Migration Textbook

ekonomikuri integracia evropasTan,74 afrikasTan, aseve, Crdilo dasamxreT amerikasTan, xolo evropis savaWro kavSirebma indoeTisokeaneSi erTmaneTTan daakavSira evropuli da aziuri bazrebi.755.6. globaluri migraciaTuki adreul epoqebSi ekonomikuri faqtori, sxva danarCenebTanerTad, migraciis ganmapirobebel mizezad miiCneoda, XIX saukunisdasasrulsa da XX-is dasawyisSi igi im ZiriTad mamoZravebelZalad gadaiqca, romelic warmarTavda migraciul nakadebs dagansazRvravda maT Sinaarsobriv mxares. industriuli revoluciisteqnikurma miRwevebma mniSvnelovnad gaamartiva da xelmisawvdomigaxada Sor manZilebze mogzauroba. rkinigzas SeeZlo adamianTa didijgufebis swrafi gadayvana kontinentis erTi wertilidan meoreze.suecisa da panamis arxebis saSualebiT ganaxevrda kontinentebsSoris samogzauro dro, xolo gemebs moculoba da siswrafe moemata.industriis meqanizaciam da centralizaciam warmoSva samuSao Zalismozidvis aqamde arnaxuli saWiroeba. amavdroulad, evropis imperiuliZalebi aqtiurad moixmardnen sakuTari tropikuli koloniebissimdidreebs ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, racmoiTxovda SromiTi migrantebiT mudmiv uzrunvelyofas. politi­kurma kataklizmebma, omebma da ekonomikurma siduxWirem damatebiTubiZga xalxs emigraciisaken, gansakuTrebiT ruseTis imperiaSi,centralur evropasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT CineTSi.msoflio istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze masStabur migraciul movlenadmiiCneva e.w. didi atlantikuri migracia. 80 mln-mde adamianma datovawarmoSobis qveyana XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX-s dasawyisSi.maTi naxevari atlantikis gavliT gaemgzavra CrdiloeT da samxreTamerikaSi. evropidan CrdiloeT amerikaSi gaxSirebuli migracia1840-ian wlebSi daiwyo irlandielTa da germanelTa masobrivigadaadgilebiT. 1865 wels samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdgom,emigraciuli nakadisaTvis kari gaixsna aSS-sa da kanadaSi, rasac 1880-ian wlebSi mohyva meore, ufro msxvili nakadi aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropidan. 1820-1980 wlebSi aSS-Si 37 mln-mde evropelimigranti Cavida.76amavdroulad, ruseTis imperiaSi migracia mimdinareobda aRmosavle­Tis mimarTulebiT – ruseTis evropuli nawilidan cimbirsa da kaspiiszRvis regionSi. evropelebi samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT migrir­ eb­74 SedarebisTvis ix. am Tavis 5.7 qveTavi.75 Leften S. Stavrianos, The World since 1500: A Global History, 6th edition, N.J., 1991.76 Britannica, nanaxia 14.11.2015 w. https://goo.gl/VnNDKE.100 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dnen koloniebSi dasasaqmeblad, maSin, rodesac kontraqtori muSebimiemgzavrebodnen amerikaSi, afrikasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.XIX saukuneSi indoeTis subkontinentidan xalxTa migracia ukavSirdebabritaneTis imperiasa da safrangeTSi monobis akrZalvas, ramacplantaciebze momuSaveTa katastrofuli deficiti warmoSva. krizisisdasaZlevad, damqiravebeli mgzavrobisa da jamagiris fasad xuTi ansamwliani samuSao kontraqtiT qiraobda migrants. 1852-1900 wlebSi2.3 mln Cineli emigranti amave safuZvliT Cavida CrdiloeT amerikaSi,avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.77 xSiradSimSilsa da omebs gamoqceul migrantebs urTulesi saqmis keTebauxdebodaT – gzebis gayvana da oqros maRaroebSi muSaoba.78migraciis istoriaSi gamorCeul adgils ikavebs XX saukune, rodesacmigraciulma procesebma piks miaRwia da mniSvnelovnad Secvalamsoflios demografiuli suraTi. I msoflio omis kvaldakval evro­paSi faSizmis aRzevebas ukavSirdeba iZulebiTi migraciis kideverTi masStaburi movlena, rodesac II msoflio omis dros (1939-45 ww.) nacisturma germaniam 7-8 mln adamiani gaxada iZulebuli,sakuTari saxl-kari daetovebinaT. Tumca, Zalmomreoba arc nacizmisdamarcxebis Semdgom dasrulebula. sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinismmarTvelobis periodSi 29 mln-mde adamiani gadaasaxles (1929-1953ww.) gulagsa da msgavs sakoncentracio banakebSi. 1980-ian wlebSiki 3-4 mln adamians mouxda avRaneTSi sabWoeTis monawileobiTdawyebuli omisagan gaqceva.79 1990-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisgamo komunisturi blokis qveynebidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiTdaZrul migrantTa nakads mogvianebiT balkaneTis oms80gamoqceulimosaxleobac SeuerTda.migraciuli cxovreba evropaSi garkveulwilad 2000-iani wlebidandaregulirda, Tumca es didxans ar gagrZelebula – 2011 welssiriaSi dawyebuli SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad, asobiT aTasimigranti miawyda81 evropis qveynebs TavSesafris ZiebaSi, ramac meoremsoflio omis Semdeg gamoiwvia kontinentis Tanamedrove istoriaSiyvelaze didi migraciuli krizisi. am konfliqtis, aseve, regionSi e.w.islamuri saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli qmedebebisa da sxva mizezTagamo, 2015 wels evrokavSirSi aralegalurad 1.5 mln-mde adamianmaSeaRwia,82 daaxloebiT 2.5 mln imyofeboda TurqeTis teritoriaze,xolo 8 mln sirieli qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebulia dapotenciur migrantad moiazreba.8377 Black, World History Atlas, gv. 101. 10178 Mortimer Chambers et al., The Western Experience, gv. 922–925.79 iqve.80 1991-2001 ww.81 2015 w.82 https://goo.gl/vJnSN8, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.83 https://euobserver.com/foreign/131307, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.მიგრაციის ისტორია

migrantTa ricxvis matebasTan erTad, evropul saxelmwifoebsSoris Tavi iCina azrTa mkveTrma sxvadasxvaobam. am fonze bevrievroskeptikosi Sengenis84 dasasrulzec alaparakda. aseT prognozsamyarebda germaniis gancxadeba, rom Tu evrokavSiris sxva wevrebiar gadainawilebdnen pasuxismgeblobas migrantebTan dakavSirebiT,igi datovebda Sengenis zonas. migrantTa nakadebis zrdis fonzeungreTma, holandiam, sloveniam, SvedeTma, germaniam da avstriamdroebiT sasazRvro kontroli daaweses.85 amasTan, ungreTmaserbeTTan 160-kilometriani sazRvari aaSena; sloveniasTan sazRvrisagebis Sesaxeb ganacxada avstriamac; msgavsi gegma aqvs slovakeTsac.86evrokavSiri, romlis ramdenime gavlenianma wevrma gaaJRera formula:`saerTo – saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli – sadac SesaZlebelia~,cdilobs, axali meqanizmebi ganaviTaros Seqmnil problemebTangasamklaveblad. 2015 wlis maisSi evrokomisiam SeimuSava evropiskavSiris migraciis dRis wesrigi,87 romliTac ganisazRvra arsebulikrizis­ uli viTarebis sapasuxo grZelvadiani nabijebi: aralegalurimigraciis mizezTa Semcireba, adamianTa sicocxlis gadarCena da garesazRvrebis dacva, TavSesafris erTiani da legaluri migraciis axalipolitika. migraciuli krizisis pikze ki evrokomisiam, wevri qveynebisdakveTiT, moamzada N539/2001 regulaciaSi88 Sesatani cvlilebisproeqti,89 romelic gulisxmobs Sengenis/evrokavSiris teritoriazeuvizo mimosvlis uflebis droebiTi SeCerebis swrafi meqanizmisamoqmedebas am reJimiT ukve mosargeble da aspiranti qveynebisTvis.amrigad, XX saukunis dasasrulsa da XXI-is dasawyisSi SegviZliagamovyoT oTxi ZiriTadi movlena, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo an sulacganapiroba masobrivi migracia kontinentebze:1) sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da balkaneTis omi;2) 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers aSS-ze ganxorcielebuli Seteva da terorizmTan brZolis fonze Secvlili samyaro;3) msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi;4) `arabuli gazafxuli~, siriis omi da migraciuli krizisi evropaSi.84 ix. am Tavis 5.9.1 qveTavi.85 Sengenis SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT aseT droebiT zomebs.86 https://goo.gl/DwAEXo, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.87 https://goo.gl/zT44KI, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.88 evrokmisiis N539/2001 regulacia im mesame qveynebis CamonaTvalze, romelTa moqa- laqeebmac unda iqonion viza [Sengenis] sagareo sazRvrebis kveTisas, aseve im moqa- laqeebze, romlebzec es regulacia ar vrceldeba.89 http://goo.gl/eCLUxd, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.102 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rogorc vxedavT, Tavisi bunebiT es movlenebi srulebiT ar gansxvav­deba wina TavebSi ganxiluli istoriuli epizodebisgan, rac kideverTxel naTlad metyvelebs, rom migraciis gamomwvevi mizezebi,drois dinebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, icvleba mxolod masStabida areali. Tumca sxvaoba mainc arsebobs da ufro uaryofiTi, vidreimedis momcemi. preistoriul migraciasTan paralelis gavlebisasaSkaraa, rom am procesis ZiriTadi mizezi – magaliTad, bunebrivimovlenebi – dRes warmatebiT Caanacvla adamianuri faqtoriT gamo­wveulma kataklizmebma, rac gacilebiT cudi Sedegebis momtaniakacobriob­ isaTvis.5.7. Tanamedrove migracia cifrebSi - mimoxilvawinamdebare qveTavi daiwera germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobissazogadoebis (2015), saerTaSoriso migraciisa da ganviTarebiscentris, gaero-s, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisorganizaciisa da migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier momza­debuli dokumentaciis safuZvelze.istoriulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove migracia izomeba Seda­rebiT ufro zusti cifrebiTa da statistikiT, rac naTlad war­moaCens arsebul da/an SesaZlo tendenciebs, exmareba qveynebs saTa­nado politikis gansazRvraSi da, SeZlebisdagvarad, aregulirebsmigraciul nakadebs.dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, dedamiwaze 232 mln-mde migrantia,daaxloebiT imdeni, ramdenic I saukuneSi mTeli msoflios mosaxleobaiyo.90 2013 wlis monacemebiT, saerTaSoriso migrantebi Seadgendnenmsoflio mosaxleobis 3.2%-s, rac aRemateba 1990 wels dafiqsirebul2.9%-ian maCvenebels. Sida migraciis procesSi ki CarTulia 740mln-mde adamiani. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom TiToeuli migrantiinarCunebs mSobliur qveynebSi kavSirs ojaxebsa da megobrebTan,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes garkveulwilad yvela adamians aqvs SexebamigraciasTan. migrantTa am STambeWdavi ricxvis fonze, ltolvilTaraodenoba uaxlovdeba 15.7 mln-s. 2013 wlisTvis maTi saerTomaCvenebeli Seadgenda saerTaSoriso migrantTa mTliani odenobis 7%-s. msoflioSi yoveli aTidan daaxloebiT cxra ltolvilma moipovaTavSesafari ganviTarebad regionebSi.9190 Black, World History Atlas, gv. 42.91 World Migration in Figures a joint contribution by UN-DESA and the OECD to the United Nations High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development, gv. 3-4 October 2013. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/ZiXOaM.მიგრაციის ისტორია 103

migrantTa ganawileba msoflios masStabiT gansxvavdeba. migrantebiCrdiloeT naxevarsferos mTliani mosaxleobis 10-12%-s Seadgenen,maSin, rodesac maTi raodenoba 2%-s ar aRemateba samxreTnaxevarsferos adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.92 2000 wlis SemdgommigrantTa ricxvi samxreTSi ufro swrafad gaizarda, vidreCrdiloeTSi. saerTaSoriso migrantTa daaxloebiT naxevari 10qveyanaSi cxovrobs: 2013 wlisTvis aSS-Si imyofeboda saerTaSorisomigrantTa yvelaze didi raodenoba (45.8 mln anu saerTo odenobis20%); ruseTSi es ricxvi aRwevda 11 mln-s, germaniaSi – 9.8 mln-s,saudis arabeTSi _ 9.1 mln-s, arabTa gaerTianebul saamiroebsa da didbritaneTSi – 7.8 mln-s (TiToeulSi), xolo avstraliasa da espaneTSi -6.5 mln-s (TiToeulSi).93 aRsaniSnavia, rom did britaneTs, safrangeTsada espaneTs koloniuri da lingvisturi kavSiri aqvs msoflios mravalqveyanasTan, rac xels uwyobs migrantTa mimosvlas yofil koloniebsada koloniur saxelmwifoebs Soris. amavdroulad, ruseTi, germaniada sparseTis yuris qveynebi droebiT migrantebs maspinZloben.migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia94 gamoyofs msoflioSi moqmedSemdeg migraciul koridorebs:• samxreTidan samxreTSi: ukrainidan ruseTis federaciaSi (3.7 mln) da piriqiT (3.5 mln); bangladeSidan butanSi; yazaxeTidan ruseTis federaciaSi da avRaneTidan pakistanSi.• samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi: meqsikidan aSS-Si (12.2 mln); Turqe­ Tidan germaniaSi; da CineTidan, filipinebidan da indoeTidan aSS–Si.• CrdiloeTidan CrdiloeTSi: germaniidan aSS-Si (1.3 mln); didi britaneTidan avstraliaSi; da kanadidan, koreis respublikidan da didi britaneTidan aSS-Si;• CrdiloeTidan samxreTSi: 20 ZiriTadi globaluri koridoris miRma mdgomi am marSrutiT migrantTa STambeWdavi raodenoba moZraobs, kerZod: amerikelebi meqsikasa (0.6 mln) da samxreT afrikaSi (0.3 mln); germanelebi TurqeTSi (0.3 mln); da portugalielebi braziliaSi (0.2 mln). yvela es nakadi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc yofili imigraciis Sedegi.9592 World Migration Report 2013 – Migrant Well-Being and Development. Key Facts and Figures. Geneva. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/LDUQPi.93 World Migration in Figures, 2013, gv. 3-4, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/ZiXOaM.94 International Organisation for Migration – daarsda 1951 wels meore msoflio omis Sem- deg evropaSi iZulebiT adgilnacvali, an umuSevrad darCenili adamianebisaTvis gadaadgilebaSi daxmarebis mizniT.95 IOM, World Migration Report 2013 `Migrant Well-Being and Development~, gv. 55-59. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/H6whd4.104 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

migraciuli nakadebi samxreTidan samxreTSi ricxovnobiT aRematebamimarTulebas samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT. 2013 wels samxreTSidabadebuli 82.3 mln saerTaSoriso migranti samxreTSive ganagrZobdacxovrebas. amavdroulad, daaxloebiT igivea (81.9 mln)96 im saer­TaSoriso migrantTa raodenoba, romlebic daibadnen samxreTSi dacxovrobdnen CrdiloeTSi.2013 wlis monacemebiT, saerTaSoriso migrantTa naxevarze metimamakacia. gamonaklisia CrdiloeTidan CrdiloeTisken mimarTuleba,sadac umetesobas qalebi Seadgenen.97 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, romsaerTaSoriso migrantTa 48% qalebi arian, sagrZnobi gansxvavebebiSeiniSneba regionebis mixedviT: qal migrantTa yvelaze didiraodenoba (51.9%) fiqsirdeba evropaSi, mas mosdevs laTinuri amerikada karibis auzis qveynebi (51.6%), CrdiloeT amerika (51.2%), okeaneTi(50.2%), afrika (45.9%) da azia (41.6%). aziaSi qal migrantTa simciregamowveulia mamakac muSaxelze gazrdili moTxovniT navTobismwarmoebel qveynebSi.98 amasTan, rig saxelmwifoebSi akrZalvebimoqmedebs qal migrantTa miRebaze.migrantebi samxreTSi iyofian erTmaneTisgan maqsimalurad daSori­Sorebul mcire da did asakobriv jgufebad maSin, rodesac Crdilo­eTSi metwilad saxloben samuSao asakis migrantebi. amasTanave,saerTa­Soriso studentTa umetesoba miemarTeba CrdiloeTisaken.99ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis(OECD)100 wevr qveynebSi migrantTa 30%-s aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba.2011 wlisaTvis, afrikaSi dabadebuli yoveli me-9 adamiani umaRlesiganaTlebis diplomiT cxovrobda OECD-is zonaSi. daaxloebiTimaCvenebeli (erTi 13-dan da erTi 30-dan) fiqsirdeba laTinur ame­rikaSi, karibis auzsa da aziaSi. e.w. `inteleqtis gadineba~ gansa­­kuT­r­ebiT sagrZnobia mciremosaxleobian da kunZulovan saxel­mwifoTaTvis, magram ara OECD-is wevrebze mWidrod dasaxlebuliqveyneb­ isaTvis. amasTan, faqtobrivad yvela warmoSobis qveynis praq­tikaSi maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelis emigracia aRemateba emigraciismTlian maCvenebels, rac naTlad asaxavs migraciis SerCeviTobasganaTlebis donis mixedviT.10196 World Migration in Figures, 2013, gv. 3-4, nanaxia 14.11.2015 w. https://goo.gl/ZiXOaM.97 World Migration Report 2013 – Migrant Well-Being and Development. Key Facts and Figures. Geneva. nanaxia 14.11.2015 w. https://goo.gl/H6whd4.98 IOM, World Migration in Figures, 2013, gv. 3-4. nanaxia 14.11.2015 w. https://goo.gl/ZiXOaM.99 IOM, World Migration Report, 2013, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/H6whd4.100 meore msoflio omiT dazaralebuli evropis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis SemuSavebuli e.w. marSalis gegmis gansaxorcieleblad 1948 wels daarsda evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation), romelic 1961 wels Caanacvla OECD-m (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). dResdReobiT OECD-Si gawevrianebulia 34 qveyana. nanaxia 14.11.2016w. http://www.oecd.org/about/.101 IOM, World Migration in Figures, 2013, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/ZiXOaM.მიგრაციის ისტორია 105

