Migration Textbook

ruka 2. migrantTa nakadebi evropis mimarTulebiT 1990-ian wlebSi32 islandia CrdiloeTis migracia dasavleT evropaSi 3000 yinulovani 1990-ian wlebSi okeane maRalSemosavliani qveynebi mosaxleobis masiuri moZraoba SvedeTi fineTi 430 000 40 000 norvegia gaerTianebuli 150 000 samefo baltiis sabWoTa blokis sxva 1.9 mln CrdiloeTis zRva saxelmwifoebi: zRva 2.4 mln gaemgzavra dasavleTSi, holandia belgia 760 000 64%- germaniaSi 320 000atlantis germaniaokeane luqsemburgi 6.7 mln 110 000 safrangeTi Sveicaria 3.5 mln 1.2 m. avstria 350 000 slovenia espaneTi 480 000 110 000 yofili iugoslavia: italia 600,000 gaemgzavra 1 mln dasavleTSi xmelTaSua z Savi zRva Rva TurqeTi: CrdiloeT afrika: 2 mln droebiTi migranti muSaki, 2 mln imigranti marokodan, mravlesoba germaniaSi alJiridan da tunisidan, umravlesoba safrangeTSi2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristulma aqtebma Secvala damoki­debuleba migrantTa mimarT da dRis wesrigSi daayena usafrTxoebissakiTxi. migraciis e.w `sekiuritizaciam~ daniSnulebis qveynebismigraciis politikaze didi gavlena moaxdina.33migraciis `tradiciuli~ qveynebi – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia da argentina, romelTa erebisformireba masStaburi istoriuli migraciis Sedegia, kvlav iRebenimigrantebs (cxadia, sxvadasxva odenobiT), Tumca, mosaxleobisteritoriuli gadaadgilebis procesma axali formebi damimarTulebebi SeiZina. centralur da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi32 ruka momzadebulia Semdegi publikaciis safuZelze: Lydia Michelič Pulsiper, World Regional Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2000; gv. 183.33 migraciis da usafrToxebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ixileT am saxelmZRane- los me-15 TavSi.200 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aqtiuria rogorc emigracia, ise imigracia; Crdilo afrikisa da axloaRmosavleTis vrceli sivrce, marokodan iranamde, mosaxleobiskompleqsuri gadaadgilebiT gamoirCeva. iseTi saxelmwifo, rogo­ricaa TurqeTi, SromiTi resursis donori iyo, axla ki imigraciisqveyanaa, romelic dReisaTvis 2.7 mln siriel ltolvils ifa­ravs.34 sparseTis yuris saxelmwifoebi imigraciis arealia, iraniki ltolvilTa mTavari mimRebi qveyana gaxda avRaneTisa da pakis­tanisaTvis. afrikaSi istoriuli metropolia-koloniis gavlenakvlav moqmedebs – Crdilo afrikis qveynebidan nakadebi safrangeTSimiemarTeba; amavdroulad, afrikas ufro meti ltolvili hyavs,vidre nebismier regions msoflioSi. migraciebi laTinur amerikasada aziaSi rTuli da kompleqsuria.357.4. migraciis geografia dawvrilebiT: msoflio regionebisaerTaSoriso migracia globalizaciis ganuyofeli nawilia, romelicgavlenas axdens msoflios mosaxleobaze. am qveTavSi ganxilulia, Turogor aisaxeba es cvlilebebi calkeul regionebze. Cveni mizaniamsoflio migraciis geografiuli suraTis warmoCena evraziis,Crdilo da samxreT amerikis, avstraliisa da afrikis kontinentebze,konkretuli saxelmwifoebis magaliTze. mniSvnelovania, vaCvenoTmosaxleobis saerTaSoriso teritoriul–sivrciTi gadaadgilebismTavari mimarTulebebi. am nawilSi visaubrebT maspinZel qveyanaSimigrantTa miRebisa da damkvidrebis proceszec mokle istoriulkonteqstSi (meore msoflio omis Semdeg dRemde), rac uSualodmimRebi da warmoSobis qveynebis migraciul politikas ukavSirdeba.vinaidan SeuZlebelia TiToeuli saxelmwifos dawvrilebiT mimoxilva,isini SeirCa konkretuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT ― kerZod,ganvixilavT mxolod im qveynebs, romelTa dRevandeli socialur–ekonomikuri, genderul–asakobrivi, demografiuli da kulturulisaxis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli migraciul procesebsmiuZRvis. SedarebiT vrclad aris warmodgenili saqarTvelo, mkiTxve­lisaTvis am Temis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare.34 UNHCR, Syrian Regional Refugee Response, nanaxia 02.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/1jsBiUu. 20135 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age, gv. 13-14.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია

7.5. evropa7.5.1. gaerTianebuli samefogaerTianebuli samefo erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc didi odenobisimigranti miiRo 1948 wlis britanuli erovnuli aqtis safuZvelze.dokumenti yofili imperiis koloniaTa moqalaqeebs aZlevda rogorcbritaneTSi Sesvlis SeuzRudav uflebebs, ise farTo politikuruflebebsac, arCevnebSi monawileobis CaTvliT.36 meore msoflioomis damTavrebisTanave qveyanaSi 90 aTasi ltolvili Cavida yofilibanakebidan da italiidan, 1946-1959 wlebSi ki am ricxvs 350 aTasiirlandieli SromiTi migranti daemata, romlebic ZiriTadad,mrewvelobasa da mSeneblobaze dasaqmdnen. maT male ojaxis wevrebsacuxmes da britaneTis mudmiv mosaxleobas SeuerTdnen. 1961 wlisaTvisTanamegobrobis qveynebidan Casuli 541 aTasi imigranti cxovrobdagaerTianebul samefoSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1962 da 1971 wlisaqtebi imigraciis Sesaxeb mkveTrad zRudavs sxva qveynis moqalaqeTamiRebas, 1981 wlisaTvis britaneTSi 1.5 mln migranti mainc imyofebodaTanamegobrobis saxelmwifoebidan. mTavari mizezi ki iyo is, rom maTiudidesi nawili iq mudmiv sacxovreblad Cadioda, Semdeg ki, ojaxisgaerTianebis mizniT, naTesavebic CahyavdaT.rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli rasobrivurTierTobaTa aqti 1965 wels miiRes did britaneTSi. Sedegad,erovnulma umciresobebma SeZles, warmatebisaTvis mieRwiaT da TavidaemkvidrebinaT maRali rangis samTavrobo struqturebSic ki.1994-2000 wlebSi britaneTis migraciis saldo dadebiTi iyo da 2,589,700kacs iTvlida. migrantTa yvelaze did jgufs studentebi qmnidnen(qveyanaSi SemosulTa 40%).37 2000 wlisaTvis qveyanam ganacxada, rombritaneTi yovelTvis iyo imigrantuli nacia da mis interesebSi kvlavSedioda saukeTeso axalgazrda profesionalTa mizidva.382001 da 2011 wlebis aRweraTa Soris 55.9%-iT moimata imigrantTaraodenobam indoeTidan, 49%-iT bangladeSidan, imave odenobiTpakist­ anidan, 76.6%-iT Sri lankadan da 959%-iT poloneTidan. imav­droulad, 30.5%-iT moiklo imigraciam kviprosidan, hong kon­gidan da irlandiidan. rac Seexeba imigracias centraluri daaRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan, 2011 wlis aRweraSi isini (ru­sebi, baltiispirelebi, ungrelebi da yofili iugoslaviis mosax­36 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 112.37 Franck Düvell and Bastian Vollmer,United kingdom. ixileT krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, eds. Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishig Limited, 2014, gv. 366.38 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv.112.202 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

leoba) gaerTiandnen qvejgufSi `sxva kavkasielebi~, romelSic1.932.600 piri iricxeba. 2001-2011 wlebSi maTi mateba 4.3% iyo.39 imi­grantTa mniSvnelovani zrda evrokavSiris qveynebidan didwiladganpirobebulia Tavisufali mimosvlis nebarTviT, romelic evro­kavSiris 28 saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs uflebas aZlevs, kvali­fikaciismixedviT dasaqmdnen evropul ekonomikur sivrceSi (evrokavSirissaxelmwifoebis garda, Sedis norvegia, islandia da lixtenStaini),muSaobis nebarTvis gareSe, da darCnen SromiTi xelSekrulebisdasrulebis Semdegac (ix. cxrili 1).40cxrili 1. qveynebi did britaneTSi mcxovreb migrantTa warmoSobis adgilis mixedviT41 dabadebis adgili wili yvela ucxoels Soris (%)indoeTi 9.4poloneTi 8.7pakistani 6.4irlandia 5.1germaniasamxreTi afrika 4aSS 2.6nigeria 2.5bangladeSi 2.4Srilanka 2.3 2.1imigrantTa teritoriuli gadanawileba qveyanaSi metad araTanabaria.2013 wlis monacemebiT, maTi 37% Tavmoyrilia londonSi da 13% qveynissamxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi.42 eTnikuri umciresobebi umniSvnelodarian warmodgenilni saganmanaTleblo sferoSi, pedagogebad (6.3%),aseve policiaSic (4.8%). yvelaze xSirad isini saqmdebian momsaxurebisseqtorSi – sastumroebis biznesSi, satransporto da jandacvissferoebSi (45%).432010 wels didma britaneTma TavSesafris gancxadebaTa 74%-s uariTupasuxa da mxolod 23%-s mianiWa dadebiTi statusi. isini ZiriTadadmodiodnen iranidan, avRaneTidan, zimbabvedan, pakistanidan da Srilankadan.44 2015 wels miRebul ganacxadTa 61%-ma uaryofiTi pasuxi39 Düvell and Vollmer, United Kingdom, gv. 369. 20340 European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=457.41 cxrili Seadgina avtorma sxvadasxva wyaros gamoyenebiT.42 iqve.43 Düvell and Vollmer, United Kingdom, gv. 369.44 iqve.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია

