Migration Textbook

bazarTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebis dasaxelebaze Sors midis,rodesac ganixilavs sakiTxs, ratom aqceven politikosebi naklebyuradRebas am bazrisaTvis migraciis gziT motanil sargebels. iqveaRniSnulia, rom adamianTa ganwyobebis CamoyalibebaSi gamorCeulrols asrulebs kultura da SiSi, rom migracias SeuZlia maTicxovrebis stilis Secvla.30 Sesabamisad, es garkveul doneze xsnispolitikosTa damokidebulebas am sakiTxis mimarT – kerZod, ratomsurT migraciis marTvis moxsna saarCevno dRis wesrigidan. magaliTi: kompania saxelad `tera~ awarmoebs masStabur mSeneb­ lo­bebs X qveyanaSi. mSeneblobis xarjebSi yvelze didi wili aqvs muSaxelis xelfasebs, adgilze kvalificiuri muSaxelis dabal fasad Sovna SeuZlebelia. X qveyanaSi mwvave konkurenciaa samSeneblo kompaniebs Soris, romelic ZiriTadad fasis dawevazea orientirebuli. konkurentunarianobis SesanarCuneblad, `teras~ sWirdeba xarjebis Semcireba da yvelaze efeqtianad amis gake­ Tebas muSaxelis xarjis SemcirebaSi xedavs. kompaniam iafi samu­ Sao Zala sxva qveyanaSi moiZia da maTi Camoyvana surs. arCev­ neb­is wina periodia da `teras~ SeuZlia popularuli partiis `mwvane balaxis~ mxardaWera, im imediT, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg gauadvildeba SromiTi bazris liberalizaciis lobireba. `mwvane balaxsac~ ar awyens winasaarCevnod finansuri mxardaWera, Tumca, misma wevrebma kargad ician, rom SromiTi bazris ucxouri muSaxelisTvis gaxsna ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevs adgilobriv amomrCevelSi, radgan isini samuSao adgilebs dakargaven. amgvar viTarebaSi arc ise martivi iqneba `mwvane balaxisTvis~ sakuTari poziciis dafiqsireba aRniSnul Temaze. `mwvane balaxi~ dilemis winaSe dgas - Riad dauWiros mxari SromiTi imigraciis ganviTarebas, Tu mis SezRudvas.swored es ganapirobebs didwilad, rom migraciis politikisgansazRvra da misi marTva qveynebis umravlesobaSi aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis upiratesobaa. ierarqiul procesze metad es moqme­debaTa uwyvet cikls ufro hgavs - maTi saSualebiT aRmasrulebelixelisufleba saxelmwifos saerTo gamowvevebisa da ganviTarebisstrategiis Sesabamisad SeimuSavebs migraciis politikas, romelicam sferos marTvis ZiriTad mimarTulebas gansazRvravs.30 iqve, gv. 7-8. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო500

sqema 1. migraciis politikis SemuSaveba da marTva I etapi II etapi II etapis Tanmdevi procesi saxelmwifos politikis ganviTarebis aRsruleba Sedegebis uwyveti politikisa da dargobrivi uwyebis analizi damigraciis politikis mier, adgilobriv, gansazRvra centralur da politikis cvlileba mTavrobis mier saerTaSoriso saWiroebisamebr donezemniSvnelovania migraciis politikis SemuSavebisa da marTvis gaaz­reba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis konteqstSi, vinaidan migraciagavlenas axdens saxelmwifos funqcionirebis TiTqmis yvela sferosa(ekonomika, demografia, usafrTxoeba, ganaTleba, jandacva, kulturada a.S.) da yvela doneze (adgilobrivi, centraluri, regionuli daglobaluri). rogorc wesi, sagulisxmoa balansis dacva usafrTxoebisgamowvevebsa da ganviTarebis saWiroebebs Soris.SemuSavebuli politika praqtikaSi dargobrivi mimarTulebebismixed­viT xorcieldeba da, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, Sesabamisigamowvevebis Tanaxmad icvleba.bunebrivad daismis kiTxva, vis ekisreba pasuxismgebloba migraciismarTvasa da misi politikis SemuSavebaze? raki migracia gavlenasaxdens saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis funqcionirebis yvelaaspeqtze, erTi konkretuli pasuxi amaze TiTqmis ar arsebobs. ukveaRiniSna rom, saxelmwifos mier migraciis politikis SemuSavebisasgasaTvaliswinebelia rogorc misi saWiroebebi ganviTarebisa dausafrTxoebis kuTxiT, ise migrantTa mamoZravebeli faqtorebi.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT migraciis gavlenas qveynis ganviTarebissxvadasxva aspeqtsa da doneze, davinaxavT, rom misi politikisSemuSavebaze erTi konkretuli uwyeba ar aris pasuxismgebeli,Tumca, SesaZloa koordinatoris rols asrulebdes. aRmasrulebelxelisuflebaze saubrisas mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, romigi moicavs rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv xelisuflebasda damokidebulia saxelmwifos decentralizaciis xarisxze. evro-xmelTaSua zRvis regionuli da adgilobrivi asambleis angariSismixedviT, migraciis gavlena socialur-ekonomikur wyobaze yvelazemetad adgilobriv doneze aisaxeba, radgan imigrantTa miRebasa daintegraciasTan dakavSirebuli yoveldRiuri problemebi sworedaq iCens xolme Tavs.31 igive iTqmis emigraciazec, vinaidan mzardi31 Euro-Mediterranean Regional and Local Assembly (ARLEM). Report on the role of local and regional authorities in managing migration in the Mediterranean, 1/13, 2014, gv. 10. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/XehfWL.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 501

emigraciis Sedegebi aRniSnul doneze yvelaze kargad SeimCneva.rac ZiriTadad gamoixateba maRalkvalificiuri migrantebis, ro­gorc adamianuri kapitalis gadinebaSi, romelic adgilobrivi xeli­suflebebis gamowvevacaa, radgan swored isini cdiloben gamo­naxoninteleqtis gadinebis (brain drain) SezRudvis gzebi da piriqiT, aseTimigrantebis dabrunebis da inteleqtis Semodinebis (brain gain) xarjzemaqsimaluri sargebeli miiRon ganviTarebisTvis32. magaliTi: germania federaluri saxelmwifos klasikuri modelia, sadac sajaro mmarTveloba decentralizebulia da adgilobriv xelis­ufl­ ebas sajaro administrirebis kuTxiT sakamod farTo uflebam­ osilebebi aqvs, maT Soris, migraciis sferoSic. evrokavSirSi ganviTarebuli migraciuli krizisis dros swo­ red germania iyo gaerTianebis erT-erTi qveyana, romelmac ltolv­­ ilTa yvelaze didi nakadebi miiRo da dResac cdilobs am gamowvevasTan gamklavebas. cnobilia, rom germaniis migraciisa da ltolvilTa federaluri ofisi qveyanaSi TavSesafris maZiebelTa gadasanawileblad iyenebs regionebis mixedviT kvotirebis sistemas. misaRebi kontingentis raodenobas gansazRvravs iseTi kriteriumebi, rogoricaa calkeuli federaluri miwis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da mosaxleobis ricxvi.33 gasakviri ar aris, rom 2015 wels TavSesafris maZiebelTa yvelaze didi nakadebi ekonomikurad Zlier sam federalur miwaze modioda (CrdiloeT rain-vestfalia, baden-viurtembergi da bavaria). swored bavariaSi gaxda migraciis krizisi centralur da adgi­ lobriv xelisuflebebs Soris dapirispirebis mizezTagani, rodesac bavariis mTavrobis meTaurma Tavisive koaliciis liders, germaniis kanclers gancxadebiT mimarTa migraciis politikis Secvlaze da ultimatumis saxiT mosTxova, `ori kviris vadaSi moewesrigebina germaniis sazRvrebze arsebuli mdgomareoba da SeezRuda ltolvilTa nakad­ ebis Semosvla~.34migraciis marTvis konceptualur CarCos35 (ix. sqema N2) warmoadgensmigraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia (mso), romelic am procesismarTvaSi oTx mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas gamoyofs:1. migracia da ganviTareba;2. migraciis xelSewyoba;32 iqve, gv. 5.33 Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/81F50T.34 Spiegel online. 2016. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/kLuUOR.35 IOM’s conceptual model for migration management. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/0FWoAm.502 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

3. migraciis regulireba;4. iZulebiTi migracia.sqema 2. mso-s migraciis marTvis konceptualuri modeli politika, kanonmdebloba, instituciuri (administraciuli) sistemamigracia da migraciis migraciis iZulebiTiganvTareba xelSewyoba regulireba migraciamagaliTebi: magaliTebi: magaliTebi: magaliTebi: fuladi SromiTi savizo sistemebi, ltolvilebi,gzavnilebi, migracia, sazRvris marTva, gadasaxleba, adamianiT vaWrobis diaspora ojaxis iZulebiT gaerTianeba, winaaRmdeg gadaadgilebuli integracia brZola, migrantTa ukanonod gadayvana pirebi sazRvarzeoTxive mimarTulebaSi naTelia sajaro marTvis roli, Tumca es kideverTxel gamokveTs, ratom ver eqceva migracia mxolod erTi uwyebiskompetenciaSi da xazs usvams, rom zemoxsenebuli Temebi gadajaWvuliaerTmaneTTan, mWidro kavSiri aqvs da saWiroebs dargobriv kvlevas.am yvelafris erT uwyebaSi Tavmoyra ki sajaro marTvis dublirebasada efeqtianobis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. im pirobebSic ki, rodesacmigraciis marTvaSi garkveuli `tradiciulad~ sajaro funqciebikerZo seqtors gadaecema, politikis gansazRvra da mis aRsrulebazepasuxismgebloba – dainteresebul mxareTa Soris konsesusis miRweviT– mainc sajaro administraciis upiratesobaa. am sakiTxis xazgasmamniSvnelovania, vinaidan e. w. `axali sajaro marTvis~ pirobebSi ammimarTulebiT bevr funqcias asruleben kerZo samarTlis subieqtebi,rac gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneba migrantTa dakaveba-gaZevebis proce­durebTan dakavSirebiT.14.1.3. saerTaSoriso migraciis marTvis erovnuli midgomebiTu gadavxedavT gaero-s mosaxleobis fondis ukanasknel aTwleulTamonacemebs, gadaadgilebis procesSi myofi mosaxleobis wilimsoflios mTlian mosaxleobaSi mxolod umniSvnelod Seicvala.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 503

Sesab­­ amisad, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom gaxda es sakiTxi dRes aseTi aqtua­luri. msoflioSi adamianebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizardaukanaskneli 60 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Sesabamisad, marTalia, migraciulprocesSi myof pirTa procentuli maCvenebeli saerTo mosaxleobidanmniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila, magram gaizarda am procesSi myof ada­mianTa ricxvi. amasTanave, msoflio mosaxleobis zrda yvelazeSesamCnevia periferiebSi, xolo migraciis ZiriTadi nakadi mimarTuliacentrisken. amgvarad, moimata migraciis xilvadobam rig qveynebSi,amasTan erTad, wnexma saxelmwifo servisebze da, Sesabamisad, sajaromarTvazec. amas daemata is faqtoric, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSicki adgilobrivi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis wili mcirdeba. asewarmoiqmneba SesaZleblobac da saWiroebac, migracia gamoiyenoncxovrebis standartebis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.qveynebi gansxvavebul midgomebs iyeneben migraciis marTvaSi. saboloomizani am procesis marTvaa, Tumca gansxvavebebs maT Soris iwvevsis konkretuli amocanebi, romelTa gadaWrac surT saxelmwifoebs.am amocanebis mravalferovneba bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli –dawyebuli qveynis ganviTarebiT da dasrulebuli misi mdebareobiTada msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebiT.magaliTisTvis SegviZlia ganvixiloT ori ganviTarebuli qveyana,gansxvavebuli amocanebiTa da midgomebiT migraciis WrilSi.kazusi 1: kanadakanada ganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba da TugadavxedavT ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebisorganizaciis (OECD) monacemebs, misi wevri saxelmwifoebis ukeTesicxovrebis indeqsis saSualo maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCebakanadisas. amasTanave, 2016 wlis monacemebiT, qveyanaSi umuSevrobisdone saSualo niSnulze 7%-iT dabalia. am komponentiTa dacxovrebiT kmayofilebis koeficientiT mas upiratesi mdgomareobaaqvs OECD-s wevri qveynebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT.36 migraciiskonteqstSi kanada saintereso saxelmwifoa, vinaidan Sesabamisipolitika iq sakmaod moqnilia. am politikas gansazRvravs `erisaSenebis~ survili, romelic SesaZlebels xdis misi farToteritoriebis aTvisebasa da ganviTarebas.37 swored amitom kana­dis migraciis politika momarTulia kvalificiuri muSaxelis36 statistikuri monacemebi: OECD-is ukeTesi cxovrebis indeqsi, 2016 wlis gamocema. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/esD3Wl.37 Ray Marshall, Value-Added Immigration: Lessons from the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, Washington. Economic Policy Institute, 2011. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/Ccnz3d.504 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mozidvaze, romelic mzad aris, dasaxldes qveyanaSi da xeliSeuwyos mis ganviTarebas. amgvar saimigracio politikasTan erTad,kanada aqtiurad gvTavazobs imigraciis Semdgom mxardaWerasac,rac gamoixateba farTomasStabiani saintegracio saqmianobiT dagulisxmobs mravalkulturuli sazogadoebis mSvidobian Tanaar­sebobas. kazusi 2: safrangeTi safrangeTi iseve, rogorc kanada, ganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba da evrokavSirSi erT–erTi wamyvani saxelmwifos saxeliT sargeblobs. masTan dakavSirebiT, Sida garemoebebis garda, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qveyana evrokavSiris wevria, rac damatebiT pirobebs qmnis migraciis marTvaSi. am konteqstSi gamoiyofa ori umniSvnelovanesi komponenti: imigracia da moqalaqeobis sakiTxebi. safrangeTis migraciis politikasa da mis aRsrulebaSi gamkacreba SeiniSneba da es midgoma, rogorc mosalodnelia migraciuli krizisis fonze, ar Seicvleba. am mdgomareobas, kanadisagan gansxvavebiT, ganapirobebs isic, rom evrokavSiris wevrobidan gamomdinare, safrangeTs mcire berketebi aqvs gaerTianebis Sida migraciis kontrolisaTvis da yuradRebas amaxvilebs garedan momdinare migraciaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom kanadisaganve gansxvavebiT, safrangeTis saintegracio politika mimarTulia ara mravalkulturuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis, aramed imigrantTa adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi asimilaciisaken.miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoTa umetesobaSi migraciis marTvaSimonawile saxelmwifo uwyebebi pasuxismgebelni arian qveynisusafrTxo­ebazec, politikis amocanebi, rogorc wesi, yalibdebasaxelmwifos ekonomikuri da socialuri amocanebidan gamomdinare. esniSnavs, rom dakveTas qveyanaSi arsebuli saWiroebebis Sesaxeb sworedes ori mimarTuleba gansazRvravs, misi Sesruleba sxva interesebisdauzianeblad ki aRmasrulebel uwyebaTa koordinirebuli saqmia­nobis Sedegia. gansakuTrebul rols am procesSi sazRvris marTvasada usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli uwyebebi asruleben. Tumca,rogorc zogierTi aRniSnavs, rig SemTxvevebSi ekonomikuri interesi(gansakuTrebiT, garkveuli jgufebis) warmmarTvelia politikisSeqm­nis procesSi.stiven kaslis aRweriT, ori ZiriTadi azri axdens gavlenas migra­ciispolitikis formirebaze: ekonomikuri molodini, romelic efuZnebaxarj-sargeblis gamoTvlebs, da biurokratiuli rwmena (regu­მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 505

