KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM NGỮ VĂN 7 - CÁNH DIỀU

["III. \u0110\u1eccC HI\u1ec2U V\u0102N B\u1ea2N: \u00d4NG \u0110\u1ed2 1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: 1.1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean: - V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean, sinh 1913 m\u1ea5t 1996, qu\u00ea g\u1ed1c H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o (nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n), d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. - V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cho phong tr\u00e0o th\u01a1 M\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 (ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3) - Phong c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c: mang n\u1eb7ng n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m x\u01b0a, n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n v\u1ecdng - T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (kho\u1ea3ng 10 b\u00e0i th\u01a1): B\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i ba tu\u1ed5i h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, H\u1ed3n x\u01b0a, L\u0169y tre xanh, Nh\u1edb Cao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t, v\u1ecbnhCao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t\u2026 1.2. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o \u201cTinh hoa\u201d n\u0103m 1936. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho h\u1ed3n th\u01a1 V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean. 1.3. Th\u1ec3 th\u01a1, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u1ea7n, nh\u1ecbp: - Th\u1ec3 th\u01a1: N\u0103m ch\u1eef (Ng\u0169 ng\u00f4n) - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t: Bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 gieo v\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, trong m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5, ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u 1 v\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u 3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u 2 v\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u 4. - Ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp: 2\/3, 3\/2 51","1.4. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n: - Ph\u1ea7n 1: (Kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 1 + 2): H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0a - Ph\u1ea7n 2: (Kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 3 + 4): H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean - Ph\u1ea7n 3: Kh\u1ed5 5: N\u1ed7i ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 1.5. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1: - K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u201cM\u1ed7i n\u0103m hoa \u0111\u00e0o n\u1edf - L\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00e0\u201d, k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u201cN\u0103m nay hoa \u0111\u00e0o l\u1ea1i n\u1edf - Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0a\u201d. - K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1. T\u1ee9 th\u01a1 \u201cc\u1ea3nh c\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u\u201d trong th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. 2. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: 2.1. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0a: - T\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, hoa \u0111\u00e0o n\u1edf, ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1 t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xe n\u01b0\u1eddm n\u01b0\u1ee3p qua l\u1ea1i - m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f4ng vui, nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp; m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh gi\u00e0u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eafn, r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. - N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u1eefa trung t\u00e2m b\u1ee9c tranh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. \u00d4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, t\u00f4n vinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \\\"Bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea vi\u1ebft. T\u1ea5m t\u1eafc ng\u1ee3i khen t\u00e0i\\\". - H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng ho\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f4ng vui, n\u00e1o n\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y gi\u00e1p T\u1ebft. => \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 - t\u00e2m linh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. 2.2. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean: 52","- \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, xung quanh \u00f4ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \\\"v\u1eabn ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5y\\\", gi\u1eefa ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng l\u1ebb loi, l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng, kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft, \\\"kh\u00f4ng ai hay\\\". - T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1, hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1: \\\"Gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecf bu\u00f4\u0300n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafm M\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean s\u1ea7u\\\" - N\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5m th\u00eda nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n t\u1ee7i, x\u00f3t xa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nho bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf. N\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n t\u1ee7i th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm l\u00ean c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \\\"ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5y\\\" ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i t\u1ea5n bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1, suy s\u1ee5p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n Nho h\u1ecdc. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \\\"l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng\\\" l\u00eca c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \\\"m\u01b0a b\u1ee5i bay\\\" trong tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh mang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1, s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3. => Hai kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed7i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ea3nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i x\u00f3t xa l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd, n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp nh\u00e0 nho bu\u1ed5i giao th\u1eddi. 2.3. Kh\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i: N\u00f4\u0303i ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3: - Hoa \u0111\u00e0o v\u1eabn n\u1edf, T\u1ebft v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, quy lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u1eefa: \\\"Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0a.\\\" T\u1ee9 th\u01a1: c\u1ea3nh c\u0169 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u00f4n n\u0103m c\u0169\\\" g\u1ee3i l\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m 53","th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. - \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u00f4n n\u0103m c\u0169\\\", tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 nho v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \\\"bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea vi\u1ebft\\\" th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \\\"h\u1ed3n\\\" \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00e9t sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. - Hai c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tu t\u1eeb, \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n. D\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o im l\u1eb7ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean bao n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i day d\u1ee9t, ti\u1ebfc nh\u1edb, th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i mong \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i, g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua. 2.4. T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua gi\u1ecdng th\u01a1 l\u00fac h\u00e2n hoan, l\u00fac tr\u1ea7m l\u1eafng; qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u1eb9p t\u01b0\u01a1i, l\u00fac r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng t\u00e0n t\u1ea1; qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n, n\u1ed7i day d\u1ee9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111ang l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c ph\u1ed1 khu\u1ea5t d\u00f5i theo s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m m\u1ebfn y\u00eau, th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nh\u1edb ti\u1ebfc r\u01b0ng r\u01b0ng. 3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u: C\u00e2u 1: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ai v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec? Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129 g\u00ec? 54","G\u1ee3i \u00fd - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi x\u01b0a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i th\u1eb3m s\u00e2u t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh c\u0169, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a C\u00e2u 2: N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o? C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. - Qua \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v\u1eafng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. C\u00e2u 3: Ch\u1ec9 ra v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u1edf c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 1, 2 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 3, 4. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea5y n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - Kh\u1ed5 1+2: h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef nho ng\u00e0y T\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng - Kh\u1ed5 3+4: v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian \u1ea5y, th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c: v\u1eafng v\u1ebb theo t\u1eebng n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea vi\u1ebft\\\". 55","=> S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, \u00f4ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00fa ch\u01a1i c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. C\u00e2u 4: Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb n\u00e0o? N\u00eau t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3. G\u1ee3i \u00fd * C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u00e0i: - Nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a: \u201cGi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecf bu\u00f4\u0300n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafm M\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean s\u1ea7u\u201d => Gi\u1ea5y, m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00ean bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. - So s\u00e1nh: \u201cHoa tay th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t Nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00faa, r\u1ed3ng bay\u201d => T\u00e0i n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb9p, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00faa, r\u1ed3ng bay. C\u00e2u 5: N\u00eau c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a em v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u th\u01a1 sau: \u201cGi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecf bu\u00f4\u0300n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafm; M\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean s\u1ea7u\u2026\u201d \u201cL\u00e1 v\u00e0ng r\u01a1i tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y; Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a bu\u0323i bay\u201d Theo em, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh hay t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh? V\u00ec sao? G\u1ee3i \u00fd Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1: \u201cGi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecf bu\u00f4\u0300n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafm; 56","M\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean s\u1ea7u\u2026\u201d \u201cL\u00e1 v\u00e0ng r\u01a1i tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y; Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a bu\u0323i bay\u201d - L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ea5y, m\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ea7u bu\u1ed3n. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, c\u00e1i bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m sang c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt? L\u00e1 v\u00e0ng, m\u01b0a b\u1ee5i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n. L\u00e1 l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafm, m\u01b0a b\u1ee5i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 nho\u00e8 m\u1edd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p. - Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc C\u00e2u 6: Qua b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3, em hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5c \u201cxin ch\u1eef\u201d m\u00f4\u0303i d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, xu\u00e2n v\u1ec1? N\u1ebfu v\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda cho b\u00e0i th\u01a1, em s\u1ebd v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0o? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ee5c khai b\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen xin ch\u1eef v\u00e0 cho ch\u1eef v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y T\u1ebft c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m mang nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ch\u1eef l\u1ea5y may m\u1eafn, c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u00e0i l\u1ed9c, ph\u00fac th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e0. - \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda do h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111ang c\u1eb7m c\u1ee5i vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef\u2026) IV. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH TI\u1ebeNG VI\u1ec6T 1. T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a: 57","1.1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e2u th\u01a1 sau r\u1ed3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201c\u0110\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng r\u1ecdi, Ng\u1ee1 m\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee7 s\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u1ea9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn tr\u0103ng s\u00e1ng, C\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1edb c\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u201d (C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 trong \u0111\u00eam thanh t\u0129nh \u2013 L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch) \\\"Khi \u0111i tr\u1ebb, l\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 Gi\u1ecdng qu\u00ea v\u1eabn th\u1ebf, t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c bao\u201d (Ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean vi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n bu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea \u2013 H\u1ea1 Tri Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) a) T\u00ecm trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch th\u01a1 C\u1ea3m nghi\u0303 trong \u0111\u00eam thanh ti\u0303nh c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2\u0303u nhi\u00ean vi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n bu\u00f4\u0309i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng San c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a. b) T\u00ecm t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1eeb gi\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p rau gi\u00e0, cau gi\u00e0. 1.2. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: a) C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a: - ng\u1ea9ng - c\u00fai (C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 trong \u0111\u00eam thanh t\u0129nh); - tr\u1ebb - gi\u00e0, \u0111i - tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i (Ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean vi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n bu\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea). b) T\u00ecm t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1eeb gi\u00e0: - tre\u0309 - gi\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c; - Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p rau gi\u00e0, cau gi\u00e0, tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 non (rau non, cau non) 1.3. Ghi nh\u1edb: a. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: - T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. 58","- M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau b. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a: T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh, l\u00e0m cho l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00eam sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. 2. So s\u00e1nh: 2.1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh so s\u00e1nh? Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nhau? D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? So s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec? Tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0 b\u00fap tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh Bi\u1ebft \u0103n ng\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ngoan 2.2. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: * T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh so s\u00e1nh: Tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0 b\u00fap tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh. * C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh: \u201cTr\u1ebb em\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u201cb\u00fap tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh\u201d. * C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. - Tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m non c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi b\u00fap tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh, m\u1ea7m non c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1i non, \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, chan ch\u1ee9a hi v\u1ecdng. - M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: T\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi m\u1ebb cho s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t phong ph\u00fa, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. 2.3. Ghi nh\u1edb: 59","a. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: So s\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. b. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh so s\u00e1nh: V\u1ebf A Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ss T\u1eeb ss V\u1ebf B Tr\u1ebb em Nh\u01b0 B\u00fap tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh 3. C\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n: 3.1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch sau v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: V\u1ebb nghi ng\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1eafc m\u1eb7t, con b\u00e9 h\u00f3m h\u1ec9nh h\u1ecfi m\u1eb9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft tha: (1)- S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea5m u c\u00f3 \u0111au l\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1ecb D\u1eadu kh\u1ebd g\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft: - Kh\u00f4ng \u0111au con \u1ea1! (2)- Th\u1ebf l\u00e0m sao u c\u1ee9 kh\u00f3c m\u00e3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n khoai? (3) Hay l\u00e0 u th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang con \u0111\u00f3i qu\u00e1? (Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1, T\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n) - Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch tr\u00ean, c\u00e2u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n? Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n? - C\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch tr\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? 3.2. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: - C\u00e1c c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean l\u00e0: c\u00e2u (1), (2), (3). - \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: khi n\u00f3i, ta nh\u1ea5n gi\u1ecdng \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi (kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf sao, hay l\u00e0\u2026). Khi vi\u1ebft, c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ecfi (?). - C\u00e1c c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi. 60","3.3. Ghi nh\u1edb: a. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: - C\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 c\u00e2u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb nghi v\u1ea5n (ai, g\u00ec, n\u00e0o, sao, t\u1ea1i sao, \u0111\u00e2u, bao gi\u1edd, bao nhi\u00eau, \u00e0, \u01b0, h\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9, (c\u00f3)\u2026kh\u00f4ng, (\u0111\u00e3)\u2026ch\u1ee9\u2026) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb hay (n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u1ebf c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn). - Khi vi\u1ebft, c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ecfi. b. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: - Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi. - D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111e do\u1ea1, b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u2026v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01a3\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi th\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m, d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m than ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m l\u1eedng. c. L\u01b0u \u00fd: D\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ecfi m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n, ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u. 4. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp: C\u00e2u 1: Trong hai kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 M\u1eb9 (\u0110\u00f4\u0303 Trung Lai), c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp (tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c) nhau v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a. H\u00e3y ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec? G\u1ee3i \u00fd Trong hai kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 M\u1eb9 (\u0110\u1ed7 Trung Lai), c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a: - \u201cC\u00f2ng\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cth\u1eb3ng\u201d 61","- \u201cXanh r\u1eddn\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cb\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng\u201d - \u201cCao\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cth\u1ea5p\u201d - \u201cGi\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t\u201d => C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng cau quen thu\u1ed9c. Qua \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7y m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 theo n\u0103m th\u00e1ng C\u00e2u 2: N\u00eau t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3, bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng cau kh\u00f4 Kh\u00f4 g\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 Con n\u00e2ng tr\u00ean tay Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7 (\u0110\u1ed7 Trung Lai) G\u1ee3i \u00fd Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb so s\u00e1nh \u201cKh\u00f4 g\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9\u201d v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 g\u1ea7y m\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng: - Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3: g\u1ee3i l\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 h\u00e9o h\u1eaft, g\u1ea7y gu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng cau kh\u00f4. - Bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m: th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con khi th\u1ea5y m\u1eb9 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t gi\u00e0 \u0111i. Trong hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 cu\u1ed1i, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cn\u00e2ng\u201d th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cc\u1ea7m\u201d di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac x\u00f3t xa khi th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1ea7y m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 th\u00e2n y\u00eau. 62","C\u00e2u 3: C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cSao m\u1eb9 ta gi\u00e0?