How It Works Illustrated: History of the World

HISTORY OF THE WORLD KEY STAGE 2 In this issue… How big were dinosaurs? š M^Wj j^[ Ó hij ^kcWdi Z_Z š Mightiest empires <Wceki f_hWj[i š Wild West outlaws š J^[ Ceed bWdZ_d] š And much more… Ceh[ j^Wd .& WcWp_d] _bbkijhWj_edi _di_Z[ New

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From the makers of How It Works , the bestselling knowledge magazine HISTORY OF THE WORLD Welcome to A complete guide to everything that’s ever happened in the world! 3 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Discover the unforgettable, every month Start collecting today 4 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

One of your favourite topics, explored in depth like nowhere else before Amazing illustrations you will never forget Easy-to-read and quick-to-learn explanations Incredible stories and facts you will share with friends and family We believe learning is better when it’s fun 5 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The unique new monthly magazine Every issue dedicated to a different fascinating subject 6 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Get each issue delivered direct to your door every issue and save money. Start collecting today Earth & The Natural Wonders Ancient Rome Dinosaurs Amazing Science Kings & Queens Your Everyday World Medieval Times Space Exploration Ancient Egypt Incredible Oceans The Tudors Coming soon to Call or overseas Please quote offer code 7 Everything you love about learning in one magazine Save 50% by subscribing today WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Supports Key Stage 2 learning Key Stage 2 learning is for kids aged 7 to 11 in Years 3 to 6 of primary school. All of the articles in have been recommended by an educational consultant as suitable for Key Stage 2 students and beyond. Take a big quiz about everything that ever happened in the world! Page 122 Can you name all the dinosaurs? Learn all about T-rex and more on page 28 Discover the wonders of Ancient Egypt Page 46 Who discovered the world? Page 86 Brain Games 8 Creation of Earth .................................................... The fi rst animals ..................................................... Dinosaurs ..................................................................................... Early humans ................................................................... The Ice Age ............................................................................ Ancient farms ................................................................. History of towns ....................................................... First houses .......................................................................... Ancient empires ....................................................... Ancient Egypt ............................................................... Origins of the alphabet ........................ First coins ................................................................................... WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Place a tick where you see this symbol if you really enjoyed what you learned How fast was a Roman chariot? The answer is on page 62 Look out for these… Blue circles mean quiz time! Send your answers to [email protected] for a chance to win the next issue Words and phrases explained Amazing facts about the topics we cover Where you can fi nd the places in our features 9 The complete history of everything that’s ever happened Turn the page for an amazing journey Ancient Greeks .......................................................... Ancient Rome ................................................................ Ancient China ................................................................. Vikings .................................................................................................. Richest people ever ...................................... Medieval times ............................................................... The Renaissance .................................................... Explorers ....................................................................................... Kings ......................................................................................................... Native Americans .................................................. The Wild West ............................................................. Pirates ..................................................................................................... French artists ............................................................. Amazing vehicles ............................................. Great inventions ................................................. World War ............................................................................ Space exploration ......................................... How the world changed .............. WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

10 A quick history of everything that’s ever happened Follow us on a journey through time, as we trace the history of the world from the fi rst scattering of atoms to skyscrapers and smartphones WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