laciebi, mimarTuli migrantTa kategorizaciisa da gansxvav­ebuladregulirebisaken: magaliTad, im migrantTa saTi­Taod SerCeva,romlebic sWirdebaT). orive midgoma efuZneba zogad rwmenas, romsaxelmwifos ZaluZs migraciis nebismier dros `CarT­ va~ an `gamorTva~.38am konteqstSi relevanturia rogorc meo­re qveTavSi ganxiluliTeoriuli CarCo, ise aralegaluri migrac­ iis magaliTebi, romlebicnaTlad miuTiTebs sajaro marTvis nak­leb­efeqtianobaze zedmetiSezRudvebisa da maRali mizidulobis pirobebSi. am magaliTebismixedviT, meti investiciis gaReba migraciis regulirebisaTvisyovelTvis ar niSnavs mis ukeT marTvas:• 2014 wels britanulma telegrafma gamoaqveyna statia, sadac aRniSnulia, rom dakavebul imigrantTa raodenoba, romlebic uka­nonod cdiloben sazRvris gadakveTas, yovelTviurad 300-s aRwevs. rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, SeiZleba es sazRvris monitoringis gaumjobesebis Sedegi iyos, Tumca britanuli Migrationwatch-is Tavmjdomaris TqmiT, aseTi ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios gansakuTrebulma raodenobrivma wnexma sazRvarze, ris gamoc ufro met adamians iWeren. igive statia ambobs, rom sazRvarze dakavebul pirTa didi ricxvis miuxedavad, ufro metma adamianma moaxerxa qveyanaSi ukanonod Sesvla.39• sagulisxmoa aSS-meqsikis sazRvris magaliTi, sadac miliardobiT daxarjuli dolarisa da ganviTarebuli teqnologiebis miuxedavad, sazRvris aralegalurad kveTa Cveulebrivi movlenaa. bolo xans msgavsi dakavebebis Semcireba ufro imis maCveneblia, rom am adamianebSi imigraciis gzaze dadgomis survilma iklo (sxva mizezebiT da ara sazRvarze dakavebis SiSiT).40• xmelTaSua zRvis nawilSi evrokavSiris sazRvrebis dasacavad gaRebuli finansuri, fizikuri da inteleqtualuri resursi aralegalur migrantTa Semakavebel rols ver asrulebs. is, rasac evropa koordinirebuli moqmedebisa da masStaburi resursiT zRvaze ver axerxebda, aqtualuri gaxda saxmeleTo sazRvrebis konteqstSic, rodesac ltolvilTa didi nakadi aRmosavleTidan faqtobrivad dabrkolebis gareSe aRmoCda evrokavSiris teritoriaze.4138 Castles, Why Migration Policies Fail, gv. 208.39 The Telegraph, 3,000 migrants a month caught trying to enter Britain, 2014. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/IMyrXN.40 Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Apprehension of Mecixan Migrants at U. S> Borders Reach Near Historic Low, 2016. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/5miG58.41 Vision Europe Summit, Vision Europe – the EU and the Refugee Crisis, 2016. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/vb1sOg.506 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rogorc kasli aRniSnavs, Zlieri da efeqtiani saxelmwifo argulisxmobs ukeT marTul migracias, sadac sazRvris ukanonod kveTaSemcirebuli, an sulac aRmofxvrilia.TiTqmis yvela qveyana qmnis garkveul bariers imigraciisTvis damxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu zRudavs emigracias. aseT magaliTadSegviZlia moviyvanoT CrdiloeTi korea, romelic zogadad migra­ciuli procesebis SezRudviT gamoirCeva. Tumca, ucxoelTaqveyanaSi Sesvlis paralelurad, aq mniSvnelovnad aris gaZnelebuliqveynidan gasvlac, rac rTulad mosapovebel specialur nebarTvassaWiroebs42. aseTi midgomebi sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia CaketilisaxelmwifoebisTvis, magram aqve sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, romsaxelmwifos uflebebi, eqskluziurad gansazRvros migraciispo­litika da misi aRsrulebis gzebi, garkveulad SezRudulia.am SezRudvas adgens saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romlismonawileebic Tavad es saxelmwifoebi arian. aRniSnul konteqstSimniSvn­ el­ ovania 1981 wlis saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da po­litikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxli 12(2),43 romlis mixedviTac`TiToeul adamians ufleba aqvs, datovos nebismieri qveyana,maT Soris sakuTaric.~ CrdiloeTi koreis SemTxvevaSi es uflebaugulebelyofilia.saxelmwifoebis mier ZiriTadi aqcentis imigraciaze gadatana imazemiuTiTebs, rom misi Sedegebi mniSvnelovania qveynebis umravle­sobisaTvis. isini imigrantTa nakadebis SezRudvas ki ara, garkveulmaxasiaTebelTa mixedviT gafiltvras cdiloben. maT surT iseTimigrantebis mizidva, romelTa kvalifikacia an SesaZleblobebicSedarebiT deficituria da piriqiT, im kategoriis pirTa SedinebisSezRudva, visi unarebic ar aris moTxovnadi adgilobriv SromiTbazarze. da es imitom, rom isini Tavisebur tvirTad ar daawvnensaxelmwifos imaze meti sajaro momsaxurebis an socialuri daxmarebismiRebiT, vidre maT mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi44. anu, martivad, romvTqvaT imigrantebis qveyanaSi yofna da saqmianoba fiskaluri gavlenisWrilSi `momgebiani~ unda iyos adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifosTvis.• 2009 wlidan evrokavSirma SemoiRo e.w. `lurji baraTi~ maRalkva­ lificiuri migrantebis misazidad evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebidan. am baraTiT (romelic Seiqmna aSS-s `mwvane baraTis~ Semdeg) SromiT migrants eniWeba grZelvadiani binadrobis uf­42 North Korea: Understanding Migration to and from a Closed Country. Migration Policy Institute, 2008. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/quQtxh.43 1981 wlis saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1398335.44 Cynthia Bansak, Nicole B. Simpson and Madeline Zavodny, The Economics of immigration, 2015. gv. 8.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 507

leba; mas SeuZlia axlo naTesavebis mowveva ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT da evrokavSiris farglebSi Tavisufali gadaadgileba.45rogorc vxedavT, imigraciis politikis formirebisas ekonomikurifaqtori xSirad dominirebs da usafrTxoebis komponenetze aranaklebmniSvnelovania. igi fokusirebulia qveynisaTvis ekonomikuri,demografiuli da finansuri sargeblis motanaze migraciis Sedegad.magaliTisaTvis, evrokavSirsa da msoflios sxva ganviTarebulqveynebSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba e.w. `oqros vizebi~, rodesacucxoels garkveuli raodenobis investiciis ganxorcielebisas (aSS,latvia, saberZneTi) an konkretuli Rirebulebis uZravi qonebisSeZenisas (espaneTi, portugalia) eniWeba mudmivi binadrobis ufleba46,an sulac moqalaqeoba (malta).gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom imigraciis politika ar moicavs mxolodmigrantTa Casvlasa da maTTvis binadrobis uflebis miniWebas. saWiroasajaro politikis iseTi mimarTulebebis SemuSaveba, romlebicSemdgomSi xels Seuwyobs da daaCqarebs maT socialur-ekonomikurintegracias. es SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva programa, romelTa nawilicmimarTulia uSualod imigrantebsa (mag: enis kursebi) an socialur-ekonomikur garemoze (mag: antidiskriminacia, Sromis bazris aqtiuriprogramebi).47 aq mniSvnelovania rogorc politikis, ise sajaromarTvis roli, kerZod: 1) politikis konteqstSi – migrantebisadmiSerCeuli midgoma (imigrantTa mimarT: integracia asimilaciissapirispirod; emigrantTa mimarT: diasporis gaZliereba maTidakargul moqalaqeebad ganxilvis sapirispirod); da 2) marTviskonteqstSi – gansazRvruli politikis gatareba praqtikaSi.14.2. fokusi saqarTvelozemigraciis marTvis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sqemis mixedviT,SegviZlia ganvixiloT saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobacmigraciis marTvis kuTxiT. kerZod, mimovixiloT politikuri,sakanonmdeblo da instituciuri (administraciuli) CarCo da misiganviTarebis etapebi.45 iqve, gv. 311.46 msgavsi regulacia saqarTveloSic moqmedebs. saqarTvelos kanoni `ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~, muxli 15, 2014, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2278806.47 Amelie F. Constant and Klaus F. Zimmermann (eds) International Handbook on the Economic of Migration, The evaluation of immigration policies. 2013, gv. 531.508 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

14.2.1. politika1990-ian wlebSi, erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,saqarTveloSi migraciis politikis ganmsazRvreli pirveli stra­tegiuli tipis dokumenti 1997 wels Seiqmna. es iyo prezidentisbrZan­ebulebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos migraciis politikiskoncefcia~,48 koncefciis safuZvelze qveyanaSi unda Seqmniliyomigraciuli procesebis marTvis sistema, momzadebuliyo migraciissferoSi saTanado sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da programebi, aseveunda momxdariyo saxelmwifo organoebis funqciebis gansazRvrada saqmianobis koordinacia. amasTan, dokumentSi amocanebis saxiTgaTvaliswinebuli iyo iseTi sakiTxebi, romelic dResac aranaklebaqtualuria (mag: diasporis da migrantebis potencialis gamoyenebaqveynis ganviTarebaSi, migraciis sainformacio sistemebis Seqmna,saerTaSoriso dacvis meqanizmebis srulyofa, demografiuliganviTareba, Sida migracia da a.S). Tumca, dokuments ZiriTadaddeklaraciuli saxe hqonda, radgan ar axlda ganxorcielebis samoq­medo gegma. Sesabamisad, rTulia imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad SesruldakoncefciaSi gansazRvruli amocanebi da ra roli iTamaSa man qveyanaSimigraciis marTvis sistemis gasaumjobeseblad.saqarTvelos migraciis politikis koncefcia 2013 wels Zaladakar­gulad gamocxadda da igi Caanacvla saqarTvelos mTavrobis mierdamtkicebulma `2013-2015 wlebis migraciis strategiam~,49 romelmacsafuZveli Cauyara migraciis marTvis meqanizmTa instituciurganviTarebas qveyanaSi da ufro mkafiod gansazRvra saxelmwifosprioritetebi migraciis calkeuli sferoebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT.strategiaSi warmodgenili iyo oTxi mTavari Tematuri mimarTuleba:legaluri migracia, aralegaluri migracia, TavSesafris sistemisgaumjobeseba da saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa dabruneba/reintegracia.am dokuments, winamorbedisagan gansxvavebiT, hqonda strategiuliamocanebis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi, samwliani samoqmedo gegmissaxiT50, romlis Sesrulebis monitoringic efeqtiani instrumentigamodga miRweuli Sedegebis Sesamowmeblad. Tumca, strategiaSi ariyo gansazRvruli misi Sefasebis sistema, ris gamoc SeuZlebeligaxda am amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqtianobis dadgena. miuxedavadamisa, strategiam xeli Seuwyo qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani reformebis48 saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 17 noembris №673 brZanebuleba saqarTvelos migraciis politikis koncefciis Sesaxeb. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/110440, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.49 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 15 martis №59 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos 2013-2015 wlebis migraciis strategiis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1874689.50 saqarTvelos 2013-2015 wlebis migraciis strategiis samoqmedo gegma, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/CRcJZa.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 509

ganxorcielebas migraciis marTvis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT. kerZo­ d,strategiis farglebSi safuZvlianad ganaxlda am sferos kanon­mdebloba, aseve, Seiqmna axali instituciebi da meqanizmebi arale­galuri migraciis winaaRmdeg brZolis, dabrunebul migrantTa rein­tegraciis xelSewyobisa da TavSesafris sistemis ganviTarebis mizniT.saqarTvelos mTavrobam, gaiTvaliswina ra mTel msofliosa dakonkretulad am regionSi arsebuli globaluri gamowvevebi daevro­kavSirTan savizo reJimis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegmiTgans­ azRvruli moTxovnebi, 2015 wels daamtkica axali, 2016-2020wlebis migraciis strategia,51 migraciis politikis ganmsazRvreliri­giT mesame dokumenti saqarTvelosaTvis. es strategia migraciissferoSi politikis dagegmvis TvalsazrisiT Tvisobrivad axle­buri dokumentia, romelic sruliad eTanadeba momijnave sfero­ebis seqtorul strategiebsa da politikis ganmsazRvrel sxvaaqtebs. strategiasTan erTad miRebuli iqna Sesabamisi samoqmedogegma da misi Sesrulebis indikatorebi52, romlis safuZvelzecunda moxdes miRweuli Sedegebis Sefaseba. dokumentSi warmodg­e­nilia saerTaSoriso migraciis TiTqmis yvela komponenti da misistrategiuli miznebi fokusirebulia Semdeg Tematur mimarTu­lebebze: legaluri migraciis xelSewyoba, aralegalur migraciasTanbrZola, TavSesafris sistemis ganviTareba, imigrantTa integraciisda dabrunebul migrantTa reintegraciis xelSewyoba, migraciada ganviTareba, migraciis marTvis gaumjobeseba, sazogadoebrivicnobierebis amaRleba da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba.14.2.2. sakanonmdeblo CarCoqveynis uzenaesi kanonis, saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamisad,`mxolod umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobasmiekuTvneba kanonmdebloba saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis, adamianisuflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa, emigraciisa da imigraciis, qveyanaSiSemosvlisa da gasvlis, saqarTveloSi sxva saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeTada moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa droebiT an mudmivad yofnisSesaxeb~.53 sakanonmdeblo CarCos ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenssaqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebic migraciis sferoSi,romelic Sida kanonmdeblobis formirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols51 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2015 wlis 14 dekembris №622 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos 2016-2020 wlebis migraciis strategiis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3095139.52 saqarTvelos 2016-2020 wlebis migraciis strategiis samoqmedo gegma. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/UeHFhV53 saqarTvelos konstitucia (1995 w.), muxli 3. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/1zESjnO.510 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Tama­Sobs. saqarTveloSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebamigraciis marTvis kuTxiT met-naklebi dinamikurobiT gamoirCeoda.migraciis maregulirebeli pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi miRebulia1990-ian wlebSi (saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos moqa­laqeobis Sesaxeb~54 (1993 w.), saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelodanemig­raciis Sesaxeb~55 (1993 w.), saqarTvelos kanoni `imigraciis Se­sa­xeb~56 (1993 w.), saqarTvelos kanoni `ltolvilTa Sesaxeb~57 (1998w.), Tumca, am kanonebma maleve amowures sakuTari resursebi daSemdegi aTwleulebisTvis saWiro gaxda maTi safuZvliani ganaxleba.ukanasknel wlebSi qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli sistemuri reformebisada evrokavSirTan daaxloebis kvaldakval, mniSvnelovnad ganaxldamig­raciis sferos kanonmdebloba (saqarTvelos kanoni `adamianiTvaWr­obis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~58 (2006 w.),saqarT­­velos kanoni `ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebisa dadiasporuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb~59 (2011 w.), saqarTvelos organulikanoni `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~60 (2014 w.), saqarTveloskanoni `ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivimdgomareobis Sesaxeb~61 (2014 w.), saqarTvelos kanoni `SromiTimigraciis Sesaxeb~62 (2015 w.), saqarTvelos kanoni `saerTaSoriso dacvisSesaxeb~63 (2016 w.). es nawilobriv ganapiroba evrokavSirTan dawyebulmae.w. `savizo dialogma~64 da saqarTvelosTvis gadmocemulma `savizoreJimis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegmam~,65 romlis erT-erTi mni­Svne­lovani komponenti, evrokavSiris standartebTan daaxlo­ebulisakan­ onmdeblo aqtebis miReba iyo.54 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ (Zaladakar- gulia 2014 wlidan). nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/32596.55 saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelodan emigraciis Sesaxeb~ (Zaladakargulia 2009 wl- idan). nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/93820.56 saqarTveloskanoni `imigraciis Sesaxeb~ (Zaladakargulia 2006 wlidan), nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/93826.57 saqarTvelos kanoni `ltolvilTa Sesaxeb~ (Zaladakargulia 2012 wlidan). nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/31858.58 saqarTvelos kanoni `adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesa­ xeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/26152.59 saqarTvelos kanoni `ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebisa da diasporuli orga- nizaciebis Sesaxeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1524714 n.60 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2342552.61 saqarTvelos kanoni `ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivi md- gomareobis Sesaxeb~; nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2AST7Yb.62 saqarTvelos kanoni `SromiTi migraciis Sesaxeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2hCEQHm.63 saqarTvelos kanoni `saerTaSoriso dacvis Sesaxeb~, http://bit.ly/2wcSpGS, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.64 European Commission Press release. 2012. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2i7sWs8.65 evrokavSirTan savizo reJimis liberalizaciis samoqmedo gegma (2013 w.), romelic evrokomisiis 2015 wlis 18 dekembris me-4 angariSis (briuseli, 18.12.2015 COM (2015) 684 Final) safuZvelze Sesrulebulad CaiTvala. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/sDJuFZ.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 511