miiRo pirveli instanciidan, 34%-s mieniWa TavSesafari, xolodarCe­nil nawils qveyanaSi legalurad yofnis sxvagvari formebiganesazRvra. ganacxadTa umetesoba modioda iseT qveynebze,rogoricaa eritrea, irani, sudani, siria da pakistani. mTlianobaSi,didma britaneTma 2015 wels 32.5 aTasi ganacxadi miiRo TavSesafrismoTxovniT. es cifri 29%-iT aRemateboda 2014 wlis monacemebs.457.5.2. safrangeTimeore msoflio omis Semdeg safrangeTma bevri imigranti miiRoyofili koloniebidan.1945 wels qveyanaSi daarsda imigraciis erovnuli ofisi, romlismTavari mizani iyo sakuTari SromiTi resursis Sevseba migrantimuSaxeliT samxreT evropidan. metad dabali Sobadobisa da omisdanakargis gamo, safrangeTi mxars uWerda ojaxebiT imigracias.1940-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 1950-ian wlebSi qveyanam uamraviimigranti miiRo yofili koloniebidan, gansakuTrebiT Crdiloafrikidan (alJiri, maroko da tunisi)da aziidan, kerZod, vietnamidan.46safrangeTis 1958 wlis konstituciis Sesabamisad misi yvela moqalaqefrangi gaxldaT, ganurCevlad enisa, eTnosisa da religiisa.amdenad, raki qveynis mTavroba ar cnobda eTnikurobas, arcaqveynebda statistikas erovnul umciresobaTa Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad,multikulturalizmis idea da calkeuli programebi imigrantTaTvis– ganaTlebis, samuSaos an binadrobis xelmisawvdomobaze – ararsebobda, radgan aseTi midgoma miiCneoda diskriminaciad.47 amanZalian gaamZafra segregacia qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT araevropelimigrantebTan mimarTebiT, da isini Sromis bazris ukanasknelsafexurze aRmoCndnen. 1960-ian wlebSi warmoiqmna e.w. bidonvilebi― `barakebis~ ubani franguli qalaqebis SemogarenSi, sadacsaxlobdnen uRaribesi migrantebi.48 1970 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi 2 mlnucxoeli iricxeboda, sul 690 aTasi ojaxi.49 safrangeTis mTavrobismier imigrantTa sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebisa daintegraciisaTvis gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da programebi uSedegoaRmoCnda. metic, Sedegad warmoiqmna axali getoebi.2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikis zogierT seqtorSi gaCndarogorc kvalificiuri, ise arakvalificiuri SromiTi resursis45 Refugee Council Information: Asylum statistics annual trends, nanaxia 20.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vZhGUw.46 iqve, gv. 109.47 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 112.48 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age, gv. 109.49 iqve, gv. 106.204 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saWiroeba. gamoqveynda im samuSaoTa sia, romlebzec moTxovna iyo daimigrantebs SeuzRudavi dasaqmebis saSualeba miecaT. kvalificiurucxoel SromiT resursze moTxovna gaCnda iseT dargebSi,rogoricaa Tanamedrove kompiuteruli da samSeneblo teqnologiebi,aviacia, soflis meurneoba, manqanaTmSenebloba, liTondamuSaveba,metalurgia da avejis warmoeba; arakvalificiurma resursma ki,umetesad ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT Casul imigrantTa saxiT,mcire biznesis, vaWrobis, momsaxurebis sferosa da araformaluriseqtoris TanamSromelTa rigebi Seavso.50 Tumca, 2011 wels SemuSavdakriteriumebi, romlebic zRudavda ojaxebis gaerTianebas daTavSesafris miniWebas, aseve, SromiT migracias da studentebisdarCenas qveyanaSi swavlis dasrulebis Semdgom.51bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTSi SeiniSneba axalCamo­sulTa raodenobis 200 aTasi kaciT zrda yovelwliurad, rac gamoiwviaramdenime mizezma: ojaxis gaerTianeba, TavSesafris maZiebelTaraodenobis zrda (2015 wlisaTvis ltolvilTa raodenobam Seadgina264,972, xolo TavSesafris maZiebelTa ricxvma - 53,827).52ucxoelTa 40% il de fransis regionSi (parizis Semogareni) cxovrobs.ixileT qvemoT cxrili 2 migrantTa warmoSobis qveynebis Sesaxeb: 53cxrili 2. qveynebi safrangeTSi mcxovreb migrantTa warmoSobis adgilis mixedviT54migrantTa warmoSobis qveynebi safrangeTis imigranti mosaxleobis wili (%)portugaliaalJiri 8maroko 7didi britaneTi 7espaneTi 5italia 5germania 4rumineTi 4tunisi 3CineTi 3 350 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age, gv. 225.51 Catherine Wihtol Wenden, France. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruby Gropas, 135-146. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014, gv. 137.52 iqve.53 iqve, gv. 140.54 cxrili Seadgina avtorma sxvadasxva wyaros gamoyenebiT.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 205

7.5.3. germaniaraki germania ar flobda koloniebs pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,Sesabamisad, arc postkoloniuri migrantebi miuRia meore msoflioomis Semdeg. Tumca, man kari gauRo imigrantebs iseTi qveynebidan,rogoricaa portugalia, espaneTi, italia, iugoslavia da saberZneTi,mogvianebiT ki TurqeTic. yvela am tipis SromiTma resursma miiRomuSaobis ufleba, magram ara moqalaqeoba. am adamianebs `stumarimuSaxeli“ anu gastarbaiterebi ewodaT. germaniiis saxelmwifo maTaZlevda qveyanaSi nebismieri vadiT yofnis uflebas, aTwleulebiTacki, magram isini ucxoelebad miiCneodnen da, sabolood, undadabrunebuliyvnen TavianT samSobloSi.55meore msoflio omis Semdgom, germaniis or saxelmwifod gayofisgamo, milionobiT germanelma Seicvala sacxovrebeli adgili, magram1961 wlidan aRmosavleT germaniam Caketa sazRvrebi, riTac Sewydamosaxleobis gadasvla dasavleT germaniaSi. sanacvlod, 1980-ianiwlebidan, SromiTi resursis naklebobis gamo, aRmosavleT germaniamdaiwyo specialistTa `importireba~ poloneTidan, Cexoslovakiidan,kubidan da vietnamidan.561973 wlidan dasavleT germaniaSi aRar iyo muSaxelis deficiti daqveyana cdilobda imigrantTa ukan gawvevas, Tumca, es ar moxerxda.imigrantebi, romlebic aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi germaniaSicxovrobdnen, axla `ucxoeTad~ TavianT samSoblos miiCnevdnen,57metic, 1973-1990 wlamde maTi ojaxebi erTiandebodnen; amave periodSiqveyanaSi bevri ltolvili Cavida politikurad arastabiluri laTi­nuri amerikisa da afrikis qveynebidan; aseve Cavidnen politikuriTavSe­safris maZiebelni socialisturi qveynebidan da imigrantebiTurqeTidan.581990-iani wlebidan qveyanaSi imigraciis axali talRa daiwyo eTni­kuri germanelebis saxiT, romlebic yofili socialisturi resp­ub­likebidan brundebodnen istoriul samSobloSi; 1991–2001 wlebiskonfliqtebis Sedegad, qveyanaSi migrantebi Cavidnen iugosla­viidanac.2000 wlidan Tavi iCina demografiulma problemam, eris daberebisa daaxalgazrda specialistTa naklebobis saxiT. am periodidan germaniaaqtiurad ixmobda kompiuterul mecnierebaTa specialistebs,gansakuT­rebuli samuSao nebarTviT, romelic mogvianebiT gafar­55 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 112.56 Dita Vogel and Vesela Kovacheva. Germany. ixileT krebulSi European Immigration: a Source- book, eds. Triandafyllidou A, and Gropas R., 148, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014. gv. 148.57 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 112.58 Vogel and Kovacheva, `Germany~, gv. 148.206 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Tovda. ucxo specialistis kvalifikaciis cnobis kanonis safuZvelze,axla aqtiurad iwveven sxva maRalkvalificiur profesionalebsac– inJinrebs, programistebs, maTematikosebs, sabunebismetyvelomecnierebaTa praqtikosebs da a.S. es SeTavazeba friad mimzidveliaakademiuri sferos warmomadgenlebisa da eqimebisTvisac, romelTawliuri Semosavali 2005 wels 86,500 evro iyo, Tumca, 2012 wlisaTvisis 34,944 evromde Semcirda.59 germaniaSi Casul imigrantTa umetesobasTurqebi, polonelebi, ruminelebi da yofili iugoslaviis saxelm­wifos moqalaqeebi Seadgendnen.2010 wlisaTvis 15.6 mln germaniis mkvidri miekuTvneboda kategorias`mosaxleoba migraciuli warsuliT~ (sazRvargareT dabadebuli; sxvaeTnosis warmomadgeneli, dabadebuli germaniaSi; yvela germaneli,romelic an sazRvargareT daibada, an erT-erTi mSobeli ucxoelihyavs). aqedan 10% polonuri warmoSobisa iyo, amdenive – iugoslaviuri,19% – Turquli da 16% – aziuri, 42% ki evrokavSiris moqalaqe gaxldaT(garda poloneTisa). Turqebis, berZnebis, italielebisa da xorvatebis70% ukve oc welze metia germaniaSi cxovrobs.60 cxrili 3. qveynebis aTeuli germaniaSi mcxovreb migrantTa warmoSobis adgilis mixedviT da maTi raodenoba (2014)61 qveynebi ricxviTurqeTi 1,527,118poloneTi 674,152italia 574,530rumineTi 355,343saberZneTi 328,564xorvatia 263,347serbeTi 252,468ruseTi 221,413kosovo 184,662bulgareTi 183,263siriaSi mimdinare konfliqtis gamo, germania evrokavSiris imsaxelmwifoTa Sorisaa, romlebmac TavSesafris maZiebelTa yvelazedidi raodenoba miiRes. marto 2015 wels qveyanaSi daregistrirda476,649 TavSesafris ganacxadi, rac 2014 wlis maCvenebels (202,834)59 iqve, gv. 192. 20760 iqve.61 cxrili Seadgina avtorma sxvadasxva wyaros gamoyenebiT.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია

orjer aRemateba. aqedan 158,657 ganacxadi siriis moqalaqeebzemodioda, rac aseve aWarbebs 2014 wlis monacems (39,332).62 germanias qarTvelTa saimigracio qveynebis rigSi me-4 adgili uWiravs. misi statistikuri biuros monacemebiT, 2011 wlis bolos (mosaxleobis bolo aRricxvis TariRia) qveyanaSi cxovrobda saqarTvelos 13,835 moqalaqe (aqedan 2,500 studenti). migrantTa umetesoba qalia (64,2%).63 saqarTvelodan emigracias germaniaSi saganmanaTleblo da legaluri xasiaTi aqvs. erT- erTi farTomasStabiani kvlevisas, gamokiTxul migrantTa 79%-ma aRniSna, rom isini qveyanaSi saswavlad Cavidnen. respondentTa umetesobam ganacxada, rom maT aqvT cxovrebis nebarTva da viza. 2002 wlis Semdeg Cvenma 2,173-ma Tanamemamulem miiRo germaniis moqalaqeoba.647.5.4. italiabolo ocdaaTi welia italia saerTaSoriso migraciis mniSvnelovaniqveyana gaxda. manamde saxelmwifo mkveTrad zRudavda imigrantTamiRebas da eZebda gzebs efeqtiani deportaciisaTvis. Tumca, am zomebsSedegi ar mohyolia SromiT resursze bazris mzardi moTxovnisgamo da, Sesabamisad, mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, axali regulaciebiSeemuSavebina.65meore msoflio omis Semdeg italiaSi mniSvnelovani iyo mosaxleobisSida migracia samxreTis Raribi regionebidan CrdiloeTisaken, ramacdidad Seuwyo xeli qveynis industriuli samkuTxedis – milani,turini, genua – ganviTarebas. am Sida migraciam, Tavisi ekonomikurida socialuri xasiaTiT, didi gavlena moaxdina qveyanaze. emigraciamniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurda 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, masSemdeg, rac germaniam daiwyo migranti muSaxelis miReba samxreTevropisa da sxva qveynebidan, ormxrivi SromiTi xelSekrulebissafuZvelze.66 1970-ian wlebSi italiasa da CrdiloeT evropis62 Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, Das Bundesamt in Zahlen 2015, Asyl, nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/24xOLiu.63 Georgian Diaspora and Migrants’ Associations in Germany, Greece and Turkey: Transnational Reality and Links with Georgia, Viena, Austria:, International Center of Migration Policy Development, 2014; gv. 59.64 iqve gv. 61-62.65 Maurizio Ambrosini, Italy. In European Immigration: a Sourcebook, edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruby Gropas, 199-210. England: Ashgate Publishig Limited, 2014. gv. 199.66 Castle and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 106-107.208 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saimigracio qveynebs Soris gansxvavebas ganapirobebda SromiTi bazrisfaqtorebi – sxvaoba mosaxleobis Semosavlebs, sabazro konkurencias,sainv­ esticio garemosa da cxovrebis dones Soris.67 imigraciuli na­kadebis mniSvnelovani mateba italiaSi 1980-iani wlebidan daiwyo,roca britaneTma, germaniam da safrangeTma SezRudes imigrantTaSesvla TavianT qveynebSi. pirveli srulyofili saimigracio kanoniitaliam 1986 wels SeimuSava. igi aregulirebda SromiT migrantTaSemosvlas qveyanaSi da legalur statuss aniWebda samuSaos arsebobisSemTxvevaSi.68ucxoelTa ricxvi, evrokavSiris moqalaqeTa CaTvliT, italiaSi 1.5mln-dan (2003 w.) 4.4 mln-mde gaizarda (2013w.).69 2015 wels ucxoelebimTliani mosaxleobis 8.8%-s Seadgendnen.70evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebis SromiTi resursis Sesvla qveyanaSioficialurad regulirdeba wliuri kvotiT. yoveli wlis bolosSromis saministro aqveynebs vakansiebs, romlebsac dasaqmebisasociaciebi awvdian. Tumca, es cifri sakmaod mcirea da verakmayofilebs bazris realur moTxovnas. amis gamoa, rom qveyanaSimaRalia araregulirebad SromiT migrantTa ricxvi.712013 wels legalurad mcxovreb imigrantTa yvelaze did jgufsruminelebi qmnidnen (TiTqmis 1 mln adamiani), romlebzec 2007 welsevrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdeg aRar vrceldeba ucxoeli SromiTiresursis kvotirebis wesi. sididiT momdevno jgufSi erTiandebianalbanelebi (464,962) da marokoelebi (426,791); Semdeg arian Cinelebi(223,367) da ukrainelebi (191,175). 2013 wels qarTvel imigrantTaoficialuri raodenoba Seadgenda 9,123 pirs, romelTagan 7,746 qaligaxldaT.7267 Ali Mansoor and Bryce Quillin, eds. Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The World Bank, 2006, gv. 87.68 Ankica Kosic and Anna Triandafyllidou, Italy. In European Immigration: a Sourcebook, edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruby Gropas, 199-210. England: Ashgate Publishig Limited, 2009, gv. 186.69 Italian National Institute for Statistics, Istat, Immigration statistics, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://stra-dati.istat.it/?lang=en.70 iqve, National demographic balance, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://www.istat.it/en/archive/186990.71 Kosic and Triandafyllidou, Italy, gv. 187.72 Italian National Institute for Statistics, Istat, Immigration statistics, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://stra-dati.istat.it/?lang=en.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 209

cxrili 4. italiaSi legalurad mcxovreb imigrantTa warmoSobis ZiriTadi qveynebi (2013)73 warmoSobis qveynebi raodenobarumineTi 933,354albaneTi 464,962maroko 426,791CineTi 223,367ukraina 191,725filipinebi 139,835moldova 139,734peru 99,173bangladeSi 92,695poloneTi 88,839sxva 1,587,210sul 4,387,685italiaSi TavSesafris maZiebelTa didi raodenoba aralegaluradxmelTaSua zRvidan - maT Soris kunZul lampeduzadan - patara navebiTSedis, rac udides risks ukavSirdeba. 2015 wels am adgilebSi 3,771adamiani daiRupa da daikarga, 2016 wlis pirvel naxevarSi ki _ 2,951.74evrostatis mixedviT, italiaSi TavSesafris maZiebelTa ricxvi 10aTasidan (2010 w.) 84 aTasamde gaizarda (2015 w.).757.5.5. espaneTi1980 wlamde espaneTi, samxreT evropis sxva saxelmwifoebis msgavsad,emigraciis qveyana iyo. 1960-1962 wlebSi sxvadasxva SromiTixelSekruleba gaformda, erTi mxriv, espaneTis da, meore mxriv,safrangeTis, germaniis, avstriisa da Sveicariis mTavrobebs Soris.xelSekrulebebi erTgvari socialuri dacvis garantia gaxldaTespaneli emigrantTaTvis.7673 Italian National Institute for Statistics, Istat, Immigration statistics, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://stra-dati.istat.it/?lang=en.74 UNHCR, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean, regional overview, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php.75 EUROSTAT, Database, Asylum statistics, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1vbibQq.76 Ana Bravo-Moreno, Migration, Gender and National Identity: Spanish migrant Women in London. Peter Lung, Oxford: 2006, gv. 137. nanaxia 11.11.2015 w. http://bit.ly/2vBtqeP.210 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

emigraciis qveynis statusi TandaTanobiT icvleboda 1970-iani wlebisbolos da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. metic, evrokavSirSi SesvlisSemdeg, 1986 wels, ekonomikis aRmavlobasTan erTad espaneTma daiwyoimigrantTa miReba. amave periodidan iwyebs qveyana saimigraciokanonmdeblobis SemuSavebasac.2000 wlis Semdeg waxalisda imigracia laTinuri amerikis qveynebidan,ramac ojaxebiT gasvlas Seuwyo xeli.77 imigraciis donis gazrdis sxvamizezebs Soris iyo axalgazrda Taobis mzardi moTxovna ganaTlebasada maRalanazRaurebad samuSaoze, ramac mTel rig dargebSi,rogoricaa soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba, vaWroba, restornisbiznesi da damxmare Sroma ojaxebSi, muSaxelis deficiti warmoSva.es adgilebi imigrantebma Seavses, romlebic advilad Tanxmdebodneniaf anazRaurebas, arastabilur samuSaosa da socialurad daucvelmdgomareobaze.78imigrantTa Tavmoyris adgilebia: xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, ganviTa­rebuli turizmiTa da soflis meurneobiT, dedaqalaqi madridi dakatalonia.792008 wlidan ucxoelTa ricxvma kleba daiwyo espaneTSi. statistikiserovnuli institutis monacemTa mixedviT, amis mizezia emigraciisada nacionalizaciis erTiani efeqti.80 msoflio ekonomikurikrizisi espaneTis ekonomikaze mkveTrad aisaxa. umuSevrobis donemimigrantTa Soris 2011 wlisaTvis 36%-s miaRwia, gansakuTrebiT,samSeneblo seqtoris dazaralebis gamo. paralelurad, krizismaespanelTa emigraciasac ubiZga gaerTianebuli samefos, safrangeTis,germaniis, aSS-s, argentinis, CineTisa da avstraliis mimarTulebiT.81espaneTis statistikis erovnuli institutis monacemTa mixedviT,2008 wels 1.2 mln-mde imigrantma datova qveyana, magram isini maleCaanacvles ZiriTadad ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT Casulebma. bevriimigranti, romelic samSobloSi dabrunda, espaneTis moqalaqea, racmaT qveyanaSi Tavisufali mimosvlis saSualebas aZlevs.82amave wyaros mixedviT, 2016 wlis dasawyisSi 4,418,898 ucxoelicxovrobda espaneTSi, rac qveynis mosaxleobis 9.5%-sSeadgens.8377 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 114.78 Carmen González-Enríquez, Spain. ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, eds. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, 339-350. England: Ashgate Publishig Limited, 2014, gv. 339.79 iqve, gv. 339-340. 80 iqve.81 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 119.82 González-Enríquez, Spain, gv. 346.83 National Institute for Statistics, Resident population in Spain, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://www.ine.es/en/inebaseDYN/cp30321/cp_inicio_en.htm.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 211

cxrili 5. espaneTSi mcxovrebi ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi (2015)84 moqalaqeoba raodenobarumineTi 728,253maroko 717,992gaerTianebuli samefo 310,039ekvadori 214,039italia 180,823kolumbia 173,193CineTi 165,978germania 148,502bulgareTi 139,931bolivia 137,477sxva 1,770,819sul 4,677,059evrostatis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso migraciis krizisma espaneTzeufro naklebad imoqmeda, vidre mezobel italiaze, Tumca TavSesafrismaZiebelTa ricxvi 2014-2015 wlebSi mniSvnelovanwilad gaizarda.2015 wels 14,780 ganacxadi daregistrirda espaneTSi TavSesafrismoTxovniT, maSin, roca 2014 wels maTi raodenoba 5,615 iyo.857.5.6. saberZneTisaberZneTi 1980-ian wlebamde emigraciis qveyana gaxldaT. berZenTasakmaod mravalricxovani nakadebi miemarTebodnen germaniis, belgiis,aSS-sa da avstraliisaken. 1989 wlis geopolitikurma cvlilebebmais male aqcia imigraciis sivrced migrantTaTvis centralurievropidan da yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, mogvianebiT ki samxreT-aRmosavleT aziidan, axlo aRmosavleTidan da saharis samxreTiTmdebare afrikidanac.862000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saberZneTis ekonomikis liberalizaciamda privatizaciam bevri samuSao adgili Seqmna iseT SromatevaddargebSi, rogoricaa soflis meurneoba, turizmi da mSenebloba.84 National Institute for Statistics, Spain in Figures 2015, gv. 9. nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vBmgHG.85 EUROSTAT, Database, Asylum statistics, nanaxia 21.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1vbibQq.86 Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, Greece. ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, eds. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014, gv. 161.212 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