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The particles were sucked together by gravity to make planets and stars. Earth is what we call a Goldilocks planet. It was just the right temperature for life to begin. Our universe began as a tiny ball of energy even smaller than this full stop. A gigantic explosion caused billions of particles to be thrown out into space. Earth’s oceans were a cauldron of chemicals. These were the perfect ingredients needed to create cells. These tiny molecules are the building blocks that make up living things. 12 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Dinosaurs roamed the Earth for millions of years. We call this time the Mesozoic era, when the fearsome T-rex terrorised the planet. Some animals survived the asteroid crash. During the Mesozoic period, most mammals were smaller than rats. With the dinosaurs gone, they could evolve to become much bigger. One day, Earth was hit by a massive asteroid. A giant cloud of dust rose up into the sky and blocked out the sunlight. All of the dinosaurs died. These mammals changed lots over time to become better at surviving and having babies. Groups of ape-like animals eventually evolved to become the fi rst humans. 13 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The fi rst humans lived in Africa. They travelled on foot across Europe and Asia, and built boats to cross the oceans to other continents. During the Ice Age, the Earth was covered with ice and snow. People survived by hunting animals like woolly mammoths and using their fur to keep warm. Over time, people stopped hunting and started farming instead. They built villages close to rivers and streams. The fi rst houses were made from wood and animal skins. 14 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Towns grew into cities, and from these cities developed huge empires that spanned continents. The Shang dynasty was a family that ruled China for hundreds of years. The emperors lived in beautiful palaces that were decorated with brightly coloured tiles and bronze statues. Mesopotamia was a great civilisation in the Middle East. It was here that the fi rst large cities were built. Egyptian rulers were called pharaohs. They built huge stone structures called pyramids and were buried inside them when they died. The Ancient Greeks were the fi rst people to use democracy. They also built big cities with beautiful buildings. A temple called the Parthenon is still in Greece today! The Persians were very good warriors. They conquered almost 3 million square miles of land, making it the biggest empire on Earth at the time. 15 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The Vikings sailed over to Britain in fast boats called longships. Some came to trade food and materials. Others came to fi ght and steal treasure. The Celts were conquered by the Roman army. Long after the Romans had left Britain, the Vikings came from Scandinavia. The Romans were fi erce and bloodthirsty. They invaded most of Europe, including Britain. They liked to watch people fi ght for fun, and even made their slaves fi ght against lions! The Celts lived in Britain during the Iron Age. They used iron to make swords, coins and tools. 16 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

In medieval times, people in Europe were organised by something called a feudal system. This meant that lords owned the land and peasants worked on it. The peasants were very poor and many died of hunger. The Middle Ages ended with the Renaissance. This was a time when science and art became very important. Advancements in medicine and education made life a lot better. It was at this time that Europeans started exploring the world. They set out on huge ships in search of new land. An explorer called Christopher Columbus travelled to America. Galileo Developed the telescope Da Vinci Inventor and artist Shakespeare Poet and playwright 17 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Before the 1700s, farmers used to sow seeds by hand. A man called Jethro Tull designed a machine that did it for them. New inventions like this helped to make farming much easier. In Victorian times, more and more people moved away from the countryside and into big cities. Men, women and children worked in factories and coal mines. The fi rst modern car was built at the end of the 1800s. A man called Henry Ford found a way to make them for a very low price. This meant that families could afford them. The fi rst steam train was invented in 1804. This amazing new form of transport meant that people could travel from city to city much faster. The Wright Brothers designed an engine- powered aeroplane. The fi rst fl ight only lasted 12 seconds, but soon people were using planes to fl y all over the world. 18 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