omebiT ganpirobebul migraciul procesebTan erTad, umniSvnel­ o­vanesi gamowvevaa e.w. `inteleqtis gadineba~. gasuli saukunis 90-ianiwlebisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgomdaiwyo akademiuri wreebis (umeteswilad zusti mecnierebebis)maRalkvalificiur warmomadgenelTa masobrivi gadineba/gadabirebadasavleTis mimarTulebiT, dRes ukve mwvaved dgas teqnikuriprofilis profesionalTa gadinebis sakiTxic. ganviTarebulisaxelmwifoebis SromiT bazarze arsebuli vakansiebi da bevradukeTesi samuSao pirobebi izidavs ganviTarebad qveynebSi mcxovrebmaRalkvalificiur specialistebs, rac qmnis Sesabamisi kadrebisdeficits da mniSvnelovnad aferxebs saxelmwifos progress. Tumca,ganviTarebadi qveynebis biujetebi mniSvnelovnad sazrdooben mig­rantTa fuladi gzavnilebiT, romelTa odenobac 2013 wlisaTvis aseTsaxelmwifoebSi daaxloebiT 404 mlrd aSS dolars Seadgenda,102 2014wlis monacemebiT – 435 miliards, xolo 2016 wels 475 miliards aRwevs.fuladi gzavnilebis raodenobad msoflio masStabiT 2013 wels 551miliardi aSS dolari dafiqsirda, 2016 wlisTvis ki 650 miliardamdezrda ivaraudeboda. formaluri fuladi gzavnilebis daaxloebiT43% miedineba CrdiloeTidan samxreTSi.103 amasTan, gagzavnili Tan­xebis didi wili modis araformalur gadaricxvebze, rac xSiradukavSirdeba sabanko sistemis xelmisawvdomobis naklebobas, an dabaliganaTlebis dones am TvalsazrisiT. fuladi gzavnilebis globaluriRirebulebis maCvenebeli ZiriTadad ucvlelia da 9%-s Seadgens.104saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT aseTi gadmoricxvebis ZiriTadi wyaroaruseTi, saberZneTi, italia, aSS da ukraina.105 2014 wels qveyanaSifuladi gzavnilebis odenoba 2013 welTan SedarebiT TiTqmis 40 mlnaSS dolariT Semcirda. klebis tendencia 2015 welSic gagrZelda,rac ZiriTadad ruseTsa da ukrainaSi arsebulma krizisma ganapiroba.miuxedavad amisa, fulad gzavnilTa odenobam 2014 wels 1.44 miliardaSS dolars gadaaWarba da qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis 8.7%Seadgina.106 msoflio bankis SefasebiT, eleqtronuli gadmoricxvebisaqarTveloSi fulad gzavnilTa saerTo raodenobis 60-70 %-sutoldeboda.107102 World Bank: Migration and Development Brief. Washington D.C. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/9NTJ1P.103 IOM, World Migration Report 2013, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/H6whd4.104 World Bank: Migration and Development, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/RNOUw5.105 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, gzavnilebi qveynebis mixedviT. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=304.106 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, mTliani Sida produqti. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/ZlHt4w.107 The World Bank, Topics in Development- Migration, Remittances, Diaspora & Development. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/cYNO4.106 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

am Tanxebis didi nawili, rogorc wesi, aramwarmoeblur moxmarebaze(pirveladi moxmarebis saqonelze) ixarjeba. emigrantebi da gzavnilTamimRebi ojaxebi maT uZrav qonebaSi, ganaTlebasa da jandacvaSicabandeben. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi fuladi gadmoricxvebisagulisxmo rols asruleben siRaribis donis SemcirebaSi, TumcaqveyanaSi Zalian dabalia am Tanxebis dagrovebisa da mewarmeobaSiinvestirebis wili.108amitomac mniSvnelovania gzavnilebis mimRebpirTa cnobierebis amaRleba finansur sakiTxebze da am saxsrebismimarTva socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisken.109germaniis saerTaSoriso migraciis da ganviTarebis centris Tanaxmad(Center for International Migration and Development – CIM), migraciis SesaxebzemoT moyvanili cifrebisa da wyaroebis miuxedavad, migraciismonacemTa bazebi ar gamoirCeva sruli sizustiT. migraciulsakiTxebze zust monacemTa Segrovebis problemebi ZiriTadadukavSir­deba: Zalze gansxvavebul monacemTa wyaroebs, sxvaobasgansazRvrisa da Sefasebis meTodologiaSi da warmoSobis da mimRebiqveynebis mier miTiTebul emigraciisa da imigraciis maCveneblebsSoris, an ubralod, saTanado monacemTa ukmarisobas.5.8. saqarTvelo da migracia preistoriuli adamianidan dRemde5.8.1. adreuli epoqasaqarTvelos istoriaSi migracias gansakuTrebuli roli gane­kuTvneba. mniSvnelovani strategiuli da geopolitikuri mdebareobisgamo momxdari omebis Sedegad, mosaxleoba, nebsiT Tu uneblieT,mudmivad migrirebda sakuTar qveyanaSi an mis farglebs gareT.amavdroulad, saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelo iRebda imigrantebs,romlebic asimilirdebodnen adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. maTTanerTobliobaSi isini warmoSobdnen kulturis TviTmyofad kerebs,romlebmac mravali weli iarsebes da, faqtobrivad, ucvleladmoaRwies Cvenamde.saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanaskneli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisasaRmoCenili (1991-2005 ww.) adamianuri naSTebis gaTvaliswinebiT,108 European Training Foundation, 2013, Migration and Skills in Georgia, results of the 2011/12 migration survey on the relationship between skills, migration and development; gv. 38.109 saqarTvelos 2016-2020 ww. migraciis strategia http://goo.gl/a29v26 da saqarTvelos 2015 w. migraciis profili. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/g4P651.მიგრაციის ისტორია 107

saqarTveloSi uZveles mosaxleebad miiCnevian 1.8 mln wlis winaTafrikidan migrirebuli da pirvel evropelebad aRiarebuli wyvili,romelTac arqeologebma zezva da mzia daarqves. sagulisxmoa,rom qvemo qarTlSi, qalaq dmanisSi aRmoCenili e.w. homo ereqtusgeorgikusis narCenebi uZveles nimuSebad iTvleba afrikis gareTnapovn adamianur naSTTa Soris. am pirvel imigrantTa gamoCenasTanerTad, saqarTvelo gaxda globaluri migraciuli procesebisaqtiuri monawile.migraciuli procesebi adreuli epoqis saqarTveloSi istoriulimovlenebis paralelurad viTardeboda da mniSvnelovnad gansazRv­ravda saxelmwifos beds. qarTvelTa migraciaze naTeli warmodgenisSesaqmnelad qvemoT dasaxelebulia is ZiriTadi movlenebi, romlebmacistoriis sxvadasxva etapze ganapiroba mosaxleobis gadaadgilebaqveynis SigniT an mis sazRvrebs gareT.Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos Camoyalibebuli kolxasa da diaoxispirveli qarTuli politikuri gaerTianeba110 ramdenime saukunovaniarsebobis Semdgom daemxo111 da maTi samosaxlo teritoriebiCrdiloeTidan SemoWrilma/imigrirebulma (Zv. w. VIII s.) momTabaretomebma112 daikaves. Zv. w. VI saukuneSi aRmocenebulma kolxeTis samefommoicva mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo da dRevandeli TurqeTisa daruseTis rigi teritoriebi.113kolxeTi mimzidveli iyo ara mxolodqarTveli Sida migrantebis, aramed ucxoeli imigrantebisTvisac.Zveli berZnuli miTis Tanaxmad, sworad kolxeTSi imogzauresargonavtebma,114 raTa xelT egdoT kolxTa mefis aietis oqrossawmisi.115 mogvianebiT, Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebSi Seqmnili qarTlis anuiberiis erTiani samefo (dedaqalaqiT – mcxeTa) gaxda aleqsandremakedonelis SemoWris mowmec.116 miuxedavad imisa, rom es teritoriebialeqsandres imperiis SemadgenlobaSi arasdros moqceula, berZnulmakulturam da enam didi gavlena iqonia aq mosaxle qarTvel tomebze.Zv. w. 65 wels iberia romaelebma daimorCiles,117 xolo mogvianebiT(Cv. w. IV s.)118 – sasanidTa sparseTma.119 I-II saukuneebSi dRevandeli110 giorgi meliqiSvili (redaqtori), saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, Tbili- si: 1970, gv. 358-392.111 iqve, gv. 392.112 kimerieli tomebi (cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da yirimSi).113 meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, gv. 400-420.114 Tesaliam mefe lolkusis vaJis, iazonis meTaurobiT Sekriba 50-mde berZeni mebrZo- li. isini xomald `argoTi~ Cavidnen kolxeTSi oqros sawmisis xelSi Casagdebad.115 homerosis odisea, XII wigni; V saukunis lirikosi poeti pinandre; apolonios ro- doselis `argonavtika~ – Zv. w. III s.116 meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, gv. 444-445.117 iqve.118 giorgi meliqiSvili (redaqtori), saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi II, Tbili- si: 1973, gv. 77-81.119 224-651 ww.108 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTise.w. `barbarizaciam~120 Zlieri gavlena iqonia kolxeTis zRvispiraqalaqebze. III saukuneSi ki metismetad gaZlierda lazika, romelicZiriTadad kolxebisagan Sedgeboda da damoukidebloba 562wlamde,121 bizantielTa mier damorCilebamde SeinarCuna. IV saukunisdasawyisSi qarTlis samefos gaqristianebam radikalurad Secvalaqveynis politikuri veqtori da, amasTanave, misi istoriac. Sida dagare migraciuli procesebi gansakuTrebuli simZafriT momdevnosaukuneebSi gaaqtiurda, rac ukavSirdeba iseT movlenebs, rogoricaa:arabTa dapyrobebi (VII-VIII ss.),122 axali qarTuli samTavroebisa dasamefoebis Seqmna (VII-VIII ss.),123 maTi gaerTianeba (IX-XII ss.),124 monRolTaSemoseva (XIII s.),125 iranelTa da osmalTa agresia (XV-XVI ss.),126 1783 welsgeorgievskis traqtatis dadeba, romlis mixedviTac qarTl-kaxeTissamefo ruseTis proteqtorati gaxda,127 am SeTanxmebis darRveva1801 wels da ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvla,128 1918 wels droebiTidamoukideblobis mopoveba, 1921 wlis sabWoTa aneqsia da 1991 welssuverenitetis aRdgena.istoriis manZilze qveynis teritoriebis gauTavebel gadanawile­bas­Tan erTad, aqtiurad viTardeboda migraciuli procesebic:Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi imigrirebulmaberZnebma adgilobrivi tomebi elinur kulturas aziares; IV sau­kuneSi qristianul samyaros nawilad qcevis Semdeg gaZlierdamigr­antTa mimosvla erTmorwmune qveynebSi; XII saukuneSi daviTaRmaSenebelma129 saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli aTeulobiT aTasiyivCaRi130 imigrantisagan Seqmna qveynis istoriaSi uZlieresi regu­laruli jari;131 XVII saukuneSi kaxeTidan da saingilodan132 aTasobiT120 gvarovnuli wyobilebis mZlavri rRvevis stadiaSi myof mTiel tomTa Camosaxleba/ imigracia kolxeTis barsa da sxva zRvispira regionebSi; ganviTarebis amave safex- urze mdgom Crdilokavkasiel tomTa Semoteva; maTi hegemonobiT aq axali tomTa kavSirebisa da adreklasobrivi saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. meliqiSvili, saqa- rTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, gv. 548.121 meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi II, gv. 267.122 iqve, gv. 286.123 iqve, gv. 278-507.124 iqve, gv. 507-531.125 giorgi meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi III, Tbilisi: 1979, gv. 527-552.126 iqve, gv. 670-720.127 giorgi meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi IV, Tbilisi: 1979, gv. 686-694.128 iqve, gv. 815.129 daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, 1073-1125 ww.130 Sua saukuneebSi mcxovrebi Turqulenovani tomebi.131 meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi III, gv. 226.132 dRevandeli azerbaijani. istoriuli kaxeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili. moi- cavs belaqanis, zaqaTalasa da kaxis raionebs.მიგრაციის ისტორია 109

qar­Tveli iZulebiT gadaasaxles133 fereidanis mxareSi Sah abasis134brZanebiT. emigraciaSi maT TavianTi tradiciebis dRemde SenarCunebada did qarTul diasporad Camoyalibeba moaxerxes; igive bedi ewiaXIX saukuneSi osmalTa135 mier TurqeTis teritoriaze gadasaxlebulqarTvelebs, romlebic ar kargaven kavSirs sakuTar kulturulfesvebTan; or saukuneze mets iTvlis migracia ruseTis mimarTulebiT,sadac erT-erTi umsxvilesi qarTuli diaspora cxovrobs.5.8.2. migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi XX saukuneSi1365.8.2.1. migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi 1950-ian wlebamdemigrantTa masobrivi Camosvla saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba 1920-ianiwlebis bolodan da ukavSirdeba farTod wamowyebul industriulmSe­neblobas, romelic damatebiT muSaxels moiTxovda. sabWoTasocialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk) sxva respublikebidanmosaxleobis Semodinebis procesi gansakuTebiT gaZlierda 1930-ianwlebSi, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli `koleqtivizaciisa~ da`gankulakebis~137 Sedegad, ruseTis samxreT regionebSi, ukrainasa dayazaxeTSi sastiki SimSiloba daiwyo. iqauri mosaxleoba (ZiriTadad,rusebi da ukrainelebi) gamoeqca represiebs, SimSils da saqarTvelosSeafara Tavi. 1926-1939 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusebis ricxvigasammagda (gaizarda 320%-iT), maSin, rodesac qarTvelTa raodenobaqveynis SigniT mxolod 21.6%-iT gaizarda. Sesabamisad, qarTvelTaxvedriTi wili respublikis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi kidevufro Semcirda (61%-mde), rac mTlianad migraciul procesebsukavSirdeba: am periodSi saqarTveloSi Camosul migrantTa raodenobaaRemateboda respublikidan gasulTa ricxvs – saSualod, 200 aTasipiriT weliwadSi.138meore msoflio omis dros saqarTveloSi Camovida germanelTa mierokupirebuli teritoriebidan evakuirebuli aTasobiT adamiani,ZiriTadad rusebi da ukrainelebi. omis dasrulebis Semdeg maTinawili daubrunda Zvel sacxovrebel adgils, nawili ki saqarTveloSidamkvidrda.139133 meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi IV, gv. 272-273.134 Sah abas I, 1571-1629 ww.135 1299-1923 ww.136 5.8 qveTavis 5.8.2.1, 5.8.2.2, 5.8.2.3 nawili momzadebulia winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-3 Tavis avtorTan irina baduraSvilTan TanamSromlobiT.137 pirad sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis usasyidlod warTmeva.138 vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1996 w. gv. 135.139 gia fircxalava, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba: erovnuli Semadgenloba, ojaxebi, mi- gracia, Tbilisi: samSoblo, 1997 w. gv. 60.110 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

imdroindeli migraciuli procesebis ganxilvisas SeuZlebeliaar aRvniSnoT, rom am periodSi uamravi adamiani iZulebiT iyogadasaxlebuli saqarTvelodan politikuri represiebis Sedegad:magaliTad, totalitaruli reJimis politikuri mowinaaRmdegeni,disidentebi an, ufro xSirad, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi, romelTacusafuZvlod dabraldaT reJimis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba. aseTipirebi, ojaxebi, eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT SerCeuli adamianTajgufebi, imdroindeli politikuri xelmZRvanelobis azriT,safrTxes uqmnidnen saxelmwifos. sabWour istoriaSi cnobiliassrk-s mkvidri calkeuli xalxebis gaZeveba, romelic saqarTveloSimcxovreb germanelTa gadasaxlebiT daiwyo: magaliTad, kavkasielimTieli mosaxleobis, CeCnebisa da inguSebis, agreTve mesxeTSimcxovrebi muslimi qarTvelebis – e.w. Turqi-mesxebis140 – qurTebisada sxvaTa uprecedento gadasaxleba 1944 wels, stalinis brZanebiT;aseve, pontoeli berZnebis didi nawilis gaZeveba saqarTvelodan1949 wels. arsebuli SefasebebiT, politikuri represiebis Sedegad,saqarTvelodan im dros 120 aTasze meti adamiani iZulebiTgadaasaxles.1415.8.2.2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migracia 1950-1990 wlebSiTu ar CavTvliT mcirericxovan qarTul elitas (ramdenimeaTas kacs), ssrk-Si sazRvrebis Caketvis gamo xalxis gadineba e.w`sabWoTa banakidan~,142 faqtobrivad, Sewyda. am periodSi, ssrk-ssxva respublikebTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelo ar gamoirCeoda didimigrac­ iuli procesebiT – mosaxleobis gadineba ZiriTadad mezobelsomxeTs ar gascdenia.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi sxva res­publikebidan migrantTa Semodineba Semcirda, 1950-iani wlebis140 igive muslimi mesxebi. evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebisas saqarTvelom ikisra val- debuleba (PACE Opinion № 209, 27 ianvari, 1999) gawevrianebidan ori wlis ganmavloba- Si samarTlebrivi bazis miRebis Sesaxeb, romliTac nebadarTuli iqneboda sabWo- Ta reJimis mier deportirebuli mesxi mosaxleobis repatriacia da integracia, saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis uflebis CaTvliT. 2007 wlis 11 ivliss miiRes kanoni (№ 5261) `yofili ssrk-s mier XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sssr-dan iZulebiT gadasaxlebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb~. am kanoniT dadgenili repatriaciis sistema efuZneba istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenasa da Rirseuli da nebayo- flobiTi dabrunebis principebs.141 revaz gaCeCilaZe, mosaxleobis migracia saqarTveloSi da misi socialur-ekonomi- kuri Sedegebi, Tbilisi: gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, 1997 w. gv. 13.142 e.w. varSavis paqtis (varSavis xelSekruleba megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da urT- ierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, 14.05.1955-01.07.1991 ww.) mixedviT Camoyalibda erTiani Ta- vdacvis bloki, romelSic gaerTiandnen: sabWoTa kavSiri, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, aRmosavleTi germania, ungreTi, poloneTi da rumineTi.მიგრაციის ისტორია 111