zemoT CamoTvlil ZiriTad kanonebTan erTad arsebobs sxva sakanon­mdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebic (prezidentis brZa­ne­bulebebi, mTavrobis dadgenilebebi, ministris brZanebebi da a.S),romelic migraciis sferos sxvadasxva mimarTulebas aregul­ irebs66.14.2.3. instituciuri mowyobasaqarTveloSi migraciis marTvis institucionalizacia 2010 wli­dan daiwyo, rodesac am sferoSi mTavrobis erTiani politikisgansazRvrisa da koordinaciis mizniT, Seiqmna migraciis sakiTxTasamTavrobo komisia.67 es aris saqarTvelos mTavrobis saTaTbiroorgano, romelic msjelobs da gadawyvetilebebs iRebs migraciismarTvasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva aqtualur sakiTxze da aerTianebsam procesSi monawile yvela saxelmwifo uwyebas. misi Tavmjdomareaiusticiis saministro, TanaTavmjdomare ki – Sinagan saqmeTa sami­nitro. komisias analitikur da administraciul mxardaWeras uwevsiusticiis saministroSi moqmedi samdivno.68calkeuli prioritetuli sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad da sxdomebze gan­sa­xilvel gadawyvetilebaTa proeqtebis mosamzadeblad, komisiisfarglebSi Camoyalibebulia ramdenime uwyebaTaSorisi TematurisamuSao jgufi,69 romlebic muSaoben migraciis politikis sxvadasxvamimarTulebaze. amavdroulad, komisiaSi sakonsultacio statusiTsar­gebloben migraciis sakiTxebze momuSave saerTaSoriso da ara­samTavrobo organizaciebic.70migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis 12 wevri uwyebidan procesismarTvaSi piradpir CarTulia mxolod ramdenime, kerZod: iusticiissaministro pasuxismgebelia ucxoelTaTvis binadrobis nebarTvisminiWebasa da moqalaqeobis sakiTxebis ganxilva-gadawyvetaze, aseve,trefikingTan brZolis mimarTulebiT saqmianobis koordinaciaze;Sinagan saqmeTa saministros kompetenciaa ukanono migraciasTanbrZo­la, qveyanaSi aralegalurad myofi pirebis gamovlena da gaZeveba,aseve, saxelmwifos `mwvane~da `lurji~ sazRvris71 inspeqtireba da66 aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis nawili warmodgenilia migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis vebgverdze: http://migration.commission.ge/index.php?article_id=54&clang=0.67 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 13 oqtombris №314 dadgenileba `migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1049764.68 saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2012 wlis 13 ivlisis №117 brZaneba, muxli 40. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1699551.69 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis samuSao jgufebi. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/YE2O7m.70 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiaSi sakonsultacio statusis mqone organi- zaciebi. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/MlIfD0.71 migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (IOM) gv. 39. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://migration.commission.ge/files/glosaary.pdf.512 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dac­ va; saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris erT-erTi ZiriTadimimarTulebaa brZola terorizmisa da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisTvissaSiSi sxva transnacionaluri Tu saerTaSoriso danaSaulis wina­aRmdeg; sagareo saqmeTa saministros uflebamosilebaa saqar­Tve­los vizebis gacema da sakuTari moqalaqeebis aRricxva saz­Rvar­gareT, urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba sazRvargareT mcxovrebTanamemamuleebTan da qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenelTa pot­ en­cial­ is momarTva qveynis ganviTarebisTvis; saqarTvelos oku­pi­rebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gan­saxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministro ganixilavs ucxoelTaTvissaer­TaSoriso dacvis miniWebis sakiTxebs da pasuxismgebelia qveyanaSidabrunebul migrantTa reintegraciaze; Sromis, janmrTelobisa dasocialuri dacvis saministros kompetenciaa SromiTi migraciisregulireba; komisiis wevri danarCeni uwyebebi ki sxvadasxva formiTarian CarTulni migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva-gadawyvetaSi.rogorc aRiniSna, migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia gansazR­ v­ravs saqarTvelos mTavrobis erTian politikas migraciis sferoSi.mkiTxve­lisTvis saintereso iqneba am politikis SemuSavebis meqaniz­mebis gacnoba da garkveva, Tu vin amtkicebs mas saboloo jamSi.politikis dokumentis mosamzadeblad komisiis farglebSi iqmnebauwyebaTaSorisi samuSao jgufi. sakonsulatacio statusis mqonesaerTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT,is ayalibebs saSualo an grZelvadiani politikis dokumentis proeqts(mag: migraciis strategia), romelic komisiis mier mowonebis Semdegdasamtkiceblad egzavneba saqarTvelos mTavrobas (ix. sqema 3).wardgenil dokuments Sesabamisi dadgenilebiT amtkicebs mTavrobada is Sesasruleblad savaldebulo Zalas iZens.sqema 3. komisiis farglebSi politikis SemuSavebis standartuli procesikomisiaSi sakiTxis samuSao jgufis saerTaSoriso da inicireba Seqmna an arsebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis jgufisTvis CarTva davaleba Sesrulebuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb mTavrobisTvis davalebis komisiaze wardgena saboloo gadawyvetilebis komisiisTvis msjeloba da wardgena gadawyvetilebis misaRebadმიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა miReba 513

14.2.4. migraciis marTvis grZelvadiani xedva - strategiuli marTva warmoidgineT, rom saqarTvelom gadawyvita migraciis strategiis SemuSaveba 2030 wlamde, erovnuli socialur–ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia ki momzadebulia mxolod 2020 wlamde. 2030 wlis migraciis strategiaSi mTavroba acxadebs, rom Seamcirebs migraciis saldos da amJamindeli aTiaTasebiani maCveneblidan aTase­bamde daiyvans. axla warmoidgineT, rom saqarTvelos mosax­ leoba berdeba da 2020 wlis strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli, sul cota, socialur-ekonomikuri miznebisaTvis qveyanas sWirdeba Srom­ is­unariani axalgazrdebis ricxvis mniSvnelovnad gazrda. amis misaRwevad ori Teoriuli SesaZlebloba arsebobs: (1) Sobadobis donis amaRleba, rasac SeuZlia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi sasurveli Sedegis mocema an (2) rigi kategoriis pirTa imigraciis xelSewyoba. rogor moiqceva saxelmwifo am SemTxvevaSi?strategiuli marTva moicavs grZelvadiani xedvisa da misi reali­zebisaTvis saWiro meqanizmebis Camoyalibebas. aseTi marTvis rolimigraciis marTvis konteqstSi gansakuTrebulad izrdeba, vinaidanmigraciis sargeblis misaRebad saWiroa movlenaTa winaswar ganWvreta;rodesac piri iRebs migraciis gadawyvetilebas, man garkveul do­neze unda icodes saxelmwifos gegmebi am mimarTulebiT. metic,vinaidan migraciis strategia exeba adamianebs, is ukavSirdeba sxvastrategiebsac, romlebic aqvs, an eqneba saxelmwifos. Sesabamisad,strategiuli dagegmva da migraciis Sesabamisad marTva, erTi mxriv,exmareba migrantebs ganWvriton TavianTi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebida, meore mxriv, exmareba saxelmwifoebs, moaxdinon TavianTi ZiriTadiamocanebis efeqtiani dagegmva.• warmoidgineT, rom saqarTvelo sakuTar moqalaqeebs ar uwesebs SezRudvas emigraciaze; amave dros, is socialur dacvas sTavazobs yvela moqalaqes, miuxedavad imisa, SeaqvT Tu ara raime wvlili biujetSi. axla warmoidgineT, rom Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 10% emigrirebulia sazRvargareT da aralegalurad muSaobs ucxo qveyanaSi. es niSnavs, rom am pirebs arc sxva qveyanaSi SeaqvT Tanxa socialuri dacvis programebSi. isini brundebian saqarTveloSi sazRvargareT 10-wliani cxovrebis Semdeg, rodesac sapensio asaks miaRweven da aqtiuri Sroma aRar SeeZlebaT. saxelm­ wifo valdebulia, maT socialuri dacva SesTavazos, magram Tu aseTi SemTxveva gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris socialuri dacvis strategiaSi, rogor apirebs qveyana msgavs viTarebasTan gamkla­ vebas?514 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

es erT-erTi magaliTia, romelic aCvenebs, Tu rogor aris migraciadakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sferosTan saxelmwifos marTvis konteqstSida ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes strategiul dagegmvasa damarTvas. ufro metic, migracia ara mxolod strategiul dagegmvassaWiroebs, aramed harmonizebas qveynis ganviTarebis sxvadasxvastrategiebTan, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos saerTo mizani.14.3. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba migraciis marTvis konteqstSiglobalizaciis pirobebSi Znelia migraciis efeqtiani marTva izo­lir­ebulad, TanamSromlobis gareSe, radgan es sakiTxi scdebaerTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs, sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad kididi mniSvneloba eniWeba ormxriv saerTaSoriso, regionuli Tuglobaluri TanamSromlobis formatebs. saxelmwifoebi saerTa­Soriso TanamSromlobis formats maSin mimarTaven, rodesac unila­teralizmi (calmxrivoba) ar amarTlebs da rwmundebian, rom maTimiznebi ukeT ganxorcieldeba erToblivi muSaobiT.72migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia sakuTar dokumentSi aRniSnavs,rom ZiriTadi daniSnulebis saxelmwifoTa mier aralegalurimigraciis prevenciisaTvis daxarjuli finansuri resursis miuxe­davad, Sedegis miReba ver moxerxda. amis mizezad igi asaxelebs adrearsebuli garemoebebis dauZlevlobas: iZulebiT faqtorebs war­moSobis qveyanaSi (siRaribe, umuSevroba, krizisebi) da mimzidvelfaqtorebs mimReb qveyanaSi (maRali Semosavali, samuSao adgilebi,usafrTxoeba).73 es swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom problemasTanmxolod calmxrivi SeWideba uSedegoa. amis erT-erT naTel magaliTadSeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom evrokavSiris saxelmwifoTa mcdelobis,koordinirebuli moqmedebis, gaRebuli Zalisxmevisa da daxarjuliresursebis miuxedavad, ltolvilTa nakadebi aRmosavleTidan arSemcirebula. swored amitom dRes, rogorc arasdros, ase aqtualuriasaer­TaSoriso instrumentebi da TanamSromlobis formatebi aRma­srul­ ebeli xelisuflebis doneze.dRes mravali saerTaSoriso formati arsebobs, romlebic mimarTuliamigraciis marTvis gaumjobesebisaken. erT-erTi maTgania migraciisa72 Kathleen Newland, I. Omelaniuk (Ed), Global Perspectives on Migration and Development. The GFMD and the Governance of International Migration. New York, 2012 gv. 227.73 IOM, Essentials of Migration Management, t. 3: Managing Migration. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/6Zv2Xo.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 515

da ganviTarebis globaluri forumi (GFMD),74 romelic gaero-swevri qveynebis SedarebiT axali (2006 w.) iniciativaa da iTvaliswinebsmigraciisa da ganviTarebis urTierTkavSiris mowesrigebas praqti­kuli da qmedebaze orientirebuli meTodebiT. es samTavrobo donezewarmarTuli araformaluri, arasavaldebulo, nebayoflobiTiTanamSromlobis formatia, Sedegi im aTwliani saerTaSorisodialogisa, romelic mimdinareobs migraciasa da ganviTarebas Sorismzardi kavSiris Temaze. gaero-s formatSi garkveuli periodulobiTimarTeba maRali donis dialogi saerTaSoriso migraciisa daganviTarebis Sesaxeb. misi mizania, organizaciis wevri qveynebisumaRlesi donis warmomadgenlebma erToblivad dasaxon saxelmwifoTaganviTarebis grZelvadiani amocanebi, saerTaSoriso migraciispotencialis gamoyenebiT. dRemde aseTi tipis Sexvedra mxolodorjer gaimarTa, 2006 da 2013 wlebSi.75udavoa, rom saerTaSoriso migracias, rogorc globalizaciis pro­cesis elements, qveynebs Soris migrantTa Tavisufali da usafrTxogadaadgilebis uzrunvelyofiT, arsebiTi sargeblis motana SeuZlia,erTi mxriv, warmoSobis da mimRebi saxelmwifoebisaTvis da, meoremxriv, Tavad migrantisaTvis.migraciis marTvis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis formatebs SorisaRsaniSnavia e.w. `bernis iniciativa~, romelic Sveicariis mTavrobam2001 wels daiwyo. misi mTavari mizania qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobisgaZliereba erovnul, regionul da globalur doneze, migraciuliprocesebis ukeT samarTavad. bernis iniciativa, rogorc procesi,saSualebas aZlevs saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs, msoflios yvelaregionidan gauziaron erTmaneTs TavianTi politikuri prioritetebida dainteresebul mxareebTan erTad gansazRvron migraciis marTvissaerTo orientirebi. misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegia migraciismarTvis saerTaSoriso dRis wesrigis SemuSaveba.76 es dokumentiwarmogvidgens sxvadasxva saxelmwifos erTian xedvebsa da midgomebsmigraciis marTvasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gaerTianebuliayovlismomcveli da dabalansebuli formiT, da romlebsac aqvTarasavaldebulo xasiaTi.ukanasknel wlebSi msoflioSi mzardi migraciuli procesebisadmimimarTuli erT-erTi masStaburi iniciativa iyo, 2016 wlis seqtemberSiq. niu-iorkSi migrantTa da ltolvilTa sakiTxebze gamarTulimsoflio liderTa samiti da mis farglebSi miRebuli deklaracia77,74 http://gfmd.org/ nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.75 General Assembly of the United Nations. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/9BvgLp.76 Trilingual publication. International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Federal Office for Migration (FOM) Switzerland. 2004. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/RDgvVX.77 New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. 2016. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/2V0Zir.516 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

romelic iTvaliswinebs 2018 wels saerTaSoriso konferenciisgamarTvas da e.w. `usafrTxo, mowesrigebuli da legaluri migra­ciisTvis globaluri SeTanxmebis~ miRebas (Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration). romelmac gaeros wevr qveynebs Soris undagansazRvros saerTo principebis, valdebulebebis da midgomebismTeli speqtri saerTaSoriso migraciis yvela mimarTulebaze damniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos saerTaSoriso migraciis globalurimarTvis da koordinaciis gaZlierebis saqmeSi. aseve, Seqmnas yovlis­momcveli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis CarCo migrantTa da ada­mianTa mobilobasTan dakavSirebiT.78evrokavSiris mxardaWeriT mimdinareobs ramdenime saerTaSorisoproc­ esic (mag: praRis,79 budapeStis,80 rabaTis81). am formatebs So­risaa migraciisa da TavSesafris panelic.82 TiToeuli maTgani foku­sirebulia regionuli TanamSromlobis gaZlierebaze da aerTianebsmsoflios sxvadasxva regionis qveynebs. saerTaSoriso dialogises formatebi xels uwyobs procesSi monawile saxelmwifoebissamTavrobo uwyebaTa warmomadgenlebs, ar CamorCnen msoflioSimimdi­nare procesebsa da diskusiebs, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRonmaTSi, gamoxaton sakuTari pozicia migraciis aqtualur sakiTxebTandakavSirebiT, gaecnon sxva qveynebis miRwevebs da sakuTari gamoc­dileba gauziaron danarCenebs.am formatebis garda, dRis wesrigSi dgeba saxelmwifoTaSorisi Ta­namS­romlobis meqanizmTa ganviTarebis saWiroebac, rogorc lega­luri migraciis xelSewyobis mxriv (savizo reJimis gamartivebisxelSekrulebebi, cirkularuli migraciis SeTanxmebebi), ise arale­galur migraciasTan sabrZolvelad (readmisiis SeTanxmebebi). amavedros, sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba aralegaluri migraciis prevenciauSualod warmoSobis an tranzituli qveynebis procesebSi CareviT.magaliTisaTvis, didi britaneTi migrantTa ZiriTad tranzitulwertilebSi aqtiurad gzavnis sazRvris dacvis oficrebs, romlebicadgilobriv uwyebebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa potenciuri arasasur­veli migrantebi britaneTSi Casvlamde SeaCeron. aseTi aqtivobebiTavisTavad saintereso movlenaa, da raki migraciis marTvaSi saxelm­wifos roli warmmarTvelia, es moqmedebebi SeiZleba axali, trans­nacionaluri midgomis dasawyisad miviCnioT aRiSnul sferoSi.78 iqve. gv. 22 51779 http://www.pragueprocess.eu, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.80 https://budapestprocess.org/, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.81 http://processusderabat.net, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.82 http://eapmigrationpanel.org/, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა

14.4. daskvnamsoflio masStabiT migraciis uaxlesma krizisma aCvena, rom am pro­cesis marTvis tradiciuli meTodebi xarjiani da nakle­befeqtiania.migracia, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi kompleqsuri saxe miiRo,strategiul midgomas saWiroebs arsebuli da mosa­lodn­eligamowvevebis sapasuxod.dRes sakmaod xSirad gaismis mowodeba, rom migracia bunebrivadwarmo­iSveba masze moTxovnisa Tu krizisuli garemoebebis gamoda xelovnuri barierebis Seqmna mxolod azianebs monawilemxareebs. msgavsi mowodebebi zrdis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobismniSvnelobas. klimatis cvlilebasTan erTad, mosalodnelia, maRal­riskian zonaSi mcxovreb adamianTa mzardi raodenoba SedarebiTusafrTxo adgilebisken daiZras. amas Tan erTvis mosaxleobis dabe­rebaganviTarebuli qveynebis did da ganviTarebadi qveynebis garkveul na­wilSi, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi Seqmnis imigrantebze moTxovnasac.es ki, Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs sajaro marTvis rolis kidev ufrogazrdaze migraciis marTvaSi, Tumca amgvari roli SesaZloa gascdeserTi qveynis sazRvrebs.2015 wels damtkicebuli gaeros mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi (2030wlisTvis), am konteqstSi aseve ganixilavs kargad marTul migracias,romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifoebma `xeli unda Seuwyon mowesrigebul,usafrTxo, legalur migracias da adamianTa mobilobas, maT Soriskargad dagegmili da marTuli migraciis politikis ganxorcielebiT~(mizani 10.7).83politikuri mowodebebis garda, migraciulma procesebma TavisTa­vadac ganicada mniSvnelovani cvlileba, rac garkveulwilad teq­no­logiur da satransporto progress ukavSirdeba. martivi gada­adgi­lebisa da saqmis distanciurad keTebis SesaZleblobasTan erTad,grZelvadiani an mudmivi migraciis paralelurad, SeiniSneba cir­kularuli da SedarebiT moklevadiani mobilobac. es ki miuTiTebs,rom saxelmwifoebs dasWirdebaT TavianTi saintegracio moqmedebebisada strategiis morgeba Seqmnil garemoebebze.Sesajameblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sajaro marTvis roli kidev ufrogaizrdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi, Tumca aseve gaaqtiurdeba sajaro dakerZo organizaciebs Soris TanamSromlobac. amis niSnebi ukve Cans,vinaidan efeqtianobis gazrdis kuTxiT saxelmwifoTa sul ufromzar­di raodenoba gadascems garkveul servisebs kerZo kompaniebs.83 Sustainable Development Goals, UN 2015. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/ZzwxQ0.518 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. ra mniSvneloba aqvs usafrTxoebisa da ganviTarebis interesTa bal­ anss migraciis politikis gansazRvrisas?2. vin unda iyos migraciis politikis amocanebis ZiriTadi damkveTi qveyanaSi?3. ra meqanizmebiT SeuZlia saxelmwifos kvalificiuri muSaxelis gadinebis Semcireba da ramdenad mizanSewonilia es?4. ra gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs saxelmwifos migraciuli tenden­ ciebis qaoturoba?5. ratom aris mniSvnelovani migraciis strategiuli marTva?6. ra meqanizmebiT SeuZlia saxelmwifos kvalificiur imigrantTa Sesvlis waxaliseba qveyanaSi?7. ramdenad SesaZlebelia migraciis ise kargad marTva, rom saxelm­ wifom zustad gansazRvros, romeli kategoriis pirTa Sesvla surs qveyanaSi da ra vadiT, Semdeg ki es praqtikaSic aRasrulos?8. ra mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi xelisuflebis CarTvas migraciis politikis SemuSavebaSi?9. ra ganapirobebs faqts, rom qveynebis umravlesobaSi migraciis marTvis sakiTxebi usafrTxoebis dacvaze mzrunvel saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa garSemo iyris Tavs?10. migracia ufro adre warmoiSva Tu sajaro marTva?kazusebi da saSinao davalebakazusi 1:ra gansazRvravs imigrantTa arCevans ganviTarebul qveynebs So­ris?safrangeTisa da britaneTis magaliTi (kales SemTxveva):migrantTa mier daniSnulebis qveynis SerCevisas mxolod stabi­luri da usafrTxo garemo gadamwyveti ar aris. gadaadgilebisprocesSi myofi pirebisTvis yovelTvis mniSvnelovania migra­მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 519

ciis iseTi mimzidveli faqtorebi, rogoricaa ukeTesi socia­lur-ekonomiuri pirobebi da materialuri keTildReoba. miu­xe­davad imisa, rom safrangeTi, didi britaneTis msgavsad,evrokavSiris erT-erTi wamyvani qveyanaa, migrantebi samuSaosada TavSesafris saZieblad upiratesobas swored am ukanasknelsaniWeben misi stabilurad mzardi ekonomikis, naklebad mkacradkontrolirebuli SromiTi bazris da migrantTa Zlieri kavSirebisgamo, rac ZiriTadi mimzidveli faqtorebia migrantebisTvis.Tumca, britaneTis mkacri saimigracio politikisa da geogra­fiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, migrantebisTvis arc iseiolia mis teritoriaze moxvedra. amis kargi magaliTia saf­rangeTis saporto qalaq kaleSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, sadacyovelwliurad aziidan da afrikidan Casuli aTiaTasobiT mig­ranti iyris Tavs da kontinenturi evropidan didi britaneTiskunZulebze `evrogvirabis~84 saSualebiT cdilobs aralegaluradSeRwevas. ukanasknel wlebSi maTi raodenoba sul ufro izrdebada saqme iqamdec mivida, rom kales gareubanSi gaSenda migrantTabanaki, romelsac adgilobrivni `junglebs~ uwodeben. safrangeTismTavrobisTvis igi did problemad iqca sazogadoebrivi wesrigisdacvis TvalsazrisiT.kazusi 2:imigrantTa Sekavebis politika – imigrantTa miwvevis politikissapirispirod (avstralia – didi britaneTi)cnobilia, rom avstralia ZiriTadad imigraciuli qveyanaa da misimigraciis politika momarTulia upiratesad kvalificiuri damaRalunariani imigrantebis mizidvasa da qveyanaSi datovebaze.saxelmwifos mTavrobam SeimuSava ramdenime specialuriprograma,85 romelTa meSveobiTac izidaven aseT migrantebsgrZelvadiani gansaxlebisaTvis. am programis farglebSi isinixels uwyoben migrantTa Casvlas ojaxis gaerTianebisa Tuhumanitaruli mizniT. TviT faqti 140-ze meti tipis saimigraciovizis arsebobisa avstraliaSi Sesasvlelad,86 mianiSnebs, romqveynis mTavroba imigrantTa mizidvis procesSi did mniSvnelobasaniWebs maT SerCevas. migrantebisTvis avstraliis mimzidvelobasganapirobebs cxovrebis maRali done da socialuri stabiluroba.ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis84 la-manSis srutis qveS mdebare evrogvirabi saxmeleTo transportis damakavSire- beli xazia safrangeTsa (aseve kontinentur evropas) da did britaneTs Soris.85 Jeronimo Cortina, Enrique Ochoa-Reza. New perpective on international migration and development. New York, Columbia University Press. 2013: gv. 229.86 Department of Immigration and Border Protection. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/TaQ75r.520 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

(OECD) ukeTesi cxovrebis indeqsiT,87 avstralia msoflioSi me-3adgilzea, SvedeTisa da daniis Semdeg. ukanaskneli tendenciebisgaTvaliswinebiT, is ZiriTadad aziisa da okeaneTis migrantTadaniSnulebis qveyanaa.didi britaneTis migraciis politika qveynis uaxles istoriaSidrodadro icvleboda. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSibritaneTi migrantTa eqsportiori qveynidan imigrantTa erT-erT yvelaze mimzidvel saxelmwifod gadaiqca, gansakuTrebiT,evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT gafarToebis Semdgom. stabiluriekonomikuri zrdisa da migraciis saldos mkveTri matebis gamo,qveyanam Tavis migraciis politikas gadaxeda da garkveuliSezRudvebic daawesa. amas daerTo evropaSi ganviTarebulimigraciuli krizisic. migrantTa mkacri SerCevis politika daqveyanaSi Sesvlis SezRudva gamoixata imiT, rom britaneTis SinagansaqmeTa saministrom imigrantTa dasaSvebobis kriteriumebsacgadaxeda da saimigracio kanonmdebloba gaamkacra.amasTan, qveynis premier-ministrma devid kameronma parlamentSigamosvlisas britaneTis imigraciis politikis mizani SemdegnairadCamoayaliba: `kargi imigracia, magram – ara masobrivi.~88 mismamTavrobam prioritetad dasaxa mxolod `uWkvianesi da saukeTeso~migrantebis mizidva, romlebic sxvebze metad gamoadgebianqveyanas. es procesi migraciis saldos Semcirebasac Seuwyobsxels.kazusi 3:arCevnebis procesSi politikosTa mier migraciis uaryofiTad andadebiTad warmoCena:ukanasknel wlebSi sxvadasxva ganviTarebuli qveynis politikurcxovrebaSi migraciis sakiTxebi sul ufro xSirad figurirebs.evropaSi amis mTavari mizezia meore msoflio omis SemdegganviTarebuli yvelaze masStaburi migraciuli krizisi.sxvadasxva evropuli qveynis memarjvene politikuri partiebisaarCevno programebSi kidev ufro aqtiurad uWeren mxarsimigraciis politikis gamkacrebas da mis uaryofiTad warmoCenassakuTar amomrCevlebSi (mag: safrangeTSi `erovnuli fronti~,germaniaSi `pegida~ da a.S). amis ZiriTadi mizezia evropaSimigrantTa mzardi islamizacia da am procesis fonze arsebuliteroristuli safrTxe. evropis SemTxvevaSi amas Taviseburi axsna87 https://goo.gl/CGMwJ nanaxia 09.04.2017 w.88 The Guardian. 2011. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/oXhvvx.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 521

aqvs, radgan mimdinare krizisidan gamomdinare, usafrTxoebisada stabiluri garemos uzrunvelyofa amomrCevelTa mTavaridakveTaa politikosebisadmi.gansxvavebuli viTarebaa aSS-Si, tradiciul imigraciul qveyanaSi,romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili migranti an migrantisSTamomavalia. misi imigraciis politika didxans icvlebodaarsebiTad. pirveli 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi am politikis mTavarimizani xalxis mizidva iyo qveynis dausaxlebeli teritoriebisSesavsebad.89 Semdeg garkveuli regulaciebi da SezRudvebidawesda migrantTa Sesvlaze da daiwyo maTi SerCeva, Tumca,bolo aTwleulebSi imigrantTa raodenoba mainc mniSvnelovnadgaizarda.90 aRniSnuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, migraciissakiTxebi sxvadasxva donis arCevnebisas aSS-s politikur partiaTadRis wesrigSi sakmaod xSirad figurirebda.gamonakliss arc 2016 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi warmoadgenda.saarCevno kampaniis dros sazogadoebis gansakuTrebulyuradRebas respublikuri partiis prezidentobis kandidatidonald trampi91 iqcevda, romelic mxars uWers aSS-s saimigraciopolitikis ukidures gamkacrebas da ukiduresi zomebis gamoyenebasaralegal migrantTa mimarT. misi saarCevno programis saimigracioreforma92 iTvaliswinebs aSS-s teritoriaze ukanonod myofipirebis dakavebas da masobriv deportacias, aseve, dabadebiTmoqalaqeobis miniWebis gauqmebas, radgan mas aralegalurimigraciis xelSemwyob mizezad miiCnevs. igi fiqrobs aSS-sSromiTi vizis kategoriebis gadaxedvasac da e.w. `mwvane baraTis~gacemis droebiT SeCerebas, raTa adgilobriv mosaxleobas metiSesaZlebloba hqondes dasaqmebisTvis. rogorc vxedavT, trampissaarCevno programa skamaod uaryofiT konteqstSi ganixilavsimigracias da ZiriTadad koncentrirebulia konservatiuladganwyobil mosaxleobaze.1. warmoadgineT argumentebi, ra kriteriumebiT unda ixelm­ ZRvan­­elos aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam, rodesac iReben gadawyvetilebas ganviTarebasa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi interesTa balansis Sesaxeb (migraciis politikis konteqstSi).89 Cynthia Bansak, Nicole B. Simpson and Madeline Zavodny `The Economics of immigration~ US immigra- tion policy 2015. gv. 280-298.90 iqve, gv. 282.91 2016 wlis 8 noembris saprezidento arCvnebze donald trampi airCies aSS-s 45-e prezidentad. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2iU60Ys.92 Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/Immigration. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/eUCer7.522 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

2. moiZieT ori magaliTi: a) saxelmwifo, sadac migraciis mar­ Tva decentralizebulia adgilobriv doneze da b) qve­ yana, romelSic migraciis politikis gansazRvra da marTva centra­lizebulia saxelmwifo meTauris doneze. magaliTebze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebs am saxelmwifoebSi migraciis marTvis konkretuli midgomis gamoyenebas?3. migrantebi ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebuli sa­ xelm­wi­foebisaken miiltvian da xSirad amisaTvis TavianT sicocxles ayeneben safrTxis qveS. moiyvaneT argumentebi, romlebsac gaamyarebT magaliTebiT, ra ganapirobebs arCevans ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs Soris?4. saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvita, ucxoel studentebs yvela saxis saimigracio moTxovna gauuqmos swavlis ganmavlobaSi. imsjeleT, sajaro marTvis romeli mimarTulebebisTvis iqneba es sakiTxi mniSvnelovani? ganixileT am gadawyvetilebis gavlena TiToeul maTganze.5. saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvita sakuTari mosaxleobis emigraciis SezRudva, akrZalvisa da administraciul dabrko­ lebaTa Seqmnis gziT. gamoikvlieT da dasabuTebulad imsjeleT, ramdenad aqvs qveyanas amis ufleba.bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. 1. Cynthia Bansak, Nicole B. Simpson and Madeline Zavodny, The Economics of immigration, 2015;2. Home Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Managing Global Migration – A Strategy to Build Stronger International Alliances to Manage Migration. 2007. https://goo.gl/CPf5GS;3. John K. Galbraith, The Nature of Mass Poverty. Harvard Univ. Press 1979;4. Euro-Mediterranean Regional and Local Assembly (ARLEM). Report on the role of local and regional authorities in managing migration in the Mediterranean 1/13, 2014. https://goo.gl/XehfWL;5. Stephen Castles, Why Migration Policies Fail. Ethnic and Racial Studies, t. 27, # 2, March 2004;6. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World , Palgrave Macmillan, 2009;მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 523

7. Russel King, Theories and Typologies of Migration: an Overview; Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 3(12). 2012. https://goo.gl/steOsJ;8. Jeronimo Cortina, Enrique Ochoa-Reza. New perpective on international migration and development. New York: Columbia University Press. 2013;9. Gunnar Malmberg, Time and Space in International Migration, ix. krebulSi International Migration, Immobility and Development. Multidisciplinary Perspectives, eds. Thomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, Oxford – New York: 1997;10. Ray Marshall, Value-Added Immigration: Lessons from the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2011 https://goo.gl/Ccnz3d;11. IOM, IOM’s conceptual model for migration management. https://goo.gl/0FWoAm;12. IOM, Essentials of Migration Management, Managing Migration, t. 3. https://goo.gl/6Zv2Xo;13. Trilingual publication, International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Federal Office for Migration (FOM) Switzerland, 2004. https://goo.gl/RDgvVX;14. Sharun Mukand, International Migration, Politics and Culture: the Case for Greater Labour Mobility. The CAGE-Chatham House Series, #2, October 2012. http://bit.ly/2uSVebH;15. Kathleen Newland, Irena Omelaniuk, Global Perspectives on Migration and Development, The GFMD and the Governance of International Migration. New York: 2012;16. Ernst Georg Ravenstein, The Laws of Migration, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, t. 48. #2. 1885;17. Amelie F. Constant and Klaus F. Zimmermann, International Handbook on the Economic of Migration, 2013;18. Woodrow Wilson, A Study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly, t. 2, #2, 1887. https://goo.gl/m2RpFW;19. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1974;20. Training Modules on Labour Migration Management, https://goo.gl/OQFGV2;21. Paul Collier, Exodus. Oxford University Press, 2013;524 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

22. Paul Klein and Gustavo J. Ventura, Productivity Differences and the Dynamic Effects of Labour Movements 2007;23. Christian Dustmann, Migration: Economic Change, Social Challenge, Oxford University Press, 2015;24. Peri E. Arnold, National Approaches to the Administration of International Migration, 2010;25. James Hollifield, Philip Martin and Pia Orrenius, Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective. Stanford University Press, 2014;26. John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, Robert L. Nelson and Robert H. Salisbury, The Hollow CorePrivate Interests in National Policy Making. Cambridge University Press 1993;27. Christopher Rudolph, Security and Political Economy of Migration, American Political Science Review 97, #4, 2003;28. John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State, Cambridge University Press, 1999;29. Cynthia Bansak, Nicole B. Simpson and Madeline Zavodny, The Economics of immigration, 2015;30. Amelie F. Constant and Klaus F. Zimmermann, International Handbook on the Economic of Migration, 2013;31. Jeronimo Cortina, Enrique Ochoa-Reza, New perpective on international migration and development. New York: Columbia University Press. 2013;32. Carlos Vargas-Silva, Handbook of Research Methods in Migration, 2012;33. Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller Economics of International Migration, t. 1A. 2015;34. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, mosaxleobis statistika. https://goo.gl/mseg8D;35. statistikuri monacemebi: OECD-is ukeTesi cxovrebis indeqsi, 2016 wlis gamocema. https://goo.gl/esD3Wl;36. migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (IOM), http://migration.commission.ge/files/glosaary.pdf.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 525

