯‑n AX‑ne‑q‑sS Fsâbpw _m[yXbmsW¶ k‑z‑mX{´‑y‑s¯¡‑pd‑n¨‑v k‑pJ‑w I‑sï¯‑p¶hc‑pa‑pï‑v. Nn´bnte¡v Hmtcm ] k‑wk‑mc‑n¡‑p¶X‑n\\‑v a‑p¼‑v, uc\\pw hftc­kabw AX‑ k‑z´‑w h‑o«‑paX‑ne‑p‑w P¸‑m\\‑n‑se n{Ian¨ncn¡p¶p. ]‑mÀ«‑n H‑m^‑ok‑pIf‑p‑w h‑r¯‑n‑sbI‑pd‑n¨‑p‑w Bf‑pIÄ¡‑v Fg‑pX‑m\\‑p‑w A¯cw Nn´m Bibh‑n\\‑nab‑w \\S¯‑m\\‑p‑w hfÀ¨bpsS {]`h tI{µ§fmbn amdm³ Ieme‑ b§Ä¡v km[n¡s«... 41

Häs¸«p aSp¯p. ]n¶oSv AX§v ioeambn. apl½Zv Aao³ hc‑m´b‑n ‑tX‑mf‑n ‑s‑sI‑tI‑mÀ¯‑p k‑ul‑rZ‑w ]¦‑nS‑m³ Ahc‑mc‑p‑w F‑sâ I‑q‑sS h¶‑nÃ. F‑sâ ‑t{]a‑teJ\\‑w X‑pd¡‑m³ ‑t]‑me‑p‑w AhÄ I‑q«‑m¡‑nb‑nÃ. Ah[‑n Z‑n\\§f‑n kab‑w ]¦‑nS‑m³ AhÀ F‑s¶ a‑m{X‑w h‑nf‑n¨‑nÃ. R‑m\\c‑nI‑n‑se¯‑nb‑m Ahc‑p‑sS ]ck‑y Xa‑miIÄ k‑zI‑mc‑ya‑mI‑p¶‑p. R‑m‑s\\‑mc‑p ‑sI‑me]‑mXI‑n‑tb‑m, ‑sI‑mS‑p‑w I‑päh‑mf‑n‑tb‑m AÃ. F‑sâ I‑q‑sS ]T‑n¡‑p¶hc‑n Hc‑p¯‑t\\‑mS‑v F‑sâ {]i‑v\\‑sa´‑m ‑sW¶‑v ‑tN‑mZ‑n¨‑p. aS‑n‑tb‑mS‑v I‑q‑sS Ah³ ]dª‑p. F\\‑n¡‑v a‑mcI‑tc‑mKa‑m‑sW¶‑p‑w AX‑n‑sâ ‑t]c‑v ]T‑n¸‑n F¶‑m‑sW¶‑p‑w 42

e\\ ^m¯na t{]-a teJ\\w kJn‑ ‑sb, Rm‑ ³ \\n‑ ¶n‑  Dcªp‑ X‑ocp‑ Ib‑mWv‑. C\\‑nbp‑ ‑w \\o‑ ‑sb‑t´ H¶‑p‑w a‑n>m‑ ‑sX, Ip‑ ¯‑n t‑ \\‑mh‑n¨‑p‑w, ‑sh«n‑ b‑p‑w Rm‑ ³ \\‑ns‑ ¶ Hc‑p]m‑ Sv‑ D]{Zhn‑ ¨p‑ . F¶n‑ «p‑ w‑ \\o‑ s‑ bt‑ ´ au‑ \\w‑ ]m‑ en‑ ¡‑p¶Xv‑. \\n‑ s‑ â au‑ \\‑w Fs‑ ¶ Iq‑ Sp‑ X \\n‑ ¶‑n‑te¡v‑ BIÀj‑n¡‑p¶p‑ . HS‑phn‑ Â, \\n‑ ¶‑nem‑ W‑v F³ \\‑s«Ãn‑ ³ ]‑mX‑n F¶‑v R‑m³ Xn‑ c‑n¨dn‑ ªp‑ . \\o‑ F\\n‑ ¡‑mbn‑ \\n‑ À½‑n¡s‑ ¸«hf‑mWv‑. \\‑obn‑ s‑ æn‑  R‑m\\n‑ Ã. FSo‑ ]‑pkv‑XI‑ta... F¶v‑ ‑t]\\ 43