bolodan ki ufro meti migranti gadioda respublikidan, vidreSemodioda. 1959-1989 wlebSi saqarTveloSi yovel 100 gasul pirs 80Camosuli migranti enacvleboda.143gansaxilvel periodSi mosaxleobis yvelaze masobrivi gadinebasaqarTvelodan SeiniSneboda 1970-ian wlebSi. migraciis gamoqveynis mosaxleobas yovelwliurad akldeboda, saSualod, 15,400adamiani, maSin, rodesac wina da momdevno wlebSi sxvaoba Camosulda wasul migrantTa Soris ar aRemateboda 6-8 aTass weliwadSi.144 esnawilobriv aixsneba saqarTvelodan ebraelTa emigraciiT israelSi,romelic 1970-ian wlebSi daiwyo; sxva sabWoTa respublikebisgangansxvavebiT, maSindeli saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba ar zRudavdaebraelTa dabrunebas istoriul samSobloSi,145 Tumca, saqarTveloSimigraciul nakadTa mimarTulebis kardinalurad Secvla da qveynisgardaqmna migrantTa mimRebi respublikidan mosaxleobis gadinebisteritoriad sxva mniSvnelovanma faqtorebmac ganapiroba, pirvelrigSi, saqarTveloSi manamde mimdinare migraciulma procesebma.1930-ian wlebSi ruseTidan saqarTveloSi Camosul pirveli TaobismigrantTa STamomavlebis garda, qveynis teritoriaze bevrisamxedro mosamsaxuris ojaxi cxovrobda warmoSobiT ruseTidanda sxva sabWoTa respublikebidan. samsaxuris dasrulebis Semdegisini ojaxebTan erTad xSirad rCebodnen aq dasamkvidreblad.amave dros, qveyanaSi mcxovrebi rusebis integracia adgilobrivsazogadoebriv-kulturul sivrceSi, faqtobrivad, ar momxdara.zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, es adamianebi ar flobdnen qarTuls,ganaTlebas iRebdnen mSobliur enaze da umravlesoba ar dauaxlovdaadgilobriv kulturas. amiT aixsneba isic, rom Sereuli qorwinebebiqarTvelebsa da rusebs Soris qveyanaSi iSviaToba gaxldaT.araqarTuli warmoSobis axalgazrdebi cdilobdnen, umaRlesiganaTleba saqarTvelos gareT mieRoT da ukan, rogorc wesi, aRarbrundebodnen. amasTanave, qarTvelebic xSirad miiswrafodnenruseTsa da sxva mokavSire respublikebSi saswavlad, sadacumaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg xSirad rCebodnen samuSaod damkvidrdebodnen kidec. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is, rom respublikisfarglebs gareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis raodenoba 1959-1989 wlebSi91 aTasidan 194 aTasamde gaizarda.146143 mirian tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migracia, Tbilisi: 1996 w. gv. 13.144 jaoSvili, `saqarTvelos mosaxleoba~, gv. 239.145 gaCeCilaZe, mosaxleobis migracia saqarTveloSi da misi socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi, gv. 15.146 iqve, gv. 17.112 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saqarTvelom, rogorc mdidari sasoflo-sameurneo tradiciebisada xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis mqone qveyanam, industriuliganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT did warmatebebs ver miaRwia. is zogadadCamorCeboda sxva sabWoTa respublikebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebistempiT, ramac gamoiwvia axali samrewvelo mSeneblobebis Semcireba.aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi damatebiTi muSaxelis mozidvisaucilebloba aRar idga dRis wesrigSi. metic, qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiTzogierT regionSi, Seiqmna Warbi muSaxelis problema, rac iq mcxovrebmosaxleobas aiZulebda, dasasaqmeblad sxvagan wasuliyo, maT Sorisrespublikis gareT.147 magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi mosaxle somxebigamudmebiT midiodnen droebiT samuSaoebze ruseTis Soreul olqebSi,sadac maRali anazRaurebis SesaZleblobebi iyo da aseTi gasvlebiiqauri ojaxebis ekonomikuri qcevis modelad iqca im dros.148saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi Seqmnilma viTarebamgarkveuli biZgi misca aq mcxovreb rusebs ruseTSi dabrunebisaTvis.rogorc aRiniSna, es, pirvel rigSi, axalgazrdebis saswavlad wasvlasada iq darCenaSi gamoixateboda.1950-1989 wlebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc saqarTvelodanmosaxleobis gadinebis periodi. am wlebSi migraciis gamo qveyanamdakarga 280 aTasamde adamiani.149 respublikidan gasul migrantTaraodenoba sxvadasxva wels icvleboda – xan meti iyo, xan naklebi –magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, igi yovelTvis aWarbebda saqarTveloSiCamosulTa ricxvs. kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qveynidangasul migrantTa ZiriTadi nawili araqarTuli mosaxleoba iyo.mosaxleobis aRweris 1989 wlis monacemTa mixedviT, eTnikuriqarTvelebis umravlesoba (95%) kvlav saqarTvelos teritoriazecxovrobda.5.8.2.3. migracia saqarTveloSi 1990-iani wlebidan1990-iani wlebidan qveyanaSi iwyeba axali etapi migraciuli procesebisistoriaSi – mosaxleobis masobrivi emigracia. ukve iTqva, romsaqarTvelodan mosaxleobis gadinebis procesi manamde daiwyo. amisgamo 1980-ian wlebSi qveyana yovelwliurad, saSualod, 6-7 aTas pirskargavda, Tumca, damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg emigraciuliprocesebis intensivoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. gare migraciis147 iqve, gv. 16.148 Irina Badurashvili, Out-Migration from Georgia to Moscow and Other Destinations, ix. krebulSi Trans-boundary Migration in the Post-Soviet Space: Three comparative case studies, eds. Genov N., Savvidis T., Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2011, gv. 84.149 jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, gv. 239.მიგრაციის ისტორია 113

uaryofiTi saldos mixedviT, 1989-2003 wlebSi saqarTvelo meoreadgilze iyo postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris, yazaxeTis Semdeg.150damoukideblobas mohyva uamravi gamowveva, ramac biZgi miscaemigraciul procesebs, kerZod: samoqalaqo dapirispireba, samxedrokonfliqtebi saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis, afxazeTis dacxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisuprecedento vardna, qaosi, korufcia mTavrobaSi da a.S. amgvarmaviTarebam arastabilur politikur fonze saqarTveloSi sakmaodxangrZlivad gastana.unda aRiniSnos, rom damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi emigrantTapirveli nakadi saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad eTnikuri xasiaTisa iyo, risgamoc, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda erovnul umciresobaTa ricxovnoba da,Sesabamisad, gaizarda (70%-dan 84%-mde 1989-2002 wlebSi) qarTvelebiswili mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi.qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo, eTni­kur umciresobaTa emigraciis talRas mohyva qarTvelTa gadi­nebac, pirvel rigSi, mezobel ruseTSi, sadac dasaqmebis meti Sesa­Zleb­lobebi iyo, xolo mogvianebiT – sxva qveynebSic, dasavleTevrop­asa da aSS-Si. Tavdapirvelad, saqarTvelodan midiodnen e.w.elitaruli wreebis warmomadgenlebi – msaxiobebi, momRerlebi daa.S.151 am dros migraciuli nakadebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTaTana­megobrobis (dsT) teritoriaze e.w. `gamWirvale~ sazRvrebispirobebSi moZraobdnen da es procesi garkveul xans realurad arckontroldeboda.gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda afxazeTidan dayofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqidan eTnikuri wmendisSedegad wamosuli 250 aTasze meti adamiani. devnilTa umravlesobasaqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi dasaxlda, magram bevrma maTganmadatova qveyana da emigraciaSi wavida – ruseTSi Tu sxvagandasamkvidreblad.152 saqarTvelos farglebs gareT isini cdilobdnenltolvilis statusis miRebas, ramac garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo maTdarCenas ucxoeTSi.mosaxleobis emigracia saqarTvelodan damaxasiaTebelia mTeligansaxilveli periodisaTvis, 1990-iani wlebidan dRemde. magram150 Ali Mansoor and Bryce Quillin, eds. Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The World Bank, 2006, gv. 33.151 CRRC (Caucasus Research Resource Centres): Migration and Return in Georgia: Trends, Assessments, and Potential, A report submitted to the Danish Refugee Council by CRRC, Tbilisi: 2007, gv. 8.152 Irina Badurashvili and Mamuka Nadareishvili, Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, Final Country Report, European Commission and GVG, 2012, gv. 9. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/YB7O0Z.114 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

misi masStabi droTa ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. Tu1992-1996 wlebSi saqarTvelo emigraciis gamo saSualod 135 aTasadamians kargavda weliwadSi, 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridanes ricxvi naxevrdeba, 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki meryeobs 30-35 aTasis farglebSi.153 iseve, rogorc sxva mraval qveyanaSi, sa­qarTveloSic Znelia, zustad ganvsazRvroT amJamindel migra­ciulnakadTa masStabebi. miuxedavad amisa, qveyana seriozulad muSaobsmdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, rac gulisxmobs: sxva­da­sxvag­varisaregistracio sistemebis SemoRebas, qarTvel migr­antTa adgil­samyofeli ucxo qveynis saimigracio samsaxurebTan Tanam­SromlobisganviTarebas, axali analitikuri sistemebis SemuSavebas da a.S.mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTveloSi migrantTa adreuli nakadebisgangansxvavebiT, romlebic qveyanas ZiriTadad samudamod tovebdnen, 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan Seicvala emigrantTa kategoria: isini,Cveulebriv, droebiT samuSaod midiodnen ucxoeTSi da ramdenimexanSi ukan brundebodnen. ekonomikuri siduxWiris pirobebSi droebiTiSromiTi migracia saqarTveloSi xSir SemTxvevebSi `gadarCenisstrategiad~ iqca: qveyanaSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis 6-10%-s erTi wevrimainc hyavda ucxoeTSi samuSaod.154Tanamedrove migraciul nakadebs saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad droebiTiSromiTi migracia gansazRvravs. qveyanaSi dResac bevria iseTi Sina­meurneoba, sadac ojaxis erTi an ramdenime wevri sazRvargareT arissamuSaod. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom SromiTi migrantebi saqarTve­lodanucxoeTSi, saSualod, sam wlamde rCebian da Semdgom brundebiansakuTar ojaxebsa da samSobloSi.155 amasTan, migrantTa nakadebisSemadgenloba saqarTvelodan mudmivad icvleba.5.8.3. saqarTvelo da evrokavSiri - axali perspeqtivebirogorc wina TavSi aRiniSna, saqarTvelos migraciis istoriaSi axaliepoqa 1990-iani wlebis dasasruls iRebs saTaves. sabWoTa kavSirisa da,masTan erTad, `rkinis fardis~156 moSlis Semdgom gaizarda im qveynebis153 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (saqstati), saqarTvelos statisti- kuri weliwdeuli: Tbilisi, 2014 w. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/IKqmQK .154 CRRC, Migration and Return in Georgia: Trends, Assessments, and Potential gv. 7.155 European Training Foundation (ETF) and BCG-Research,Migration and Skills in Georgia. Results of the 2011/12, Migration survey on the Relationship between Skills, Migration and Development, ETF, 2013. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/vKq0uO .156 e.w. civi omis periodSi ase aRniSnavdnen im politikur, samxedro da ideologiur bariers, romelic II msoflio omis Semdeg aRmarTa sabWoTa kavSirma, raTa dasav- leTis arakomunisturi qveynebisgan izolaciaSi moeqcia aRmosavleT da centra- luri evropis mokavSire saxelmwifoebi. `rkinis farda~ terminad XIX saukunidan ixmareba, Tumca istoriuli mniSvneloba mas SesZina britaneTis premier-ministrmaმიგრაციის ისტორია 115

ricxvi, romlebiskenac, ekonomikuri keTildReobis gaumjobesebismizniT, gezi aiRes qarTvelma migrantebma. damoukideblobismopovebidan ori aTwleulis Semdeg ki saqarTvelo migrantTawarmoSobis qveynidan satranzito da daniSnulebis qveynad gadaiqca,ramac migraciuli procesebis efeqtiani marTvis gadaudebelisaWiroeba warmoSva. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTveloSiCamoyalibda migraciis marTvisaTvis aucilebeli institutebi daSemuSavda Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza.157strategiul doneze migraciuli procesebis marTvis mosawesrigebladpirveli konkretuli nabiji 1997 wels gadaidga, rodesac Seiqmna`migraciis politikis koncefcia~.158 Tumca, imdroindeli saSinaoda, didwilad, sagareo politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, sakiTxinaklebad aqtualuri iyo da koncefciis debulebaTa ganxorcielebadidi xniT gadaido. axali biZgi am mimarTulebas saqarTvelo–evrokavSiris urTierTobebis momdevno etapze gadasvlam misca,rasac win uZRoda xangrZlivi da gamowvevebiT aRsavse ormxriviTanamSromloba qveynisTvis sasicocxlo mimarTulebebiT.saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierToba159 1992 wlidan160 iwyeba.pirveli oficialuri SeTanxmeba, romelic evrokavSirTan gaformdada 2016 wlamde aregulirebda TanamSromlobis prioritetulmimarTulebebs, iyo 1996 wlis SeTanxmeba partniorobisa da Ta­namSromlobis Sesaxeb.161 igi moicavda mraval sferos, sadac mxareebiiRebdnen erToblivi muSaobis valdebulebas garkveuli politikuri,ekonomikuri da socialuri miznebis misaRwevad. mogvianebiT, 2003wels, SemuSavda evropuli samezoblo politika (ENP),162 romelicmiznad isaxavs evrokavSirisa da misi mezobeli qveynebis politikuri,ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTdaaxloebis mxardaWeras. same­zoblo politika saqarTveloze gavrcelda 2004 wlidan,163 xolo 2006 (1940–45 ww. 1951–55 ww.) uinston lionard-spenser CerCilma (1874-1965 ww.) civi omis Sesaxeb 1946 wlis 5 marts aSS-s qalaq fultonSi gakeTebul sajaro mimarTvaSi.157 institucionaluri da samarTlebrivi bazis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ixi­ leT winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-14 TavSi – migracia da sajaro marTva.158 geografiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis, docent T. TomaSvilis avtorobiT momza- debuli koncefcia mowonebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 17 noembris #673 brZanebulebiT.159 winamdebare nawilSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros da evropul da evro-atlantikur struqturebSi integraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris aparatis vebgverdebze ganTavsebuli sainformacio masalebi.160 rodesac evrogaerTianebam saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod cno.161 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/aas72h.162 ENP-EU Neighborhood Policy - evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis arealSi gawevri- anebulia evrokavSiris samxreT da aRmosavleT sazRvrebis 16 saxelmwifo. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/jTRUvz.163 2004 wlis 14 ivniss evrokavSiris (ministrTa) sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba azerbai- janis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis evropul samezoblo politikaSi CarTvaze. amis116 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

wlis 14 noembers qveyanam miiRo evropuli samezoblo politikissaqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samoqmedo gegma (ENP AP),164 romelic asa­xavs TanamSromlobis strategiul miznebsa da prioritetebs, maTSoris, samarTlis, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi. gegmamoicavs seqtorul midgomebze dafuZnebul solidur saTanamSromloplatformas migraciis sferoSi.1652009 wlis 7 maiss praRaSi gamarTul samitze xeli moewera erToblivdeklaracias evrokavSiris aRmosavleT partniorobis iniciativaze(EaP),166 romelic iTvaliswinebs TanamSromlobis ormxriv da mra­valmxriv formatebs. mravalmxrivi formatis erT-erTi mimar­Tulebamoicavs migraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs da iZleva saSualebas,kidev ufro gaRrmavdes TanamSromloba am ganxriT.1672009 wels evrokavSiris 16-ma wevrma saxelmwifom da saqarTvelom xelimoaweres erTobliv deklaracias _ partnioroba mobilurobisTvis(MP).168 es iniciativa gulisxmobs erTobliv brZolas aralegalurmigraciasTan, legaluri migraciis xelSewyobas da TanamSromlobasiseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: migraciis monitoringi, SromiTimigracia, readmisia, reintegracia, diaspora, dokumentebis usaf­rT­x­oeba, migraciis erTiani sainformacio baza da profesiulikva­lifikaciis aRiareba; aseve iTvaliswinebs evrokavSiris qvey­nebSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa legalur dasaqmebas, maT Soris,e.w. `cirkularuli migraciis~ saSualebiT. es sqema iZleva evro­kavSiris saxelmwifoebSi garkveul xans legalurad dasaqmebis,swavlis, treningebis gavlisa da Semdgom saqarTveloSi dabrunebisSesaZleblobas; iniciativa gulisxmobs mWidro TanamSromlobasqarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebTanac. am mxriv mniSvnelovania Semdeg saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi axal fazaSi Sevida da kidev ufro intensiuri gaxda. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/57Lhoq.164 ENP AP-European Neighborhood Policy Action Plan. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/aJCdb6.165 ix. qvemoT saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis SeTanxmeba.166 aRmosavleT partnioroba Seiqmna SvedeTisa da poloneTis iniciativiT da aris evropis samezoblo politikis aRmosavleTis ganzomileba. am iniciativis Sesax- eb pirvelad 2009 wlis 7 maiss, praRaSi, evropis aRmosavleT samezoblos samitze gacxadda. evropis aRmosavleT samezobloSi evrokavSiris 27 wevri saxelmwifo, azerbaijani, belarusi (evrokavSirTan misi urTierTobebis ganviTarebidan gamom- dinare), moldovas respublika, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, ukraina monawileoben. nanax- ia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/7EbhXr.167 sazRvris integrirebuli marTva; korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola; sajaro adminis- trirebis reforma; sasamarTlo sistemis gaumjobesebuli funqcionireba; migra- cia da TavSesafari; saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politika; garemosa da klimatis cvlileba; vaWroba da vaWrobis regulaciebis sferoebSi TanamSromlo- ba, dakavSirebuli Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebasTan; mcire da saSualo biznesis politika; transporti; soflis meurneoba da ganvi- Tareba; kvleva da inovacia.168 Mobility Partnership. saqarTvelosTvis oficialurad gaixsna 2010 wels. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/vaWF5P.მიგრაციის ისტორია 117