15. migraciisa da usafrTxoebis urTierTkavSiri msofliosa da saqarTveloSi nino RvinaZe migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis samdivno doqtori nikoloz samxaraZe Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti15.1. mizani da SinaarsiaRniSnuli Tavis mizania, mkiTxvels warmodgena Seuqmnas imaze,Tu rodis da rogor iqca migracia saerTaSoriso da erovnuliusafrTxoebis Seswavlis sagnad; aseve, gaacnos mkiTxvels amTemaze arsebuli ZiriTadi akademiuri literaturis Sinaarsi dabolodroindeli debatebi migraciisa da usafrTxoebis urTierT­kavSirze; praqtikuli magaliTebisa da monacemebis moxmobiT,daexmaros studentebs imis gaanalizebaSi, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs,an SeiZleba hqondes, saerTaSoriso migracias saqarTvelos erovnuliusafrTxoebisaTvis da rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios am procesismxolod usafrTxoebis konteqstSi ganxilvam mimReb sazogadoebasa dauSualod migrantebze, maT Soris, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebze.15.2. Sesavali: migraciisa da usafrTxoebis Teoriuli CarComigracia da usafrTxoeba erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli kompleqsuridisciplinebia. migraciis Seswavlis istoriuli, demografiuli,statis­tikuri, samarTlebrivi, sociologiuri Tu sxva aspeqtebiganxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos danarCen TavebSi. usafrTxoebac,Tavis mxriv, mravlismomcveli sferoa da aerTianebs iseT Temebs,rogoricaa: saxelmwifo anu erovnuli usafrTxoeba, qveynissazRvrebisa da mis SigniT moqceuli mosaxleobis usafrTxoeba dasazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianobisa, da calke aRebuli individis526 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

usafrTxoeba. am sferos specialistebi yvela movlenas egzistenciu­ rWrilSi ganixilaven. anu mTavari kiTxvaa, ramdenad dgas saxelmwifos,sazogadoebis an individis arsebuli formiT SenarCunebis safrTxe?migraciuli procesebis am WrilSi gaanalizeba sakmaod Znelia da,xSirad, sakamaToc.migracia me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT iqca usafrT­xoebis analizis erT-erT sakiTxad. msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSiSromiTi da iZulebiTi migraciuli nakadebis zrdasTan erTad,migrantTa mimReb sazogadoebebSi gaZlierda `ucxos~ an `sxvebis~mimarT SiSi,1 romelic sxvadasxva sazogadoebasa da epoqaSi TaviseburiformebiT vlindeboda. iseT imigraciul qveyanaSic ki, rogoricamerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, ucxo rasisa da kulturis migrantTaSemodinebam XIX saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mwvaveukureaqcia gamoiwvia - dawesda saimigracio kvotebi eTnikuri niSniT(Cinelebis gaZevebis aqti, 1882 w.)2, moxda skolebis segregacia (1906 w.)da SemoiRes SezRudvebi miwis SeZenaze (1924 w.)3. meore msoflio omisSemdeg dasavleT evropis qveynebic, romlebic manamde ZiriTadademigrantTa warmoSobis adgili gaxldaT, imigrantTa daniSnulebisadgilad gadaiqca.4civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg saerTaSoriso sistema radikaluradSeicvala. safrTxis erTi ZiriTadi birTvi5 ramdenime, SedarebiTmciremasStabianma, devianturma saxelmwifom an/da susti saxelmwifosSigniT arsebulma dajgufebam Secvala. Sedegad, saerTaSorisousafrTxoeba saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobidan bevrad ufroglobalur sivrced gardaiqmna, romelmac, saxelmwifoebis garda,moicva arasamTavrobo da mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso organi­zaciebi da korporaciebi, ideologiuri, religiuri, Tu ubralodkriminaluri dajgufebebi. Sesabamisad, Seicvala omis warmoebisformebic da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebic. erovnuliusafrTxoebisTvis mniSvnelovani subieqti gaxda nebismieri saxisarasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso dajgufeba da individi. omisa dakonfliqtis es transformacia `axali da Zveli omebis~ TeoriissaxeliT jer kidev 1990 wels Camoayaliba meri kaldorma.61 am ganwyobebis gaZlierebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, media da populisturi politikuri partiebi uwyoben xels.2 Migration Policy Institute, Major US Immigration Laws 1790 – present. Fact Sheet, 2013.3 Chang, Y. P., Asian American Immigration and Identity Transformation; Stanford University, 2007.4 detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Tavi V.5 civi omis periodSi erovnuli usafrTxoebis gansazRvrisas mniSvneloba eniWeboda imas, Tu romel banaks warmoadgenda esa Tu is qveyana - Sesabamisad, safrTxe modio- da an sabWoTa kavSirisa da varSavis paqtis wevri qveynebidan, an natosa da kapital- isturi samyarodan.6 Kaldor, M., New and Old Wars.Organized Violence in the Global Era. Stanford University Press, 1999.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 527

sxvadasxva motiviT organizebulma teroristulma aqtebma evropisqalaqebSi 1970-90-iani wlebidan iCina Tavi, Tumca bevrad ufroSesamCnevi da masStaburi saxe me-20 saukunis bolosken miiRo. 1995wels alJiris SeiaraRebulma islamurma jgufma teroristuliTavdasxma moawyo parizis metroze. evropis qalaqebSi aqtiurobdnene.w. `qurTistanis mSromelTa partia~ da sxva nacionalisturiteroristuli dajgufebebi. am procesebs, cxadia, ukvalod arCauvlia. akademiur Tu mxatvrul literaturaSi gamoikveTa dis­kusia migraciisa da usafrTxoebis urTierTkavSirze7, Tumcasaxelm­wifo usafrTxoebis praqtikisa da Teoriis CamoyalibebaSigadamwyveti roli aSS-Si 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristulmaTavdasxmebma iTamaSa. am tragediis Semdeg migracia daukavSirdamimRebi sazogadoebis ara mxolod socialur, ekonomikur dakultu­rul usafrTxoebas, aramed fizikursac. migraciis kontroliimigraciuli qveynebis erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis ganu­yofeli nawili gaxda. aSS-ma ki Sida usafrTxoebis marTvis srulireorganizeba moaxdina da migraciis marTva saxelmwifo uSiSroebisdoneze aiyvana.8 teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg gaZlierda aSS-issaxelmwifo sazRvris dacva, daixvewa monacemTa Segrovebis teqnika dagafarTovda saxelmwifos mier imigrantTa dakavebisa da deportirebisZalaufleba.9 movlenebis aseTma ganviTarebam ganapiroba imigrantTada, zogadad, ucxoelTa e.w. `sekuritizacia~ (SezRudvebis momxreTareaqcia). es gulisxmobda imigrantTa erovnuli usafrTxoebissubieqtebis rangSi ayvanas, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia mimRebisazogadoebebis keTilganwyobasa da rigiTi migrantebis yoveldRiurcxovrebaze. zogadad, migraciis sekuritizacia gulisxmobs migraciissafrTxed aRqmas mimRebi qveynis usafrTxoebis, sajaro wesrigis,kulturuli identobis, Sromis bazris, qveynis stabilurobisa dakeTildReobisTvis.10globalizaciis epoqaSi konfliqtebisa da omebis transformaciidangamomdinare, usafrTxoebis Seswavlis sagani, imigraciasTan erTad,emigracia da sazRvargareT arsebuli diasporac gaxda. msoflioistoriaSi kargad organizebuli diasporuli jgufebis warmoSobis7 Fiona Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security, t. 31, # 1, MIT Press, 2006, gv. 165-199; Thomas Faist, Extension du domaine de la lutte: International Migration and Security Before and After 11 September 2001. ix. krebulSi The Migration Reader: Exploring Politics and Policies eds. Messina, A. et al.8 mag. ix. Raphael Perl, The Department of Homeland Security: Background and Challenges in Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses. The National Academic Press, 2004.9 Migration Policy Institute (2011), Marc S. Rosenblum, US Immigration Policy Since 9/11: Understanding the Stalemate over Comprehensive Immigration Reform.10 Jef Huysmans, The European Union and Securitization of Migration, Journal of Common Market Studies 38:5 2000: gv. 752. nanaxia 3.02.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2fwJ5no.528 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

qvey­anaSi mimdinare politikur da samxedro konfliqtebSi CarevisaraerTi precedenti arsebobs. diasporis potenciuri roli konfliq­tebis gaRvivebasa Tu mogvarebaSi da maTi gavlena saxelm­wifoTaSorisurTierTobebze migraciisa da usafrTxoebis TanakveTis erT-erTimniSvnelovani sferoa.11am TavSi migraciuli procesebisa da usafrTxoebis urTierTkavSiridajgufebulia analizis sami donis mixedviT: (1) saxelmwifo anerovnuli usafrTxoeba, (2) sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba da (3) adamianisusafrTxoeba.erovnuli usafrTxoebis tradiciuli interpretacia, romelicsaerT­ aSoriso urTierTobaTa realizmisa da neorealizmis skolasefuZneba, amosaval wertilad erovnul interesebs ganixilavs12.Sesab­amisad, igi suverenitetis, sazRvrebis usafrTxoebisa da amsazRvrebiT Semofarglul teritoriaze kontrolis WrilSi aanal­ i­zebs migraciul procesebs.me-20 saukunis bolodan usafrTxoebis tradiciuli interpretaciagafarTovda da gamoiyo usafrTxoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi.magaliTad, bari buzanis mier SemoTavazebuli usafrTxoebis xuTiseqtori: samxedro, politikuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da sazo­gadoebrivi13. Tumca mogvianebiT, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, oleveverma, romelic bari buzanTan erTad usafrTxoebis kopenhagenisskolis damfuZnebelia, sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba ganixila arasaxelmwifo usafrTxoebis Semadgenel nawilad, aramed usafrTxoebiscalke mdgom sferod. orive tipis usafrTxoebis miznad miCneuliaTviTgadarCena. erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis es niSnavs suveren­i­tetis, xolo sazogadoebis usafrTxoebisaTvis - identobis Senar­Cunebas.14adamianis usafrTxoeba pirvel rigSi moiazrebs mis fizikurdaculobas, sabaziso socialur da ekonomikur pirobebs, politikurTavisuflebas da garemos usafrTxoebas. konfliqtebisa da klimatiscvlilebis Tu ekologiuri katastrofebis gamo, milionobiT iZu­lebiT gadaadgilebuli migranti eZebs TavSesafars sxva qveynebSi.saerT­aSoriso sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, maTi didi11 Hazel Smith and Paul Stares, Diasporas in Conflict. United Nations University, 2007. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/sample-chapters/1140-DiasporasInConflict.pdf.12 Myron Weiner, A Security Perspective on International Migration. The Fletcher Forum on World Affairs, t. 20, # 2, 1996.13 Barry Buzan, Societal security, state security and internationalization; ix. krebulSi Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe, eds. Buzan, B., Woever, O. et al. St. Martin’s Press, 1993. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. https://blackboard.angelo.edu/bbcswebdav.14 Waever, O. (1993), Societal security: the concept; in Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 529

nawili moklebulia cxovrebis minimalur pirobebs da fizikuriganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe dgas.15.3. migracia erovnuli usafrTxoebis WrilSizemoxsenebuli sekuritizaciis procesebidan gamomdinare migraciasxSirad akavSireben erovnul usafrTxoebasTan. man SeiZlebadadebiTi gavlena iqonios ama Tu im qveynis ganviTarebaze, Tumca,SesaZloa safrTxesac Seicavdes rogorc warmoSobis, ise mimRebiqveynisaTvis. `inteleqtis gadinebisas~, rodesac ganaTlebuliadamianebi toveben warmoSobis qveyanas, migracia safrTxea, radganis uaryofiTad moqmedebs qveynis ekonomikur potencialsa daganviTarebaze. SesaZloa, `inteleqtis gadinebam~ dadebiTadacimoqmedos umuSevrobis doneze, rodesac konkretuli profesiisbevri specialisti umuSevaria. migracia SesaZloa iyos rogorcsafrTxis Semcveli, ise dadebiTi Sedegis momtani demografiuliTvalsazrisiTac. uaryofiTi demografiuli balansis qveynisaTvis,romelsac muSaxeli aklia, migracia dadebiT rols TamaSobs, magramrodesac misi masStabebi demografiul problemebs aCens da arRvevssocialur-ekonomikur balanss, igi saxifaTo xdeba. aris SemTxvevebi,rodesac migrantebs mimRebi saxelmwifo warmoSobis qveyanaze zewolisberketad iyenebs, an migrantebi TviTon arian saxelmwifoTaSorisidapirispirebis mizezi.15zog SemTxvevaSi mimReb saxelmwifoebSi migracia aRiqmeba qveynispolitikuri stabilurobis, kulturuli da religiuri Rirebule-bebisa da socialur sistemis potenciur safrTxed. rac ufro homo-genuria sazogadoeba mimReb saxelmwifoSi, miT metad miiCnevs migra-cias safrTxed erovnuli identobisaTvis. msoflio istoriaSi arismagaliTebi, rodesac migrantebi erTgvari `mexuTe kolonis~ rolSimogvevlinen, magaliTad, erayis mier quveiTis okupaciisas. pales-tinelma migrantebma, romelTac mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi ekavaTquveiTis administraciaSi, erayel okupantebs dauWires mxari.16 Tum-ca samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom aseTi faqtebi iSviaTo-baa. mimReb qveynebSi migrantebi zedmet tvirTadac aRiqmebian qveynissocialuri dacvis sistemisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevebSi xSiria antimig­raciul platformaze dafuZnebuli radikaluri da populisturipolitikuri partiebis aRmoceneba, romlebmac ukanasknel xans evro-15 ix. saxelmZRvanelos me-14 Tavi.16 Myron Weiner, Security, Stability and International Migration, In:International Security tomi 17, # 3, 1992. gv. 109.530 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

paSi sagrZnob warmatebas miaRwies da bevr qveyanaSi parlamentSic ar-ian warmodgenilni.17 aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari cvlileba politikurWrilSi gamowveulia ara migraciiT an migrantebiT, romlebic qveyniserovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis saSiSni arian, aramed uSualod migraci-is sekuritizaciis procesiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, migraciisuaryofiTi aRqma evropaSi aZlierebs Sida politikuri partiebis miermigraciis dakavSirebas usafrTxoebasa da saSiSroebebTan, rogoricaakriminali da areulobani qalaqebSi, Sida arastabiluroba, transna-cionaluri danaSauli.18migrantTa nebismieri kategoriis didi raodenobiT Sesvla mimRebsaxelmwifoSi didi gamowvevaa erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis Sromisada uZravi qonebis bazrebis, aseve, keTildReobisa da humanitarulisistemebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc salehianisa da glediCis kvlevidanCans, mezobeli qveynidan ltolvilTa didi jgufis gadasvla zrdismimReb qveyanaSi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtis risks.19 kvlevisSedegebis mixedviT, warmoSobis qveyanaSi arsebuli konfliqtismimReb saxelmwifoSi `gadaRvris~ erT-erT gamomwvev faqtorsmosazRvre saxelmwifoSi ltolvilTa gadasvla warmoadgens.aucilebelia im garemoebis xazgasmac, rom is qveynebi, romlebicmsgavsi `gadaRvris~ mxverplni gaxdnen, ar gamoirCeodnen SidastabilurobiT, demokratiuli weswyobilebiTa da keTildReobiT.meore mxriv, bevri magaliTi arsebobs evropaSi, sadac ltolvilTadidi nakadis Sedinebas ar gamouwvevia Sida arastabiluroba anmsgavsi safrTxe (amis magaliTia ltolvilebi ungreTidan, CexeTidanda poloneTidan germaniisa da avstriis mimarTulebiT, an yofiliiugoslaviidan evropis qveynebisaken).migraciisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis konteqstSi, aseve aucilebeliaaRvniSnoT diasporebis roli saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sferoSigadawyvetilebis miRebisas. Zlieri sagareo diaspora gavlenas axdenspolitikur gadawyvetilebebze sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. amis naTelimagaliTia 1990-iani wlebis somxeTi. somxuri diaspora kategoriuladewinaaRmdegeboda moqmedi xelisuflebis survils, rig daTmobebzewasuliyo mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT da sanacvlodmoegvarebina urTierTobebi TurqeTTan. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, romsomxeTi imxanad susti saxelmwifo gaxldaT, romelSic ekonomikurikrizisi mZvinvarebda, xelisufleba damokidebuli iyo dasavleTSimcxovrebi somxuri diasporisagan lobirebasa da Semowirul17 magaliTad: niderlandebi, belgia, safrangeTi, ungreTi, dania, avstria, fineTi.18 Jef Huysmans, The European Union and Securitization of Migration, Journal of Common Market Studies gv. 770.19 Idean Salehyan, Christian Gleditsch, Refugees and the Spread of Civil War, International Organization, tomi 60, #2. gv. 361.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 531

finansebze. Sesabamisad, somxeTis prezidenti win ver aRudgadiasporis survils da iZulebuli gaxda, gadamdgariyo.20 aseve didiroli da gavlena hqonda albanur diasporas kosovos konfliqtismimdinareobaze. kosovos ganmaTavisuflebeli armia (UCK), romelicdaupirispirda iugoslaviis regularuli jaris nawilebs, sworeddiasporis wiaRSi gaCnda da mas didwilad diaspora afinansebda.21albanuri diaspora aqtiurad iyo CarTuli UCK-sTvis mebrZolTarekrutirebaSic. bevri saxelmwifo, maT Soris saqarTvelo damoldova, xels uwyobs diasporis monawileobas politikur warmo­madgenlobaSi - kerZod, erovnul arCevnebSi diasporisaTvis xmisuflebis miniWebiTa da sazRvargareT arCevnebis procesebis SeZle­bisdagvarad gaiolebiT.rogorc vxedavT, migracia erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakmaod faqizisferoa. Sedegad, migraciisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxTadakavSirebisas mkafiod unda gaimijnos migraciis SesaZlo, rea­luri da gamogonili safrTxeebi, raTa Tavidan aviciloT qseno­fobiisa da rasizmis gavrceleba da davicvaT migrantTa uflebebi.nebismieri tipis saerTaSoriso migracia kveTs, sul cota, orisaxelmwifos sazRvars. amitom migraciisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebissferoTa SemakavSirebeli rgoli swored saxelmwifo sazRvrebi damaTi usafrTxoebaa. amrigad, momdevno qveTavSi swored sasazRvrousafrTxoebis sakiTxs ganvixilavT.15.3.1. sasazRvro usafrTxoebamigracia da saxelmwifo sazRvari urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebe­bia. yoveli saxelmwifos suverenitetis gavrceleba misi sazRvri­daniwyeba. Sesabamisad, sasazRvro usafrTxoebas nebismieri saxelmwi­fosTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs, migraciis regulireba ki amusafrTxoebis aucilebeli pirobaa. sazRvris kontroli mniSvne­lovania rogorc saxelmwifoSi wesrigis dasacavad, ise ekonomikuriusafrTxoebisa da transsasazRvro danaSaulTan brZolisaTvis.sazRvrebis formireba erovnul saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibebis Tanm­devi procesi iyo da moqalaqeobis institutis SemoRebasTan er­Tad saxelmwifoSi socialur-politikuri sazogadoebis Seqmnissawindaric gaxda.22 gansazRvruli teritoria da, Sesabamisad,20 Yossi Shain and Aharon Barth, Diasporas and IR Theory, International Organization, tomi 57, #3, gv. 469-71.21 Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security, gv. 192.22 Christopher Rudolph, Security and Political Economy of Migration, American Political Science Review 97, #4, 2003.532 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