garda amisa, migranti muSaxelis misazidad ganmsazRvreli faqto­rebi aRmoCnda mzardi xelfasebi qveyanaSi, moxucTa wilis matebasaberZneTis mosaxleobaSi da berZen qalTa aqtiuri dasaqmeba maRal­kvalificiur Sromis bazarze.ucxoelTa mozRvaveba moulodneli iyo saberZneTis mTavrobisada xalxisaTvis. samarTlebrivi CarCos ararsebobis pirobebSimoumzadebeli aRmoCnda saimigracio politikis is meqanizmebi, riTacqveyana gaakontrolebda araregulirebad migrantTa saqmianobasekonomikis araformalur seqtorSi.pirveli kanoni ucxoelTa sakiTxis gadasawyvetad `Sesvla, gasvla,droe­biT cxovreba, dasaqmeba, ucxoelTa gaZeveba, ltolvilTacnoba/aRiarebis procedura da sxva RonisZiebebi~ Seiqmna 1991 wels.kanonma gaamkacra saimigracio politika, gansakuTrebiT dokumentebisarmqone imigrantTaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, momdevno wlebSi asia­TasobiT imigranti Sevida qveyanaSi binadrobis dokumentebis gareSe.87imigrantTa pirvel nakadebs Seadgendnen sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebipontoeli berZnebi saqarTvelodan, yazaxeTidan, ukrainidan,ruseTidan da somxeTidan. 2010 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 150 aTasikaci iyo, maT Soris, saqarTvelodan 17 aTasi, xolo ukrainidan – 21.5aTasi. eTnikur berZenTa udidesi jgufi Cavida albaneTidanac (492aTasi), aseve didi iyo nakadi bulgareTidan da rumineTidan.88msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gamo, migraciis talRam saberZneTSimoiklo 2010 wlis Semdeg. qveyanaSi gaizarda umuSevroba rogorcimigrant mamakacebs, ise qalebs Soris. gansakuTrebiT dazaraldasamSeneblo da satransporto seqtorebi, saSualo klasis bevrmaberZnulma ojaxma ki uari Tqva damxmare qalis ayvanaze.89 Sedegad,bevri albaneli dabrunda samSobloSi. krizisma gamoiwvia berZeniSromiTi resursis gadineba gaerTianebul samefoSi, germaniaSi,TurqeTSi, avstraliasa da aSS-Sic.90qsenofobiuri ganwyoba migrantTa mimarT SeiniSneba – saberZneTissazoga­doebaSic da politikur wreebSic. `oqros ganTiadma~ (GoldenDawn), neofaSisturma politikurma partiam, romelmac 2012 wlisarCevnebSi 21 mandati moipova saberZneTis parlamentSi, saxelm­wifopolitikis doneze aiyvana antiimigraciuli ideologia, TiTqosimigrantebi resursebsa da samuSaos arTmevdnen eTnikur berZ­nebs.87 iqve, gv. 141. 21388 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 115.89 iqve, gv. 168.90 iqve, gv. 119.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია

partia Zaladobrivi qmedebebiTac gamoirCeva da farulad fizi­kuradac uswordeba imigrantebs.91 2012 wlisaTvis qarTveli imigrantebi saberZneTSi raodenobrivad rigiT mesame jgufs qmnidnen, albanelebisa da bulgarelebis Semdeg. oficialuri monacemebiT, 23,482 dasaqmebuli qarTveli SromiTi migranti maTi mTliani odenobis 2.97%-s Seadgens; aqedan mxolod 13,596-s aqvs muSaobis nebarTva. saberZneTSi mcxovreb legalur da aralegalur qarTvel imigrantTa ricxvi, sxva wyaros mixedviT, 150 aTass aRwevs. zogierTi eqspertis monacemebiT, qarTvel migrantTa 70–80% qalia. isini ZiriTadad diasaxlisebad da momvlelebad muSaoben, mamakacebi ki – mSeneblobasa da sezonur samuSaoebze, soflad. italiis msgavsad, migraciis bolodroindelma krizisma didi gavlena moaxdina saberZneTzec, Tumca saberZneTSi Casuli migrantebi, TavSesafris moTxovnis nacvlad, gzas agrZeleben evropis sxva qveynebis mimarTulebiT. gaero-s ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis monacemTa mixedviT, 2015 wels 856,723 migranti Sevida saberZneTSi zRviT. 2016 wlis pirvel naxevarSi ki maTi ricxvi 158,937 iyo. 2016 wlis ivnisSi gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis ganxilvis qveS mxolod 56,853 piri moeqca (TavSesafris maZieblebi, ltolvilebi, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi da sxv.), rac miuTiTebs, rom migrantTa umetesobam gza ganagrZo saberZneTis gavliT, an isini sxvagan gadaiyvanes.7.6. migraciis mimoxilva centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis zogierT qveyanaSirogorc aRvniSneT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg socialisturibanakis qveynebSi saerTaSoriso migracia mkacrad regulirdebodada izRudeboda. amitomac, bevri postsabWoTa respublika civi omisSemdgom periods gasaocari optimizmiT Sexvda. qmnidnen ra axalsaxelmwifos, darwmunebulni iyvnen TavianTi qveynisa da sazogadoebisswraf warmatebaSi, Tumca, damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebisprocesi ukavSirdeboda ekonomikur, politikur da socialurgamowvevebs. swored am mizeziT, bevrma adamianma krizisul viTarebasqveynidan wasvliT upasuxa, zogierTisTvis es gadarCenis erTaderTigza gaxldaT.91 Samuel Blackstone, Anti-immigrant Sentiments in Greece is Growing Steadily Worse. Business Insider. September 1, 2012. nanaxia 15.11.2017 w.http://read.bi/2wbzHyP.214 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

1990-iani wlebidan migraciis pirveli talRa yofil sabWoTa kavSirSieTnikur umciresobaTa teritoriuli gadaadgilebiT aRiniSna.magaliTad, germanelebi dabrundnen germaniaSi, ebraelebi – israelSi,berZnebi – saberZneTSi da a.S. igive moxda sxva yofil respublikebSic.92amas garda, mTel rig respublikebSi mimdinare konfliqtebmacmZlavri biZgi misca Sida da gare migraciebs (ix. ruka 3).ruka 3. samoqalaqo konfliqtisa da ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad gadaadgilebuli mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiaSi (1988-2004)937.6.1. ruseTiregionis sxva qveynebis msgavsad, ruseTmac mxolod 1990-ian wlebSidaiwyo saerTaSoriso migraciis regulireba. es periodi gamoirCeodamasobrivi migraciuli procesebiT postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebs Soris,rasac Tan erTvoda regionSi gaRvivebuli Sida da saerTaSorisokonfliqtebi: 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi milionamde ltolvili iyo92 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 115.93 ruka momzadebulia Semdegi publikaciis safuZelze: Philippe Rekacewicz, Population displacement in the South Caucasus, 1988-2004. Year: 2006. http://bit.ly/2vBmYom, nanaxia 10.12.2015 w.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 215

yofil imperiaSi, xolo 1996 wlisaTvis, 164 teritoriuli da eTnikurikonfliqtis Sedegad, 9 mln iZulebiTi migranti gaCnda.941989 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze 25.3 mln eTnikuri rusicxovrobda ruseTis farglebs gareT. 1996 wlisaTvis samSobloSi 2.4mln dabrunda, aqedan 250 aTasi – ukrainidan da belarusidan. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris yofilrespublikebSi mcxovrebi rusebis udidesi nawili sacxovrebladdarCa imave saxelmwifoebSi.ruseTi, rogorc daniSnulebis qveyana, ufro mimzidveli aRmoCndadsT–s araslavuri respublikebis moqalaqeTaTvis. 1991 welsqveynis migraciis saldom 3.7 mln-s gadaaWarba. migraciis aseTizrdis erT–erTi mTavari mizezi iyo samoqalaqo dapirispireba dakonfliqtebi yofil mokavSire respublikebSi (saqarTvelo, somxeT–azerbaijani, moldova, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi). garda amisa, eTnikuradrus mosaxleobasTan erTad qveyanaSi dabrundnen Sereul qorwinebaSimyofi iseTi ojaxebic, romelTa erT–erTi wevri slavi gaxldaT. sxvamizezTa Soris aranaklebi roli iTamaSa integrirebuli ekonomikisrRvevam. iyo kidev erTi faqtoric - sasaubro enis barieri, risgamoc yofili mokavSire respublikebis mosaxleobis umetesobamimigraciisaTvis isev yofili sabWoTa sivrce airCia.95 2000 wlisaTvismosaxleobis nakadebma tajikeTidan, yirgizeTidan da uzbekeTidangadaaWarba amave qveynebidan gasuli rusebis raodenobas. 2001 welski mxolod moskovSi milioni migranti cxovrobda, aqedan 850 aTasi –aralegalurad (muSaobis uflebis arqonis gamo). mTlianad ruseTSiam periodisaTvis iTvlidnen 2 mln-ze met azerbaijanels, 1 mlnsomexs, 0,5 mln qarTvels da 2 mln-ze met Cinels. migrantTa sakmaodmozrdil jgufebs qmnian vietnamelebi da avRanelebi, aseve, somalis,eTiopiisa da angolis mosaxleoba. maTi nawili studenturi vizisvadis gasvlis Semdeg darCa qveyanaSi.961992 wels ruseTSi Seqmnili migraciis federaluri servisissamsaxurma `iZulebiTi migrantis~ statusi mianiWa qveyanaSi dabru­nebul ruseTis moqalaqeebs, romlebic `gamodevnes TavianTi mudmivisacxovrebeli adgilebidan politikuri orientaciis, eTnikuri, reli­giuri Tu nacionaluri niSnis safuZvelze~.97 Tumca, es yovelTvisase ar iyo - 1993 wels saqarTvelos masStabiT Catarebuli kvlevismixedviT, rusi mosaxleobis mxolod 11%-ma miuTiTa emigraciismizezad eTnikuri diskriminacia. 1994 wlis kvlevam Tbilisis masStabiT94 Blakely, Postcolonial Immigration, gv. 187.95 iqve, gv. 187. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1989-1995 wlebSi mxolod 2 mln-ma adamianma gadawyvi- ta daSlili imperiis teritoriis datoveba.96 Blakely, Postcolonial Immigration, gv. 188.97 iqve, gv. 184-85.216 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