evrokavSiris 2011 wlis iniciativa – `globaluri midgoma migra­ciisa da mobilurobisadmi~ (GAMM),169 – romelic moicavs SemdegmimarTulebebs: legaluri migraciis marTvis gaumjobeseba damobilurobis xelSewyoba, aralegaluri migraciis prevencia daSemcireba, migraciisa da ganviTarebis urTierTkavSiris gaZliereba.zemoxsenebuli procesebidan gamomdinare, aseve mTlianobaSiqveyanaSi erTiani migraciuli politikis SemuSavebis mizniT, 2010wels, evrokavSiris rekomendaciiT Camoyalibda170 saqarTvelosmigraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia.171 12 saxelmwifo uwyebisganSemdgari komisia mTavrobis saTaTbiro organoa, romelic msjelobsda gadawyvetilebebs iRebs migraciis marTvasTan172 dakavSirebulaqtualur sakiTxebze.xsenebuli komisiis evrokavSirTan aqtiuri TanamSromlobis sa­fuZvelze, 2011 wlis 1 martidan ZalaSia SeTanxmeba evrokavSirsa dasaqarTvelos Soris vizebis gacemis proceduris gamartivebis Sesaxeb(SemdgomSi – viza-fasilitaciis SeTanxmeba)173 da SeTanxmeba une­barTvod mcxovreb pirTa readmisiis Sesaxeb (SemdgomSi – readmisiisSeTanxmeba).174 viza-fasilitaciis SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos moqalaqeTagarkveul kategoriebs umartivebs evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisvizis miRebas, amcirebs an auqmebs mis safasurs da awesebs uvizomimosvlas diplomatebisaTvis;175 readmisiis xelSekruleba ki mkafiod169 GAMM – Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/h4tcgd.170 saqarTvelos mTavrobis № 314-e dadgenileba. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/Svs7az.171 ix. https://goo.gl/MlIfD0, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.172 Tumca, faqtobrivad analogiuri komisia saqarTveloSi 14 wliT adre ukve arsebob- da, magram savaraudod zemoT aRwerili mizezebis gamo, misi saqmianoba ver gamodga efeqtiani. migraciis procesTa marTvis sistemis SemuSavebis saxelmwifo komisia, saqarTvelos prezidentis №330 brZanebulebiT, 1996 wlis 19 maiss Seiqmna da misi funqcia iyo qveyanaSi migraciuli procesebis marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba, saW- iro RonisZiebebis dagegmva, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa funqciebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra am sferoSi, Sesabamisi normatiuli bazis srulyofa, aseve, gaeros ganviTarebis programisa da `migraciis marTvis programis“ ganxorcieleba, romelic damuSavebuli iyo migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da saqarTve- loSi gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisris warmomadgenlobis urTierTTanamS- romlobiT.173 Agreement between the European Union and Georgia on the facilitation of the issuance of visas. xeli moewera 2010 wlis 17 ivniss. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/rrfbAH, aseve, http://goo.gl/FDYvCw.174 Agreement between the European Union and Georgia on the readmission of persons residing without authorization. xeli moewera 2010 wlis 22 noembers. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/GnMCRG, aseve, http://goo.gl/9MES01.175 SeTanxmebis mixedviT: savizo ganacxadis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli mosakrebe- li saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqisaTvis mcirdeba 60-dan 35 evromde. evrokavSiris teritoriaze martivdeba xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifoTa vizebis miRebis procedura 22 kategoriis pirTaTvis. maT Soris, 12 kategoria savizo ganacxadis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli mosakreblisagan gaTavisufldeba; 13 kategoriis pirTaTvis individualurad ganisazRvra vizis misaRebad warsadgeni dokumen- tebis saxe; 11 kategoriis pirTaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia 1-wliani mravaljeradi vizis gacema, Tu maT wina wels erTi viza mainc aqvT miRebuli da es viza gamoiyenes118 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gansazRvravs procedurebs, romelTa dacviTac unda moxdes ama Tu imqveynis teritoriaze ukanonod mcxovreb pirTa readmisia samSobloSi.igi efuZneba adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvisevropul konvenciaSi asaxul principebs.saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris molaparakebebi asocirebis SeTanxmebazeoficialurad 2010 wlis ivlisSi daiwyo (xolo Rrma da yovlis­momcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrceze – 2011 wlis dekemberSi).2013 wels vilniusis samitze parafirebuli176 iqna saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba,177 romelsac 2014 wlis 27ivniss moewera xeli. 2016 wlisaTvis ki dasrulda misi ratificirebaerTi mxriv, saqarTvelos, xolo meore mxriv, evrokavSiris 28 wevriqveynis parlamentis mier. dokumenti or mxares Soris TanamSromlobismTavari CarCo178 xelSekrulebaa, romelmac Caanacvla 1996 wlisSeTanxmeba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb da romelicqmnis saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis axal samarTlebrivCarCos.asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba Seicavs politikur komponentebsac,rogoricaa: politikuri dialogi; reformebi demokratiuliinstitutebis gasaZliereblad; kanonis uzenaesoba; sasamarTlosdamoukidebloba; adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema; konfliqtismSvidobiani mogvareba da TanamSromloba marTlmsajulebis,Tavi­suflebisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi. SeTanxmeba moicavsenergetikis, sabaJo da servisebis sferoebsac, vaWrobis ganviTarebasada dacvas, saregulacio disciplinis damkvidrebas, konkurenciisregulirebasa da gamWvirvalobas, saqonlis xarisxisa da sanitaruliTu fitosanitaruli normebisa da regulaciebis gansazRvras, adgil­samyofeli saxelmwifos Sesvlisa da yofnis wesebis kanonmdeblobis Sesa- bamisad. amis Semdeg aRniSnul pirebs 2-dan 5 wlamde mravaljeradi vizis miRebis ufleba eqnebaT. garkveuli kategoriis pirebze pirdapir SeiZleba mravaljeradi vizis gacema 5 wlamde moqmedebis vadiT. vizis gacemaze gadawyvetileba miiReba Se- sabamisi savizo ganacxadisa da saWiro dokumentaciis miRebidan 10 kalendaruli dRis ganmavlobaSi. es vada calkeul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gaxangrZlivdes 30, an Semcirdes 2 kalendarul dRemde. saqarTvelos diplomatiuri pasportebis mflo- belTaTvis SeTanxmeba awesebs 90 dRemde uvizo mimosvlas monawile saxelmwifoeb- Si.176 saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis an misi calkeuli muxlis winaswari damowmeba xel- Semkvreli mxareebis rwmunebulTa mier, TavianTi inicialebiT. parafirebis dani­ Snulebaa, dafiqsirdes, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis teqsti sabolood Se- Tanxmebulia, Tumca parafireba ar niSnavs xelis moweras da ver cvlis mas.177 asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, erTi mxriv, evrokavSirsa da evropis atomuri ener­ giis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs da, meore mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/AczI9L aseve http://goo.gl/ZK5jUi.178 or mxares Soris xelSekruleba, romelic aRiarebs, rom mxareebs ar miuRweviaT saboloo SeTanxmebisaTvis SesaZlo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, Tumca SeTanxmdnen im- den sakiTxze, rom saSualeba eZlevaT, ganaviTaron urTierTobebi da samomavlod SeTanxmebas miaRwion darCenil detalebzec.მიგრაციის ისტორია 119

sasoflo-sameurneo da sawarmoo produqciis eqsportsa da misxelSewyobas, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvas da saqarTveloskanonmdeblobis morgebas evrokavSiris samarTalze. SeTanxmebaiTvaliswinebs evrokavSiris mxridan qarTveli studentebis mniSvne­lovan daxmarebasac saganmanaTleblo programebis dafinansebisTvalsazrisiT.SeTanxmeba ar aris evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis aucilebeli winapiroba,Tumca, evrokavSirsa da mis kanonmdeblobasTan (acquis) daaxloebisimdenad maRal dones gulisxmobs, rom misi efeqtiani ganxorcielebisSemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad, Seuqcevadi gaxdeba saqarTvelos evro­peizacia. SeTanxmeba vrceldeba, erTi mxriv, evrokavSiris da, meoremxriv, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, saerTaSorisod aRiarebulisazRvrebis farglebSi, rac gulisxmobs, rom afxazeTisa da cxinvalisregionebTan mimarTebiT SeTanxmeba gavrceldeba okupirebulteritoriebze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgenis Semdgom.igi moicavs: TanamSromlobis principebs evrokavSirTan Rrma dayovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze(DCFTA)179 da savizo reJimis liberalizaciis sakiTxebs.saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan integraciis mimdinare formatSi viza­li­beralizacia erT-erTi umTavresi mimarTulebaa asoci­rebisSeTanxmebis perspeqtivaTa Soris, Tavisufal savaWro urTier­TobebTan erTad. 2012 wlis ivnisSi oficialurad daiwyo saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris dialogi uvizo mimosvlis anu savizo reJimis li­beralizaciis Sesaxeb; 2013 wlis 25 Tebervals ki saqarTvelos gadaecasavizo reJimis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegma,180 xolo imave wlismartSi mTavrobam daamtkica migraciis 2013-2015 wlebis strategia.181evrokavSiris mier SemuSavebuli savizo reJimis liberalizaciissamoqmedo gegma moicavda oTx bloks,182 romlebic, Tavis mxriv,Sedgeboda ori (sakanonmdeblo da implementaciis) fazisagan. Ti­Toeulis farglebSi miRweul progressa da qveynis mzadyofnasSemdgomi nabijebisaTvis gansazRvravdnen evrokavSiris sagangeboSemfasebeli misiebi, romlebic Sesabamis angariSebSi183 iZleodnenkonkretul rekomendaciebs. saqarTveloSi aseTi misiebis 22 vizitiganxorcielda da momzadda 4 angariSi miRweuli progresis Sesaxeb.179 ix. http://www.economy.ge/ge/dcfta, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.180 VLAP – Visa Liberalization Action Plan. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/02aKxR.181 ix. migraciis strategia, Tavi 2. strategiis mizani da principebi, qveTavi 2.1, mi- graciis strategiis mizani. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/gs5zUo.182 bloki 1: dokumentebis usafrTxoeba, biometriis CaTvliT; bloki 2: sazRvris in- tegrirebuli marTva, migraciis marTva da TavSesafris politika; bloki 3: sazo- gadoebrivi wesrigi da usafrTxoeba; bloki 4: sagareo urTierTobebi da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi.183 ix. http://goo.gl/9ktdvy, aseve, http://goo.gl/Bk0lng, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.120 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Sedegad, qveyanam 2014 wels samoqmedo gegmis 1-li faza daxura,2015 wlis18 dekembers ki _ me-2.184 2016 wlis 9 marts evrokomisiamevroparlamentsa da evrokavSiris sabWos oficialurad warudginasakanonmdeblo winadadeba N539/2001185 regulaciaSi cvlilebisSetanis Sesaxeb. cvlileba iTvaliswinebs evrokavSiris/Sengeniswevr qveynebTan moklevadiani uvizo mimosvlis reJimis SemoRebas,romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romlebic flobenbiometriul pasports SeuZliaT evrokavSiris/Sengenis wevr qvey­nebSi uvizod186 mogzauroba. Tumca, gegmis warmatebiT dasru­lebis paralelurad evrokavSirSi gamZafrebuli migraciulikriz­isis fonze, saqarTvelosaTvis uvizo mimosvlis gaxsnasTandakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis TariRmac gadaiwia,187 manam,sanam 2017 wlis 2 Tebervals xsenebuli winadadeba ar damtkicdaevroparlamentis xolo 27 Tebervals ki, evrokavSiris sabWos mier.ramdenime dReSi (1 marti) ganaxlebul regulacias ukve xeli moeweraevroparlamentis prezidentisa da evrokavSiris sabWos Tavmjdomareqveynis warmomadgenlis mier, ris Semdegac 8 marts igi gamoqveynda188evrokavSiris oficialur JurnalSi.189 2017 wlis 28 martidan ki,saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi pirvelad gaemgzavrnen uvizod Sengeniswevr qveynebSi.miuxedavad imisa, rom vizaliberalizaciis ZiriTadi mizani saqar­Tvelos moqalaqeTaTvis Sengenis zonis qveynebSi uvizo mimosvlisdawesebaa, Tavad procesis farglebSi uamravi sasicocxlo reformagatarda migraciis marTvisa da sxva mniSvnelovan sferoebSi. savizoreJimis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis far­184 ix. http://goo.gl/OqG9yX, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.185 ix. zemoT 5.6 qveTavi – `globaluri migracia~.186 biometriuli pasportis (ix. qvemoT) mqone saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs uvizod mog- zauroba SeeZlebaT Sengenis zonis teritoriaze, romelic moicavs evrokavSiris 22 wevr qveyanas (gamonakliss warmoadgens didi britaneTi da irlandia) da evro- kavSiris 4 arawevr qveyanas. uvizo mimosvla imoqmedebs aseve Sengenis kandidat 4 qveyanasTan: (evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi: avstria, belgia, germania, dania, espane- Ti, estoneTi, italia, latvia, litva, luqsemburgi, malta, niderlandebi, polone- Ti, portugalia, saberZneTi, safrangeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, fineTi, CexeTi, SvedeTi; evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebi: islandia, lixtenStaini, norve- gia, Sveicaria; Sengenis kandidati qveynebi: bulgareTi, kviprosi, rumineTi, xor- vatia). uvizo reJimis pirobebSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs vizis gareSe SeuZliaT gaemgzavron mxolod moklevadiani vizitiT evrokavSiris/Sengenis wevr qveynebSi. reJimi ar Seexeba grZelvadian vizitebs, magaliTad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis an dasaqmebis mizniT. moklevadiani viziti gulisxmobs 90 dRes nebismieri 180 dRis ganmavlobaSi − anu nebismieri 6-dan mxolod 3 Tves.187 ix. evrokomisiis me-4 progres-angariSi (18.12.2015 w.), gv 12.188 ix. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2017:061:TOC nanaxia 08.02.2017 w.189 amave dRes damtkicda e.w. SeCerebis meqanizmic (aseve ix. zemoT `globaluri mi- gracia“), romlis amoqmedebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes: readmisiis sferoSi Ta- namSromlobis Sesusteba, TavSesafris maZiebelTa da sazRvarze uarebis ricxvis zrda, riskebi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis samoqalaqo usafrTxoebisadmi. nanaxia 28.02.2017 w. ix. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-17-362_en.htm.მიგრაციის ისტორია 121

gl­ ebSi, 2015 wels saqarTvelom SeimuSava da miiRo migraciulipolitikis ganmsazRvreli rigiT mesame strategiuli dokumenti.190winamorbedTagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli, Tanamedrove globa­luri gamowvevebis sapasuxod Seqmnili da saerTaSoriso standartebzedafuZnebuli 2016-2020 wlebis strategia xuTwlian periodzea gaT­vlili da moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa: legaluri migraciisxelSewyoba, aralegalur migraciasTan brZola, saerTaSoriso dacva,ucxoelTa integracia da dabrunebulTa reintegracia, migraciada ganviTareba, migraciis marTvis gaumjobeseba, sazogadoebrivicnobierebis amaRleba da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba.5.9. migracia - faqtebi da cifrebiwinamdebare qveTavSi dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis mocemuliadamatebiTi informacia migraciis istoriidan: 5.9.1 nawilSiqronologiuri wesrigiT aRwerilia migraciis istoriuli ganviTa­rebis ZiriTadi movlenebi; xolo 5.9.2 nawili ki, zemoT ganxiluliisto­riuli periodebis rigiTobiT, mogviTxrobs pasportis, rogorcmigraciisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani atributis istorias.5.9.1. migraciuli procesebisa da istoriuli movlenebis qronologia191200,000 wlis winaT 100,000 wlis winaT 70,000-60,000 wlis winaTafrikaSi warmoiSva afrikelma homo sapiensma homo sapiensis migraciapreistoriuli ada- ganaviTara ena da sxva gan-mianis axali saxeoba masxvavebeli kulturuli evraziis mimarTulebiT.- homo sapiensi. Taviseburebebi.20,000-15,000 wlis Zv.w. 12,000-1500 ww. Zv.w. 8000-500 ww.winaT sasoflo-sameurneo rev- indoevropelTa migra-gamyinvarebis ukanask- oluciis dasawyisi: afri- cia centraluri aziidanneli periodi; homo kaSi, evraziasa da amerikis samxreT da dasavleTsapiensis migracia avs- kontinentebze mosaxle aziasa da evropaSi.traliasa da amerikis jgufebma SeaCeres migraciakontinentebze. da warmoqmnes fermeruli dasaxlebebi.190 ix. http://goo.gl/UeHFhV nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.191 am TavSi moyvanilia migraciis sferoSi moqmedi konvenciebis, procesebisa da iniciativebis arasruli nusxa. momzadebisas gamoyenebulia Semdegi wyaroebi: Fisher, Migration: A World History, aseve ix. Council of Europe Treaty Office: http://goo.gl/RjqOqM; ILO Conventions: http://goo.gl/ZVkqeZ; UN Treaty Collection: https://treaties.un.org/; Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR); https://goo.gl/ZLRnj. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.122 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