misi sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi saerTaSoriso do­neze aRiarebuli kriteriumia.23 aqedan gamomdinare, sasazRvrousafrTxoeba nebismieri saxelmwifos zogaderovnuli usafrTxoebiserT-erTi winapirobaa. saqarTvelos sazRvris marTvis 2014 wlisstrategiis mixedviT, `saqarTvelos usafrTxoeba da ekonomikuriaRmavloba didwilad damokidebulia saxelmwifo sazRvris efeqtianmarTvaze. sabiujeto Semosavlebis gazrdisa da saqarTveloswinaSe arsebuli safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad, aucilebeliasaxelmwifo sazRvris marTvis efeqtiani sistemis ganviTareba.~24sazRvris marTvis efeqtiani sistema gulisxmobs instituciuri dasamarTlebrivi bazis Seqmnas, rac uzrunvelyofs kanonieri vaWrobisxelSewyobas da kontrabandasTan, transnacionalur organizebuldanaSaulTan, aralegalur migraciasa da adamianebiT vaWrobasTanbrZolas. globalizaciam da teqnologiurma progresma, aseve vaWrobisliberalizaciam, msoflioSi migraciuli nakadebis zrda gamoiwvia.aman saWiro gaxada sasazRvro usafrTxoebis sistemis gaumjobeseba dadaxvewa, raTa saxelmwifoebs, erTi mxriv, Tavi daecvaT arasasurvelida arakanonieri migraciisagan da, meore mxriv, xeli SeewyoT savaWroda ekonomikuri aqtivobisaTvis.sazRvris marTvis ufro erTiani da yovlismomcveli midgomis Camo­sa­yalibeblad, evrokomisiam 2002-2006 wlebSi SeimuSava sazRvriserTiani marTvis koncefcia, romelic uzrunvelyofda am sfe­roSiTanamSromlobas rogorc evrokavSiris SigniT, ise sxva saxel­mwifoebTan.25 saqarTveloSi 2006 wlidan daiwyo sasazRvro sis­temisreformireba da qveyanam miiRo gadawyvetileba sazRvris marTvisevropuli midgomis danergvis Taobaze. `sasazRvro usafrTxoebasda vaWrobis gamartivebaSi CarTuli uwyebebis TanamSromlobasada koordinacias rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebriv, ise saerTaSorisodoneze, Ria, magram kontrolirebadi da daculi sazRvrebis miznismisaRwevad.~26sazRvris erTiani marTvis koncefcia Sedgeba Semdegi mimarTule­bebisagan:• sasazRvro kontroli, romelic aseve moicavs riskis analizs da operatiul saqmianobas;• transsasazRvro danaSaulis gamovlena da gamoZieba;• Sidauwyebrivi, uwyebaTaSorisi da saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba;23 http://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/montevideo-convention-rights-duties-states/p15897.24 `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris marTvis strategiis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqa- rTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 13 martis №226 dadgenileba.25 Guidelines for IBM in EC External Cooperation, European Commission, November 2009, gv. 14.26 iqve, gv. 23.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 533

da• oTxetapiani kontrolis modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs: 1) sxva qveynebSi sakontrolo RonisZiebebs usafrTxoebis uzrun­ velyofas; 2) TanamSromlobas mezobel qveynebTan; 3) sazRvris kontrols; 4) sakontrolo RonisZiebebs qveynis SigniT, maT Soris, dabrunebis sakiTxis mimarTac.27upriania, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT oTxetapiani sasazRvrokontrolis modeli, radgan igi sul ufro farTod vrceldeba aramxolod evrokavSirSi, aramed mis samezobloSic.sasazRvro usafrTxoebis zomebi pirvel etapze tardeba sxvasaxelmwifoSi, gansakuTrebiT migrantTa warmoSobisa da tranzitisqveynebSi. es zomebi gulisxmobs TanamSromlobas warmoSobis saxelm­wifos sakonsulo, sapolicio da iusticiis uwyebebTan, aseve gadamyvankompaniebTan, raTa Semcirdes aralegaluri migraciis riski.meore etapi iTvaliswinebs TanamSromlobas mezobel qveynebTan,rac aucilebeli pirobaa sasazRvro usafrTxoebisaTvis. esTanamSromloba moicavs informaciis gacvlas, sazRvris erToblivpatrulirebasa da dacvas, erTobliv sasazRvro-gamtar punqtebs,centralur da adgilobriv doneze regularul Sexvedrebs, riskiserTobliv analizs, pirdapiri sakomunikacio arxebis gamoyenebas dasasazRvro warmomadgenelTa institutis arsebobas.mesame etapi aris uSualod sasazRvro gamtar punqtebze adamianTafizikuri kontroli da e.w. mwvane sazRvris kontroli, raTa armoxdes sazRvris arakanonieri kveTa gamtari punqtis gverdisavliT, arasaTanado dokumentaciiTa (yalbi an vadagasuli samgzavrodokumenti an viza, vizis ararseboba da a.S.) Tu satransportosaSualebebSi arsebuli samalavebis meSveobiT. sasazRvro kontroliuzrunvelyofs sxva transnacionaluri danaSaulebis gamovlenasac.meoTxe etapi ki gulisxmobs qveynis teritoriaze Semowmebebsarakanonierad myofi migrantebis gamosavlenad, qveyanaSi maTi yofniskanonierebis gasarkvevad da Sesabamisi procedurebis gasatareblad(gaZeveba, TavSesafris micema, binadrobis uflebis gacema da a.S).oTxetapiani sasazRvro kontrolis mTavari winapirobaa TanamSrom­loba da koordinacia. amrigad, sazRvris erTiani marTvis koncefciaeyrdnoba TanamSromlobis sam svets: Sidauwyebrivi, uwyebaTaSorisida saerTaSoriso. Sidauwyebrivi TanamSromloba gulisxmobskonkretul sakiTxebze erTi uwyebis pasuxismgebel danayofTa27 iqve, gv. 20. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო534

erTobliv/koordinirebul muSaobas. TanamSromlobis forma SeiZ­leba iyos vertikaluri - sxvadasxva administraciul donezearsebul danayofebs Soris TanamSromloba, an horizontaluri- TanamSromloba erTi donis administraciul organoebsa dadanayofebs Soris.28 saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, horizontaluri Ta­namSrom­lobis magaliTia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sapatrulopoliciisa da sasazRvro policiis urTierTmoqmedeba sasazRvro-gamtar punqtebsa da saxmeleTo sazRvarze.uwyebaTaSorisi TanamSromloba gulisxmobs rogorc saxelmwifosazRvris marTvaSi monawile sxvadasxva uwyebis erTobliv/koordinirebul muSaobas operatiul doneze, ise komunikaciasada koordinacias strategiul doneze. sazRvris marTvaSi CarTuliuwyebebis sia sakmaod vrcelia da moicavs ara mxolod uSualodsazRvarze warmodgenil, aramed am procesSi iribad monawilestruqturebsac. saqarTveloSi uSualod sazRvarze warmodgeniliaSinagan saqmeTa saministros sasazRvro policia, aseve, sapatrulopolicia da finansTa saministros Semosavlebis samsaxuri (sabaJoorgano), xolo zogadad sazRvris marTvaSi CarTuli uwyebebia:sagareo saqmeTa (savizo sakiTxebi), iusticiis (ucxoelTaTvisdokumentebis gacema), ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis (ltolvilTada TavSesafris maZiebelTa sakiTxebi), soflis meurneobis(fitosanitariuli da veterinaruli politikis gansazRvra), jan­da­cv­is (sanitariuli politikis gansazRvra), Tavdacvisa (sahaerosazRvris dacva) da garemos dacvis (birTvuli masalebis mimoqcevazekontroli) saministroebi. uwyebaTaSorisi TanamSromloba moicavskoordinirebul saqmianobas saxelmwifo sazRvarze, erToblivRonisZiebebs, informaciis gacvlas, erTobliv swavlebebs, infra­struqt­ urisa da aRWurvilobis erTobliv gamoyenebas, rac aadvilebssazRvarze aralegaluri migraciisa da kontrabandis gamovlenas.saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis or mimarTulebaze – mezobel dasxva qveynebTan – zemoT ukve visaubreT. ormxrivi da mravalmxrivisaerTaSoriso TanamSromloba SesaZloa xorcieldebodes rogorcsamTavrobo, ise uwyebriv doneze, da mniSvnelovania sasazRvrousafrTxoebis erTiani midgomis SesamuSaveblad.Tanamedrove zrdadi migraciuli nakadebis konteqstSi xazgasasmeliaisic, rom zogierTi regionuli gaerTianebis wevri qveynebi sazRvrisdacvas erToblivi ZalebiT cdiloben. gaerTianebaTa SigniT, wevrqveynebs Soris sazRvari mudmivad ar kontroldeba, magram saerTogare sazRvrebis dacvas isini udides yuradRebas aqceven. saqarTvelos28 `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris marTvis strategiis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarT­ velos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 13 martis №226 dadgenileba.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 535

samezobloSi aseTi regionuli gaerTianebebia: evrokavSiri, romliswevrTa umravlesoba e.w. `Sengenis zonis~ wevria, da evraziis kavSiri.evrokavSiri sakuTar samezobloSi sasazRvro usafrTxoebis ganmtki­cebas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs. sazRvris marTvis evropulikoncefciis eqsporti mis erT-erT prioritetul politikur miznadiqca. evrokavSirTan integraciisa da mWidro urTierTobebis erT-erTi piroba axlo samezoblos qveynebisaTvis swored sazRvrismarTvis reformirebaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom `aRmosavleT partniorobis~farglebSi erT-erTi saflagmano iniciativa sazRvris erTian marTvasexeba, riTac evrokavSiri exmareba partnior qveynebs am procesisgaumjobesebaSi. sazRvris marTvis sakiTxebi figurirebs evrokavSirisganviTarebis politikis proeqtebsa da evropis usafrTxoebisada Tavdacvis politikis farglebSi ganxorcielebul misiebSicki.29 evrokavSiri 2005 wlidan exmareba saqarTvelos sasazRvroreformis gatarebaSi rogorc finansurad, ise inteleqtualurad.saqarTveloSi sazRvris erTiani marTvis koncefciis danergva daganxorcieleba saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris gaformebuli yvelaZireuli xelSekrulebis (asocirebis xelSekruleba, asocirebis dRiswesrigi, vizaliberalizaciisa da samezoblo politikis samoqmedogegmebi) Semadgeneli nawilia.30sazRvris erTiani marTvis modelis ganxilvidan Cans, romsasazRvro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa sakmaod didi gamowvevaasaxelmwifoebisaTvis, radgan yovlismomcvel midgomasa da didresurss moiTxovs. susti sasazRvro kontroli xels uwyobsaralegalur migraciasa da sxvadasxva transnacionalur danaSauls.saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi aRniSnulia,rom `afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis monakveTebze ruseTisfederaciasTan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris ukontrolobaxelsayrel garemos qmnis transnacionaluri danaSaulisaTvis da amproblemis efeqtiani gadaWris xelSemSleli damatebiTi faqtoria.~31ukontrolo sazRvrebis pirobebSi konfliqtebi vrceldeba mezobelsaxelmwifoebzec. Sesabamisad, iryeva maTi usafrTxoebac. saqarTvelomsgavsi saSiSroebis winaSe dadga 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls, CeCneTisomisas, rodesac pankisis xeobaSi gadmovidnen CeCeni ltolvilebi,romelTa Soris mebrZolebic iyvnen. Sedegad, ruseTma saqarTvelodaadanaSaula CeCen mebrZolTa mfarvelobaSi, ramac ukiduresaddaZaba saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebi. rusulma samxedro29 Sarah Wolff, EU Integrated Border Management beyond Lisbon, CESP, 2011. gv. 31-32.30 ix. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis SeTanxmeba; aseve: asocirebis SeTanxme- bis, vizaliberalizaciisa da samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmebi.31 2011 wlis 23 dekembris saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba # 5589-rs `saqarTve- los erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~.536 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aviaciam pankisis xeoba dabomba kidec. mezobeli qveynidan konfliqtisgavrcelebis klasikuri magaliTia makedoniis omi, romelic 2001 welsgaCaRda makedoniis mTavrobasa da albanel separatistebs Soris.kosovos konfliqtis dasrulebis Semdeg kosovo-makedoniis sazRvarsmakedoniis xelisufleba sustad akontrolebda, riTac isargeblesalbanelma separatistebma da kosovodan makedoniis teritoriazeiaraRi da mebrZolebi Seiyvanes.32 male amboxebulni dedaqalaqskopiesac ki miadgnen. marTalia, natos CareviT konfliqti ramdenimeTveSi mogvarda da albanuri dajgufebebi ganiaraRdnen, magramam epizodma mainc didi ziani miayena makedonias. msgavsi scenariTganviTarda dapirispireba kongos demokratiul respublikaSi,romelic mezobel ruandaSi mimdinare konfliqtis msxverpli gaxda.aqac sazRvrebis ukontrolobam gamoiwvia ruandaSi dapirispirebulieTnikuri jgufebis, hutusa da tutsis SeiaraRebul formirebaTagadasvla kongos demokratiul respublikaSi da erTmaneTTan daadgilobriv ZalebTan Setakeba, rac Semdgom farTomasStabian omSigadaizarda.33 Tumca, yvela zemoTCamoTvlili magaliTi cxadyofs,rom mezobel qveyanaSi konfliqtis an areulobis dros am qveyanasTansaxelmwifo sazRvris dacva gansakuTrebulad unda gaZlierdesda, Tu saWiro gaxda, specialuri zomebic gatardes (mag. samxedronawilebis CarTva).sasazRvro usafrTxoebas mWidrod ukavSirdeba savizo politik­ac,romelsac saxelmwifo SeimuSavebs Tavisi interesebis Sesaba­misad.qveyanaSi Sesvlasa da ucxoelTa samarTlebriv mdgo­mareob­asTandakavSirebuli kanonebi damokidebulia saxelm­wif­o politikazesagareo da usafrTxoebis, agreTve, ekonom­ikur da socialursferoSi. vizis moTxovna, praqtikulad, niSnavs sasazRvro kontrolisgadatanas migrantTa warmoSobis qveyanaSi. rogorc wesi, viza gaicemadiplomatiur warmomadgenlobebsa da sakonsuloebSi, Tumca zogiqveyana vizebs uSualod sazRvarze iZleva. viza yovelTvis ar arissaxelmwifoSi Sesvlis garantia, radgan mesazRvres ufleba aqvs,moqmedi vizis SemTxvevaSic ar SeuSvas piri, Tuki gauCnda eWvi,rom viza aramarTlzomieradaa mopovebuli an piri ver asabuTebsqveyanaSi Sesvlis mizezs. qveynebi savizo berketebs saxelmwifoebriviusafrTxoebisa da sagareo politikuri miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben.TvalsaCinoebisaTvis gavixsenoT 2000 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelosmoqalaqeebisaTvis SemoRebuli savizo reJimi, romlis sababadacqveynis xelisufleba saqarTvelodan ruseTSi teroristTa moxvedris32 Julie Kim, Macedonia: Recent Conflict, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2001.33 Jon Lunn, The African Great Lakes Region: An end to Conflict? House of Common Library, RESEARCH PAPER 06/51 25 OCTOBER 2006; nanaxia 05.01.2015 w. http://bit.ly/1QCSCRJ.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 537