igive Sedegebi aCvena. kerZod, dedaqalaqis rus mosaxleobaSi metadmaRali iyo ganwyoba emigraciis mimarT cxovrebis standartebisgauaresebisa da momavlis imedis uqonlobis gamo. Sesabamisad, cudimopyroba mTavrobis mxridan da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis arakeTil­ganwyobili damokidebuleba uaryofil iqna.98ruseTis saxelmwifos mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis ganwyoba imi­grantTa mimarT araTu uaryofiTi, xSirad mtrulicaa. 1993 wels,mosk­ovis meris brZanebiT, Catarda qalaqis `wmenda~ aralegalurimigran­tebisagan, romelTac kriminalebs uwodebdnen. Sedegad, daaka­ves 14 aTasi kavkasieli da Suaazieli, romelTagan 10 aTasamde depor­tirebulia.99araslavuri warmoSobis imigrantTa statistikuri aRricxva ruseTSi2000 wlidan daiwyo. 1998 wels miRebuli federaluri kanonis safu­Zvelze, qveyana mimarTavs migrantebis, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisada TavSesafris maZieblebis daqtiloskopiur registracias.100masobrivi deportacia ruseTSi 90-iani wlebis SemdgomSic ganmeorda.ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa masobrivi depor­ta­cia daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac 2006 wels saqarTveloSi jaSu­Sobis bral­debiT ramdenime rusi oficeri daakaves. am kampaniam zog SemTxvevaSieTnikuri devnis saxe miiRo. masobrivi deportaciis procesSi aRiniSnaaraadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobis faqtebic qarTvelimigrantTa mimarT, ris Sedegadac, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo,saimigracio samsaxuris izolatorSi sami adamiani gardaicvala.gamovlinda 21 SemTxveva, roca bavSvebs ise acilebdnen mSoblebs,rom ojaxebma ar icodnen maTi adgilsamyofeli; moxda piradi qonebisxelyofac. 2006 wlis bolos ruseTidan 4.5 aTasi qarTveli moqalaqegamoaZeves, nawili satvirTo TviTmfrinaviT Camoiyvanes.101rogorc 2006 da 2013 wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena,mkveTr­ad uaryofiTia ruseTis mosaxleobis ganwyoba zogadadimigrantTa mimarT. 2006 wels qveynis mosaxleobis 58%-ma moiTxovamaTi deportacia, 2013 wels ki es maCvenebeli 73%-mde gaizarda. 63%-s miaCnia, rom imigrantebs unda SeezRudoT ruseTSi cxovrebisa damuSaobis ufleba.10298 Gachechiladze, Population Migration, gv. 43.99 iqve, gv. 189.100 Dactiloscopic registration of Russian citizens. 2015, nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2xb76YC.101 Georgia vs Russia – Case of Deportation,Tabula.26 June, Tuesday, 2012, http://bit.ly/2vB0KTa.102 Shushanik Makaryan, Adeline Braux and Maroussia Ferry, Caucasus Analytical Digest (CAD), #57: Migration, 2013. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2vZ0lek.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 217

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, ruseTi mniSvnelovan saimigracio sivr­ced rCeba droebiTi SromiTi migrantebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT,yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan (80% swored am qveynebze modis).maTi naxevari Sua aziidanaa, 13% ki – CineTidan. migrantTa zustiraodenobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, radgan umetesoba binadrobisada muSaobis nebarTvis gareSe cxovrobs. savaraudod, maTi ricxvi3–7 mln-mdea da ruseTis mTliani SromiTi resursis 10%-s Seadgens.Sesabamisad, finansuri gzavnilebis didi nawilic am qveynebSimiemarTeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis federaciis centraluri ban­kis monacemTa mixedviT, qveynidan fuladi gzavnilebi Semcirda – 2013wels maTi raodenoba 23.589 mln aSS dolari iyo, maSin, roca 2015 welses maCvenebeli 9.719 mln-mde daeca. fuladi gzavnilebis SemcirebamSeiZleba nawilobriv gamoiwvios SromiTi migrantebis samSobloSidabruneba, rac, savaraudod, gaauaresebs warmoSobis qveynis Sromisbazarsac.1032012 wlis monacemebiT, ruseTis 2,149,607 moqalaqe Tavisi qveynisfarglebs gareT cxovrobs. maT Soris, 50% - evrokavSirissaxelmwifoebSi, 29.8% - postsabWoTa sivrceSi, xolo 20.2% - israelSi,aSS–sa da SveicariaSi.104 saemigracio qveynebis pirveli xuTeuliaseTia: germania, aSS, israeli, estoneTi da latvia. sakmao sxvaobaaemigrantTa Sesaxeb monacemebSi ruseTisa da zogierTi mimRebi qveynisstatistikas Soris, kerZod: aSS-s statistikuri samsaxurebi 415,438rus imigrants iTvlian, maSin, roca ruseTis monacemebiT, es cifriar aRemateba 119 aTass; germaniis oficialuri struqturebi TavianTqveyanaSi afiqsireben 206,030 rus imigrants, ruseTis statistikurwyaroebSi ki es maCvenebeli 554 aTass utoldeba. 2011 wlisaTvismzardi iyo nakadebi poloneTisa da britaneTis mimarTulebiT.migrantebs Soris qalebi Warboben (60.6%).105103 David Trilling, Tajikistan: Remittances to Plunge 40% - World Bank. May 26,2015. Inside the Cocoon: Central Asia Today. nanaxia 2.12.2015 w. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73591.104 Migration Policy Centre, MPC - Migration Profile: Russia. 2013. gv. 2. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Russia.pdf105 Migration Policy Centre, Migration facts: Russia. 2013, gv. 1. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/fact_sheets/Factsheet%20Russia.pdf.218 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

diagrama 2. emigracia ruseTidan (1997-2015)106400000350000300000250000200000150000100000 50000 -1997 2212212222222000000900900000000090090106100299388475 22222000001111112345ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo statistikis samsaxuris monacemebiT,1997 wlidan moyolebuli, migraciis balansi pozitiuria qveyanaSi,Tumca, 1997-2009 wlebSi emigraciam iklo (1997 wels qveyana datova232,987 adamianma, xolo 2009 wels – 32,458-ma). 2010 wlidan emigrantTaricxvma isev iwyo zrda da 2014-2015 wlebSi ruseTidan gasulTaraodenobam 1997 wlis maCvenebelsac ki gauswro – 2014 wels 310,496adamiani gaemgzavra qveynidan, 2015 wels ki _ 353,233.7.6.2. azerbaijaniazerbaijanidan masobrivi emigracia 1990 wels daiwyo. 1988-1994wlebSi qveyana datova 360 aTasma somexma, 200 aTasma rusma, 18 aTasmaebraelma, 15 aTasma ukrainelma da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebma.2001 wlisaTvis ruseTSi 2 mln azerbaijanis moqalaqe aRiricxeboda,rac mTeli azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25%-s Sedgenda.107azerbaijanis migraciul procesebSi sam talRas gamoyofen: pirveliagorda 1991–1994 wlebSi, roca mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtis(1988 weli) Sedegad da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis gamo, eTnikuriumciresobebi - kerZod, azerbaijanis somexi da rusi moqalaqeebi -106 Russian Federation State Statistics Service, Official statistics, Population, Demography, Migration, International migration. nanaxia 27.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1fCo68h.107 giorgi melaZe, saqarTvelo da globaluri demografiuli procesebi: damxmare saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi: universali, 2013, gv. 203.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 219

wavidnen somxeTsa da ruseTSi; emigraciis meore talRa (1995-1998 ww)dakavSirebulia azerbaijanelTa SromiT migraciasTan, upiratesadpostsabWoTa respublikebis mimarTulebiT; xolo mesame talRa (1998wlidan dRemde) moicavs migracias dasavleTis (ZiriTadad, germania)da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.108navTobisa da gazis mompovebeli industriis warmatebiT ganviTarebisSedegad, azerbaijanis migraciis saldo dadebiTia saqarTvelodan,axlo aRmosavleTidan da Sua aziidan Casul migrantTa xarjze.109saerTaSoriso organizaciis migraciis politikis centris mona­cemebiT, 1990–2012 wlebSi qveynidan wavida 952,404 moqalaqe, aqedan661,016 azerbaijanSi dabadebuli eTnikuri somexi da rusi, romlebicsakuTari warmoSobis qveynebs daubrundnen. danarCen 291,388azerbaijanel migrants Soris, romlebic mosaxleobis 3.2%-s Sea­dgenen, 66.6% ruseTsa da yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi cxovrobs,21.6% – israelSi, aSS-sa da TurqeTSi, xolo 11.6% – evrokavSirisqveynebSi (ZiriTadad germaniaSi).somxeT-azerbaijans Soris gaRvivebuli mTiani yarabaxis konfliqtisSedegad, 1990 wlis 1 TebervlisaTvis azerbaijanSi 207.5 aTasi ltol­vili gaCnda, maT Soris iyvnen uzbekeTidan gamodevnili musli­manimesxebic. 1998 wels ltolvilTa raodenoba 844 aTass utoldeboda,rac mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis 11%-ia.1107.6.3. somxeTiazerbaijanis msgavsi tendenciebi SeiniSneba migraciul procesebSisomxeTSic: 1990-1996 wlebSi qveyana 27.5 aTasma rusi erovnebismoqalaqem datova. oficialuri monacemebiT, 1990-2000 wlebSisomxeTidan emigrirebulTa raodenobam 33.9 aTass miaRwia, maSin, rocadamoukidebeli eqspertebi 840.3 aTass afiqsirebdnen. 2000 wlisaTvises qveynis mosaxleobis 28%-s Seadgenda.1112012 wlisaTvis, saerTaSoriso organizaciis migraciis politikiscentris monacemebiT, qveynidan wasuli iyo 643,823 moqalaqe, aqedan494,650 iyo somxeTSi dabadebuli eTnikuri rusi, romlebic ruseTSidabrundnen. danarCen 221,846 somex migrants Soris, romlebic108 Migration Policy Centre, MPC - Migration Profile: Azerbaijan. 2013. gv. 2-3. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Azerbaijan.pdf. MPC – Migration Profile. Azerbaijan, gv. 2-3.109 iqve, gv. 1.110 melaZe, saqarTvelo da globaluri demografiuli procesebi: damxmare saxelmZR- vanelo, gv. 202.111 iqve, gv. 204.220 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