192193Zv. w. 3500-2700 ww. Zv.w. 3000 – Cv. w. 500 ww. Zv. w. 1050-600 ww.pirveli cixe-simagreebi polinezielTa migracia berZnuli diasporaCineTSi, SuamdinareTSi, wynari okeanis kunZu- xmelTaSuazRvispireTsanilosisa da indis mdin- lebze. da dasavleT aziaSi.areTa gaswvriv.Zv. w 332-323 ww. Cv. w. 300-500 ww. Cv.w. 500 w-dan dRemdealeqsandre makedone- germanuli tomebis mi- boSebis migracia in- doeTidan dasavleTlis samxedro eqspedic- gracia evropasa da Cr- aziis, Crdilo afrik- isa da evropis mimar-iebi. diloeT afrikaSi. TulebiT.Cv. w. 622 w-dan dRemde 790-1100 ww. 1095-1300 ww.islamis globaluri skandinavielTa mog- kaTolike jvarosnebiseqspansia. zaurobebi atlantikis laSqrobebi evropidan okeanesa da aRmosavleT axlo aRmosavleTSi evropaSi. (levantaSi – samxreT dasavleT aziis vrceli teritoria).1206-1500 ww. 720-1492 ww. 1405-1433 ww.monRolTa eqspansia da kaTolikeTa Zalau- general jen hes mogzau- flebis aRdgena (re­ robebi, dafinansebuliimperiaTa warmoqmna konkista) iberiis CineTis minis dinastiis naxevarkunZulze da mier.evraziaSi. ebraelebisa da mus- limebis gaZeveba.1433-1893 ww. 1492 w-dan dRemde 1510-1815 ww.Cinuri dinastiebis mier amerikis kontinentebis, evropelTa transat-SemoRebuli imigraciis/ afrikisa da aziis kolo- lantikuri vaWroba da-emigraciis sawinaaRmde- nizacia espaneTis, por- monebuli afrikelebiT.go `sazRvao akrZalva~. tugaliisa da sxva evro- puli qveynebis mier.1600-1868 ww. 1618-1648 ww. 1620-1780 ww.siogunTa190 mmarTvelo- 30-wliani omi evropaSi evropelTa kontraqtu-ba iaponiaSi da e.w. `dax- da vestfaliis samSv- li SromiTi migraciauruli qveynis brZaneba~ idobo SeTanxmeba amerikis kontinentebze.(1635-1860 ww.). (1648 w.). 1750 w-dan dRemde1718-1868 ww. 1740-1902 ww. industriuli rev-britaneli patimrebis `afrikanerTa~191 samx- olucia dasavleTgadagzavna avstraliasa reT afrikis siRrmeSi evropaSi, mogvianebiTda, mogvianebiT, amerik- gadaadgileba da trans- – CrdiloeT amerikasais kontinentebze. vaalisa da oranJis Tav- da Semdgom – mTel mso- isufali saxelmwifos flioSi. daarseba.192 memkvidreobiTi samxedro diqtatoruli Tanamdeboba. 123193 holandiuri warmoSobis samxreT afrikis eTnikuri jgufi.მიგრაციის ისტორია

1941951787-1792 ww. 1789 w. 1820-1920 ww.dasavleT afrikaSi, si-era-leoneSi, daarsda revolucia safrangeT- aziis industriulidabrunebuli Savkanianimigranti Tavisufali Si, rasac mohyva napole- SromiTi migraciis sis-monebis dasaxleba. onis dapyrobiTi omebi tema. (1799-1815 ww.).1821 w. 1830 w. 1845-1850 ww.aSS-m `afrikuli moZ- e.w. `indielTa adgil- dasavleT evropidanraobis~192 kvaldakval masobrivi migracia e.w monacvleobis aqti~193 `kartofilis sokovaniSeiqmna liberiis sax- daavadebis~ gamo. aSS-Si.elmwifo.1884-1885 ww. 1914-1918 ww. 1920-1946 ww. erTa liga, romelicafrikuli teritorieb- I msoflio omi. (1945 w. dRemde) Secvalais gadanawilebis miz- gaerom.niT mowveuli `berliniskonferencia~.1939-1945 ww. 1945-1991 1949 w.II msoflio omi. civi omi. Sromis saerTaSorisoevropelebisa da ia- organizaciis konvenciaponiis imperiebis ko- dasaqmebis mizniT mi­loniaTa umetesobis graciis Sesaxeb (Migrationdamoukidebloba. for Employment Convention – C 97). • ZalaSi Sevida 22.01.1959 w.1950 w-dan dRemde 1951 w-dan dRemde 1957 w.gaero-s ltolvilTa migraciis saerTaSor- evropuli konvenciaumaRlesi komisari. iso organizacia (IOM – eqstradiciis Sesaxeb International Organisation for (European Convention on Migration) daarsda meore Extradition – ETS 24). msoflio omis Semdeg • ZalaSi Sevida evropaSi iZulebiT adg- 18.04.1960 w. ilnacvali an umuSevrad darCenili adamianebis gadaadgilebaSi dax- marebis mizniT.194 XVIII saukunis bolos amerikis kontinentebze, evropasa da afrikaSi dawyebuli monobis sawinaaRmdego moZraoba.195 aqti uflebas aZlevda aSS-s (me-7) prezidents, endriu jeqsons, molaparakebebi ewarmoebina samxreT aSS-Si mcxovreb indiel tomebTan _ maTi sagvareulo miwebidan federalur teritoriaze (md. misisipis dasavleTiT) gadayvanis Sesaxeb.124 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

1975 w. 1977 w. 1985 w-dan dRemdeSromis saerTaSoriso evropuli konvencia e.w. `Sengenis xelSe-organizaciis konvencia SromiTi migrantebis kruleba~ evrokavSirSi(damatebiTi debulebe- samarTlebrivi mdgo­ Tavisufali migraci-bi) SromiTi migrantebis mareobis Sesaxeb (Europe- uli zonis Seqmnis Ses-Sesaxeb (Migrant Workers / an Convention on the Legal axeb.Supplementary Provisions/ Status of Migrant WorkersConvention C143). – ETS 093);• ZalaSi Sevida • ZalaSi Sevida09.12.1978 w. 01.05.1983 w.1990 w. 1991 w-dan dRemde 1992 w-dan dRemdegaero-s saerTaSor- budapeStis procesi evropuli Tanamego-iso konvencia yvela (Budapest Process) – sakon- brobis bazaze daarsdaSromiTi migrantis da sultacio forumi 50-ze evrokavSiri.maTi ojaxis wevrebis meti saxelmwifosa dauflebaTa dacvis Sesax­ 10-ze meti saerTaSori-eb (OHCHR - UN International so organizaciisaTvis.Convention on the Protection miznad isaxavs ganvi-of the Rights of All Migrant Tarebuli da mdgradiWorkers and Members of sistemebis Seqmnas mow-Their Families). esrigebuli migracii-• ZalaSi Sevida saTvis.01.07.2003 w.1997 w. 1997 w. 2001 w-dan dRemdeevropuli konvenciamoqalaqeobis Sesaxeb amsterdamis xelSe­ bernis iniciativa (Berne(European Convention onNationality – ETS 166); kruleba (Amsterdam Trea- Initiative) – sakonsultac-• ZalaSi Sevida ty) – dokumentma Sengeni io procesi TanamSrom- 01.03.2000 w. miiRo erTian norma- lobis gziT regionul tiul bazad da ganmarta doneze migraciis marT- TavSesafris saerTo vis gasumjobeseblad. evropuli sistemis ar- qiteqtura. • ZalaSi Sevida 01.05.1999 w.2003 w-dan dRemde 2004 w. 2005 w.saerTaSoriso migraci­ transnacionaluri dan­ evropis sabWos kon­is globaluri komisia aSaulis sawinaaRmdego vencia adamianebiT(GCIM - Global Commission gaeros konvenciis (UNO- vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg (Council ofon International Migra- DC - UN Convention Againsttion) – gaeros mandatiT Europe Convention on Actionmoqmed komisias dae- Transnational Organizedvala saerTaSoriso Crime) ori oqmi exeba Against Trafficking in Humanmigraciis globalur brZolas aralegaluri Beings – ETS 197).doneze ayvana, arsebul migraciis iseT gamov- • ZalaSi SevidanaklovanebaTa gaanali- linebasTan, rogoricaazeba da wevri qveynebi- adamianebiT vaWroba 01.02.2008w.saTvis rekomendaciebis (trefikingi).SemuSaveba. • ZalaSi Sevi- da 25.12.2003 da 03.07.2005w.მიგრაციის ისტორია 125

1962005 w-dan dRemde 2006 w-dan dRemde 2007 w-dan dRemdemigraciisadmiglobaluri midgoma migraciis globaluri migraciisa da ganvi­(GAM - Global Approach toMigration) – evrokavSiris jgufi (GMG - Global Migra- Tarebis globaluries iniciativa moicavssam mimarTulebas: a) tion Group) -Camoayalibes forumi (GFMD – Globallegaluri migraciisxelSewyoba; b) brZola gaerom da migraciis Forum on Migration andaralegalur migracia-sTan; g) migracia da gan- saerTaSoriso organ- Development) – araform-viTareba. am Temebidanyvela mimarTuleba izaciam, migraciis sak- aluri, arasavaldebu-xorcieldeba inicia-tivis – `partnioroba iTxebze mWidro TanamS- lo samTavrobo saTaT-mobilurobisaTvis~ –farglebSi. romlobisaTvis. biro procesi.2009 w-dan dRemde 2008 w. 2010 w-dan dRemdepraRis procesi (Prague evropuli paqti imi­ migraciisa da TavSesaf­Process) -axali politi- graciisa da TavSesafris ris paneli (Migration andkuri forumi, romelic Sesaxeb.196 Asylum Panel) – migraciisxels uwyobs migraciis • briuseli, 24.09.2008 w. sakiTxebze saerTaSo-sferoSi TanamSromlo- riso TanamSromlobisbis gaRrmavebas monaw- formati, romelicileebs Soris. masSi funqcionirebs aRmosav-CarTulia evrokavSiris, leT partniorobise.w. Sengenis sivrcis, pirveli platformissamxreT-aRmosavleT da - `demokratia da kargiaRmosavleT evropis, mmarTveloba~ – bazaze.aseve, centraluri azi- panelis farglebSiis qveynebi da TurqeTi. imarTeba sxdomebi da samuSao Sexvedrebi migraciis sferoSi mimdinare iseT aqtua- lur da mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: legaluri da arale- galuri migracia, Tav- Sesafris problemebi, migraciis statistika da sxv.196 ix: http://goo.gllpRxgZN, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო126

5.9.2. saintereso faqtebi pasportisa da vizis istoriidanpasporti aris romelime kerZo qveynis mTavrobis mier saerTaSorisomgzavrobisTvis gacemuli oficialuri dokumenti, romelSicmiTiTebulia mflobelis piradoba da moqalaqeoba.ivaraudeba, rom etimologiurad sityva pasporti momdinareobsSua saukuneebis evropidan da aRniSnavs teritoriaze Sesvlas (pass)karibWis (porte) gavliT.erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli cnoba pasportis tipis qaRaldis doku­mentze gvxvdeba Zv. w. 450 wliT daTariRebul ebraul wyaroSi, saidanacCans, rom sparseTis mefe artaqserqse I-ma197 Tavis qveSevrdoms neimeasiudeaSi samgzavrod misca sagangebo werili,198 romliTac igi sTxovdamd. evfratis miRma myofi samTavroebis mmarTvelebs mis usafrTxogadaadgilebas.199 Sua saukuneebis islamuri xalifatis dros pas­portis magivrobas eweoda erTgvari baJis qviTari (bara’ya), sadacdasturdeboda, rom mflobels gadaxdili hqonda zaqaTas200 (muslimis)da jizias201(aramuslimis) mosakrebeli, rac mas xalifatis sxvadasxvaregionSi mogzaurobis saSualebas aZlevda.202pirveli Tanamedrove pasportis analogze informacia daculiainglisis mefe henri V-is203 mmarTvelobisas, 1414 wels gamocemul e.w.saparlamento aqtSi; 1548 wels gamarTul wminda romis imperiis204e.w. augsburgis asambleam ki gadaadgilebisas savaldebulo gaxadaimperiuli samgzavro dokumentis floba.205 dasavleT evropaSipasp­orti aqtiurad ar gamoiyeneboda XX saukunis dasawyisamde,vidre pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom mTavrobebi upasportodgadaadgilebas akrZalavdnen.2061920 wels erTa ligis207organizebiT gamarTul parizis konferencias– romelic Seexeboda pasportis, sabaJo formalobebisa da satran­197 Zv. w. 465-425 ww.198 antikur xanaSi viza da pasportebi xSirad erTi da imave dokumentad aRiqmeboda. mxolod Tanamedrove xanaSi SeiZina vizam meorexarisxovani samgzavro dokumentis mniSvneloba, pirvelxarisxovan pasportTan erTad.199 The Guardian, A Brief History of the Passport, 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/gU2U01 da Government of Canada, History of Passports, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/i9UZIZ.200 arabulidan – mowyalebis gadasaxadi da islamis religiuri Sesawiri.201 arabulidan – islamuri saxelmwifos aramuslimi moqalaqe.202 Encyclopedia Britannica, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/ibu3rE da Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton Univ Press, 1981, gv. 251. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/JW41GX.203 1387-1422 ww.204 800-1806 ww.205 Encyclopedia Britannica, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://www.britannica.com/topic/jizya.206 Government of Canada, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. informacia ixileT bmulze: http://goo.gl/i9UZIZ.207 pirveli msoflo omis Semdeg, 1920 wels daarsebuli saerTaSoriso mTavrobaT- Sorisi organizacia. gaeros winamorbedi.მიგრაციის ისტორია 127

zito bileTebis sakiTxebs mohyva 1926-1927 wlebSi Catarebuli konfe­renciebi, sadac ganisazRvra pasportis beWdvisa da saerTo dizainisprincipebi.208 am dokumentis saboloo standartizacia209 moxda 1980wels,210 samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis211 patronaJiT.dasavleTis qveynebis tradiciiT, pasporti gamoiyeneba sazRvargareTsamgzavrod da ara rogorc piradobis damadasturebeli Sidadokumenti. igi saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sabuTia, an moqalaqeobismtkic­ ebuleba, Tumca mis mtkicebulebiT Rirebulebas mxolod primafacie212 datvirTva aqvs. standartuli pasporti Seicavs Semdeg infor­macias: mflobelis vinaoba, dabadebis adgili da TariRi, fotosuraTi,xelmowera da sxva saidentifikacio informacia. CveulebrivisagangansxvavebiT, biometriul213 pasports damatebuli aqvs eleqtronulimatarebeli, personaluri monacemebiT, eleqtronuli fotosuraTiTada TiTis anabeWdebiT. amgvari pasporti maRalteqnologiuri dagayalbebisgan daculi samgzavro dokumentia; misi gamoyeneba miznadisaxavs pirovnebis srulyofil identifikacias da oficialuridokumentis gayalbebis aRmofxvras.saqarTveloSi samgzavro dokumentebis standartizacia damouki­deblobis mopovebidan (1991 w.) mokle xanSi daiwyo. 1995-2006 wlebSi214saqarTvelo gascemda215 e.w manqanakiTxvad `borjRalian pasports~,2162006 wlidan ki gamoiyeneboda axali Taobis arabiom­etriulimanqanakiTxvadi pasporti,217 romelic 2010 wlis aprilamde gaicemoda.dokumentebis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli axali saerTaSorisomoTxovnebis218 gaTvaliswinebiT, 2010 wlis 15 aprilidan daiwyo e.w.208 Rey Koslovsky (edt.), Global Mobility Regimes, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, gv. 58.209 ICAO-s (ix. qvemoT) standartebi iTvaliswinebs e.w. manqanakiTxvad pasportebs. aseT pasportebs aqvs zonebi, sadac zogierTi monacemi datanilia erTgvari anbanur-nu- meraciuli niSnebis wyebad da dabeWdilia imgvarad, rom aRiqvamdes mxolod e.w. simboloTa optikuri amocnobis (optical character recognition - OCR) sistema.210 ICAO-s 9303 dokumentSi. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. http://goo.gl/jRp0Za.211 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - Seiqmna 1944 wels, saerTaSoriso da samo- qalaqo aviaciis konvenciis (igive Cikagos konvencia) xelmoweris Semdeg, rogorc gaeros specializebuli saagento. misi mizania Sesabamisi standartebis SemuSaveba da danergva am sferoSi. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/sglpt.212 laTinurad - `erTi SexedviT~.213 biometria (biometrics) – gazomvadi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla. `biome- triuli maidentificireblebi~ Seicavs informacias, romelSic kodirebulia ada- mianis unikaluri biologiuri struqtura (TiTebis anabeWdebi, Tvalis gugis an xmis skanirebuli gamosaxulebebi). mTel rig saxelmwifoTa mier daiwyo biometri- is, rogorc usafrTxoebis gaumjobesebuli zomis gamoyeneba pasportebis, vizebis an binadrobis mowmobaTa gacemisas.214 sazRvargareT saqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenlobebSi, 2008 wlis CaT- vliT.215 10 wliT - zrdasrul adamianze da 3 wliT - mcirewlovanze.216 2011 wlis 1-l ianvars `borjRaliani pasporti~ Zaladakargulad gamocxadda.217 e.w. erovnul gerbiani pasporti.218 2005 wlidan samgzavro pasportis gacemisas saqarTvelo xelmZRvanelobs princi­ piT `erTi piri, erTi dokumenti~, e.i. samgzavro dokumentSi aRar ikvreba arasrul-128 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

meore Taobis, ICAO-s 9303219 da evrokavSiris N2252/2004220 regulaciebisSesabamisi biometriuli pasportebis gacema, romelic 2016 wlisagvistodan mesame Taobis biometriulma pasportebma Caanacvla. kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. ram ganapiroba preistoriuli adamianis migracia axal miwebze?2. rogor icvleboda migraciis gamomwvevi mizezebi antikur xanaSi?3. ra gavlena iqonia mogzaurobebma migraciul procesebze?4. daasaxeleT ZiriTadi mizezi, romelic ganapirobebs adamianis migracias presitoriuli xanidan dRemde?5. romel oTx ZiriTad migraciul koridors gamoyofs dResdReobiT migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia? rogor icvleboda wlebis manZilze da rogor icvleba amJamad migraciuli nakadebi am koridorebis gavliT da ra ganapirobebs am cvlilebebs?6. savaraudod ra dros daiwyo migracia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi da misi gavliT?7. ram ganapiroba 1990-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis masobrivi emigracia saqarTvelodan? saSinao davaleba1. winamdebare Tavis 5.2-5.5 qveTavebSi moyvanili faqtebis safuZvelze aRwereT istoriis manZilze ekonomikuri faqtorebis gavlena migraciul procesebze;2. gaakeTeT pirveli davalebis safuZvelze miRebuli Sedegis SedarebiTi analizi 5.7 qveTavTan, e.i. rogor Seicvala migraciis ekonomikuri motivacia istoriis ganmavlobaSi;3. aRwereT evrokavSirisa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli saqarTveloSi migraciuli procesebis regulirebaSi. wlovanis fotosuraTi Tanmxlebi monacemebiT. amis nacvlad, yvela pirze gaicema calke dokumenti.219 ix. https://goo.gl/XX94LS, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.220 ix. https://goo.gl/HCG2hr, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w.მიგრაციის ისტორია 129