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Al½Zv jmln³ C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-‑sb‑m-¶‑m‑w \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS B-Z‑y h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b-a‑m-W‑v F³. C. ]‑n 2020. h-c‑p‑w hÀ-j-§-f‑n-‑se C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS h‑n-I-k-\\-¯‑n-\\‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-b ]-e A-\\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-X-I-f‑p‑w ‑t\\-S‑n-‑sb-S‑p-¡‑m³ C‑u \\-b‑w e-£‑y‑w ‑sh-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k L-S-\\-b‑p-‑sS k-a‑q-e-a‑m-b ]‑p-\\-{I-a‑o-I-c-W‑w C‑u \\-b‑w B-h-i‑y-‑s¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. `-c-W-\\‑nÀ-Æ-l-W-¯‑n-e‑p‑w, N-«-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w h-e‑n-b a‑m-ä-§Ä h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-\\-b‑w H‑m-‑tc‑m h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {I‑n-b‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑p-‑sS ]‑p-‑tc‑m-K-X‑n-¡‑v D‑u-¶Â \\Â-I‑p-¶‑p. k‑m-£- c-X, k‑w-J‑y‑m-‑t_‑m-[‑w F-¶‑o A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ ‑ti-j‑n-I-f‑p‑w, h‑n-aÀ-i-\\ N‑n-´, {]-i‑v-\\ ]-c‑n-l-c-W ‑ti-j‑n F-¶‑o D-¶-X ‑s‑sh-Ú‑m-\\‑n-I ‑ti-j‑n-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶- ‑tX‑m-‑sS‑m-¸‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-‑sS k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I ‑s‑s\\-X‑n-I, ‑s‑sh-I‑m-c‑n-I ‑ti-j‑n-b‑p‑w, K‑p-W-§-f‑p‑w i-à‑n-‑s¸-S‑p-¯-W-‑sa-¶ X-X‑z‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w B-i-b‑p‑w, {]-X‑o-£-‑tb‑m-S‑p-‑sa‑m-¸‑w B-i-¦-b‑p‑w B-I‑p-e-X-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v \\-a‑p-¡‑v k-½‑m-\\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. 2030 ‑te-¡‑p-Å k‑p-Ø‑n-c h‑n-I-k-\\ A-P-ï-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸-S‑p-¯‑n {]‑m-]‑y-X-b‑p‑w (Access) X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑p‑w (Equity) K‑p-W-‑ta-·-b‑p-Å-X‑p‑w (Quality) X‑m-§‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v (Affordability) D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-a‑p-Å-X‑p-a‑m-b (Accountabli‑ ty) A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ X-X‑z-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w F-¶-h-I‑m-i- 48 48

‑s¸-S‑p-‑t¼‑m-g‑p‑w, C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS L-S-\\-b‑n-‑te-b‑p‑w I-c‑n-¡‑p-e‑w A-\\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k {]-{I‑n-b-b‑n ‑tI-{µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ G-I \\‑n-e-\\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\\ ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑n-‑te-b‑p‑w h‑n-‑tI-{µ‑o- ]-£‑o-b-a‑m-b A-a‑n-X C-S-‑s]-S- k‑u-I-c‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a, U‑n-P‑n-ä e‑p-IÄ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑y-h-Ø- A-´-c‑w, k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I k‑m-¼- I‑r-X D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-¯-c‑o-X‑n ‑sb-b‑p‑w, \\-b-k-a‑o-]-\\-§-‑sf- ¯‑n-I A-´-c‑w, a-X‑n-b‑m-b b‑p‑w, [-\\ h‑n-\\‑n-‑tb‑m-K-‑t¯-b‑p‑w A-[‑y‑m-]-I-c‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a, I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p- C-´‑y-b‑p-‑sS ]‑p-X‑n-b \\-b-¯‑n- G-I (Unitary) \\‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n-‑te- ‑sS ‑sI‑m-g‑n-ª‑p-‑t]‑m-¡‑v, ]T-\\ ¡‑v \\-b‑n-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v `-b-‑s¸- ]‑n-‑t¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\- e‑n-Ã. ‑tS-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ‑s^-U-d- b‑p-Å k-¦‑oÀ-W-a‑m-b {]-i‑v-\\- e‑n-k-‑s¯ X-IÀ-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑p‑w §-‑sf a-d‑n-I-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑p-Å 1976 ‑se `-c-W-L- `-b-‑s¸-‑tS-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k-a-{K-a‑m-b {i-a-‑ta‑m {]-hÀ-¯- \\ ]-²-X‑n-I-‑tf‑m F³. C. ]‑n S-\\‑m ‑t`-Z-K-X‑n h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w tI-{µ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k 2020 a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v ‑sh-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a-{´‑n A-[‑y-£-\\‑m-b I¬-I-dâ‑v e‑n-Ì‑v-te-¡‑v a‑m- C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-‑sb‑m- c‑m-{ã‑o-b i‑n-£ ¶‑m‑w \\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-‑se B-Z‑y ä‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-X-\\‑p-k-c‑n- B-‑tb‑m-K‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w a‑p-‑t¶‑m-«‑v (RSA), ‑sh-¡‑p-¶ h‑o-£-W-h‑p‑w {]- ¨‑v c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-‑sâ ‑s^-U-d b‑q hÀ-¯-\\ ]-²-X‑n-b‑p‑w L-S-\\- b‑p‑w ]-S‑n-ª‑m-d³ ‑ta‑m-U þ h‑y-h-Ø a‑p³-\\‑nÀ-¯‑n, C-´‑y- {]-‑tX‑y-I‑n-¨‑v A-‑ta-c‑n-¡³ ‑ta‑m- U h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k L-S-\\-b‑p‑w b‑p-‑sS _-l‑p-k‑z-c-X ]-c‑n- ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n k-a‑o-]-\\-§-f‑p-a‑m- W‑v. F-¶‑m A-‑ta-c‑n-¡ K-W‑n-¨‑v ‑tZ-i‑o-b DÄ-‑s¸-‑sS-b‑p-Å c‑m- P‑y-§Ä X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v \\-b-¯‑n-\\-\\‑p-k- ‑t]‑m-c‑p-¶ c‑n-¨‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\\- §-‑sf-S‑p-¡‑m³, \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ k‑w-Ø‑m-\\-§Ä- ¡‑v \\‑m-f‑n-X‑p-h-‑sc I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w 94 49