\u201d trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 M\u1eb9 (\u0110\u00f4\u0303 Trung Lai) c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3? G\u1ee3i \u00fd C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cSao m\u1eb9 ta gi\u00e0?\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u00e2ng qu\u01a1 ng\u1ea9n ng\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con khi ng\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean nh\u00ecn tr\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con b\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0 \u0111i qu\u00e1 nhanh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9, x\u00f3t xa v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qu\u00e1 nhanh k\u00e9o theo tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7y m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 h\u1eb1ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e2u 4: T\u00ecm c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3 (V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean). T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? G\u1ee3i \u00fd C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00d4ng \u0111\u00f4\u0300: - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea vi\u1ebft nay \u0111\u00e2u? - H\u00f4\u0300n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u b\u00e2y gi\u1edd? => C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m khi t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o d\u0129 v\u00e3ng. V. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH \u0110\u1eccC HI\u1ec2U: TI\u1ebeNG G\u00c0 TR\u01afA 1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: 1.1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: 63","- T\u00ean khai sinh l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh sinh n\u0103m 1942 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1988 (trong m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 con), qu\u00ea \u1edf l\u00e0ng La Kh\u00ea, H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - L\u00e0 n\u1eef nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong n\u1ec1n th\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 2017, Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eb7ng Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. - \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01a1: Th\u01a1 Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng rung c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, tha thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb1m th\u1eafm. - M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft cho thi\u1ebfu nhi: M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng (truy\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu nhi, 1981), B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi trong qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng (th\u01a1 v\u0103n thi\u1ebfu nhi, 1982) \u2026 1.2. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u0129, in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u trong t\u1eadp \u201cHoa d\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o\u201d (1968). 1.3. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u1ea7n, nh\u1ecbp b\u00e0i th\u01a1: - Th\u1ec3 th\u01a1: Th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 5 ch\u1eef t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t: Bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m - C\u00e1ch gieo v\u1ea7n trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ea7n trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang v\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u. 64","- C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp 3\/2 ho\u1eb7c 2\/3, c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp 1\/4. 1.4. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c: 3 ph\u1ea7n: - Ph\u1ea7n 1: Kh\u1ed5 1: Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n. - Ph\u1ea7n 2: 5 kh\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfp theo: Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a g\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. - Ph\u1ea7n 3: 2 kh\u1ed5 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a g\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0. 2. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: 2.1. Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n: - Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh: tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n xa, d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n b\u00ean x\u00f3m nh\u1ecf. - \u00c2m thanh ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a: \u201cC\u1ee5c\u2026c\u1ee5c t\u00e1c c\u1ee5c ta\u201d => \u00c2m thanh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. - Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c: + Nghe xao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eafng tr\u01b0a. + Nghe b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecfi. + Nghe g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 - Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 xua tan nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n. 2.2. Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a g\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u: 2.2.1. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1: 65","- H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con g\u00e0 m\u00e1i m\u01a1, m\u00e1i v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5 tr\u1ee9ng h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 tranh. - K\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m: t\u00f2 m\u00f2 xem g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb b\u1ecb b\u00e0 m\u1eafng. - H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1eaft chiu, d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m t\u1eebng qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00e1u. - Ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 mong \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi. => Nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 2.2.2. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u: - B\u00e0 m\u1eafng: \u201cG\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb m\u00e0 m\u00e0y nh\u00ecn\/ R\u1ed3i sau n\u00e0y lang m\u1eb7t\u201d => L\u1eddi m\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, ch\u0103m soc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00e1u. - B\u00e0 ch\u1eaft chiu trong c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m lo cho ch\u00e1u: \u201cTay b\u00e0 khum soi tr\u1ee9ng \u2026 Ch\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi\u201d => T\u00ecnh b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u th\u1eadt s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng, th\u1eafm thi\u1ebft, b\u00e0 ch\u1eaft chiu, ch\u0103m lo, quan t\u00e2m cho ch\u00e1u, ch\u00e1u lu\u00f4n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng b\u00e0. 2.3. Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a g\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0: - Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a mang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c d\u1eady bi\u1ebft bao t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m cao \u0111\u1eb9p: t\u00ecnh b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u, t\u00ecnh x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u2026 Ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111em v\u00e0o gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 h\u1ed3ng s\u1eafc tr\u1ee9ng. - Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (v\u00ec l\u00f2ng y\u00eau T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, 66","v\u00ec x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, v\u00ec b\u00e0\u2026): qua \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eeba cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. - T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam t\u00ecnh y\u00eau T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. 2.4. T\u00ecnh b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1: - T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng. T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u trong k\u00ed \u1ee9c tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129. Do v\u1eady, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n xa, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 c\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i d\u1eady nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 b\u00e0. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eaft chiu, t\u1ea7n t\u1ea3o v\u1edbi bao n\u1ed7i lo, bao ni\u1ec1m mong \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng bao la d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00e1u. - Nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb m\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang! N\u00f3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, lay \u0111\u1ed9ng bao t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb9p d\u00e2ng l\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ra m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. - T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u00e3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh trang theo b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, ti\u1ebfp th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho anh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u00f4m nay. 2.5. \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: a. N\u1ed9i dung: Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u. T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam t\u00ecnh qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. b. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: - Th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 5 ch\u1eef t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. - H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01a1 b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. 67","- S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb. 3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u: C\u00e2u 1: C\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a? C\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Em hi\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0ng \u201cch\u00e1u\u201d trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 ai? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - C\u1ea3m x\u00fac xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i nh\u1edb. - Ngu\u1ed3n kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac: + Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ch\u1ee3t nghe ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a nh\u1ea3y \u1ed5. \u00c2m thanh quen thu\u1ed9c \u1ea5y g\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00e0 m\u00e1i m\u01a1, m\u00e1i v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m nom \u0111\u00f9m b\u1ecdc cho ch\u00e1u. Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u th\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. + Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3m x\u00fac: khi nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a => Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a g\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd => N\u1ed7i nh\u1edb th\u00eam da di\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 t\u1ea7n t\u1ea3o s\u1edbm h\u00f4m. N\u1ed7i nh\u1edb kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4i th\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ea7m s\u00fang l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0ng ch\u00e1u trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ra tr\u1eadn. C\u00e2u 2: D\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1? \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u nh\u1eefng 68","h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m g\u00ec c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1? Em \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t? V\u00ec sao? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - D\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i 3 l\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a 3 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 2, 3 v\u00e0 5. - Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng con g\u00e0 m\u00e1i m\u01a1, m\u00e1i v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5 tr\u1ee9ng h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb9p xinh, m\u1ed9t k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 d\u1ea1i t\u00f2 m\u00f2 xem g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e0 m\u1eafng. Ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 gi\u00e0u l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f9m b\u1ecdc ch\u1eaft chiu ch\u0103m lo tr\u1ecdn l\u00f2ng cho ch\u00e1u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m mong \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n g\u00e0. \u01af\u1edbc mong t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean \u1ea5y \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1. - H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng ch\u0103m nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0n g\u00e0, \u0111\u00f9m b\u1ecdc ch\u1eaft chiu \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m ti\u1ec1n mua qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u, x\u00e2y l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p tu\u1ed5i th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, b\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng t\u1ea7n t\u1ea3o hy sinh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5m no h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac C\u00e2u 3: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o? Qua \u0111\u00f3, em c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0? G\u1ee3i \u00fd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, chi ti\u1ebft: 69","- T\u1ea7n t\u1ea3o, ch\u1eaft chiu trong c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o: Tay b\u00e0 khum soi tr\u1ee9ng\/ D\u00e0nh t\u1eebng qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eaft chiu - D\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u0103m lo cho ch\u00e1u: d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m, chi ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m b\u00e1n g\u00e0, ch\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1edbi. - B\u1ea3o ban, nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00e1u, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch m\u1eafng th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e1u. => Qua nh\u1eefng k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u00e0, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh b\u00e0 ch\u00e1u th\u1eadt s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng, th\u1eafm thi\u1ebft. B\u00e0 ch\u1eaft chiu, ch\u0103m lo cho ch\u00e1u; ch\u00e1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n b\u00e0. C\u00e2u 4: Theo em, v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00f4\u0303i khi xa nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n? G\u1ee3i \u00fd M\u1ed7i khi xa nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ta ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Khi \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y b\u00e9 th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m b\u1eb5m n\u00e2ng niu s\u1ebd b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, ta ch\u1ee3t nh\u1edb t\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9, \u00f4ng b\u00e0 v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e2n y\u00eau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c lo l\u1eafng cho ta t\u1eebng mi\u1ebfng \u0103n gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. VI. T\u1eacP L\u00c0M TH\u01a0 B\u1ed0N CH\u1eee, N\u0102M CH\u1eee 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng: - Th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef: M\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef (ti\u1ebfng). C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 trong b\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp 2\/2 ho\u1eb7c 1\/3. - Th\u01a1 n\u0103m ch\u1eef: M\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m ch\u1eef (ti\u1ebfng). C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng 70","th\u01a1 trong b\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp 3\/2 ho\u1eb7c 2\/3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp 1\/4 ho\u1eb7c 4\/1. - C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp gi\u1ed1ng nhau. - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gieo v\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n (v\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo \u1edf cu\u1ed1i d\u00f2ng th\u01a1), v\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng (v\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo \u1edf gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng th\u01a1), v\u1ea7n li\u1ec1n (v\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u01a1), v\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch (v\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch ra m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u01a1) hay v\u1eabn h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p (v\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo kh\u00f4ng theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o). B\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea7n. 2. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: a) \u0110i\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf trong ngo\u1eb7c v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 sau. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch gieo v\u1ea7n \u1edf m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 1: (ngay, trong, \u0111\u00e2y) B\u00f3ng b\u00e0ng tr\u00f2n l\u1eafm Tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nong Em ng\u00f4\u0300i v\u00e0o (...) M\u00e1t \u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u00e1t! (Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh) B\u00e0i th\u01a1 2: (b\u0103m, c\u00e0y, lao) (mi\u0323t, s\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1edd) Ng\u1ef1a ph\u0103m ph\u0103m b\u1ed1n v\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 (...) xu\u1ed1ng m\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng M\u0103\u0323c s\u1edbm r\u1eebng m\u00f9 (...) M\u0103\u0323c \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 bu\u1ed1t (Phan Th\u1ecb Thanh Nh\u00e0n) 71","b) Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef (v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay m\u1ed9t k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a em v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u0103m ch\u1eef (v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i m\u00e0 em y\u00eau th\u00edch) G\u1ee3i \u00fd a) \u0110i\u1ec1n t\u1eeb v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch gieo v\u1ea7n - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 1: B\u00f3ng b\u00e0ng tr\u00f2n l\u1eafm Tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nong Em ng\u00f4\u0300i v\u00e0o trong M\u00e1t \u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u00e1t! => B\u00e0i th\u01a1 gieo v\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u 2 (nong) v\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u 3 (trong). - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 2: Ng\u1ef1a ph\u0103m ph\u0103m b\u1ed1n v\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 b\u0103m xu\u1ed1ng m\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng M\u0103\u0323c s\u1edbm r\u1eebng m\u00f9 s\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u0103\u0323c \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 bu\u1ed1t. => Gieo v\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng v\u00e0 v\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n: ph\u0103m \u2013 b\u0103m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 s\u01b0\u01a1ng. b) Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m ch\u1eef (v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay m\u1ed9t k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a em v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8). * Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb: - Em mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ai hay k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o, lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y n\u00e0o? - T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a em v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? * Vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i th\u01a1: 72","- K\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; qua \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a em d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. - L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb ng\u1eef th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u00e3y v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, so s\u00e1nh, \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i th\u01a1. - S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 v\u00e0 trong kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfng, v\u1ea7n, nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef, n\u0103m ch\u1eef. * Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda: - \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfng, v\u1ea7n, nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef, n\u0103m ch\u1eef ch\u01b0a? - B\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 em ch\u1ecdn vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a em v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? - C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? * Tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m sau: Em y\u00eau m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf Nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u con tim L\u00e1 c\u1edd t\u00f4\u0309 qu\u1ed1c Kh\u0103n qu\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u00ean Em y\u00eau m\u00e0u xanh \u0110\u00f4\u0300ng b\u1eb1ng, r\u1eebng n\u00fai Bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1 t\u00f4m B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi cao v\u1ee3i Em y\u00eau m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng L\u00faa \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng ch\u00edn r\u1ed9 Hoa c\u00fac m\u00f9a thu 73","N\u1eafng tr\u1eddi r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 (S\u1eafc m\u00e0u em y\u00eau - Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c2n) VII. VI\u1ebeT \u0110O\u1ea0N V\u0102N GHI L\u1ea0I C\u1ea2M X\u00daC SAU KHI \u0110\u1eccC B\u00c0I TH\u01a0 B\u1ed0N CH\u1eee, N\u0102M CH\u1eee 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng: a. Vi\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00eau c\u1ea3m x\u00fac sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef, n\u0103m ch\u1eef: - Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cB\u00e0i th\u01a1 g\u1ee3i cho em nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac g\u00ec? V\u00ec sao?