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39. Mortimer Chambers, Raymond Grew, David Herlihy, Theodore K. Rabb, Isser Woloch, Eugine Rice The Western Experience, 4th edition, Alfred A. Knopf, INC. 1987;40. New York, 2006. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003113993; https:// goo.gl/MYk9mE;41. Nicolas Ray and J. M. Adams, A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP), Internet Archeology, 2001, https://goo.gl/ Z6oXi7;42. Ofer Bar-Yosef, The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture, Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 (5), 1998. https://goo.gl/Sw1W3t;43. Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR); https://goo.gl/ZLRnj;44. Patrick Manning, Tiffany Trimmer, Migration in World History, London, New York: Routledge 2nd edition 2013;45. Paul Pettitt, The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial, Kentuky: Routlege publisher 2013;46. Peter Bellwood, First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective, U.S, Wiley Blackwell, 2013;47. Rey Koslovsky (edr), Global Mobility Regimes, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011;48. Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, David Northrup, The Earth and its Peoples: a Global History, Advanced Placement Edition, 3rd edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001;49. Robert S. Lopez and Irving W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990;50. Russell King, Atlas of Human Migration, New York: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc. 2007;51. Russell King, Atlas of Human Migration, New York: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc. 2007;52. The Economist; www.economist.com53. The Guardian, A Brief History of the Passport; https://goo.gl/gU2U01;54. The New York Times; www.nytimes.com;55. UN Treaty Collection; https://treaties.un.org/;56. World Bank: Migration and Development Brief. Washington D.C. http://goo.gl/ RNOUw5132 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

57. World Migration in Figures - A joint contribution by UN-DESA and the OECD to the United Nations High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development, 3-4 October 2013; https://goo.gl/JYznuG ;58. World Migration Report 2013 – Migrant Well-Being and Development. Key Facts and Figures. Geneva; https://goo.gl/LDUQPi;59. evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis sakiTxebS­ i saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris aparati; https://goo.gl/hyAGz4;60. germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis, saerTa­ Soriso migraciisa da ganviTarebis centris, gaeros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciisa da migraciis sarTaSoriso organizaciis mier momzadebuli dokumentacia, 2015;61. gia fircxalava, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba: erovnuli Semadgen­ loba, ojaxebi, migracia, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `samSoblo“, 1997;62. giorgi meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 8 tomad, Tbilisi: 1970, 1973, 1979;63. giorgi meliqiSvili, Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti, 1988;64. migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis vebgverdi, https://goo.gl/ l8bIEc;65. migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis samdivno, 2014;66. mirian tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migracia, Tbilisi: 1996;67. mirian tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos SromiTi potenciali, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi: 1998;68. revaz gaCeCilaZe, mosaxleobis migracia saqarTveloSi da misi socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi, Tbilisi: gaeros ganviTarebis programa, 1997.69. saqarTvelos 2015 w. migraciis profili. https://goo.gl/g4P651;70. saqarTvelos 2016-2020 ww. migraciis strategia. https://goo.gl/a29v26 133;71. saqarTvelos 2016-2020 ww. migraciis strategia;მიგრაციის ისტორია 133

72. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. www.nbg.gov.ge;73. saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gada­adgi­ lebul pirTa gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministro; http://mra. gov.ge.74. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros vebgverdi, http://mfa.gov.ge;75. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (saqstati), saqarTvel­ os statistikuri weliwdeuli, Tbilisi: 2014. https:// goo.gl/IKqmQK;76. vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1996;77. homerosis odisea, XII wigni; V saukunis lirikosi poeti pinandri; apolonios rodoselis argonavtika - Zv. w. III s.134 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

6. migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebiprofesori levan aleqsiZeTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiqeTevan xuciSvilievrokavSiris delegacia saqarTveloSi6.1. Sesavaliam saxelmZRvaneloSi migracia sxvadasxva kuTxiTaa danaxuli dawinamdebare Tavsac aqvs konkretuli mizani – migracia ganimartossamarTlebriv CarCoSi. samarTlebrivi ganmartebebi iuristebisTvisZalian mniSvnelovania, Tumca xSirad migraciis erTsa da imavesocialuri movlenis aRwerisas, gamoyenebulia araswori (an saerTodararsebuli) samarTlebrivi terminologia. am gancxadebis sisworisdasadastureblad sakmarisia Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi masStaburida evropis kontinentze bolo xanebSi aqtiurad ganxiluli Tema –siriidan adamianebis masobrivi gadaadgileba – moviSvelioT. Tumigraciis samarTlebriv aspeqtebs gverdze gadavdebT da mxolodsainformacio wyaroebs1 mivadevnebT Tvals, SesaZloa, dagvebadoskiTxva – romeli tipis socialuri an samarTlebrivi fenomeniasiriidan adamianebis masobrivi gadaadgileba, romelic 2015 welsdaiwyo. es adamianebi SromiTi migrantebi arian, `ekonomikuri~migrantebi, ltolvilebi, TavSesafris maZieblebi, araregularulimigrantebi Tu, ufro metic, `aralegaluri~ migrantebi an, sulac, e.w.`aralegalebi~?2 Tu maT TavSesafari sWirdebaT?1 ix., mag.: Laura Smith-Spark, Arwa Damon and Michaeld Martinez, CNN, Video shows Hungarian police lobbing food into migrant crowd (updated 21:55 GMT (05:55 HKT) September 11, 2015), eleqtronul misamarTze: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/11/europe/europe-migrant-crisis/index.html, nanaxia 13.08.2016 w., – si-en-en-is reportaJebi, sadac sxvadasxva samarTlebriv termins urTierTmonacvleobiT iyeneben adamianTa erTi da imave jgufis aRwerisas: `aralegaluri [araregularuli] migrantebi (illegal [unda iyos `irregular~ – avtoris SeniSvna] migrants),~ `ltolvilTa masebi (crowd of refugees)~, `migrantebi (migrants)~, `ltolvilebi da migrantebi (refugees and migrants)~, `ltolvilTa registraciis punqti (a registration area for refugees)~, `ltolvilTa miReba (the refugees’ reception)~, Sesabamisi dokumentebis armqone migrantebi (migrants without proper documentation), `migrantebi da TavSesafris maZieblebi (migrants and asylum-seekers)~, `ltolvilTa migracia (refugees’ migration)~, `migrantebi siriidan (migrants from Syria)~, `migrantebi, maT Soris TavSesafris maZiebeli ltolvilebi (migrants, including refugees seeking asylum)~, `ltolvilebi da gadaadgilebuli pirebi (refugees and displaced persons)~.2 aq aseve unda vikiTxoT, saerTod, SeiZleba ki samarTlis TvalsazrisiT arsebobdes `ara-legaluri~ [kanons miRma, kanons gareT darCenili] adamiani?მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 135

am kiTxvebs pasuxi gaecema winamdebare Tavis pirvel qveTavSi,romel­ ic eTmoba migraciis samarTlis cnebebisa da migraciissamarTlebrivi aspeqtebisTvis mniSvnelovani samarTlis wyaroebisanalizs. mokle eqskursi warmoaCens migraciasTan dakavSirebuliramdenime mniSvnelovani koncefciis samarTlebriv gansxvavebasada am gansxvavebaTa mniSvnelobas migraciis procesebis marTvaSi. esgansxvavebebi mniSvnelovania rogorc zogadad migrantTa warmoSobis,ise mimRebi saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebisa da samarTlebrivi dapolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa molodinebis sworad mar­TvisTvis. migraciis samarTlis cnebis ganmartebis mizniT, migraciismaregulirebeli samarTlis SerCeuli wyaroebis ZiriTadi elementebisanalizisas es wyaroebi, SesaZloa, ramdenime jgufad davyoT.migraciis samarTlis elementebad pirobiTad SegviZlia davasaxeloTsaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic ltolvilTa dacvissamarTlebriv CarCos qmnian (aqve SesaZloa iZulebiT gadaadgilebulpirTa sakiTxze Camoyalibebuli, ZiriTadad, rbili samarTliswyaroebis3 moxseniebac), aseve migrantTa saxelmwifoSi ukanonodSeyvanisa da adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg mimarTulidokumentebi, ise rogorc migrant muSakTa uflebebis dasacavadSemuSavebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi CarCo da, zogadad,migrantTa adamianis uflebebis maregulirebeli wyaroebi.migraciuli procesebis samarTlebrivi regulirebisas erTimonetis ori mxare yovelTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia – es, erTi mxriv,saxelmwifos suverenitetisa da, meore mxriv, adamianis uflebebisdacvis samarTlebrivi interesebis kveTaa. Sesabamisad, migraciissamarTlebrivi aspeqtebis ganxilvisas Tavidanve unda davuSvaT,rom samarTali ara mxolod aregulirebs rTul socialur movlenas– migracias, aramed am regulirebis kvaldakval zRudavs sociumisarsebobis garkveul aspeqtebs. am Tavis meore qveTavSi zemoT aRniS­nuli migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis saerTaSoriso da erovnuldoneze regulirebis WrilSi migraciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovanimxaris – saxelmwifos suverenitetis, misi Sida saqmeebSi Caurevlobisada erovnul doneze damoukidebeli, suverenuli gadawyvetilebismiRe­bisTvis saWiro sivrcis samarTlebrivi analizis warmoCenasSevecdebiT.am Tavis mesame qveTavi adamianis uflebebisTvis normatiuladdadgenili zRvris analizsa da regionul saerTaSoriso dokumentebsdaeTmoba.3 `rbili samarTlis~ wyaroebze saerTaSoriso samarTalSi damatebiTi informa­ ciisTvis ix.: William R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 6th ed., Wadsworth, Boston, MA, USA, 2011, gv. 36-38. aseve: Jeffrey L. Dunoff, et al., International Law Norms, Actors, Process – A Problem-Oriented Approach, Aspen Publishers, 2010, gv. 93-97.136 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

am Tavis TiToeul qveTavSi SevexebiT saqarTvelos sakanonmdebloCarCos Sesabamis elementebsac. Tavis bolos mkiTxveli ixilavs mTa­var saerTaSoriso dokumentebs adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da migra­ciasTan dakavSirebiT da saSinao davalebasa da SekiTxvebs msjelo­bisaTvis.6.2. migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis analizisaTvis mniSvnelovani samarTlis wyaroebimigraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis analizis erT-erTi qvakuTxedimigraciasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlis wyaroebis ganxilva unda iyos.wignis am Tavis SezRuduli formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebareqveTavi migraciis regulirebisaTvis mniSvnelovan samarTliswyaroebSi mokle eqskurss daeTmoba. aqve moviSveliebT saqarTveloserovnul samarTlebriv sivrceSi moqmed, da am Tavis miznebisTvissaintereso, sakanonmdeblo aqtebs.migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis analizis farglebSi unda gavar­kvioT, ra aris migraciis samarTali.am kiTxvaze pasuxis mosaZieblad samarTlis is wyaroebi unda moviSve­lioT, romlebic migraciis samarTlebriv aspeqtebs aregulirebssaerTaSoriso samarTalSi. Sesabamisad, unda gvaxsovdes, romnebismieri saxelmwifos farglebSi moqmedi adamianis uflebebis, maTSoris migraciuli procesis monawilis, aseve nebismieri sxva sferosmaregulirebeli normebisa da saxelmwifos praqtikis avkargianobaswored saerTaSoriso samarTalTan SesabamisobaSi fasdeba4 daizomeba5, principis – pacta sunt servanda6 – Sesabamisad.7 saxelmwifoTasuverenuli uflebamosileba samarTalSemoqmedebaSi saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobis dadgenili im standartebiT izRudeba8, romelTac4 ix.: Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, gv. 367-368.5 ix.:, Anthony Aust, Modern Treaty Law and Practice, me-2 gamocema, Cambridge University Press, 2007 w., gv. 179-181.6 ix.: venis 1961w. konvencia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa samarTlis Sesaxeb, 26-e muxli.7 Kirsten Schmalenbach, Article 26, ix. krebulSi: eds. Oliver Dorr, et al Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary Springer, 2012 w. gv. 427-452.8 saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso samarTliT dakisrebuli valdebulebebisa da miniWebuli uflebebis bona fide SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Robert Kolb, `Article 2(2)~, gv. 180, ix. krebulSi The Charter of the United Nations – A Commentary, ed. Simma, B et al., me-3 gamocema, tomi II, gv. 166-181.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 137