somxeTis mosaxleobis 6.8%-s Seadgenen, 26.3% evrokavSiris qveynebSicxovrobs, 32.8% - postsabWoTa sivrceSi, xolo 41% _ aSS-Si.112qveynebis pirveli xuTeuli somex migrantTa raodenobis mixedviTaseTia: aSS (85,263), ruseTi (59,792), safrangeTi (12,355), germania (11,205)da espaneTi (11,003).2000 wlidan somxeTi stabilurad inarCunebs migraciis uaryofiTsaldos. Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad, potenciur somex imig­rantTa Soris bevrad maRali iyo moTxovna ruseTSi emigraciaze (56%),maSin, roca, magaliTad, aSS-Si es maCvenebeli 10%-s utoldeboda,evrokavSiris sxva qveynebSiki – 22%-s.113somxeTSi 335 aTasi ltolvili cxovrobs azerbaijanidan.7.6.4. ukraina1990-2005 wlebSi ukraina 7 mln-mde adamianma datova. maT Soris iyomilionze meti ukrainaSi dabadebuli eTnikuri rusi, romlebicruseTSi wavidnen sacxovreblad. qveynis statistikuri samsaxurebisoficialuri monacemebiT, ukrainis mosaxleobis 15.7%-s erTi wevrimainc hyavda emigraciaSi. SromiT migrantTa 70%-s Seadgendnenmamakacebi sasoflo dasaxlebebidan. 2007 wlis monacemebiT,evrokavSiris qveynebSi muSaobis nebarTva xanmokle kontraqtebissafuZvelze mxolod 62.2 aTas migrants hqonda, ZiriTadad, espaneTSi,portugaliasa da saberZneTSi. espaneTma TviTon mianiWa legaluristatusi 7.6 aTas ukrainel imigrants.1142012 wlisaTvis 1,869,255 ukraineli migranti imyofeboda qveynisfarglebs gareT, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 4.1%-ia. maT Soris, 56.3% –evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebSi, 6.1% – mezobel ruseTSi, belarussa damoldovaSi, xolo 37.6% – aSS-Si, israelsa da kanadaSi.115qveynebis pirveli xuTeuli ukrainel migrantTa raodenobis mixedviTaseTia: aSS (351,793), israeli (258,487), italia (191,942), ruseTi (167,264)da poloneTi (195,496). 2011 wels emigrantTa nakadebi yvelaze aqtiuriiyo poloneTisa da italiis mimarTulebiT (Sesabamisad, 156,088 da15,409 adamiani).112 Migration Policy Centre, MPC - Migration Profile: Armenia. 2013. gv. 1. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Armenia.pdf.113 Shushanik Makaryan, Adeline Braux and Maroussia Ferry, Caucasus Analytical Digest (CAD), #57: Migration. 2013. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2vZ0lek.114 International Organization for Migration. Migration in Ukraine: A country profile. 2008, gv. 19. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://iom.hu/PDF/migration_profiles2008/Ukraine_Profile2008.pdf.115 Migration Policy Centre, MPC - Migration Profile: Ukraine. 2013. gv. 1. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Ukraine.pdf.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 221

yirimSi konfliqtma gamoiwvia ukrainis mosaxleobis aqtiuriteri­toriuli gadaadgileba ruseTsa da ukrainas Soris. gaero-sltol­vilTa umaRlesi komisariatis monacemebiT, 2014 wlis 1seqtembrisaTvis qveyanaSi 260 aTasi adgilnacvali piri aRiric­xeboda.116 imave wlis dekembris dasawyisisaTvis am ricxvma 514aTass miaRwia. ukrainis 233 aTasma moqalaqem (ZiriTadad, regionisrusulenovanma mosaxleobam) ltolvilis statusisaTvis ruseTisfederacias mimarTa, xolo 8,936-ma – evrokavSiris qveynebs. bevrad metiaRmoCnda maTi ricxvi, vinc droebiTi an mudmivi binadrobis uflebamoiTxova, kerZod, 220 aTasma – ruseTSi, 60 aTasma – belarusSi, 23aTasma ki – poloneTSi.117 gaero-s ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatisada ukrainis socialuri politikis saministros monacemebiT, 2014wlis Tebervlidan 2015 wlis Tebervlamde qveynis masStabiTaRiricxeboda 980 aTasi ltolvili; ukrainis 600 aTasma moqalaqem kilegaluri binadrobis ufleba moiTxova mezobel ruseTSi, belarusSi,moldovaSi, poloneTSi, rumineTsa da ungreTSi.118aRsaniSnavia, rom ukraina daniSnulebis qveyanaa postsabWoTarespublikebis mosaxleobisaTvis rogorc mezobeli slavuriqveynebidan, ise samxreT kavaksiidan da Sua aziidan.1197.7. amerikaamerika moicavs CrdiloeT, centralur da samxreT amerikasa dakaribis zRvis auzis qveynebs. `axali samyaro~, rogorc mas uwodeben,Seqmna milionobiT migrantma evropisa da afrikis kontinentebidan.me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan mkveTrad gamoixata migracia samxre­Tidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. Crdilo amerikis kontinenti, origanviTarebuli saxelmwifoTi – aSS da kanada – imigraciis sivrcea,maSin, roca samxreT amerikis kontinenti da meqsika, aseve, centra­luri amerikisa da karibis zRvis auzis qveynebi, emigraciis regio­nebad Camoyalibda. am mimarTulebiT migracia ganapiroba rogorcekonomikurma, ise politikurma arastabilurobam regionis ganvi­Tarebad qveynebSi. Tumca, bolo aTwleulSi braziliis, argent­ inisa116 UNHCR, Ukraine conflict pushes more people from their homes. Briefing notes. 2 September, 2014. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://www.unhcr.org/5405b63d6.html.117 UNHCR, Ukraine conflict uprootes hundreds of thousands. New stories, 5 December, 2014. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://www.unhcr.org/548190aa9.html.118 UNHCR, Ukraine internal displacement nears 1 milion as fighting escalates in Donetsk Region. News stories. 6 February, 2015. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://www.unhcr.org/54d4a2889.html.119 International Organization of Migration, Migration in Ukraine, gv. 16.222 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

da ekvadoris ekonomikurma winsvlam miizida migrantebi laTinuriamerikis (centraluri da samxreT amerika erTad) qveynebidan.dReisaTvis amerikaSi mTlianad 57 mln saerTaSoriso migrantia.120regionisTvis damaxasiaTebel migraciul tendenciebs dawvrilebiTqvemoT ganvixilavT.7.7.1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi1970-iani wlebidan aSS-Si SeiniSneba rogorc legaluri, isearalegaluri imigraciis mzardi nakadebi, rac metwilad ukavSirdeba1965 wlis imigraciisa da moqalaqeobis aqts, romlis mixedviTacqveyanam gaauqma saimigracio kvota eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb.Sedegad, aSS-Si mcxovrebTa naTesavebs iq Sesvlis neba eZleodaT.soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebis mizniT, waxalisda SromiTimigracia meqsikidan da karibis regionidan. mTavrobis molodinissawinaaRmdegod, dramatulad gaizarda saerTaSoriso migraciismasStabebi aziidan da samxreT amerikidan, rac am regionebSiarsebuli arastabiluri politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobiTiyo ganpirobebuli.121SromiTi imigracia aSS-s mimarTulebiT xSirad specialuri ormxriviSeTanxmebebiT regulirdeboda. magaliTad, 1994 wlidan meqsikisCrdilo nawilSi, ori qveynis sazRvarze erToblivi sawarmoebis,makiladorebis Seqmnam erTi mxriv, meqsikelTa dasaqmebas Seuwyoxeli, meore mxriv ki iafi SromiTi resursis migracias aSS-s mcireda saSualo kerZo biznesebSi samuSaod.1222014 wels imigrantTa raodenoba 42.4 mln-s aRemateboda, rac qveynismosaxleobis 13,3%-s utoldeboda: ucxoelTa daaxloebiT 28%meqsikelebi iyvnen da Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi imigrantTa yvelaze didjgufs qmnidnen. Semdeg mosdevdnen indoeTis, CineTis (hongkongis,magram ara taivanis, CaTvliT) da filipinebis moqalaqeebi, romelTaganTiToeuli jgufi ucxoeli mosaxleobis 5%-s Seadgenda. imigrantTawarmoSobis qveynebidan aRsaniSnavia el salvadori, vietnami, kuba dakorea (TiToeuli 3%), aseve, dominikelTa respublika da gvatemala(TiToeuli 2%). es im qveynebis aTeulia, romelTa moqalaqeebic yve­laze bevrni arian aSS-Si. 2014 wels isini amerikis imigranti mosax­leobis 60%-s Seadgendnen.123120 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 127.121 iqve gv. 128.122 iqve, gv. 133.123 Migration Policy Institute, Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States, nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/1hwyQGg.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 223