safrTxes asaxelebda,34 Tumca realuri mizezi ruseT-saqarTvelosSoris garTulebuli politikuri urTierTobebi iyo.15.4. sazogadoebis usafrTxoebaxSirad, rodesac saubaria sazogadoebis usafrTxoebaze, igulisxmebamoqalaqeebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva samxedro,kriminaluri Tu politikuri safrTxisagan. es is SemTxvevebia,rodesac sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba ganixileba erovnuliusafrTxoebis ufro humanur alternativad (e.w. public safety, publicsecurity). Tumca arsebobs sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis sxva ganmartebac.magaliTad, kopenhagenis usafrTxoebis skola sazogadoebis usafrT­xoebas (societal security) ganmartavs, rogorc koleqtiur qcevas, romelicsxvadasxva jgufebs Soris urTierTqmedebisas iCens Tavs, da miiCnevs,rom adamianTa jgufebis/sociumebis - iseve rogorc saxelmwifoebis -urTierTobas xSirad e.w. `usafrTxoebis dilema~35 amoZravebs.36sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis amosavali wertili identobaa dasafrTxis Semcvelia yvela da yvelaferi, rac am identobas cvlis,aviwroebs an raime sxva formiT axdens gavlenas masze. gasa­Tvaliswinebelia, rom `identobac~ da `safrTxec~ socialuradkonstruirebuli da subieqturi cnebebia. sazogadoebis usafrTxoebiskoncefciis kritikosebi miiCneven, rom identoba ar aris obieqti,es procesia.37amas arc kopenhagenis skolis momxreebi uaryofen,radgan aRiarebulia, rom sazogadoebis identoba icvleba misibunebrivi evoluciis kvaldakval,38 da rom `sazogadoebis identobebiTavisi bunebiT ufro dinamikuria, vidre statikuri~.39 metic,marTalia, kopenhagenis skolis mimdevrebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom34 http://palm.newsru.com/russia/08may2001/viza.html, nanaxia 05.01.2015 w.35 usafrTxoebis dilema (security dilemma), realizmis Teoriuli skolis mixedviT, aRwers usafrTxoebis logikiT moqmedi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobis dinamikas. rodesac erTi saxelmwifo iwyebs samxedro samzadiss, romlis saboloo amocana ar aris cxadi da SeiZleba iyos rogorc TavdacviTi, ise TavdasxmiTi, sxva saxelmwi- foebi iwyeben nerviulobas. qveynebi kargaven erTmaneTis ndobas da SiSoben, rom erTi-erTi maTgani SeiZleba ise gaZlierdes, rom safrTxe Seuqmnas meore qveynis suverenitets. dilema imaSi mdgomreobs, rom saxelmwifoebi iwyeben erTmaneTTan Sejibrs ufro meti usafrTxoebis misaRwevad, magram bolos arc erTi ar grZnobs Tavs daculad.36 Waever, O. Societal security: the concept; in Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe. 1993.37 B. Mc Sweeny, Durkheim and the Copenhagen School: a Response to Buzan and Waever, Review of International Studies, 24 (1), 1998, gv. 137.38 Waever, et. Identity, Migration and New Security Agenda in Europe, Centre for Peace and Conflict Research – Copenhagen, 1993, gv. 27-40.39 iqve gv. 42.538 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

sazogadoebis erovnuli identobis Camoyalibeba xangrZlivi procesia,romelsac safuZvlad udevs lingvisturi, eTnikuri da kulturulisawyisebi, magram isini aseve aRiareben erovnul identobaSi myisiercvlilebaTa warmoqmnis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, frangulisazogadoebis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia safrangeTisrevoluciam.40migracia – rogorc emigracia, ise imigracia - aqtiurad ganixilebasazogadoebis usafrTxoebis Teoriis mimdevarTa mier. migraciaaxali fenomeni ar aris; adamianTa gadaadgileba did Tu mcirejgufebad kaciobriobis istoriaSi yovelTvis xdeboda da sxvadasxvaxasiaTisa iyo.41 Tanamedrove samyaroSi migraciisa da sazogadoebisusafrTxoebis urTierTkavSiris analizisTvis aucilebelia iseTifaqtorebis gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa mzardi globalizacia,samxedro konfliqtebi, garemos cvlilebebi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikada Sromis gadanawileba, Tu Tanamedrove satransporto saSualebebi.mimRebi qveynis sazogadoebisTvis migracia safrTxes SeiZlebawarmoadgendes iribad da mxolod garkveul pirobebSi. magaliTad,imigrantTa didi nakadis Semodinebisas gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs`socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da administraciuliinstitutebis mier imigrantTa integraciis SesaZlebloba~. sustmainstitutebma droTa ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, problemebi Seuqmnas`mTavrobis marTvis unars~ – iseve, rogorc eris `TviTaRqmas~ –gansakuTrebiT mimReb qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri an politikuriareulobisas.42 qveynebs, romlebsac mzardi emigracia axasiaTebs,SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnas emigrantTa samSobloSi uecarma,masobrivma dabrunebam, rasac Tan axlavs fuladi gzavnilebis Sewyveta-Semcireba, dabrunebul moqalaqeTa Sromis bazarze integrirebissirTule da a.S. movlenaTa amgvari ganviTarebisTvis emigraciisqveynis mTavrobis mzadyofnas SeuZlia Seamciros farTomasStabiandabrunebasTan asocirebuli riskebi.43aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis Teoriismimdevrebic da mowinaaRmdegeebic Tanxmdebian, rom sazogadoebisusafrTxoebis sakiTxebis dayeneba politikur dRis wesrigSi Tavis­Tavad Seicavs sazogadoebis polarizaciis safrTxes. bil maqsveneimiiCnevs, rom usafrTxoebis sakiTxTa CamonaTvalis gavrcobam(magaliTad, masSi sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis CarTvam) SesaZloausafrTxoebis dRis wesrigi politikurad saxifaTo mimarTulebiT40 iqve gv. 33.41 damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. amave saxelmZRvanelos me-5 Tavi.42 Waever, Identity, Migration and New Security Agenda in Europe, Centre for Peace and Conflict Research – Copenhagen, 1993, gv. 162.43 iqve, gv. 162-163.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 539

warmarTos.44 es gansakuTrebiT safrTxiloa, rodesac migraciasTandakavSirebul warmosaxviT Tu realur safrTxeebTan gvaqvs saqme.Tu `imigrantTa gansxvavebuli ferisa an kulturis gamo gamoTqmuliprotesti, garkveul donemde, advili mosageriebelia, rogorceqstremistuli fanatizmi, ucxoelTa mzardi nakadiT walekvisSiSma SesaZloa martivad daayenos usafrTxoebis sakiTxi politikurdRis wesrigSi~45 da, politikuri miznebis misaRwevad, xeli Seuwyossazogadoebis cnobierebaSi warmosaxviTi safrTxis Seqmnasa dadamkvidrebas.am qveTavSi ganvixilavT garemoebebs, romlebic migraciasa dasazogadoebis usafrTxoebas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, esenia: mraval­erovani da mravalkulturuli sazogadoeba, viTareba `sust saxelm­wifoebSi~ da diasporis roli.15.4.1. migracia mravalerovan da multikulturul sazogadoebaSisazogadoeba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc organizebuli jgufi,romlis wevrebs aqvT saziaro ena, religia, kultura, tradiciebi,politika da a.S. eri-saxelmwifos msgavsad, sazogadoebasac SeuZliaTviTon gadawyvitos ama Tu im jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxizemoT CamoTvlil atributTa gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadoebrivierToba aris termini, romliTac adamianTa kargad organizebuljgufebs aRweren. ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivi erTobis sayovelTaodmiRebuli definicia, Tumca yvela arsebul ganmartebaSi saubariasazogadoebis wevrebis CarTulobas, mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebasada saziaro identobaze. sazogadoebis wevrebi dakavSirebulni arianerTmaneTTan da saxelmwifo institutebTan, avlenen solidarobas,aqvT TemTan mikuTvnebulobis SegrZneba da iswrafvian `saerTokeTildReobisken~. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis SigniT arsebulierToba SeiZleba miviCnioT pozitiur miznad, romliskenac misiwevrebi unda miiswrafodnen. magram ramdenad realuria aseTi erTobismiRweva sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT,gansakuTrebiT imigraciis, anu sxva sazogadoebis wevrTa Semomatebisfonze?arseboben sazogadoebebi, romlebmac warmatebiT SeZles sakuTarTavSi mravalferovnebis daSveba da dafaseba; kanadas, aSS-s, didbritaneTsa da dasavleT evropis zogierT qveyanas amis warma­tebul44 B. McSweeney, Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School, Review of International Studies, 22, 1996, gv. 83.45 Waever, Identity, Migration and New Security Agenda in Europe, gv. 45.540 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

magaliTebad asaxeleben. Tumca aseT multikulturul sazoga­doeb­ ebSic ki, imigrantTa did nakadebs xSirad gamouwvevia sajarodebatebi, miupyria mediis gamZafrebuli yuradReba da safrTxiswinaSe dauyenebia sazogadoebis erTianoba. ukve aRvniSneT, romamgvar uaryofiT ganwyobebs xSirad qmnian da iyeneben memarjvenepolitikuri partiebi, romelTa popularoba migrantTa nakadisparalelurad imatebs, ara marto evropis postsocialistur qveynebSi,romlebsac migraciis marTvis SedarebiT naklebi gamocdilebaaqvT,46 aramed iseT mravalkulturul sazogadoebebSic, rogoricaa,magaliTad, SvedeTi.47 safrTxe sazogadoebis `keTildReobisTvis~– realuri Tu warmosaxviTi – socialurad konstruirebulicnebaa, anu damokidebulia konkretuli sazogadoebis an jgufissubieqtur aRqmaze. sazogadoebis identobis mudmivi evoluciisprocesSi, sazogadoeba safrTxed ar aRiqvams cvlilebis nebismierwyaros. metic, garkveuli movlena sazogadoebis nawilma SeiZlebamiiCnios safrTxed, nawilma ki – ara. msoflioSi an qveynis SigniTganviTarebulma `xelsayrelma~ negatiurma movlenebma (migraciulinakadebis gazrdam, eTnikur, religiur an kulturul niadagzeaRmocenebulma konfliqtebma, teroristulma Tavdasxmebma da sxv.)axali imigrantebis an qveyanaSi ukve arsebuli eTnikuri, kulturuliTu religiuri jgufebisTvis (xSirad, meore, mesame an ufro ZveliTaobis imigrantebisTvis) uaryofiTi `iarliyebis~ mikereba SeiZlebagamoiwvios. am safrTxisgan bolomde arc Zlieri multikulturulisazogadoebebia daculi.sazogadoebis erTianobis rRveva an/da identobis krizisi SesaZloagamoixatos ara mxolod mis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris gaucxoebasada dapirispirebaSi, aramed sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosurTierTobaSic. arsebobs riski, rom xelisufleba erTi jgufisTvisiyos uflebaTa damcveli, xolo meorisTvis – agresori. magaliTad,2015 wlis 13 noembris parizis teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg ara mxo­lod safrangeTSi, aramed sxva evropul qveynebSi mcxovrebi muslime­bi da uflebis damcvelebi alaparakdnen adgilobrivi sazogadoebis,aseve, samarTaldamcvelebisa da zogierTi politikosis mxridanstereotipul damokidebulebasa da Seviwroebaze.48 aSS-Si, romlisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia mTel msoflioSi gamorCeulad mravalkulturuli46 TavSesafris maZieblebis miRebaze uari ganacxades poloneTma, ungreTma da slo- veniam. ix. the New York Times, Eastern Bloc’s Resistance to Refugees Highlightis Europe’s Cultural and Political Divisions. 12/09/2015; The Huffington Post, How the Refugee Crisis is Fueling the Rise of Eu- rope’s Right. 2/11/2015; The Financial Times, Tensions Over Migration, Barbed Rhetoric. 26/11/2015.47 ix. Independent, ‘Nazi-inspired’ anti-immigration group becomes Sweden’s most popular party. 21/08/2015.48 ix. Deutsche Welle, Attacks against Muslims on the rise after Paris strikes.26/11/2015; Daily Record, More than 60 hate crimes against Muslims reported in Scotland since Paris terror attacks. 20/11/2015.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 541

sazogadoeba, 2016 wlis saprezidento saarCevno kampania sakmaodmwvave antiislamuri diskursiT warimarTa. aseTi politikuriritorika, rogorc wesi, pirdapir `iTargmneba~ xolme siZulvilisdanaSaulis matebaSi da aRrmavebs gaucxoebas sazogadoebaSi.zogierTi damkvirveblis Tanaxmad, muslimur TemTan dakavSirebulidaZabuloba saprezidento kampaniebis paralelurad matulobs.49sazogadoebis socialur-politikuri erTobis rRveva asustebssazogadoebasac da saxelmwifosac.mravalerovani da multikulturuli sazogadoeba TavisTavadRia da migrantebisadmi keTilganwyobil sazogadoebas ar niSnavs.bevri ram aris damokidebuli xelisuflebisa da samoqalaqosazogadoebis rolze – Tu ramdenad sworad warmarTaven isinipolitikur da sazogadoebriv diskurss, ramdenad uwyoben xelssazogadoebis identobis evolucias da aZliereben tolerantulda multikulturul ganwyobebs. saxelmwifo institutebsa dasamoqalaqo sazogadoebas SeuZliaT aqtiuri roli SeasrulonumciresobaTa da migrantTa integraciaSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba,tradiciulad, iseT qveynebSi viTardeba, sadac demokratia kanonisuzenaesobasa da adamianis uflebebis dacvazea dafuZnebuli.kazusi 1. qarTuli sazogadoebis identoba da migraciasaqarTvelo saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibda mravaleTnikursazogadoebad. 2014 wlis sayovelTao aRweris monacemebiT, misimosaxleobis 6.3% eTnikurad azerbaijaneli iyo, xolo 4.5%somexi, 0.7% – rusi, 0.4% – osi, 0.3% – iezidi da 86.8% – qarTveli.saukuneTa ganmav­lob­aS­i qarTuli sazogadoeba Tavis ganuyofelnawilad miiCnevda saqarTvelos ebraul, berZnul, qistur, osurda afxazur Temebs. Tumca, multikulturalizmisa da eTni­kurimravalferovnebis xangrZlivi istoriis miuxedavad, mkafiodgamokveTili iyo cnebebi `Cven~ da `ucxo~, rac istoriis sxva­dasxvaetapze aZlierebda da xels uwyobda qarTuli identobis TviT­gadarCenas, magram aseve xels uSlida harmoniul urTierTobasdo­minant da umciresobaSi myof jgufebs Soris. qarTul iden­tobasa da ucxosadmi Rrmad gamjdar SiSze mniSvnelovani gavlenaiqonia sabWoTa kavSiris mier erovnul identobebze Catarebulmamravaljeradma eqsperimentma. bolSevikebis gataceba axaliidentobis konstruirebis ideiT mxolod `sabWoTa adamianis~SeqmniT ar Semoifargleboda. am reJimis liderebma ramdenjerme49 Engy Abdelkader, When Islamophobia Turns Violent: The 2016 US Presidential Elections. Special Report, The Bridge Initiative, A Georgetown University Research Project, 2016.542 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Secvales wevr saxelmwifoTa erovnuli sazRvrebi, erovnuli dademografiuli suraTis Sesacvlelad ki asobiT aTasi adamianigadaasaxles.50damoukideblobis bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTulma sazo­gadoebam da saxelmwifom araerTi mniSvnelovani transfor­ma­cia ganicada, Tumca ar yofila diskusia imaze, ra gansazRvravsqarTul identobas. mxolod XIX saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZisa da XXsaukunis miwuruls zurab Jvanias mier damkvidrebul frazebz­ e– `ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~ da `me var qarTveli, maSasadame, varevropeli~ -SegviZlia Tqma, rom met-naklebad arsebobs konsensusi.erT-erTi kvlevis farglebSi 2010 wels gamokiTxul qarTvelpolitikosTa umravlesobas ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli pasuxikiTxvaze, ra gansazRvravs qarTul identobas. erTi respondentisazriT ki, qarTveli eris formireba XIX saukuneSi daiwyo, sabWoTakavSiris daSlis Semdeg didi eTnokulturuli metamorfozagamoiara da dRemde Camoyalibebis Sua gzazea gaCerebuli, racmniSvnelovani barieria qveynis ganviTarebisTvis.51miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, qarTul sazogadoebas sjera, rom qve­ya­naSi gazrdili imigracia safrTxea. 2015 wels Catarebuli gamo­kiTxvis Sedegad, gamokiTxulTa (sul 600 adamiani) umravlesobamdaadastura Tavisi SiSi gazrdili imigraciis mimarT. maTimosazrebebis didi nawili efuZneboda standartul stereotipebsda miTebs imigraciis Sesaxeb.5215.4.2. susti saxelmwifoebi da migraciasaxelmwifos sisustes Tu siZlieres misi politikuri institutebiganapirobebs.qveyana sustdeba, rodesac mis institutebs ar SeswevT Zaladaamkvidron sakuTari politikuri legitimuroba sazogadoebisyvela an zogierTi jgufisTvis.53 es institutebi ki legitimuria, Tupolitikuri sistemis monawileebs sjeraT maTi da swamT, rom mocemuliwesrigi saukeTesoa yvela SesaZlebels Soris. kvleviTi organizacia50 Dmitry Gorenburg, Soviet Nationalities Policy and Assimilation. ix. krebulSi Rebounding Identities: The Politics of Identity in Russia and Ukraine, eds. Ruble, B., Popson, N., Arel, D. Cambridge University Press, 2006.51 Association for International Relations, Looking Through the Party Lenses. A Comparative Study of Georgian Political Parties’ Views on Foreign and National Security Policies. 2010.52 Center for Innovation and Reforms (2015), Immigration in Georgia: Existing situation and challenges; Report on main findings, http://irc.ge/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Immigration-to-Georgia_ENG.pdf, nanaxia 9.05.2016 w.53 ganasxvaveben susti saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva formas. ix. Rothberg, R. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, Chapter 1: Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators; World Peace Foundation. 2003.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 543