World War I raged from 1914 to 1918. World War II broke out in 1939 and lasted until 1945. Life has changed a lot since the war ended, as you can see here… The USA and Russia raced each other to get the fi rst rocket into space. Plane tickets became much cheaper, so more families could afford to go on holiday abroad. Home computers and mobile phones were developed. Britain’s fi rst female Prime Minister was Margaret Thatcher. The invention of the internet changed the way we live. We could now share information all over the world. Smartphones and social networks like Facebook were created in the 2000s. In the 1960s, the fi rst man walked on the moon. 19 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How do you make planet? a After a star forms , leftover gas and dust particles collide and clump together , attracting more pieces as they grow . Over millions of years these get bigger and become planets After a star is born, it leaves behind huge, swirling clouds of dust and gas. Some of these tiny particles bump into each other and stick together to create larger groups. Bigger clusters of gas and dust are heavier, so they have a stronger pulling force (gravity). This means they will attract more particles and grow even bigger. Eventually these become huge rocks several kilometres wide that smash together and form new planets. The energy from these collisions creates enough heat to melt the rocks on the surface. 20 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The surface cools to make an outer crust. If the conditions are right, oceans and atmospheres are also able to form. The planet must be just the right distance from the star it orbits around for water to exist. Heavy bits like iron sink to form the planet’s core. Because gravity pulls equally in all directions, planets are generally shaped like spheres. Planets that form closer to the stars they orbit around are usually rocky and solid, like Venus, Earth and Mars. There are two kinds of planets: rocky planets with solid surfaces and gas giants with thick atmospheres This is the name that astronomers have given this planet-forming process Accretion 21 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What’s inside the Earth? The Earth is like an onion : it has many layers . The outer layer is the crust , followed by the mantle , and then the deepest, hottest part of all… the core The thin, outer rocky layer is called the crust and the oldest rocks are about 4 billion years old. That means Earth is at least as old as that! The second layer is the mantle. This is a rocky substance that’s so thick it makes up about 85% of the total weight of Earth. The Earth’s surface is made up of water, basalt and granite, but the oceans cover most of it. The crust, including the oceans, is less than 100 kilometres deep. This is a type of rock that is made when hot lava cools and turns into a solid Basalt 22 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Welcome to the deepest and hottest part of Earth, at more than 4,000 degrees Celsius. It’s mostly made of two metals: iron and nickel. The inner core is shaped like a ball and it’s mostly made of iron. It’s even hotter in this part, but the pressure keeps the inner core from melting. 03 The magma blasts out of an opening called a central vent. 02 The solid rock around it forces the magma up to the surface. 01 Melted rock, called magma, rises from deep inside the Earth. 23 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What were the first animals? The fi rst animals on Earth were simple creatures like sponges and jellyfi sh . They evolved in prehistoric oceans over 500 million years ago The fi rst animals appeared 550 million years ago in the form of simple jellyfi sh, shellfi sh and sponges. All animals we know today evolved from these basic creatures. Some mammals were able to survive the extinction events that killed most other animals on Earth. Without dinosaurs as predators, they soon evolved to become the most dominant land animals. An asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs, but smaller animals survived. Humans have only existed on Earth for 200,000 years. Cells are the tiny building blocks that make up every living thing. Fossils of bacteria cells show that life has existed on Earth for over 3.5 billion years. 24 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The time when most rst appeared fianimals is called the Cambrian explosion sh looked more fiEarly like worms, but they rst animals to fiwere the have backbones. They eventually developed sh we know fiinto the today, from tiny seahorses to terrifying sharks. ns developed into small fish’s fiSome legs, allowing them to crawl out of shallow swamps. They were called tetrapods (meaning four-legged) rst animals to fiand were the leave the water. Many animals adapted really well to life on the land. Early reptiles and dinosaurs were very successful and dominated the world for over 150 million years. 