\u201d. - \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a em v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u01a1, kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1, b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc m\u00e0 em y\u00eau th\u00edch. b. Khi vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c em c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd: - \u0110\u1ecdc k\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1. - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac cho em. - Vi\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00eau r\u00f5: Em c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec? C\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a em nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho em c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00f3? V\u00ec sao? 2. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: 2.1. \u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0i: H\u00e3y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a em sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1: \u201cM\u1eb9\u201d (\u0110\u00f4\u0303 Trung Lai), \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d (V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean), \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d (Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh). 2.2. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb: - \u0110\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cM\u1eb9\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Trung Lai 74","- X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1. 2.3. T\u00ecm \u00fd: T\u00ecm \u00fd cho \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau: - Em th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t d\u00f2ng th\u01a1, kh\u1ed5, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 n\u00e0o hay c\u1ea3 b\u00e0i th\u01a1? - \u01a0\u0309 d\u00f2ng, kh\u1ed5, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 hay b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt? - Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y mang l\u1ea1i cho em nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac g\u00ec? 2.4. L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd: L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u00fd theo b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ba ph\u1ea7n: a. M\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n: - Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u00e0i th\u01a1, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. D\u1eabn ra y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u1edf d\u00f2ng, kh\u1ed5, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 - V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i \u201cM\u1eb9\u2019, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed7 Trung Lai \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb so s\u00e1nh. b. Th\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n: L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a em v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n c. K\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n: - Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t l\u1ea1i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ea3u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac - V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tinh t\u1ebf, n\u1ed7i x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb9 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 2.5. Vi\u1ebft: 75","- Vi\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n theo d\u00e0n \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp - Khi vi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a em 2.6. Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda - \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf d\u00e0n \u00fd ch\u01b0a. - T\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0: + L\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 \u00fd: Thi\u1ebfu \u00fd (s\u01a1 s\u00e0i, ch\u01b0a n\u00eau h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft); \u00fd l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n (c\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed); l\u1ea1c \u00fd (n\u00eau c\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i); \u00fd t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n (n\u00eau c\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft) \u2026 + L\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t (d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb, vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u), ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 VIII. N\u00d3I V\u00c0 NGHE: TRAO \u0110\u1ed4I V\u1ec0 M\u1ed8T V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng: 1.1. V\u00ec sao c\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1? - \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e1c em th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. - V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc 1.2. L\u01b0u \u00fd khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: - L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i (m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed9i dung, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 hay c\u1ea3 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef, n\u0103m ch\u1eef) - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i - Trao \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong nh\u00f3m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. 76","- Khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea7n n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. 2. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: 2.1. \u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0i: Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cM\u1eb9\u201d (\u0110\u00f4\u0303 Trung Lai), \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d (V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean), \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d (Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh), em th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u00e0o? V\u00ec sao? 2.2. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d c\u1ee7a Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh - Xem l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cTi\u1ebfng g\u00e0 tr\u01b0a\u201d c\u1ee7a Xu\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 2.3. T\u00ecm \u00fd: T\u00ecm \u00fd cho \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau: - Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1, em th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec nh\u1ea5t? - \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o? - V\u00ec sao em th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3? 2.4. L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd: L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u00fd theo b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ba ph\u1ea7n: a. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u: - Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u00e0i th\u01a1, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. - N\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u em th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf b\u00e0i th\u01a1. b. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh: L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a em v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c. K\u1ebft th\u00fac: Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n 2.5. N\u00f3i v\u00e0 nghe: 77","a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: - N\u00eau l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp - Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng i\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. - Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y; quan s\u00e1t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. - C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe sau khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xong ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n trong khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. b. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe: - T\u1eadp trung theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i; ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i. - S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. - N\u00eau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft; trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft, n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 em th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. 2.6. Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda: a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: - \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi d\u00e0n \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i dung, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, c\u00e1c l\u00ed l\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. - R\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u2026 - Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. b. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe: 78","- Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. - T\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd theo d\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n, c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a nh\u00e3, l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. B\u00c0I 3: TRUY\u1ec6N KHOA H\u1eccC VI\u1ec4N T\u01af\u1edeNG I. KI\u1ebeN TH\u1ee8C NG\u1eee V\u0102N 1. Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng: - Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n k\u00ec, si\u00eau nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ra \u0111\u1eddi. - \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i: Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, du h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t... V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Hai v\u1ea1n d\u0103\u0323m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n (Giuyn V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed \u1ea9n. - S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1eadt; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00ecnh dung, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u 79","c\u00f3 t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m th\u00f4 s\u01a1, V\u00e9c-n\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra con t\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt (Nautilus) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. - T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng: Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n li k\u00ec, m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m... V\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c (tr\u00edch ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Hai v\u1ea1n d\u0103\u0323m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n) c\u1ee7a V\u00e9c-n\u01a1 l\u00e0 khi t\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt g\u1eb7p \u0111\u00e0n b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. - C\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n: Th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \\\"\u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi gian\\\", nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd... V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hai v\u1ea1n d\u0103\u0323m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m No-ti- l\u1edbt. - Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i (nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh, s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf...) trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c (\u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i) m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong Hai v\u1ea1n d\u0103\u0323m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 A-r\u00f4n-n\u00e1c (Aronnax) - ng\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n; thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng N\u00ea-m\u00f4 (Nemo) - ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con t\u00e0u b\u00ed \u1ea9n No-ti-l\u1edbt... - B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh: Th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Hai v\u1ea1n d\u0103\u0323m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n di\u1ec5n ra trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn (hai v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m), ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m. 2. S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb: 2.1. S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb: 80","- L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Khi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc danh t\u1eeb; - V\u00ed d\u1ee5: ba t\u1ea7ng, n\u0103m canh. Khi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng sau danh t\u1eeb; v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u1ea7ng ba, canh n\u0103m. 2.2. Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb: - L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean \u0111i k\u00e8m danh t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a. - C\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a: + S\u1ed1 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng ai + C\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ec1, ... + Th\u1eddi gian, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111ang \u0111i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, ... + M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u01a1i kh\u00f3, gi\u1ecfi l\u1eafm, ... + S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u1eabn kh\u1ecfe, c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i ... + S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i + S\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n + T\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c hay gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, b\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a + S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u00f3i xong, v\u1ec1 r\u1ed3i, ngh\u0129 ra + S\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129 \u0111i ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i... II. \u0110\u1eccC HI\u1ec2U V\u0102N B\u1ea2N: B\u1ea0CH TU\u1ed8C 1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: 1.1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Giuyn V\u00e9c-n\u01a1 (Jules Verne) - Giuyn V\u00e9c-n\u01a1 sinh n\u0103m 1828 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1905, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. 81","- Phong c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c: \u0110i ti\u00ean phong trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. - Giuyn V\u00e9c-n\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y bay, t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m hay nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. - T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (1864), Hai v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n (1870), V\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong 80 ng\u00e0y (1873) - \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh phim nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. 1.2. Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9: V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u201cB\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c\u201d tr\u00edch t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cHai v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n\u201d s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c n\u0103m 1870 c\u1ee7a Giuyn V\u00e9c-n\u01a1. 1.3. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3: - Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh: T\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 - Ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3: Ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d 1.4. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, n\u1ed9i dung t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n: 3 ph\u1ea7n - Ph\u1ea7n 1: T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u201c\u0110\u00e8n tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n b\u1eadt s\u00e1ng\u201d: H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. 82","- Ph\u1ea7n 2: \u0110o\u1ea1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. 2. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: 2.1. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3: - Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: T\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m m\u00e9t. - Cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a N\u00e9t v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 A-r\u00f4n-n\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c. => Qua cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa N\u00e9t v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 A-r\u00f4n- n\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh dung ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt to l\u1edbn, kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, b\u00ed \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. - Con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, chi ti\u1ebft, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u: + Con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng t\u00e1m m\u00e9t. + N\u00f3 b\u01a1i l\u00f9i r\u1ea5t nhanh. + M\u1eaft n\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh x\u00e1m, nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eady. + T\u00e1m ch\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdc ra, d\u00e0i g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e2n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n u\u1ed1n cong. + C\u00f3 hai tr\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e1i gi\u00e1c \u1edf trong v\u00f2i. + H\u00e0m r\u0103ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i m\u1ecf v\u1eb9t b\u1eb1ng s\u1eebng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1edf ra, kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. 83","+ L\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t s\u1eebng, h\u00e0m r\u0103ng nh\u1ecdn, rung l\u00ean b\u1ea7n b\u1eadt m\u1ed7i khi th\u00f2 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed3m. + Th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh thoi. + N\u1eb7ng ch\u1eebng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, hai l\u0103m t\u1ea5n. + M\u00e0u s\u1eafc thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb x\u00e1m ch\u1ec9 sang n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf. + V\u00f2i b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i. => Trong mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c. B\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. 2.2. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c: 2.2.1. Con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c: - M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2i d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddn xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi thang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con r\u1eafn, hai ch\u1ee5c c\u00e1i v\u00f2i n\u1eefa th\u00ec ngo\u1eb1n ngo\u00e8o \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. - M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2i lao t\u1edbi, nh\u1ea5c b\u1ed5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 l\u00ean. - T\u00e1m v\u00f2i th\u00ec b\u1ea3y v\u00f2i b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t, c\u00e1i v\u00f2i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn qu\u1ea5n ch\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng. - Phun ra ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng m\u00e0u \u0111en. Cu\u1ed1n theo m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. - M\u1ed9t con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadt ng\u00e3 N\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ecbnh nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng anh. - L\u0169 b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u. => \u0110\u00e0n b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c hung h\u00e3n, t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c thua tr\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. 84","2.2.2. \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7: - S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng N\u00ea-m\u00f4 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t ph\u0103ng c\u00e1i v\u00f2i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. - Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ne-m\u00f4 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t ph\u0103ng c\u00e1i v\u00f2i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Vi\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n ph\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u0111ang b\u00f2 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u00e0u. - Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh lao \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7. - Ai c\u0169ng s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0103m th\u00f9. - N\u00e9t ph\u00f3ng lao nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0o m\u1eaft con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt. N\u00ea-m\u00f4 lao \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u N\u00e9t. - \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecbn xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. => \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u0169 qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 anh d\u0169ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng. 2.2.3. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: - Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. - S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u c\u1ea3m th\u00e1n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh dung r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cam go, nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. 85","2.3. Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc: - Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc: + S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m. + H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c - m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea5y. - Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n: + T\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u hai, ba ng\u00e0n m\u00e9t. => Khi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ra \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 khai nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u hai, ba ng\u00e0n m\u00e9t. + Chi ti\u1ebft mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c: lao nh\u1ecdn, s\u00fang b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn, kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c... => L\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c (v\u1ec1 k\u00edch c\u1ee1), t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7. => T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, li k\u00ec, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, th\u00fa v\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. 2.4. \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: a. N\u1ed9i dung: V\u0103n b\u1ea3n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 tr\u00ean t\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt v\u1edbi qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 - nh\u1eefng con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, hung d\u1eef. Qua \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, 86","ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, tinh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7. b. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc: - Khi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hay hi\u1ec3m nguy, h\u00e3y d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi n\u00f3, h\u00e3y \\\"chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u\\\" v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. - H\u00e3y bi\u1ebft y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, chia s\u1ebb, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u00edch k\u1ec9, ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. - \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. c. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: - Ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n. - Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, th\u00fa v\u1ecb. - T\u1eeb ng\u1eef gi\u00e0u g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m. - S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ng\u1eef b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u c\u1ea3m th\u00e1n. 3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u: C\u00e2u 1: \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00ec? Theo em, t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea5p d\u00e2\u0303n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Lu-cai. 87","- Theo em, t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 t\u00e0u No-ti-l\u1edbt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c C\u00e2u 2: N\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c. G\u1ee3i \u00fd M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c: - B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c d\u00e0i t\u00e1m m\u00e9t, m\u1eaft m\u00e0u xanh x\u00e1m nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eady v\u1edbi t\u00e1m ch\u00e2n m\u1ecdc d\u00e0i g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e2n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n u\u1ed1n cong. - Hai h\u00e0m r\u0103ng b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i m\u1ecf v\u1eb9t b\u1eb1ng s\u1eebng, nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 rung l\u00ean b\u1ea7n b\u1eadt m\u1ed7i khi th\u00f2 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed3m. - Th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u1eb7ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, hai l\u0103m t\u1ea5n, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb x\u00e1m ch\u1ec9 sang n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf. => C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e2u 3: Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc? G\u1ee3i \u00fd Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc: 88","- T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0: t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ecfm \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i t\u1ea3o kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. - K\u1ec3 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean t\u00e0u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p logic, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang b\u1eafn, t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7n s\u00e2u v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a con t\u00e0u ... C\u00e2u 4: L\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? G\u1ee3i \u00fd L\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nhau d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ai n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 run s\u1ee3 hay l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc, x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edch sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t. C\u00e2u 5: Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho em nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t? H\u00e3y mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (kho\u1ea3ng 4-5 d\u00f2ng) ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n dung nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y G\u1ee3i \u00fd Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 em \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nemo. Trong t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a em, Nemo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng cao l\u1edbn, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi v\u1ea7ng tr\u00e1n cao v\u00e0 \u00e1nh m\u1eaft s\u00e1ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 con t\u00e0u, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi 89","v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. III. \u0110\u1eccC HI\u1ec2U V\u0102N B\u1ea2N: CH\u1ea4T L\u00c0M G\u1ec8 1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: 1.1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 R\u00e2y Br\u00e9t-b\u01a1-ry (Ray Bradbury Douglas) - R\u00e2y Br\u00e9t-b\u01a1-ry sinh n\u0103m 1920 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh d\u1ecb, khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. - \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u201c451 \u0111\u1ed9 F\u201d (Fahrenheit 451, 1953) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u201cThe Martian Chronicles\u201d (1950) v\u00e0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi minh h\u1ecda\u201d (The Illustrated Man, 1951). - R\u00e2y Br\u00e9t-b\u01a1-ry l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 21 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh phim v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh. 1.2. Xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9: V\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00edch t\u1eeb \u201cTruy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc\u201d do Th\u00e1i H\u00e0 D\u1ecbch, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tr\u1ebb, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u0103m 2016 1.3. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: - Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng - Truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u mang c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n 90","nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong khoa h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. - Ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3: Ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba - Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1, Trung s\u0129 H\u00f4-l\u00edt, b\u00e1c s\u0129 M\u00e9t-thiu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh g\u00e1c. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 v\u00e0 Trung s\u0129 H\u00f4-l\u00edt. 1.4. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, n\u1ed9i dung t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n: - Ph\u1ea7n 1: T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cT\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1\u201d: Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 v\u00e0 trung s\u0129. - Ph\u1ea7n 2: \u0110o\u1ea1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i 2. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: 2.1. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1: - \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 mu\u1ed1n thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sang b\u00ean kia \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt xa. - Khi nghe trung s\u0129 n\u00f3i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m hoen g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1eaft th\u00e9p, v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00e0nh b\u1ee5i, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129. 91","- Khuy\u00ean vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p b\u00e1c s\u0129 M\u00e9t-thiu v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa. => Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. \u00d4ng g\u1ea1t ph\u0103ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi cho b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng trung s\u0129 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh. - Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a trung s\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi cho b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb cho anh ta. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 trung s\u0129 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c khi s\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1ecb h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean. - \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 ra l\u1ec7nh cho l\u00ednh g\u00e1c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft trung s\u0129 nh\u01b0ng l\u00ednh g\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 b\u1eafn vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u1ee5n s\u1eaft g\u1ec9 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. => K\u1ebft th\u00fac truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang l\u1ee5c kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 c\u1ea5t trong ng\u0103n k\u00e9o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u1ee5n s\u1eaft g\u1ec9, \u00f4ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft vi\u00ean trung s\u0129. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean trung s\u0129. 2.2. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung s\u0129: - Vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. - Anh mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft g\u1ec9, nh\u1eefng vi khu\u1ea9n 92","trong ru\u1ed9t c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 bom tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe t\u0103ng b\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ed5 r\u1ee5i, chui qua m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m im trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 c\u00f3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. - Anh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ai tin v\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. - S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh dung, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 \u1edf l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 qua c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n: + \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh\u2026nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3,\u201d + \u201cKh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5y\u2026tan v\u1ee5n ra th\u00e0nh b\u1ee5i ngay\u201d. + \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 h\u1eb3n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1\u2026th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda chi\u1ebfn tranh.\u201d - Anh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1m. - T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 trung s\u0129 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c khi s\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1ecb h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean. => Y\u0301 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh. 2.3. \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: a. N\u1ed9i dung: Truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m g\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang m\u00e1y, xe t\u0103ng. Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho 93","b\u00e1c s\u0129 nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u trung s\u0129 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. b. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: - Ng\u00f4i k\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0m c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan - Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, th\u00fa v\u1ecb. - T\u1eeb ng\u1eef gi\u00e0u g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m. - S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ng\u1eef b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda r\u00f5 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. 