Brookings Institution-is mixedviT, `saxelmwifo miiCneva `sustad~, Tukimas ar Seswevs unari an ar aqvs survili Seasrulos oTxi aucilebelimoTxovna: (1) Seqmnas mdgradi da Zlieri ekonomikuri zrdisTvissaWiro garemo pirobebi; (2) Camoayalibos da SeinarCunos legitimuri,gamWvirvale da angariSvaldebuli politikuri institutebi; (3)mosaxleoba daicvas Zaladobrivi konfliqtisagan da ganaxorcielossakuTari teritoriis kotroli; (4) mosaxleoba uzrunvelyos Ziri­Tadi saWiroebebiT.~54farTomasStabiani imigraciuli an emigraciuli nakadebi mniSvne­lovani gamowvevaa susti saxelmwifo institutebisTvis. xSiradisini ver umklavdebian an ubralod ugulebelyofen migraciulprocesebTan dakavSirebul politikur, socialur Tu kulturulcvlilebebs. `socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da admini­straciuli institutebis unari, moaxdinon imigrantTa didi jgu­febis integrireba da daZlion imigrantTa zogierTi jgufiswinaaRmdegoba asimilaciis mimarT, gavlenas axdens qveynis socialurstabilurobaze da, Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis SesaZleblobazec,rom marTos. [...] es garemoebebi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved iCens TavsxangrZlivi ekonomikuri problemebis, umoqmedo xelisuflebis, Rrmapolitikuri polarizaciis an swrafi socialuri transformaciisperiodebSi.~55ekonomikuri problemebis mqone an politikurad polarizebulisusti saxelmwifo, rogorc wesi, nebayoflobiT SromiT migrantTadid nakads ar izidavs. sust saxelmwifos migrantTa did jgufebTanadaptacia maSin sWirdeba, Tu isini iZulebuli arian, mezobelqveyanas Seafaron Tavi samSobloSi arsebuli konfliqtis an stiqiurikatastrofis gamo. aseT SemTxvevaSi susti saxelmwifo iZulebulia,Sida areulobis, sisustisa da cudi ekonomikuri Tu politikurimdgomareobis kvaldakval, migrantTa did nakadsac gaumklavdes.rogorc wina qveTavSi aRvniSneT, arsebobs imigranti jgufebis mierkonfliqtis mimReb sazogadoebaSi/qveyanaSi `gadaRvris~ riski.56aseT viTarebaSi susti saxelmwifo institutebis da iZulebiTimigraciis faqtorebis gavlena, kargad Cans siriis krizisidan,romelmac mniSvnelovani sirTuleebis winaSe daayena TiTqmis yvelamezobeli qveyana _ erayi, iordania, TurqeTi da libani, magram kon­54 E. Susan, S. E. Rice, S. Patrick, Index of State Weakness in the Developing World, Brookings Institution, Global Economy and Development 2008. nanaxia 10.05.2016 w. http://brook.gs/2vGc40n.55 Martin O. Heisler, Zig Layton-Henry, Migration and the links between social and societal security; ix. krebulSi `Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe~ eds. Buzan, B., Woever, O. et al. St. Martin’s Press, 1993. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. https://blackboard.angelo.edu/bbcswebdav.56 Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security, gv. 165-199;544 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

fliqti yvelaze mwvaved eraySi `gadaiRvara~.57 aRsaniSnavia, rommsgavs situaciaSi Tavs daucvelad grZnobs rogorc mimRebi qveynissazogadoeba, ise imigranti, romelic mxardaWeras arc saxelmwifosganelis da arc samoqalaqo sazogadoebisgan (samoqalaqo sazogadoebaaseT qveynebSi an ar arsebobs, an sustad aris ganviTarebuli).cxadia, iZulebiTi migracia da susti saxelmwifoebi ar aris kon­fliqtis `gadaRvris~ erTaderTi gamomwvevi mizezi; amaSi mniSvne­lovan rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso politikuri koniunqtura,gareSe Zalebis finansuri da samxedro daxmareba, regionis mosax­leobas Soris eTnikuri kavSirebi, media da sxva mravali. yvelazemoT ganxilul magaliTSi yuradRebas mxolod migraciis rolzevamax­ vilebT, radgan es aris am Tavis, da mTlianad saxelmZRvanelos,Seswavlis mTavari sagani.saxelmwifo institutebis sisustem sxvadasxva situaciaSi SeiZlebaiCinos Tavi, magaliTad, swrafi socialuri transformaciis ansaerTaSoriso geopolitikuri garemos radikaluri cvlilebisas dasxv. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg radikalurad Secvlilma Sidada gare politikurma viTarebam mravali gamowvevis winaSe daayenayvela yofili sabWoTa qveyana, magram samoqalaqo dapirispireba daSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi im qveynebSi gaRvivda, sadac sazogadoebissxvadasxva eTnikur, religiur Tu socialur jgufs gansxvavebulida erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli identobebi hqonda. ssrk-s daSlisSemdeg samoqalaqo, eTnikurma da saxelmwifoTaSorisma konfliqtebmaTavi iCina saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, moldovaSi, tajikeTSi,azerbaijansa da somxeTSi. identobis krizisi da sazogadoebebs Sorisdapirispireba msgavsi konfliqtebis gaRvivebis mxolod erT-erTiganmapirobebeli faqtoria, sxva Sida Tu gare politikur mizezebTanerTad. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis analizisasaucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli da dasafiqrebelia, ramdenadaxerxebs saxelmwifo da mimRebi sazogadoeba qveyanaSi SeqmnileTnik­ur, religiur Tu kulturul umciresobaTa integracias dasxvadasxva jgufs Soris dapirispirebis safuZvlebis aRmofxvras.am SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara imdenad axal imigrantebze, ramdenadacaTwleulebisa da aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi xangrZlivi migraciisSedegad Camoyalibebul jgufebze.5857 William Young, David Stebbins, Bryan A. Frederick, Omar Al-Shahery, From the Conflict in Syria. RAND Corporation, 2014. nanaxia 12.07.2015 w. http://bit.ly/2w4Lhf8.58 aRsaniSnavia, rom postsabWoTa qveynebSi eTnikuri umciresobebis jgufebi Cneboda iZulebiTi gadasaxlebisa da migraciis Sedegad (eTnikuri osebi Sida qarTlSi, eT- nikuri somxebi qvemo qarTlSi, javaxeTSi), aseve saxelmwifo sazRvrebis cvlilebis gamo (saingilo azerbaijanSi da sxv.); Tumca xdeboda sxvadasxva umciresobis neba­ yoflobiTi (Sida) migraciac.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 545

ar arsebobs calsaxa pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor unda miudgnen saxelmwifoinstitutebi imigrantTa CarTvas mimRebi sazogadoebis yofaSi iseTiTanacxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad, romelic saSiSroebas ar Seuqmnissaxelmwifos, sazogadoebisa Tu individis usafrTxoebas. ucxoelTaintegraciis warmateba damokidebulia mimRebi qveynis politikur,socialur da ekonomikur pirobebze, samoqalaqo sazogadoebissiZlieresa da rolze, mimRebi sazogadoebis tolerantobis donesada sxva mraval faqtorze.15.4.3. diasporatransnacionalur urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebisa da arasamTavrobojgufebisa da organizaciebis rolis zrdasTan erTad, saerTaSorisopolitikur asparezze diasporuli jgufebis mniSvnelobamacimata. dRes sazRvargareT mcxovrebi emigrantebisa da diasporisZlieri qseli efeqtiani meqanizmia ara mxolod warmoSobisqveynis ganviTarebisTvis, investiciebisa da fuladi gzavnilebismobilizebisTvis; rogorc zemoT, somxeTis magaliTze aRvniSneT,diasporul jgufebs, rig SemTxvevebSi, aqvT unari da survili,Caerion warmoSobis qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur movlenebSi dafinansuri, samxedro, politikuri Tu sxva daxmareba aRmouCinon amaTu im politikur Zalas samSobloSi, gaaumjobeson an gaauaresonwarmoSobisa da mimRebi qveynebis urTierTobebi.59 rig SemTxvevebSi,diasporis wevrebma SesaZloa SeinarCunon warmoSobis qveynismoqalaqeoba, rac maT sakuTari qveynis politikur cxovrebaSimonaw­ileobis legitimur uflebas utovebs, ganurCevlad imisa,romel qveyanaSi cxovroben amJamad. msoflio bankis erT-erTikvlevis mixedviT, qveynebSi, romlebsac mniSvnelovani diasporuligaerTianebebi hyavT sazRvargareT, 6-jer ufro maRalia Sida dapiris­pirebisa da konfliqtis ganaxlebis Sansi, vidre im saxelmwifoebSi,romlebsac aseTi organizebuli jgufebi ar hyavT.60istoriaSi mravlad moiZebneba diasporis mier warmoSobis qveynissaSinao saqmeebSi Carevis precedentebi; Tumca, aseve xSiria maga­liTebi, rodesac diaspora maqsimalurad depolitizebulia da Tavsaridebs romelime ZalasTan asocirebas. amgvarad, diaspora SeiZ­leba iyos konfliqtis momrigebeli an piriqiT, gamamZafrebeliZala, an ubralod Tavi Seikavos orive rolisgan.61 CaerTveba Tuara diaspora konfliqtSi, gaamwvavebs Tu piriqiT, daaregulirebs59 Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security, gv. 165-199.60 Paul Collier, Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy, World Bank, 2000.61 Hazel Smith and Paul Stares, Diasporas in Conflict. United Nations University, 2007. gv. 10. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/sample-chapters/1140-DiasporasInConflict.pdf546 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

movlenebs, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebzea damokidebuli. pirvelrigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia istoriuli mizezebi anu konfliqtisxasiaTi, diasporis mier samSoblos datovebis sababi da sxv. asevemniSvnelovania, rogor da rodis Camoyalibda igi, ramdenad organi­zebulia da romel qveyanaSia yvelaze mravalricxovnad warmo­dgenili. magaliTad, eritriis diasporam didi roli iTamaSa da­mouk­ideblobisTvis gaCaRebul brZolasa da eTiopia-eritriiskonfliqtis mogvarebaSi.62 qurTuli diasporis eraySi Carevas da­debiTi Sedegic mohyva da uaryofiTic, rac cxadyofs, rom diasporamerTsa da imave konfliqtze SeiZleba sxvadasxva gavlena moaxdinos.63meore mxriv, aSS-Si mcxovrebma kolumbiurma diasporam Tavi SeikavakonfliqtSi Carevisagan amerikaSi Tavisi statusis gauaresebisSiSiT.64zogadad, diasporuli jgufebi, asocirebulni legitimur poli­tikur liderebsa an organizaciebTan, ufro konstruqciulad dakano­n­ieri meqanizmebiT erTvebian procesebSi, vidre emigrantTa isgaerTianebebi, romlebsac ar aRiareben saerTaSoriso doneze. racufro inkluziuria politikuri sistema, miT nakleb konfrontaciuliadiaspora.65rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, warmoSobis qveynis stabilurobisTvisSesaZloa mniSvnelovani gamowveva aRmoCndes emigraciaSi myofimoqalaqeebis masobrivi dabrunebac, gansakuTrebiT, Tu amis mizeziemigrantTa mimReb qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebia da ara warmoSobisqveynis erTbaSad gazrdili mimzidveloba (rogorc es israelisdamoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi xdeboda, rodesac saxelmwifoTviTon iyo dainteresebuli ebraelTa `dabrunebiT~). aseTi gamo­wvevis magaliTia 2006 wels saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa deportaciaruseTidan da `iZulebiTi~ dabruneba samSobloSi.66 analogiuriproblemis winaSe dganan dRes centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebi,sadac emigrirebul moqalaqeTa masobriv dabrunebas elian ruseTSidawyebuli ekonomikuri krizisisa da gamZafrebuli antiimigraciuliganwyobis gamo.67 moqalaqeTa masobrivi dabruneba mokle droSi upir­vel­ esad qveynis ekonomikasa da samuSao bazarze axdens gavlenas –ekonomikam unda daasaqmos dabrunebulni, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,62 iqve, gv. 240.63 iqve, gv. 214.64 iqve, gv. 147 - 148.65 Denise Natali, Kurdish Interventions in the Iraq War; ix. krebulSi Diasporas in Conflict eds. Smith, H. and Stares, P. United Nations University Press, 2007; gv.196-216. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2witSj9.66 ix. kazusi migraciisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TavSi.67 The Interpreter, Massive exodus of migrant workers from Russia begins. 22/12/2014; Business Insider, Russia’s migrant workers are leaving, 19/12/2014.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში 547

izrunos maT profesiul gadamzadebaze an/da gazardos socialuridaxmarebis xarjebi. Tu saxelmwifos ar aqvs resursi am zomebismisaRebad, migrantTa dabrunebas siZneleebi mohyveba qveynissocialur, ekonomikur, integraciisa da politikur sferoebSi. dabolos, fuladi gzavnilebis Semcireba uaryofiTad aisaxeba qveynissocialur-ekonomikur fonze.15.5. adamianis usafrTxoeba da migraciaadamianis usafrTxoebis Sefasebis mTavari kriteriumi misi cxovrebisxarisxia. piris usafrTxoeba daculia, Tu mas aqvs TavisufaliarCevanis ufleba, xeli miuwvdeba samuSao bazarsa da sazogadoebissxva wevrebisTvis xelmisawvdom socialur saSualebebze da SeuZliaicxovros mSvidobian garemoSi. adamianis usafrTxoebis cneba aseTiformiT gaerom 1994 wels Camoayaliba68 da gamoyo usafrTxoebis SvidiZiriTadi sfero, esenia:1. ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba (mag. minimaluri Semosavlis uzrunvel­ yofa);2. sasursaTo usafrTxoeba (mag. sakvebis xelmisawvdomoba);3. jandacva (mag. samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba da epi­ demiuri daavadebebisgan dacva);4. garemos usafrTxoeba (mag. klimatis cvlilebiT gamowveuli bu­ nebrivi kataklizmebisgan dacva);5. pirovnuli usafrTxoeba (mag. saxelmwifos, sxvadasxva jgufisa Tu adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis safrTxis Semcveli movlenebisgan dacva);6. Temis/sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba (mag. sazogadoebisTvis saziano movlenebisgan dacva);7. politikuri usafrTxoeba (mag. adamianis uflebebiTa da Tavisuf­ lebebiT sargebloba da politikuri zewolisgan dacva).6968 Human Development Report; New York: Oxford University Press; UNDP, 1994, New York: Oxford University Press; gv. 24 -32. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/1bnKsJR.69 Earl Conteh-Morgan, Globalization and Human Security: A Neo-Gramscian Perspective; the International Journal of Peace Studies; t. 6, # 2, 2001.548 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

zemoT CamoTvlili elementebi adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebulifundamenturi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebia. mis usafrTxoebassaSiSroeba eqmneba, rodesac es uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi irRveva.qveynebi, sadac arastabilurobaa da konfliqti mZvinvarebs, veruzrunvelyofen sakuTari mosaxleobis uflebaTa saTanado dacvas,rac xSirad iZulebiTi migraciis mizezi xdeba.iZulebiTi migracia klimaturma cvlilebebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios.klimatis cvlileba adamianis usafrTxoebis seriozuli safrTxea;sxvadasxva prognoziT, globaluri daTboba da okeanis donismateba samomavlod iZulebiT migrantTa raodenobas 25 milionidan1 miliardamde gazrdis.70 migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciismonacemebiT, mxolod 2014 wels klimatis cvlilebis Sedegad 10.3milioni adamiani gaxda iZulebuli, daetovebina sacxovrebeliadgili.71 ekologiuri migrantebisTvis yvelaze didi sirTulesamarTlebrivi statusis arqonaa. arc erovnuli kanonmdeblobebiTda arc saerTaSoriso samarTliT bolomde Camoyalibebuli ar aris,vin moiazreba ekologiur migrantad da ra tipis daxmareba ekuTvnisaseT pirs. saqarTveloSi ekologiuri migraciis ZiriTad gamomwvevmizezad miwisZvra, mewyeri, Rvarcofi da wyaldidoba saxeldeba.72 1980-iani wlebidan dRemde aTobiT aTasi adamiani iZulebiT gadaadgildaqveynis SigniT. maT nawils saxelmwifo sacxovrebeli adgilisgamoyofiT daexmara. Tumca saxelmwifo daxmarebas arasistemurixasiaTi aqvs, pirvel rigSi, ekologiuri migrantis samarTlebrividefiniciis da SeTanxmebuli kriteriumebis ararsebobis gamo.ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSi, usafrTxoebis interesebisfarglebSi moqmedebisas, saxelmwifo iTvaliswinebs koleqtiurusafrTxoebas. cxadia, koleqtivSi individsac aqvs sakuTarimosazrebis an prioritetis gamoxatvis ufleba, magram yvelasinteress yovelTvis Tanabrad ar an ver daakmayofileb. nebismieripolitikis formirebisas, policiis momsaxurebis gaumjobesebaiqneba Tu socialuri politikis konkretuli sakiTxi, rogorc wesi,garkveuli jgufebis interesebs sxva jgufebze metad iTvaliswineben.adamianis usafrTxoeba kidev ufro sayuradReboa, Tu mas mikerebuliaqvs iseTi iarliyebi, rogoricaa `ucxoeli~, `imigranti~, `meoreTaobis imigranti~ da sxv. migrantis pirovnuli usafrTxoeba irRveva,rodesac mis mimarT gamoxatulia eTnikur an socialur statusze, kanisfersa Tu sxva niadagze aRmocenebuli diskriminacia da qsenofobiurigamovlinebebi. Sesabamisad, migrantis usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT,70 Weiss, K., the making of a climate refugee, Foreign Policy, 2015. 54971 Laczko, F., Migration Flows to Europe. Global Migration Data Analysis Centre, IOM, 2015.72 CENN, Ecomigration in Georgia. Background, Gaps and Recommendations, 2013.მიგრაციისა და უსაფრთხოების ურთიერთკავშირი მსოფლიოსა და საქართველოში