25 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The fi rst dinosaurs appeared around 230 million years ago . They evolved to be taller than trees , longer than aeroplanes and heavier than a herd of elephants Tyrannosaurus rex was as tall as a giraffe and as heavy as an elephant. T yrannosaurus rex’s bite was ten times stronger than an alligator’s Diplodocus was as long as a train carriage and as heavy as a double decker bus. How big were the dinosaurs ? Argentinosaurus was as long as three buses and as heavy as a jumbo jet. 26 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Spinosaurus might have been the biggest meat-eating dinosaur ever. All the bigger dinosaurs ate plants Spinosaurus was as tall as a cinema screen and as heavy as 20 cars. Brachiosaurus was as tall as eight men stood on top of each other and as heavy as a lorry. Sauroposeidon was as tall as a fi ve-storey building and as heavy as a tank. Estimated speed of the fastest dinosaurs, called the ornithomimids 35 mph 27 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How many kinds of dinosaur were there? With a thick, armoured skin covered in spikes, this dinosaur also had a heavy, club-like bone at the end of its tail. It used this as a weapon. This giant ancestor of the modern-day crocodile stood over 1.8 metres tall and measured over 12 metres from nose to tail – that’s longer than a bus! Dinosaurs ruled Earth for over 100 million years . Around 800 different species have been identifi ed so far. Here are some of the coolest… This might have been an even deadlier dinosaur than Tyrannosaurus rex. It was a massive carnivore that preyed on herbivores like Stegosaurus. 28 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The huge sail of skin running down this creature’s back was used to warm it up or keep it cool. Its sail size also helped Arizonasaurus to attract mates. The bony plate on this species’ head was as wide as a car. It sat behind two giant horns that would have been used for self-defence. This carnivore was not much taller than a large turkey, but its sharp hind claws were ideal for attacking even smaller prey. Stegosaurus had big, colourful plates sticking out of its back to keep it cool and protected. These huge plant-eaters were no easy meal for hungry predators. Though it wasn’t really a dinosaur, this fl ying lizard had a huge wingspan. This made it nearly as big as a hang glider. Herbivores only ate plants while carnivores ate meat. Omnivores ate both. Herbivore 29 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What were early humans like? Our earliest ancestors evolved over millions of years, from ape-like creatures living in trees, to the big-brained modern humans of today 01 Australopithecus afarensis When they lived: 4 to 3 million years ago These creatures were more like apes than humans. They could walk and climb trees, but their brains were much smaller than ours. We used to be apes! 02 Homo habilis When they lived: 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago This was one of the earliest human-like species. Homo habilis was among the fi rst to use stone tools such as axes for cutting wood and meat. 03 Homo erectus When they lived: 2 million to 143,000 years ago Homo erectus’s body was more adapted to walking and running along the ground. This species was alive on Earth for nearly ten times as long we have been around! 30 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Stone tools were very useful to early humans. T he ability to use tools is a big difference between us and most other animals 04 Homo heidelbergensis When they lived: 700,000 to 200,000 years ago These early humans had much bigger foreheads and fl atter faces than people today. They were one of the fi rst to live in houses and hunt large animals for food. 05 Homo sapiens When they lived: 200,000 years to present Every human being belongs to the species Homo sapiens. Our larger evolved brains helped us hunt and survive in the dangerous environment of early Africa. \" ?‡?,-.?\"/' (-?&#0 ? in caves along the southern coast of Africa 31 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What did early humans do? Our Stone Age ancestors used their bigger brains to survive in the wild. They created tools and language to help them become the most successful creatures on Earth When fi re was discovered, early humans could cook raw food for the fi rst time. Heat made food easier to digest so people grew stronger. Groups would gather around the camp fi re to talk with one another. They shared news, taught skills and made friends. People sharpened stones and bones and fi xed them to the ends of long spears. These were used for hunting and fi shing. 32 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