yovelwliurad 1 mln mudmivi binadrobis nebarTva (e.w `mwvane baraTi~)gaicema aSS-Si axalCasul imigrantebze an im pirebze, romlebic ukvecxovroben qveyanaSi da statusi Seicvales (ix. cxrili 6). cxrili 6. kanonier mudmiv mcxovrebTa nakadi aSS-Si124miRebis kategoriebi 2012 2013 2014 cifri % cifri % cifri % 1,016,518 100 481,392 47.4sul 1,031,631 100 990,553 100 535,126 52.6axalCasulebi 484,072 46.9 459,751 46.4statusis ganaxleba 547,559 53.1 530,802 53.6igive tendencia SeiniSneba dabadebis adgilis mixedviT gacemulibinadrobis nebarTvebis statistikaze dakvirvebisas. 2014 wlismonacemebiT, mudmivi binadrobis nebarTvis mimReb pirTa 13% meqsikaSiadabadebuli, mas mohyveba indoeTi (7.7%), CineTi (7.5%), filipinebi (4.9%)da kuba (4.6%). 2014 wels gacemuli mudmivi binadrobis nebarTvebis38% am xuT qveyanaze modis.125aralegaluri migracia aSS-Si aqtualuri sakiTxia. 2010 wlisaTvisqveyanaSi binadrobis uflebis gareSe cxovrobda 11.2 mln imigranti.am kategoriisaTvis aSS-Si miRebuli ekonomikuri Semweoba ufromniSvnelovania, vidre legaluri statusi maspinZel saxelmwifoSi.126imave wels 856,174 migranti daabrunes warmoSobis qveyanaSi, 2014 welski –577,295.127aSS qarTvelebisTvisac mniSvnelovani saemigracio sivrcea. 2005-2014 wlebSi 8,810-ma qarTvelma miiRo moqalaqeoba naturalizaciisgziT.128 2013 wlamde naturalizebul qarTvel migrantTa ricxvistabilurad izrdeboda (yovelwliurad 443-idan 1,205-mde),xolo 2014 wels es cifri 898-mde Semcirda. amave periodSi 15,101-ma qarTvelma miiRo grZelvadiani binadrobis ufleba, mwvanebaraTis mflobelTa raodenoba ki bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSistabiluria - yovelwliurad 1.2-2 aTasi adamiani.129 2005-2014 wlebSi90-ma qarTvelma moiTxova amerikaSi TavSesafari.130124 US Department of Homeland Security, Data & Statistics, 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, US Lawful Permanent residents: 2014, gv. 2, nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2bS6HUZ.125 iqve, 4.126 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 547.127 US Department of Homeland Security, Data & Statistics, 2014 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, gv. 103.128 iqve, Naturalisations, Data Tables 20-25.129 iqve, Lawful Permanent residents, Data Tables.130 iqve, Refugees and Asylees, Data Tables.224 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aralegalurad myof qarTvelTa raodenoba arc ise didia – sul 813aseTi piri gamovlinda. maTi ricxvi yvelaze maRali 2009 wels iyo(157), 2014-Si ki mxolod 52 aralegalurad myofi piri gamomJRavnda.2009-2014 wlebSi 1,633 qarTvels eTqva uari qveyanaSi Sesvlaze da1,027 daabrunes saqarTveloSi.1317.7.2. kanadaaSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, kanada safrangeTis yofili koloniaa,amitom aq britanelebi, irlandielebi da amerikelebi mxolod me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoCndnen. 1900-1920 wlebSi kanadaSi3 mln imigranti Cavida aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan, kerZod,italiidan, ukrainidan da ruseTidan. meore msoflio omis Semdegkanada evropel imigrantTa mTavari daniSnulebis qveyana iyo. 1960-ian wlebSi iq cxovrobda bevri britaneli, germaneli, holandieli daitalieli. 1966 wels miiRes e.w `TeTri dokumenti imigraciis Sesaxeb~,romliTac qveynis saimigracio politika kidev ufro liberalurigaxda. dokumenti araevropel imigrantebsac ki aZlevda qveyanaSimuSaobis uflebas. 1970 wlisaTvis kanadaSi cxovrobdnen iamaikelebi,indoelebi da filipinelebi; gaizarda portugalielTa, italielTada berZenTa ricxvic. ojaxis gaerTianebis principidan gamomdinare,yvela imigranti miiCneoda132 qveynis potenciur moqalaqed.imigraciisa da ltolvilTa dacvis aqti, romelmac Caanacvla 1976wels miRebuli imigraciis aqti, qveynis saimigracio politikasgansazRvravs. Zveli dokumentis mixedviT SemuSavebuli kvotebissistema axal imigrantTa miRebisas ojaxebis gaerTianebis principsaniWebda upiratesobas, axali saimigracio politikiT ki maTi Sefasebadaiwyes ganaTlebis donis, profesiuli unar-Cvevebisa da frangulienis codnis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, aqcenti gakeTda axalgazrda,profesional samuSao Zalaze. es kategoria avsebda ekonomikur imi­grantTa jgufebs da 2010 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba qveyanaSi 60%-saRwevda.133mudmivi binadrobis nebarTvebis miniWeba xdeba muSaobis safuZvelze,ramac maqsimalur raodenobas 2010 wels miaRwia (TiTqmis 187 aTasmaSromiTma migrantma miiRo es nebarTva); amas mohyveba ojaxisgaerTianebis principi. bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze metibinadrobis nebarTva ergoT filipinebis, indoeTisa da CineTis moqa­131 iqve, Enforcement Actions, Data Tables.132 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Ageof Migration, gv. 129.133 Ashley Challinor, Canada’s Immigration Policy: a Focus on Human Capital, 2011. Migration Policy Institute. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2ir04uW.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 225

la­qeebs. 2014 wels maTma ricxvma im wels gacemuli nebarTvebis 40%Seadgina. aseve didi raodenobiT binadrobis nebarTva gaicema iranis,pakistanis, aSS-s, gaerTianebuli samefosa da safrangeTis moqa­laqeebze (ix. cxrili 7).134cxrili 7.10 ZiriTadi qveyana kanadaSi mudmivi binadrobis uflebis mixedviT (2010-2015)135 warmoSobis qveyana 2015 filipinebi 50,846 indoeTi 39,530 CineTis saxalxo respublika 19,533 irani 11,669 pakistani 11,330 siria 9,853 aSS 7,522 safrangeTi 5,807 gaerTianebuli samefo da misi koloniebi 5,451 nigeria 4,133 sxva 106,173 sul 271,847kanada im qveynebs Sorisaa, romelmac migracias da masTan dakavSi­rebul gamowvevebs warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. magaliTad, mTavrobisbrZanebiT, saSualo fenis imigrantTa meore da mesame TaobiswarmomadgenlebisaTvis136 ganaaxles da gaalamazes qalaqi toronto,romelic imigrantTa Tavmoyris adgilia. sxva qveynebisagan gansxva­vebiT, toronto ar qmnis izolirebuli getoebis suraTs, piriqiT– restornebi, maRaziebi da festivalebi, sxvadasxva erovnuli dakulturuli niSniT, qalaqs multikulturalizmis eSxs aZlevs.137torontonSi naxevari milioni marto italiuri warmoSobis adamianicxovrobs; udides da swrafad mzard jgufs qmnis Cinuri diasporac,romelic ZiriTadad hongkongeli mdidari biznesmenebisagan Sedgeba;mas mosdevs berZenTa gaerTianeba, Tavisi qristianuli eklesiiTada erovnuli bankiT; qalaqis koreul nawilSi sunelebis uamravimaRaziaa; koreelebi sursaT-sanovagis marketebsac uxvad floben,Tumca sacxobebi da xorcis savaWro qseli umetesad polonuridiasporis xelSia.138134 Government of Canada, Open Data, Facts and Figures 2014, Immigration Overview, Permanent residents, nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2jDg8si.135 iqve.136 Pulsiper, World Regional Geography, gv. 66.137 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 574.138 Pulsiper, World Regional Geography, gv. 66.226 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Sua aRmosavleTSi mimdinare konfliqtis gamo, kanada mzadaa, 25 aTasadamians misces TavSesafari. Tumca, marto 2015 wlis noembridan 2016wlis Tebervlamde 29 aTasze metma adamianma Seicvala sacxovrebeliadgili. amas garda, TiTqmis 6 aTasi ltolvili daabinaves kvebekSi.programa 2016 welsac grZeldeba.1397.7.3. laTinuri amerikisa da karibis zRvis auzis qveynebis mimoxilvalaTinuri amerikidan da karibis zRvis auzidan emigrantebis gamgzavniqveynebia: meqsika, kolumbia, brazilia, kosta-rika da ekvadori,xolo mimRebi saxelmwifoebis xuTeulSi Sedis: meqsika, dominikelTarespublika, brazilia, kosta-rika da ekvadori.140laTinuri amerikis qveynebisaTvis migracia soflidan qalaqismimarTulebiT siRaribis daZlevis erT-erTi strategiaa. gasakviriar aris, rom soflidan Casul pirs,romelsac qalaqSi uZravi qonebisyidvis saxsrebi ar gaaCnia, uwevs iseTi didi qalaqebis gareubnebSidasaxleba, rogoricaa mexiko, rio-de-Janeiro, brazilia da buenos–airesi. aq erT RameSi SeiZleba uzarmazari dasaxleba warmoiqmnas daamis aRsakveTad qveynis xelisuflebac ki uZluria. soflidan Casuliadamianebi, raime samuSaos Sovnis imedad, xandaxan aTwleulobiTrCebian aseT gausaZlis pirobebSi da amiT dabrkolebebs uqmnianqveynis infrastruqturis ganviTarebasac.141meqsika migrantTa rogorc gamgzavni, ise mimRebi qveyanaa. maTiumetesoba Tavs iyris e.w eqsportis gadamuSavebis zonaSi – meqsika-amerikis sazRvarTan (ix. ruka). erTobliv sawarmoebze – makiladorebze– iyeneben iaf adgilobriv muSaxels da SromiT migrantebs, romlebicZiriTadad eleqtroteqnikis nawilebis sawarmoebsa da samkervaloqarxnebSi saqmdebian.142139 Government of Canada, Immigration and Citizenship, Refugees. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/welcome/milestones.asp.140 The World Bank. International Migration is All-Time High, Dec2015. nanaxia 09.02.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1kh5QLe.141 Pulsiper, World Regional Geography, gv. 121-122.142 Domosh M. et al., The Human Mosaic, gv. 331-332.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 227

ruka 6. makiladorebis farTo gavrcelebis areali meqsikisa da aSS-s sazRvarze (aRniSnulia yavisferi xaziT)143migraciuli nakadebis udidesi nawili meqsikidan mimarTulia aSS-sken.qveynis mosaxleobis meaTedi dRes swored iq cxovrobs. Tuki wlebiswinaT mosaxleoba ZiriTadad regionebidan gadioda, axla emigraciaaqtiuria qveynis yvela nawilidan.144 2010 wlisaTvis meqsikeliimigrantebi aSS-s imigrantTa 29.3 %-s Seadgendnen.laTinuri amerikidan Casuli imigrantebi ZiriTadad samSobloSidatovebul ojaxebsa da naTesavebs exmarebian. xSirad abandebensaxsrebs sakuTari Temis programebis ganxorcielebaSi (mag: adgi­lobrivi skolis mSenebloba an garemonteba, sasmeli an sarwyaviwylis sistemebis reabilitacia, sajaro TavSeyris adgilebisaTvisSenobebis ageba, gzebis mowesrigeba da a. S)meqsika centraluri amerikis migrantTaTvis an saboloo daniSnule­bis qveyanaa, an satranzito ― aSS-Si Sesasvlelad (ix. ruka 7). 1980-ian wlebSi, samoqalaqo omebis gamo, nikaraguas, salvadorisa da gva­temalas bevrma moqalaqem meqsikaSi moiTxova TavSesafari.145 amasgarda, aTasobiT gvatemaleli ltolvili cxovrobs ojaxebiT CiapassamxreT StatSi.146143 Pulsiper, World Regional Geography, gv. 148. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო144 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age, gv. 135.145 iqve.146 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 502.228