Tavad es saxelmwifoebi aRiareben.9 isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom rogorcregionul, ise globalur saerTaSoriso konteqstSi adamianisuflebebze gansakuTrebuli da mometebuli yuradReba ganixilebaganviTarebadi saerTaSoriso konstituciuri wesrigis nawilad.10aqve xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanonis –konstituciis me-6 muxli,11 romelic Cveni erovnuli samarTlisstandartebis gansazRvrisTvis umniSvnelovanes qvakuTxeds qmnis:`saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tuigi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciurSeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivinormatiuli aqtebis mimarT.~12 es debuleba cxadad warmoaCens, romsaqarTvelos samarTlis rogorc Camoyalibebis, ise gamoyenebisaskanonmdeblebmac da samarTlis specialistebmac unda ixelmZRvanelon,upirveles yovlisa, im martivi koncefciiT, rom `saqarTvelo, rogorcmsoflio Tanamegobrobis erT-erTi suverenuli nawili, aRiarebsim uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, romlebic Sesabamis saerTaSorisoaqtebSia mocemuli. amasTan, konstitucia aRiarebs saqarTvelossaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebebis upirates iuridiulZalas Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.~13migraciis samarTlisa da misi wyaroebis Taobaze saubris dasawyisSiveunda aRvniSnoT, rom am sferoSi samarTlis mravali dargis normebigamo­iyeneba. aseTia, ra Tqma unda, ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso samar­Tali,14 ise rogorc diplomatiuri samarTali,15 sakonsulo samar­9 levan aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (ganaxlebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema), iuristebis samyaro, 2014, gv. 30-40.10 Erika de Wet, The Emergence of International and Regional Value Systems as a Manifestation of the Emerging International Constitutional Order 19 Leiden Journal of International Law, ix. krebulSi The Constitutionalization of International Law , ed. Klabbers, Jan et al. Oxford University Press, 2009, gv. 77.11 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis norma ki, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba 1989 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqtSi mkafiod ga- moxatul debulebas, romelic saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis primats aRiarebs. am sakiTxze ix. levan aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (ganaxlebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema), iuristebis samyaro, 2014, gv. 40; aseve: le- van aleqsiZe, pasuxismgebeli redaqtori, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali: leqsikoni-cnobari `saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi~, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 294.12 saqarTvelos 2001 wlis 30 martis konstituciuri kanoni N826-ssmI, N9, 10.04.2001 w., mux.33.13 zaza ruxaZe, saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, `uflebebi da Tavisuflebe- bi saerTaSoriso samarTalTan mimarTebaSi~, baTumi, 1999, gv.116-117.14 ix., mag.: ltolvilTagan vizis moTxovnis gauqmebis evropuli SeTanxmeba, 1959, 376 UNTS, 85, ETS 31; ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb konvencia, 1951, ltolvilTa statu- sis Sesaxeb oqmi, 1967, ltolvilTa sakiTxebze pasuxismgeblobis gadacemis Sesaxeb evropuli SeTanxmeba, 1980, Cmnd. 8127, ETS 107.15 ix., mag.: diplomatiuri urTierTobebis konvencia, 18 aprili, 1961, 500 UNTS 95, mux- lebi 26, 36, 40 da 44.138 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Tali,16 moqalaqeobis Taobaze saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebi,17sazRvao samarTali,18 saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali,19 SromissamarTali,20 adamianis uflebebis samarTali21 da samarTlis sxvadargebi, sahaero samarTalic22 ki. es ukve gvaCvenebs migraciis - amsoc­ ialuri fenomenis - sirTulesTan23 erTad misi maregulirebelisamarTlis sirTulesac.migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis ganxilvisas upriani iqneba imisaRniSvnac, rom kritikuli samarTlis mecnierebis WrilSi 1970-ian16 ix., mag.: sakonsulo urTierTobebis konvencia, 24 aprili, 1963, 596 UNTS 261, muxlebi 34, 46, 47, 50, 71; sakonsulo funqciebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis oqmi ltol­ vilTa dacvis Taobaze, 1967, ETS 61A: nanaxia 12.03.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2w76HsE.17 ix., mag.: moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonTa Soris konfliqtis zogierTi sakiTxis Sesax- eb konvencia, 1930 w., 179 LNTS 89, moqalaqeobis arqonis garkveuli SemTxvevebis Ses- axeb oqmi, 1930 w., 179 LNTS 15, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb konven- cia, 1954 w., 360 UNTS 117, daqorwinebuli qalis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb konvencia, 1957 w., 309 UNTS 65, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Semcirebis Sesaxeb konvencia, 1961 w., 989 UNTS 175, mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb konvencia, 1963 w., 634 UNTS 221; ETS 43, mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb konvenciis pirveli oqmi, 1977 w., ETS 95, mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb konvenciis meore oqmi, 1993 w., ETS 149.18 ix., mag.: 1957 w. ltolvil mezRvaurTa Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, ltolvil mezRvaurTa Sesaxeb damatebiTi oqmi, 1973; Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvencia N166 gemze dasaqmebulTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb, 27 ILM (1988 w.), gv. 662.19 ix., mag.: monobis, monebiT vaWrobisa da amgvari institutebis, monobis msgavsi praq- tikis akrZalvis gaeros damatebiTi konvencia, 226 UNTS (1956 w.), 3; eqstradiciis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia, (1957 w.) ETS24; sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi urTierT- daxmarebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia, (1959 w.) ETS 30. 1946 wlis saerTaSoriso sa- samarTlos kanonmdeblobiTi aqtis 38 (1) muxli20 ix., mag.: Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebi: N97 dasaqmebisTvis mi- graciis Sesaxeb (Sesworebuli), 1949 w., 120 UNTS 71; N143 migranti muSakebis Sesaxeb (damatebiTi debulebebi), 1975 w., Cmnd. 6674; N157 socialuri usafrTxoebis sfero- Si uflebebis Sesaxeb, 1982 w., ILO Official Bulletin (1982 w.), Series A, No.2, gv.61; qveyanaSi droebiT cxovrebisas samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb evropuli SeTanxmeba, 1980, 22 ILM (1983 w.), gv. 553.21 Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebi: N82 socialuri politikis Sesax- eb (metropoliebs miRma teritoriebi), 1947 w., 218 UNTS 345 (sayuradReboa: muxlebi 1, 10-13); N117, socialuri politikis ZiriTadi miznebisa da standartebis Sesaxeb, 1961 w., 494 UNTS 249 (sayuradReboa: muxlebi 1, 6-9, 14); N118 socialuri usafrTxoe- bis sferoSi Tanaswori mopyrobis Sesaxeb, 1962 w., 494 UNTS 271; adamianis uflebebi- sa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis evropuli konvencia (sayuradReboa: muxlebi 1-14), adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis evropuli konvenciis meoTxe damatebiTi oqmi, 1963 w., ETS 46 (sayuradReboa: muxlebi: 1-4.); adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis evropuli konvenciis meSvide damatebiTi oqmi, 1984 w., ETS 117 (sayuradReboa 1 muxli); socialuri da samedicino daxmarebis Sesaxeb evro- puli konvencia, ETS 14 (sayuradReboa 1-14 da me-20 muxli); socialuri da samedicino daxmarebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi, 1953 w., ETS 14A (sayur- adReboa 1-4 muxlebi), Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia, 1955 w., UNTS.22 saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb 1944 w. Cikagos konvencia; saerTaSori- so sahaero mimosvlis satranzito SeTnxmeba; saerTaSoriso sahaero gadayvana-ga- dazidvebis zogierTi wesis unifikaciisaTvis 1999 w. monrealis konvencia.23 migracia gansamartad rTuli koncefciaa, radgan is moicavs adamianebs, romlebic gansxvavebuli mizniT gadaadgildebian sxvadasxva sivrceSi. ix.: http://bit.ly/2uYAJd5, nanaxia 12.11. 2016 w.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 139

wlebSi aRmocenebuli24 gamoTqma `samarTali politikaa~, SeiZ­leba,zustad miesadagos migraciis normatiul regulirebas; amas gana­pirobebs mravali faqtori, romelTac migraciul procesebTan da­kav­SirebiT dResac, Cveni Tanamedroveobis mraval socialur dapolitikur konteqstSi vadevnebT Tvals.25aqve isic unda gavixsenoT, rom istoriulad migraciasTan dakav­Sirebuli samarTlebrivi normebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifoTa erovnulkanonmdeblobebSi iyo asaxuli. Sesabamisad, migraciis sferoSimxolod erovnuli kanonmdebloba gamoiyeneboda. globalurimigraciis zrdasTan erTad, saxelmwifoebmac TandaTan aRiares,rom saWiroa am sferoSi regionuli da saerTaSoriso (globaluri)TanamSromloba,26 romlis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo saerTa­Soriso samarTlebrivi CarCos Camoyalibeba.migraciis maregulirebeli normebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis imavewyaroebis wreSi unda moviZioT, romelic saerTaSoriso sajarosamarTlis analizisas gamoiyeneba.27 marTlmsajulebis saerTaSorisosasamarTlos wesdebis 38-e muxlis Tanaxmad, aseTi wyaro oTxia. esenia:1. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi rogorc zogadi, ise specialurixasiaTisa; 2. saerTaSoriso Cveuleba; 3. civilizebuli erebismier aRiarebuli samarTlis zogadi principebi; 4. sasamarTloTagadawyvetilebebi da aRiarebul mecnierTa mosazrebebi.286.2.1. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciamigraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis analizisTvis, upirveles yov­lisa, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT dadgenili samarTlebrivi24 ix. Andrea Bianchi, International Law Theories, Oxford University Press, 2016 w., gv. 133-140.25 magaliTisTvis sakmarisi iqneba `Brexit~-is moxseniebac. migraciis fenomenis (sworad an arasworad) aRqmisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb ix., mag.: USA Today (2006) Exploding UK immigration helped drive `Brexit~ vote 28 June, 2016, nanaxia 29.07.2016 w. https://usat.ly/290FxpF; BBC, Politics (2016) The vote to leave the EU is a chance to fix the UK’s `broken~ immigration system and restore trust in controlled migration, a report says 25 August, 2016, nanaxia 16.12.2016 w. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37177937; aseve: Immigration News (2016) Immigration is considered as the major issue in Brexit referendum, published on December 25, 2016 – in Featured/immigration/UK/Visas/World News: nanaxia 27.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vYJmJk.26 International Organisation for Migration, Essentials of Migration Management Volume One: Migration Management Foundations, 2004, seqcia 1.6., gv. 2. nanaxia: 23.12.2015. http://bit.ly/2vXUxBU.27 am sakiTxze ix.: Alain Pellet, `Article 38~, ix., krebulSi: The Statute of the International Court of Justice – A Commentary, eds. Zimmermann, A, et al.,Oxford University Press, 2006, gv. 677-680 da 693-792.28 marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statutis 38-e muxli, xelmisawvdo- mia Semdeg bmulze: http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0#CHAPTER_II, nanaxia 30.05.2016 w. ix., aseve: Леван Алексидзе, Некоторые вопросы международного права – императивные нормы Jus Cogens, Тбилисский Государственный Университет, 1982, gv. 228-303.140 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

CarCo unda ganvixiloT. sanam saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT dad­genil saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi subieqtebis saxel­Sek­rulebo normebs mimovixilavT, aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT adamianisuflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia29 (SemdegSi – deklaracia),regulirebis safuZvlebi am mniSvnelovan dokumentSi da migraciasTandakavSirebuli dadgenilebebi. 1948 wels, misi miRebisas, es mxolodpolitikuri deklaracia gaxldaT, XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi kiCveulebiTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis nawilad iqca.30adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia acxadebs, rom yvelaadamians aqvs fundamenturi da xelSeuvali uflebebi. dResCveulebiTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis nawilad qceuli es instrumentiadasturebs, rom `yvela adamiani dabadebulia, rogorc Tavisufalipiri da gaaCnia Tanaswori Rirseba da uflebebi31. amasTan, deklaraciismeore muxlis mixedviT, deklaraciaSi arsebuli yvela ufleba,diskriminaciis gareSe, unda mieces TiToeul adamians, adamianTauflebebis dacva da Tavisufleba yvela pirisTvisaa gankuTvnili, ampiris qveynis statusis miuxedavad. da bolos, deklaraciis mixedviT,`yvelas, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrs, aqvs socialuri usafrTxoebisufleba [...] am uflebis ganxorcieleba unda moxdes erovnul donezeda saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis meSveobiT, TiToeuli saxelmwifosmowyobisa da resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianis ekonomikuri,socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis ganxorcielebisTvis, rac misiRirsebisa da Tavisufali ganviTarebis ganuyofeli nawilia.~32 es normaCvens interess imitom imsaxurebs, rom xSirad adamianis migraciulprocesebSi CarTvis ganmapirobebeli swored misi ganviTarebisuflebis xelyofa SeiZleba gaxdes.imis gasagebad, Tu rogor Seiqmna migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebiarsebul CarCoebSi, aucilebelia deklaraciis konkretuli normebisanalitikuri ganxilva. jer kidev 1948 wels, rodesac adamianis uf­le­bebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis Camoyalibeba daiwyo, Semdegideklaraciis muxlebi: 4 (monobis aRkveTa), 5 (wamebis akrZalva), 6 (uni­vers­ aluri aRiarebis ufleba), 9 (dakavebis akrZalva), 13 (gadaadgile­bis Tavisufleba), 14 (TavSesafris Zebnis ufleba) da 15 (erovnebis/moqalaqeobis qonis ufleba), – migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebisanal­ izisTvis sxva mniSvnelovan debulebebsac gvTavazobdnen. amWrilSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT deklaraciis me-9 muxli, romlis29 miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis #217A(III) rezoluciiT, 1948 wlis 10 dekem- bers qarTuli teqsti xelmisawvdomia bmulze: http://bit.ly/2waBTX9, nanaxia 10.12.2015 w.30 ix.: Hannum Hurst, The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, # 25, 1996 gv. 287-397.31 adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaracia, pirveli muxli.32 iqve, 22-e muxli.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 141

Tanaxmad, `aravin SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros TviTnebur dapatimrebasan dakavebas~. marTalia, es universaluri norma yvela adamianis mimarTunda gamoiyenebodes da, erTi SexedviT, migr­ aciis samarTlebrivielementebi am SemTxvevaSi naklebad sainteresoa; Tumca, Tu gaviT­valiswinebT, rom deklaracia `yvela~ adam­ ianis uflebas icavs,mkafiod Cans deklaraciis am normis mniSvneloba migraciis samarTlisWrilSi. migrants, gansakuTrebiT araregularuli statusis mqoneadamians, TviTneburi dakavebisa Tu dapatimrebis, an sxva saxisuflebebis Selaxvis mometebuli safrTxe SeiZleba emuqrebodes.33migraciis sakiTxis ganxilvisas deklaraciis me-13, me-14 da me-15 yve­la­ze mniSvnelovani muxlebia. me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamians aqvsufleba airCios sacxovrebeli adgili qveyanaSi (pirveli nawili), dadatovos an dabrundes qveyanaSi. me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiansaqvs ufleba eZios TavSesafari. da bolos, me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad,TiToeul pirovnebas aqvs ufleba hqondes moqalaqeoba, aravis undaCamoerTvas igi an misi Secvlis survili.adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis migraciis samarTliselemen­tebis WrilSi SerCeuli normebis am mokle demonstrirebiT,mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebisada adamianis uflebebis dacvas Soris kavSiri. deklaraciis Tanaxmad,yvela migrants, maT Soris araregularuli statusis mqoneT, amdeklaraciiTa da (gaerosa Tu sxva organizaciebis mier damtkicebuli)adamianis uflebebis instrumentebiT garantirebuli uflebebiTsargebl­ obis ufleba aqvT.346.2.2. migraciasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis mimoxilvaaxla ki mokled mimovixiloT universaluri saerTaSoriso xel­Sekru­lebebi, romelTa erToblioba migraciis samarTlis saerTosuraTs qmnis.rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ar arsebobs konkretuli konvencia, romelicmig­raciis samarTals eZRvneba. Tumca, am Tavis bolos naxavT migracia­sa da adamianebis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb arsebul mniSvnelovan33 ix.: adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, didi palata, gadawyvetileba: Chahal v The United Kingdom, 15 noemberi, 1996 w., 113-e abzaci. nanaxia:12.03.2016. http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-58004.34 migraciuli procesis monawile saxelmwifoebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, gaafarToon adamianis uflebebis wre maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi. mag., gavixsenoT, irland- iaSi arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis uflebis miniWeba ltolvilebisTvis, nanaxia 12.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2x0MzVi.142 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saerT­ aSoriso dokumentebs. Tu migraciis mravalwaxnagovan bunebasgavixsenebT, logikuric aris, rom ar gvaqvs migraciis Sesaxebkonkretuli konvencia. amasTan, migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTaliwarmoadgens samarTlis mravali dargis normaTa erTobliobas (darogorc am saxelmZRvanelodan ukve SeityveT, migracia sxvadasxvadisciplinas moicavs). amasTan, isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom gaerosadamianis uflebebis ZiriTadi universaluri xelSekrulebebiavaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs yvela im adamianis uflebebis dacvas,romelic maT iurisdiqciaSi xvdeba.35 am zogadi SeniSvnis gaazrebisasmxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT adamianTa migraciuli statusissafuZvelze, magaliTad, moqalaqisa da aramoqalaqis, politikuriuflebebiT sargeblobisas saxelmwifos mier dadgenili legitimurigamonaklisebis dasaSveboba.36rom davubrundeT migraciasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebriviterminebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb diskusias, ltolvilsa da ekonomikurmigrants/migrant muSaks Soris gansxvaveba ganmartebebisa daurTierTgamijvnis procesis Sedegia, rac politikasa da instituciurimandatebis ganviTarebas efuZneba. es im drois produqtia, rodesacglobaluri migraciis marTvis sistema fragmentirebuli da araerTianiiyo, rogoradac is dResac rCeba. Sedegad, `ltolvilTa reJimis~ gardaaranairi zogadi `migraciis reJimi~ ar Seqmnila saerTaSoriso kanonzedayrdnobiT.~37 Sesabamisad, ganxilvas daviwyebT saerTaSorisoltolvilTa kanoniT.6.2.2.1. konvencia ltolvilis statusis Sesaxebpirveli dokumenti, romelic msoflioSi Tanamedrove marTlwesrigisCamoyalibebisTanave, 1951 wels, Seiqmna universaluri xelSekrulebissaxiT, ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb konvenciaa.38 es adamianis ufle­bebis sferoSi gaeros farglebSi39 SemuSavebuli pirveli saerTa­35 Tumca, SesaZloa, ucxoelebs moqalaqeobis saxelmwifosaTvis mouxdeT mimarTva uflebebis dasacavad. ix.: Antonio Cassese, International Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2005, gv.120-123.36 magaliTisaTvis ix.: samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 25, romelic mxolod saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs Seexeba; aseve ix.: amave paqtis me-13 muxli, romelic mxolod ucxoelebis mimarT gamoiyeneba.37 Nicola Piper, Keeping on the Move – Study of the Genesis of the 1990 Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families and its Implications Today Bonn, Germany: German Commission for Justice and Peace, 2016, gv. 19.38 konvenciis inglisurenovani teqsti xelmisawvdomia Semdeg bmulze: nanaxia 17.03.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2cLEMCE.39 genocidis danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis konvenciis miReba erTi dRiT uswrebs 1948 wlis 10 dekembers adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis kenWisyras gaeros generaluri asambleis mier. ix.: http://bit.ly/2cdRUPS. nanaxia 01.06.2017 w.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 143