3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u: C\u00e2u 1: V\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh g\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1? G\u1ee3i \u00fd L\u00ednh g\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 b\u1eafn vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u1ee5n s\u1eaft g\u1ec9 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. C\u00e2u 2: Em hi\u1ec3u \u201cch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m g\u1ec9\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m hoen g\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o? \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0o trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ch\u00e2\u0301t la\u0300m gi\u0309 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y? G\u1ee3i \u00fd Em hi\u1ec3u \u201cch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m g\u1ec9\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang m\u00e1y, v\u0169 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1ecb h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c 94","C\u00e2u 3: H\u00e3y n\u00eau nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a em v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 trong truy\u1ec7n G\u1ee3i \u00fd Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. \u00d4ng g\u1ea1t ph\u0103ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean trung s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi cho b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng trung s\u0129 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh C\u00e2u 4: Truy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 g\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ec sao? G\u1ee3i \u00fd - Truy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay. Khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang, ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn th\u00ec nguy c\u01a1 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng cao. - Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. IV. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH TI\u1ebeNG VI\u1ec6T 1. Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb: 1.1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00e1c t\u1eeb in \u0111\u1eadm trong c\u00e2u v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o? 95","a) Vi\u00ean quan \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y quan c\u0169ng ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 o\u00e1i o\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tuy m\u1ea5t - nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u1eadt l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c. (Em b\u00e9 th\u00f4ng minh) b) L\u00fac t\u00f4i \u0111i b\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i rung rinh m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u n\u00e2u b\u00f3ng m\u1ee1 soi g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 r\u00e2\u0301t \u01b0a nh\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u00f4i to ra v\u00e0 n\u00f4\u0309i t\u1eebng t\u1ea3ng, r\u00e2\u0301t b\u01b0\u1edbng. (T\u00f4 Ho\u00e0i) ? C\u00e1c t\u1eeb in \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb? 1.2. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: * V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1a. - \u0110\u00e3: \u0111i - C\u0169ng: ra - v\u00e2\u0303n ch\u01b0a: th\u1ea5y - th\u1eadt: l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c * V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1b. - \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c: soi g\u01b0\u01a1ng - r\u1ea5t: \u01b0a nh\u00ecn - ra: to - r\u1ea5t: b\u01b0\u1edbng * Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i: - \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb: \u0111i, ra, th\u1ea5y, soi - T\u00ednh t\u1eeb: l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, \u01b0a nh\u00ecn, to, b\u01b0\u1edbng. * C\u00e1c t\u1eeb in \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00fang \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n sau trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb. 1.3. Ghi nh\u1edb: 96","a. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. b. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed: Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng sau \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb. c. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb: - Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb: Quan h\u1ec7 th\u1eddi gian; m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9; s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh; s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn. - Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng sau \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9. 2. S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb: 2.1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1) C\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u0111\u1eadm trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u sau b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho t\u1eeb n\u00e0o trong c\u00e2u? Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? a) Hai ch\u00e0ng t\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f4\u0300 s\u00ednh l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7n s\u1eafm nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, vua b\u1ea3o: \u201cM\u1ed9t tr\u0103m v\u00e1n c\u01a1m n\u1ebfp, m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u1ec7p b\u00e1nh ch\u01b0ng v\u00e0 voi ch\u00edn ng\u00e0, g\u00e0 ch\u00edn c\u1ef1a, ng\u1ef1a ch\u00edn h\u00f4\u0300ng mao, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i\u201d. (S\u01a1n Tinh, Th\u1ee7y Tinh) b) Tu\u0323c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, \u1edf l\u00e0ng Gi\u00f3ng c\u00f3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u00f4\u0300ng \u00f4ng l\u00e3o ch\u0103m chi\u0309 l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c. (Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng) 2) T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4i trong c\u00e2u \\\"... m\u00f4\u0303i th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i\\\" c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ec sao? 97","3) T\u00ecm th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4i. 1.2. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: 1) C\u00e1c t\u1eeb in \u0111\u1eadm b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho danh t\u1eeb: - (hai) ch\u00e0ng - (m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m) v\u00e1n c\u01a1m n\u1ebfp - (m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m) n\u1ec7p b\u00e1nh ch\u01b0ng - (ch\u00edn) ng\u00e0 - (ch\u00edn) c\u1ef1a - (ch\u00edn) h\u1ed3ng mao - (m\u1ed9t) \u0111\u00f4i. - (s\u00e1u) H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng 2) T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4i trong \\\"m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i\\\" kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u00ec n\u00f3 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. 3) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i: t\u00e1, c\u1eb7p, ch\u1ee5c 1. 3. Ghi nh\u1edb: - S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. - Khi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc danh t\u1eeb. Khi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9ng sau danh t\u1eeb. 3. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp: C\u00e2u 1: T\u00ecm ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u sau. Cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111i ke\u0300m t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec cho t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m a) Con v\u1eadt kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp! (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) b) \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00e0u \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed7 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong\u2026 (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) c) V\u00f2i v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) 98","d) \u2026Anh \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4m nay. (Br\u00e9t-b\u01a1-ry) G\u1ee3i \u00fd a) Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 \u0111i k\u00e8m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cho t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m b) Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111ang \u0111i k\u00e8m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed7 ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. c) Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea1i \u0111i k\u00e8m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. d) Ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i k\u00e8m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi. C\u00e2u 2: T\u00ecm s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb b\u1ed5 sung cho danh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m. Ch\u1ec9 ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p. a) \u01a0\u0309 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u0309a s\u00f4\u0309 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3y con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c n\u1eefa. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) b) \u01a0\u0309 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u1eebng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m r\u00ecu s\u0103\u0303n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) c) Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ke\u0301o d\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ph\u00fat. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) d) \u2026 C\u0103n H\u00e1p (Hab) c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c phu\u0323 th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba. (En-\u0111i Uya) G\u1ee3i \u00fd a) S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb: b\u1ea3y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho danh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m \u201cb\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c\u201d. b) S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb: hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho danh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. c) S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb: m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m b\u1ed5 sung \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi gian cho danh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m \u201ccu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u\u201d. 99","d) S\u1ed1 t\u1eeb: hai, ba ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho danh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c ph\u1ee5\u201d. C\u00e2u 3: C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u201cs\u1ed1 t\u1eeb + danh t\u1eeb\u201d in \u0111\u1eadm trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00fap em h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? a) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng ta\u0301m me\u0301t. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) b) Th\u00e2n n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh thoi ph\u00ecnh \u1edf gi\u1eefa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i thi\u0323t n\u0103\u0323ng ch\u1eebng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, hai l\u0103m t\u00e2\u0301n. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) c) Con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ta\u0301m vo\u0300i th\u00ec b\u1ea3y vo\u0300i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u0323 ch\u0103\u0323t \u0111\u1ee9t. (V\u00e9c-n\u01a1) G\u1ee3i \u00fd a) T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u201cs\u1ed1 t\u1eeb + danh t\u1eeb\u201d cho bi\u1ebft chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. b) T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u201cs\u1ed1 t\u1eeb + danh t\u1eeb\u201d cho bi\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, gi\u00fap em h\u00ecnh dung ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m. c) T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u201cs\u1ed1 t\u1eeb + danh t\u1eeb\u201d cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 v\u00f2i b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con v\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e2u 4: Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n (kho\u1ea3ng 5-7 d\u00f2ng) n\u00eau c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a em sau khi h\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n B\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb b\u1ed5 sung cho danh t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u00f3. G\u1ee3i \u00fd \u201cB\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t hay m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1ch thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nemo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho 100"]