-W‑n-‑th-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n F³-{S³-k‑v ¶‑p-‑sh-¶‑p‑w, A-´À-‑tZ-i‑o-b a‑q-¶‑p h-b-Ê‑v a‑p-X ]-c‑o-£-IÄ-¡‑p-Å \\‑m-j-W \\‑n-e-h‑m-c-‑s¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨p‑w h‑m- 18 h-b-Ê‑p-h-‑sc \\‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X ‑sS-Ì‑n‑w-K‑v G-P³-k‑n (NTA), N‑m-e-a‑m-I-‑p-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m- h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑v \\‑m-j-W A-e-b³-k‑v ‑t^‑mÀ `‑y‑m-k \\-b‑w ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶ \\-b-‑tc-J ‑sk-¡³-U- ‑sS-I‑v-t\\‑m-f-P‑n (NEAT), K-‑th-j- e-L‑q-I-c‑n-¡-W-‑sa-¶‑v B-h- d‑n X-e-¯‑n F-«‑p -a‑p-X 12 W‑m‑wK‑o-I‑m-c-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-‑s¸- i‑y-‑s¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN-¿‑p-¶‑p. h-‑sc ‑sk-a-Ì-‑s‑sd-‑tk-j-\\‑p‑w, «‑v \\‑m-j-W d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v I-c‑n-¡‑p-e-¯‑n {]‑m-‑tZ-i‑n-I aÄ-«‑n-¸‑nÄ F-I-‑vk‑n-ä‑v F³-{S³- ^‑u-‑tï-j³ (NRF), ‑tZ-i‑o-b k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ X‑p-S-cW-‑sa-¶‑v k‑v k-{¼-Z‑m-b-h‑p‑w \\-S-¸‑n-e‑m- X-e-¯‑n F³-k‑n-C-BÀ- ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w, ]‑mT‑y-]-²-X‑nb‑p‑w, ¡‑p-‑sa-¶‑p‑w {]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. S‑n (NCERT) X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶ ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑p‑w, NACSE C-X‑v c-ï‑p‑w X-½‑n ‑tb‑m-P‑n-¨‑p ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§Ä h‑n-e-b‑n- h-g‑n ‑tI-{µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑sN- ‑t]‑m-I‑p-¶-‑sX-§-‑s\\-‑sb-¶‑v c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\\‑p-Å \\‑m-j-W ¿‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑v {]-{I‑n-b-b‑n-‑se \\‑b-‑tc-J h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-Ê-Ê‑v-saâ‑v ‑t^‑mÀ k-‑vI‑qÄ ‑s‑sh-h‑n-²‑y-]‑qÀ-®-a‑m-b A-‑t\\‑z- F-U‑y‑q-‑t¡-j³ (NASCE) j-W-h-g‑n-I-f‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w {]‑m-‑tZ- a‑q-¶‑p h-b-Ê‑p a‑p-X F-¶‑n-§-‑s\\ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k i‑n-I DÂ-¡À-‑tj-¨-I-f‑p-‑sS-b‑p‑w 18 h-b-Ê‑p h-‑sc-b‑p-Å F-Ã‑m {]-{I‑n-b-b‑p-‑sS A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I `-c- X‑n-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m- I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w W X-e-§-‑sf-‑sb-Ã‑m‑w h‑y-X‑y- I‑p‑w. k‑v-X Ø‑m-]-\\-§-f‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø- I-f‑p‑w h-g‑n G-I‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w ‑tI-{µ‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w h-g‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\\ kÀ- ¡‑m-d‑p-I-f‑p-‑sS A-h-I‑m- i-§Ä X‑n-c-k-‑v I-c‑n-¡‑p- ¶-X‑n- ‑te-¡p‑w, ‑tI-{µ-kÀ- ¡‑m-c‑n-‑sâ \\-b k-a‑o-]-\\-§Ä G-I-]-£‑o-b-a‑m- b‑n \\-S-¸‑m-¡‑p- ¶-X‑n-‑te-¡p‑w h-g‑n-‑sX-f‑n- ¡‑p‑w. h‑n-I- k‑n-X c‑m-P‑y-§- f‑n-‑se L-S-\\-b‑p‑w, ‑ta‑m-U-e‑p‑w k-a‑o-]-\\-§-f‑p‑w ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p- 50