Soriso xelSekrulebaa, adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciisSemdeg, romelic migraciis samarTlisTvisac mniSvnelovani doku­mentia.40konvencia ganmartavs termins `ltolvili~, rogorc: pirs, romelic`1951 wlis 1 ianvramde momxdari movlenebis Sedegad da safuZvlianiSiSis gamo, rom igi SeiZleba, gaxdes devnis msxverpli rasis, religiis,aRmsareblobis, erovnebis, garkveuli socialuri jgufisadmikuTvnilebis an politikuri mosazrebis gamo, imyofeba Tavisimoqalaqeobis qveynis gareT da ar SeuZlia an ar surs amgvari SiSisgamo isargeblos am qveynis mfarvelobiT, an ar gaaCnia ra garkveulimoqalaqeoba da msgavs movlenaTa Sedegad imyofeba ra misi adrindelisacxovrebeli qveynis gareT, ar SeuZlia an amgvari SiSis gamo ar sursiq dabruneba~. amasTan, ltolvilis statusis miRebis proceduruliwinapirobebis dadgenis paralelurad es xelSekruleba akisrebs ampirTa dacvis valdebulebas saxelmwifoebs.41 1951 wlis konvencialtolvilTa uflebebis minimalur CarCosa42 da maT valdebulebebsacganmartavs TavSesafris mimniWebeli saxelmwifos winaSe. 1967wels, konvencia damatebiTi oqmiT Seivso, maT Soris ltolviladadamianis cnobis winapirobebidan moixsna drosa da geografiulsivrcesTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi. Tavdapirvelad, konvenciadaiwera imisaTvis, rom meore msoflio omis dros devnili adamianebidaculni yofiliyvnen. Sesabamisad, sityva `ltolvilis~ ganmartebaSeizRudeboda droisa da geografiuli sivrciT: kerZod, ltolvilebiiyvnen pirebi, romlebmac samSoblo qveyana datoves evropaSi mimdinaremovlenebis gamo, konvenciis miRebamde.43 2016 wlis mdgomareobiTkonvencia 145 saxelmwifos mier aris ratificirebuli da 19 qveyanammoaxdina misi xelmowera44, maSin rodesac oqmis xelSemkvreli 146qveyanaa.45 aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qveynebis mier oqmis aRiarebisasmaTi diskreciaa, ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb konvenciiT dadgenilromel SezRudvas gaauqmeben. ase magaliTad, TurqeTma, 1967 wlis40 am sakiTxze zogadad ix.: James C. Hathaway,The Rights of Refugees Under International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2005.41 ix. zogadad: Patricia Owens, Beyond `Bare Life~: Refugees and the `Right to Have Rights~, ix. krebulSi Refugees in International Relations, eds. Betts, A. and Loescher, G., Oxford University Press, 2011, gv. 133-150. aseve: G. Goodwin-Gill, J. McAdam, The Refugee in International Law, Oxford University Press, 2011.42 detalebisTvis ix.: Alice Edwards, Human Rights, Refugees, and the Right `To Enjoy~ Asylum, In- ternational Journal of Refugee Law, #17, 2005 w., gv. 293-330. aseve: Stephen, H. Legomsky, Return of Asylum Seekers to Third Countries: The Meaning of Effective Protection, International Journal of Refugee Law, tomi. 15, #4, 2003 w. gv. 567-677.43 ix. zogadad: Andreas Zimmermann and Claudia Mahler, `Article 1 A, para. 2 (Definition of the Term ‘Refugee’)~ krebulSi The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol - A Commentary, eds. Andreas Zimmermann, Oxford University Press, 2011, gv. 281-465.44 2016 wlis 20 dekemberis mdgomareobiT. nanaxia 20.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2cLEMCE.45 2016 wlis 20 dekembris mdgomareobiT. nanaxia 20.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wMqTx5.144 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

oqmis misTvis savaldebulod aRiarebisas mxolod droSi SezRudvismoxsna aRiara, teritoriuli ki – datova.466.2.2.2. iZulebiT [sakuTari saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebSi] gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebi47migraciis samarTlis WrilSi moqalaqeobis Tu mudmivi sacxovrebelisaxelmwifos farglebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis Sesaxebdiskusias, rogorc wesi, ar vxvdebiT. sxva mizezebTan erTadsaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivad amas ori ZiriTadi mizezi SeiZlebahqondes: es adamianebi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis wuxilisobieqtebi ar xdebian, radgan ar gadaadgildebian im qveynis miRma,romelsac upirvelesad aqvs maTi dacvis valdebuleba; Sesabamisad,swored dasaxelebuli mizeziT, am sakiTxze saerTaSoriso samarTleb­rivi mavaldebulebeli normebi ar arsebobs, Tundac, ltolvilobaSimyofi adamianebis mdgomareobis maregulirebeli wesebisagangansxvavebiT. kerZod, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi arian isadamianebi, romlebmac datoves saxlebi, Tumca, ar arian ltolvilebi(1951 wlis konvenciis ganmartebis Tanaxmad), radgan sakuTarisaxelmwifos teritoriaze darCnen.ramdenadac iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa sakiTxebi Zalian mniSvne­lovani da aqtualuria saqarTvelos konteqstis gaTvaliswi­nebiT,winamdebare Tavi ufro detalurad ganixilavs aRniSnul sakiTxs.saqarTveloSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis Taobaze erovnulinormebis Seqmnis saWiroeba jer kidev XX saukunis miwuruls gaCndada adamianTa am jgufisa da ltolvilebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnasamarTlis specialistebsac xSirad uqmnis siZneleebs.saerTaSoriso masStabiT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb samarTleb­rivi normebis Camoyalibeba daiwyo civi omis dasrulebisa da TanmdeviSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis paralelurad, XX saukunis miwuruls,rodesac gaeros adamianis uflebebis komisiis iniciativiT iZulebiT46 mierTebis instrumentis Tanaxmad, TurqeTis mTavroba ltolvilTa statusis Ses- axeb konvenciis pirveli muxlis `b~ nawilTan mimarTebiT 1951 wlis 28 ivliss Jene- vaSi gakeTebul daTqmas inarCunebs, romlis Tanaxmad, TurqeTi konvencias iyenebs mxolod im pirebis mimarT, romlebic ltolvilad evropis farglebSi mimdinare movlenebis Sedegad iqcnen; amasTan, TurqeTma aseve SeinarCuna konvenciis rati- ficirebisas gakeTebuli daTqma, romlis Tanaxmad am konvenciis debulebebis in- terpretireba ar unda moxdes imgvarad, TiTqos ltolvilebs meti uflebebi eni- WebaT, vidre TurqeTSi TurqeTis moqalaqeebs aqvT miniWebuli. nanaxia 12.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vFBytp.47 am sakiTxze, zogadad, ix.:, Lindsey N. Kingston and Datta Saheli, Strengthening the Norms of Global Responsibility: Structural Violence in Relation to Internal Displacement and Statelessness 4 Global Responsibility to Protect, Martinus Nojhoff Publishers, 2012, gv. 475-504.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 145

gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi (SemdegSi –saxelmZRvanelo principebi) Seiqmna.48 es dokumenti49 iZulebiTgadaad­gilebuli pirebis uflebebis sakiTxebze gaeros generalurimdivnis warmomadgenlis xelmZRvanelobiT SeimuSava saerTaSorisosamarTlis eqspertTa jgufma.50saxelmZRvanelo principebi ar gvTavazobs iZulebiT gadaadgilebulipiris mkafiod Camoyalibebul universalur definicias.51 esdokumenti pirTa im kategorias aRwers, romelTac saxelmwifosfarglebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebis gamo sakuTari saxelmwifosganmometebuli yuradReba sWirdebaT. kerZod ki, saxelmZRvaneloprincipebis SesavalSi vxvdebiT Semdeg ganmartebas: `am principebismiznebidan gamomdinare iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebadiTvlebian is pirebi an pirTa jgufebi, romlebic gamoZevebul iqnenan iZulebulni gaxdnen, daetovebinaT sakuTari saxli an mudmivisacxovrebeli adgili, raTa gaqceodnen SeiaraRebul konfliqts,sayovelTao Zaladobas, adamianis uflebebis xelyofasa da stiqiur anadamianis mier gamowveul katastrofebs, da, amasTan, ar gadaukveTavTsaerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari~.52 amdenad,ltolvilisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac es statusi mieniWeba, iZulebiTgadaadgilebul pirs aqvs sakuTari qveynis moqalaqis statusi,miuxedavad iZulebiT gadaadgilebisa, rac mis mdgomareobas, da arastatuss gansazRvravs.saxelmZRvanelo principebis SeqmnasTn erTad, gaeros generalurimdivnis specialurma warmomadgenelma iZulebiT gadaadgilebulpirebTan dakavSirebiT – frensis dengma wamoayena winadadeba, romerTmaneTs daukavSirdes suverenuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebispasuxismgeblobisa da maTi yvela moqalaqisadmi Rirseulad mopyrobisvaldebuleba. es ki iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dacvas aaxloebssaerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi mimdinare movlenebTan.48 Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Francis M. Deng, submitted pursuant to Commission Resolution 1997/39 – Addendum – Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement Economic and Social Council, E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, 11 Tebervali, 1998.49 ix.: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IDPersons/GPGeorgian.pdf, nanaxia 17.03.2017 w.50 United Nations Economic and Social Council, E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, 11 Tebervali, 1998.51 aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sayovelTaod aRiarebuli samarTlebrivi ganmarteba termin- isa `iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri~ ar arsebobs. afrikis kontinentis qveynebis regionuli xelSekruleba -afrikaSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb afrikis kavSiris konvencia, romelic aseve cnobilia `kampalas konvenciis~ saxeliT, 2009 wels miRebuli dokumentis 1(l) muxli ganmartavs am cne- bas. nanaxia 15.03.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2lHK2NP.52 ix.: Sesavali: miznebi da amocanebi, me-2 punqti.53 ix.: http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/print.cfm?ID=9, nanaxia 12.12.2016 w. am sa­ kiTxze aseve ix.: qeTevan xuciSvili, Tanamedrove gamowvevebi iZulebiT adgil- nacvalTa da ltolvilTa dacvis meqanizmebisaTvis: arsebobs Tu ara dabrunebis ufleba, ix. krebulSi: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, GIZ, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 315-326.146 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samarTlebriviproblema am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom saxelmZRvanelo principebisarasavaldebulo xasiaTis gamo saxelmwifoebi arCeven sakuTarierovnuli samarTlis gamoyenebas iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebismimarT, rac adamianTa am jgufis mdgomareobas xSirad ver amsubuqebs.54miuxedavad imisa, rom iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa uflebebismaregulirebeli savaldebulo dokumenti saerTaSoriso samarTalSiar gvaqvs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianTa es jgufi ar unda ganvixiloTdacvis imave reJimis farglebSi, romelic ltolvilTa mimarTgamoiyeneba. aq Zalian mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos valdebulebebissworad danaxva sakuTari moqalaqeebis uflebebis dacvis WrilSi. amuflebaTa erTi kategoria koleqtiuri, sxva ki individualuri iqneba.iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi naTladwarmoaCens, rom saxelmwifoebma am SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebebissaerTaSoriso samarTlisa55 da humanitaruli samarTlis ZiriTadiprincipebis dacviT unda imoqmedon.iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi mni­Svnel­ ovan koncefciebsa da elementebs gvTavazobs saxelmwifosfarglebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.56 mokled SevexoTramdenime maTgans: upirveles yovlisa, unda gvaxsovdes, rom iZu­lebiT gadaadgileba aris mdgomareoba da is adamians statussar ucvlis. sakuTari moqalaqeobisa Tu mudmivi sacxovrebelisaxelmwifos farglebSi gadaadgilebuli adamianis statusi amqveynis moqalaqe an iq mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqonepiria; iZulebiT gadaadgileba ki aris mdgomareoba, romlis gamocadam­ iani sakuTari saxelmwifos mometebul yuradRebas SeiZlebasaWiroebdes misi uflebebis dacvisa da ganxorcielebisTvis.saxelmZRvan­ elo principebi gvTavazobs ara ganmartebas, aramedaRwer­ as pirisa, romelsac SesaZloa, iZulebiT gadaadgilebismdgomareobaSi vxvdebodeT. kerZod, saxelmZRvanelo principebisSesavalSi aRniSnulia Semdegi: ` ... iZulebiT gadaadgile­bul pirebadiTvlebian is pirebi an pirTa jgufebi, romlebic gamoZevebul iqnenan iZulebulni gaxdnen, daetovebinaT sakuTari saxli an mudmivisacxovrebeli adgili, raTa gaqceodnen, kerZod, SeiaraRebulkonfliqts, sayovelTao Zaladobas, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofasada stiqiur an adamianis mier gamowveul katastrofebs da, amasTan, ar54 ix.: Walter Kälin, Rhondri C. Williams, et al (eds.), Incorporating the Guiding Principles on Internal Dis- placement into Domestic Law: Issues and Challenges, The American Society of International Law, 2010, gv.5. nanaxia 20.12.2016 w. http://brook.gs/2uLKk7V.55 iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi uflebebis matareblebi arian. am sakiTxTan daka- vSirebiT ix.: UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees Oxford University Press, 2012 gv. 129-134.56 ix.: Catherine Phuong, The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons, Oxford University Press, 2010, gv. 39-75 da 237-239.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 147

gadaukveTavT saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari.~57 esaRwera gviCvenebs, rom adamiani, romelic iZulebulia, an sxvagvarad,arasakuTari nebiT tovebs Cveul sacxovrebel garemos, ar tovebssakuTar saxelmwifos. sagulisxmoa, rom ltolvilTa definiciisgangansxvavebiT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris maxasiaTebeli niSnebisaRwerisas saxelmZRvanelo principebi makvalificirebel elementadar moixmobs piris aralegitimur devnasa da aqve aCens bunebriviTu adamianis mier gamowveuli katastrofebis gamo arasakuTarinebiT gadaadgilebis elements. amasTan, ltolvilis definiciaSimocemuli amomwuravi CamonaTvlis nacvlad, romlis safuZvelzedevnis ganxorcielebisas SeiZleba adamianma TavSesafari sxvasaxelmwifoSi eZebos, iZulebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvaneloprincipebis me-2 punqtSi gamoyenebuli sityva `kerZod~ miuTiTebs,rom adamianis sakuTari sacxovreblidan gamoZevebis an am adgilisdatovebis sxvagvari iZulebisas sakuTari saxelmwifos farglebSiiZulebiTi gadaadgilebis gamomwvevi sxva mizezebic SeiZleba,arsebobdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari gadaadgilebisas adamianebimoqalaqeobis saxelmwifos ar toveben, isini mainc advilad xdebianormagad mowyvladni da ormagi diskriminaciis savaraudo msxverplni.es, magaliTad, SeiZleba, moiazrebdes Cveul garemos mowyvetiliadamianis saganmanaTleblo, ekonomikur Tu sxva, sasococxlodaucilebel, resursebze SezRudul wvdomas. rogorc TavSesafrismaZieblebisa da ltolvilebis SemTxvevaSi, iZulebiT gadaadgilebisWrilSic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebiar moicavs moqalaqeobis saxelmwifos farglebSi ekonomikuri,socialuri an sxva mizeziT nebayoflobiT gadaadgilebul pirebs.gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs iZulebiTi gadaadgilebisSesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebis me-2 principi, romelic aramxolod saxelmwifoebs, aramed `yvela oficialur Tu sxva pirsa dajgufs~ Seexeba, romlebmac `es principebi yovelgvari arasasurveligansxvavebis gareSe unda daicvan da gamoiyenon~, Tu maT `Sexeba aqvTiZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa problemasTan~, miuxedavad am pirTada pirTa jgufebis `samarTlebrivi statusisa~. me-2 principis pirvelabzacSi Camoyalibebuli es debuleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniaimis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifos saxeliTmoqmed erTeulebTan erTad, romelTac adamianis uflebebis dacvisvaldebuleba akisriaT, arasaerTaSoriso xasiaTis SeiaraRebulikonfliqtisas konfliqtis yvela mxares aqvs humanitaruli samarTlis57 saxelmZRvanelo principebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb, Sesavali: miznebi da amocanebi, me-2 punqti.148 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

normebis dacvis valdebuleba.58 `konfliqtis yvela mxare~ kiaucileblad saxelmwifosa da misi saxeliT moqmed erTeulebs armoiazrebs.59gaeros generaluri asamblea iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebisuflebebis nawilSi rbili samarTlis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels,saxelmZRvanelo principebis safuZvelze. am TvalsazrisiT, sayurad­Reboa gaeros generaluri mdivnis warmomadgenlis iZulebiTgadaadg­ ilebuli pirebis uflebebis sakiTxebze angariSgeba.60 iZu­le­biT gadaadgilebulTa adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebze spe­cialuri momxseneblis mier momzadebuli da gaeros generalurimdivnis mier generaluri asambleisTvis regularuli angariSebiswardgena generaluri asambleis 66/165-e da adamianis uflebebissabWos 23/8-e rezoluciebis Sesabamisad aseve xels uwyobs iZulebiTgadaadgilebis sferoSi rbili samarTlis ganviTarebas.61 gaerosgeneraluri asamblea iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis uflebebissakiTxebze rezoluciebiT ajamebs, ganazogadebs praqtikaSiCamosayalibebel am jgufs mikuTvnebuli adamianis uflebebisstandartebs da mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad,xangrZlivi gadawyvetis moZiebisken, rac, maT Soris saxelmwifoTaerovnuli ganviTarebis gegmebSi unda aisaxos da, gansakuTrebiT,humanitaruli da ganviTarebis sferoebSi moqmed erTeulebTansaerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebiT iqnes miRweuli.62amgvari rezoluciebi ki, saxelmZRvanelo principebis kvaldakval,saxelmwifoTa monawileobiT am mimarTulebiT rbili samarTlisSeqmnis tendenciis maCvenebelia.am sferos mkvlevari mecnierebis Tanaxmad, saxelmZRvanelo prin­cipebi ar ganixileba, rogorc deklaraciis proeqti iZulebiT58 am sakiTxze ix.: 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciebisa da am konvenciebis 1977 wlis II dama­ tebiTi oqmis saerTo me-3 muxli.59 ix.: Christopher Greenwood, Historical Development and Legal Basis, gv. 14 da Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law, gv. 55-57, ix. krebulSi The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law , eds. Dieter Fleck, me-2 gamocema, Oxford University Press, 2008.60 mag., ix.: Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally dis- placed persons, Walter Kälin – Addendum – Follow-up visit to the mission to Serbia and Montenegrao (including Kosovo) in 2005; United Nations General Assembly; Human Rights Council, Thirteenth ses- sion, Agenda item 3, A/HRC/13/21/Add.1; 11 dekemberi, 2009 w. aseve: Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin – Addendum – Follow-up mission to Georgia; United Nations General Assembly; Human Rights Council, Sixteenth session, Agenda item 3, A/HRC/16/43/Add.3; 23 dekemberi, 2010 w.61 magaliTisTvis ix.: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons; United Nations General Assembly; Human Rights Council, Sixty-eighth session, Item 69(b) of the provisional agenda(A/68/150), A/68/225; 31 ivlisi, 2013 w.62 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2013 [on the report of the Third Com- mittee (A/68/456/Add.2)], United Nations General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session, Agenda item 69 (b), A/RES/68/180; 30 ianvari, 2014 w., me-5 punqti.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 149