While our ancestors could hunt smaller creatures up-close, they also threw sharp spears at larger animals from a much safer distance. Small wooden shelters were built to protect people from the wind and rain, as well as the blistering heat of the summer. Some rocks could be chipped away to make axes. These had sharp edges and a point at the end for cutting meat and other food. Babies and very young children needed to be protected from wild animals and taught how to survive. 33 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How much ice was there in the Ice Age? At their most extreme, the ice sheets covering North America were up to four kilometres thick. That’s the same as 12 Eiffel Towers stood on top of each other! 20,000 years ago, the last ice age covered the Earth in ice. In some places it was over four kilometres thick! 34 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Most of northern Europe, including Britain, was totally encased in ice Just 10% of the Earth is covered in ice today, but it covered around 30% during the Ice Age. The whole planet was colder. The Earth has had at least fi ve long periods where ice spread across its surface, as well as hundreds of miniature freezes in between. The Taku Glacier in the USA is a huge, moving chunk of ice left over from the last ice age. It is deeper than 15 Big Bens on top of one another! It’s been about 20,000 years since the coldest point of the last big freeze, but we are still in this chilly period. That’s the difference between a British summer and winter! 5 The amount of land that was covered in ice – 3 times as much as today! 30% 35 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

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When did people start farming? Between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago , humans discovered they could grow food instead of hunting for it Humans used to hunt animals and collect wild plants to eat. They never knew when or where they would fi nd food next. When people learned how to look after crops and animals, they started building homes and villages instead. Farming didn’t start in one place. Different people in different countries fi gured out that if seeds from the plants they ate were left on the ground, they started to grow. All they needed was water, soil and patience to make food. Early farmers learned how to take care of animals like cows, sheep and pigs. People made fl our by crushing grains with stones. This could be used to make bread. 38 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Farms meant humans could stay in one place. Before, they always travelled to fi nd food. wheat seeds 01 Early farmers had to prepare the ground for seeds. Find an empty patch of soil in a sunny spot and remove any weeds. Use a stick to mix up the soil a little. 02 The fi rst crops were grains, so try wheat seeds. Poke rows of holes across your patch using your fi nger or a stick. Pop one seed in each hole and cover with soil. 03 The fi rst farmers collected water for their crops from nearby rivers. Look after your crops as they grow. Water them when the soil gets dry and get rid of any weeds. 04 Early farmers collected their fully- grown crops by hand. To do this, carefully snap off the top of each plant stem. Or ask an adult to help you with scissors. 39 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Why are towns built where they are? The fi rst towns were built around 10,000 years ago in the Middle East . There was always a good reason for the town’s location When people stopped hunting for food and started farming, the fi rst villages began to be built. Soon these villages became towns and cities. The fi rst of these new civilisations were in a place called Mesopotamia, which is now the country of Iraq. One of the reasons why some villages grew to become cities over time was because of where they were built. If it was close to water and easy to defend then more people would want to live there. This meant the city could become bigger and more successful. The merchant says… Transport links are important when you work in trade. Being near the sea means I can sail to other places to buy and sell goods. If Mesopotamia still existed, it would be in a country now called Iraq 40 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The soldier says… Being high up on a hill means I can keep an eye on the land. If there’s any trouble, I can defend the town easily. The farmer says… The nearby river gives my crops all the nutrition they need to grow big and healthy so that I can sell them in the town centre. 41 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What did early houses look like? The fi rst houses that humans built were very different to our homes today. Take a look at this typical Iron Age house Families would live, eat and sleep in one large room. A fi re would be lit in the middle of the room for cooking and heating. Walls were made by weaving together branches into panels. 42 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Animal pelts 20000 BC Early, Ice Age humans lived in caves and shelters built from animal skins. Mud bricks 5000 BC In the Middle East, mud was baked into bricks to build villages and cities. Wattle and daub 4000 BC In Europe, walls were weaved from branches and covered in mud. Clay bricks 1500 BC Bricks were now made from clay, lime and sand. Concrete 300 BC An early form of concrete was used by the Romans. Glass windows 16th century Glass windows started to be widely used, but only by the wealthy. Steel girders 19th century During the Industrial Revolution, people started building with steel. Smoke would drift out through the thatch so there was no need for a chimney. Roofs were made from straw, then covered in mud to keep the warmth in. 43 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What were the biggest ancient empires? As towns and cities grew, these new civilisations soon developed into massive empires . These are some of the most powerful… Macedonian Empire Around 808-167 BC Greatest leader Alexander the Great Military might How big was it? At its biggest, the Macedonian t Great Britain fiEmpire was so big that you could into it 22 times over! First Persian Empire Around 559-330 BC Greatest leader Darius I Military might How big was it? Darius’s empire was huge. It was almost as big as today’s United States. This is a big group of countries that are ruled by one very powerful leader Empire 44 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Roman Empire 27 BC-476 AD Greatest leader Augustus Military might How big was it? At its biggest, the Roman Empire covered an area more than half the size of Europe. Han dynasty 206 BC-220 AD Greatest leader Emperor Wu Military might How big was it? This ancient Chinese empire was over six million square kilometres – that’s six times bigger than all the Scandinavian countries combined! Mauryan Empire 322-185 BC Greatest leader Ashoka the Great Military might How big was it? The Mauryan Empire was twice as big as India is today. 45 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Seven amazing things about Ancient Egypt The Ancient Egyptians built magnifi cent monuments , had tons of treasure , and even believed in magic 46 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Egypt is a hot, sandy country found in the desert of north Africa 47 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

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What’s the difference between pyramids and ziggurats? Pyramids were built by the Egyptians while ziggurats were built in many different countries. Both types were in use from around 5,000 years ago 50 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net