ruka 7. centraluri amerikis qveregionebi147centraluri amerikis qveynebs Soris gamoirCeva kosta-rika dabelizi, romlebic izidaven migrantebs mezobeli saxelmwifoebidan.1990-iani wlebidan kosta-rika Tavisi klimatis, stabilurobisa dacxovrebis siiafis (aSS-sTan SedarebiT) gamo, mimzidveli daniSnule­bisadgilia amerikeli pensionerebisaTvis. is Svebulebis gasatarebladSesaniSnav infrastruqturasa da rekreaciul zonebs flobs. 2000-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi daaxloebiT naxevari milioni amerikeli pensionericxovrobda am qveyanaSi.148meore msoflio omis Semdeg safrangeTma, britaneTma da holandiamSromiTi migrantebi miiRes karibis zRvis auzidan, sadac isiniomamdel periodSi koloniebs flobdnen. am regionidan amerikaSimcxovreb 5 mln migrants Soris umetesoba warmoSobiT kubidan dapuerto-rikodanaa.149 aseve mniSvnelovan jgufs qmnian imigrantebidominikelTa respublikidan. 2011 wlisaTvis kanadaSi am regionidannaxevari milioni adamiani cxovrobda, iamaikelTa yvelaze didiwiliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am qveynebis mosaxleoba didi ar aris,emigrantTa wili masSi Zalian maRalia.150147 Pulsiper, World Regional Geography, gv. 151.148 iqve, gv. 505.149 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 489.150 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 138.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 229

samxreT amerikis kontinentze gamoiyofa dasavleT andebis mTianinawili da aRmosavleT dablobi.tradiciuli saimigracio qveyana andebis regionis mosaxleobisaTvisaris aSS; bolo dros mas daemata espaneTi. politikuriarastabilurobis gamo, kolumbiis mosaxleobis nawilma Tavi SeafaraaSS-sa da venesuelas.151dRes kolumbia msoflioSi meore qveyanaa (siriis Semdeg), saidanacwavidnen yvelaze didi raodenobis ltolvilebi. saxelmwifo Zalebs,memarjvene partizanebs, SeiaraRebul da narkotikul dajgufebebsSoris xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegad 6.5 mln kolumbieli iZulebuligaxda, sacxovrebeli adgili daetovebina (2015 wlis ivnisismonacemebi).152navTobiT mdidari venesuela erTdroulad emigraciis qveyanac arisda imigraciisac. politikuri arastabiluroba 2000-iani wlebidaniwvevs mosaxleobis gadinebas aSS-sa da espaneTSi.153dasavleT dablobis regionSi umniSvnelovanesia iaponelimosaxleobis imigracia me-20 saukuneSi. maTi umravlesoba Raribiglexi iyo, Tumca, 1950-ian wlebSi isini ukve sameurneo miwebsflobdnen. warmoSobiT iaponeli migrantebis ricxvi qveyanaSi amJamad1.3 mln-s Seadgens da isini ZiriTadad komerciuli saqmianobiTarian dakavebulni. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore da mesame TaobismigrantebSi xSiria Sereuli qorwinebebi, isini mainc inarCunebeneTnikur identobas da kvlav iaponur enaze saubroben, adgilobrivportugaliurTan erTad. samxreT koreidan Casulma imigrantebmaaziel ltolvilTa axali jgufi Camoayalibes. isini aqtiurad arianwvril biznesSi Cabmulni braziliisa da argentinis did qalaqebSi(asunsioni, san-paulo da buenos-airesi).154didia emigraciis done braziliidanac. 2000 wlisaTvis 1.8 mln-zemeti brazilieli cxovrobda Tavisi qveynis gareT, maT Soris: 442aTasi – paragvaiSi, 225 aTasi – iaponiaSi da 799 aTasi – aSS-Si.1990-iani wlebis bolodan 2000 wlis dasawyisamde ekonomikurmakrizisma da hiperinflaciam argentinaSi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobaemigraciis zrda. 2000 wlisaTvis qveynis farglebs gareT 603 aTasiadamiani cxovrobda, xolo 2005 wlisaTvis maTi ricxvi 806 aTasamde151 iqve.152 United Nations Statistics Division, World Statistics Pocketbook – Colombia, 2015. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=colombia153 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 139.154 Les, Lewis Martin Rowntree, Marie Price and William Wyckoff. Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. gv.147.230 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gaizarda. Tumca, bolo ramdenime welia, am regionSi politikuri daekonomikuri viTareba stabiluria, ramac xeli Seuwyo imigraciasmezobeli qveynebidan. dReisaTvis argentinaSi ucxoelebi (paragva­idan, boliviadan da Ciledan) mTeli mosaxleobis 65%-s Seadgenen.TavisTavad Cilec mniSvnelovani qveyanaa argentinis, boliviis, ekva­dorisa da perus emigranti mosaxleobisaTvis. 2009 wlis monacemebiT,CileSi 130 aTasi perueli cxovrobs. maTi umetesoba qalia, romlebicdalageba-dasufTavebiT arian dakavebulni.155fulad gzavnilebs Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs am regionisaTvis.eqspertebis mixedviT, maTi saerTo raodenoba 2014 wels arnaxulcifrs - 65.4 mlrd aSS dolars aRwevda (2008 wels 64.9 mlrd iyo).156fuladi gzavnilebis statistikur monacemebze dakvirvebisasvigebT, rom 2014 wlis dekemberSi 21.8 mln migranti cxovrobda aSS-Si laTinuri amerikidan da karibis zRvis regionidan. maTgan 12 mlnmeqsikidanaa.157 laTinur amerikasa da karibis zRvis auzis qveynebSigadaricxuli Tanxebis mesamedi swored meqsikaze modis.1587.8. aziaaziis kontinenti, migraciuli struqturis mixedviT, SeiZleba samdid jgufad daiyos:− daniSnulebis qveynebi (hong-kongi, CineTi, iaponia, singapuri, samxreTi korea, taivani da brunei);− saxelmwifoebi,sadac aqtiuria orive mimarTulebiT mosaxleobis teritoriuli gadaadgileba (malaizia, tailandi); da− warmoSobis qveynebi (bangladeSi, birma (mianmari), laosi, kamboja, CineTi, indoeTi, indonezia filipinebi, pakistani, Sri-lanka da vietnami).159msoflios umniSvnelovanesi migraciuli derefnebic am kontinentzemdebareobs da struqturulad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, kerZod:155 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 140.156 Rene Maldonado and Maria-Luisa Hayern, Remittances to Latin America and Caribbean set a new record high in 2014, Multilateral investment Fund, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, D.C., 2015. gv. 7. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2i25lJo.157 iqve, gv. 13.158 iqve, gv. 9.159 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 151.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 231

− bangladeSi-indoeTi ― 3.5 mln migrantiT weliwadSi, upiratesad ekonomikuri xasiaTis Sida gadaadgileba;− indoeTi-arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi – 2.2 mln kontraqtoris SromiTi migracia;− filipinebi-aSS – 1.6 mln migrantiT, mudmiv sacxovreblad mimarTuli emigracia;− avRaneTi-irani – 1.6 mln devnilisa da samuSaos maZieblis mobiloba.160saerTaSoriso migracia 1970-1980-ian wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizardaaziaSi. migrantTa ZiriTadi mimRebi regionebi gaxldaT CrdiloeTiamerika, avstralia da Sua aRmosavleTi. 1990-ian wlebSi regionSigaizarda migracia naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebidan, rogoricaa:bangladeSi, indonezia, filipinebi da vietnami. maTi moqalaqeebiSedarebiT ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaken (magaliTad, singapuri,samxreTi korea, malaizia da vietnami) iRebdnen gezs.saerTaSoriso migraciuli nakadebi aziis kontinentze kompleqsuria.magaliTad, indoeTsa da CineTSi erTdroulad maRalia soflismosaxleobis mobilobac industriul qalaqebSi dasasaqmeblad daemigraciac. aziis kontinentisaTvis ucxo ar aris mosaxleobisiZulebiTi gadaadgileba stiqiuri movlenebis gamoc.1612009 wlisaTvis iaponiaSi 2.1 mln registrirebul ucxoeTismoqalaqes iTvlidnen (qveynis saerTo mosaxleobis 1.7%). aqedan19%-s hqonda `specialuri mudmivi mcxovrebis~ statusi. isini imkoreelTa STamomavlebi arian, romlebic kolonializmis periodSi(1910-1945) iZulebiT Seiyvanes iaponiaSi. 2000 wlisaTvis qveyanaSiregistrirebuli iyo 687 aTasi Cineli da 566 aTasi koreeli. dResiq bevria yofili iaponeli emigrantis STamomavali, anu nikeijin,rogorc maT uwodeben (iaponuri warmoSobis laTinoamerikelebi).qveyana maT aZlevs samSobloSi dabrunebisa da dasaqmebis uflebas. amkategorias ganekuTvneba 231 aTasi brazilieli da 55 aTasi perueli.162samxreT koreis ucxoelma mosaxleobam 2012 wlisaTvis milionsmiaRwia (mTliani mosaxleobis 2%-s). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTsakmao winaaRmdegobaa adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, romlebic ZalianufrTxildebian eTnikur homogenurobas. TviTon samxreT koreasemigraciis arcTu xanmokle istoria aqvs aSS-sa da avstraliaSi.Tumca, 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodidan qveynis ekonomikuri160 iqve, gv. 151. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო161 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 148.162 iqve, gv. 156.232

winsvlis Semdeg, es dinamika mkveTrad Semcirda. 2004 wels mTavrobamSemoiRo dasaqmebis nebarTvis sistema, romelic droebiT migrantebsimave uflebebs aniWebs, rasac koreel muSaxels, magram krZalavsojaxis gaerTianebas. es dokumenti ucxoelebs ar aZlevs msubuqmrewvelobaSi, mSeneblobaSi, soflis meurneobasa da TevzWeraSidasaqmebis nebas, Tumca ki damqiraveblebi mamakacTa SromasiTxoven. qalTa migraciisaTvis yvelaze didi Sansia qorwineba. bevriqalia eTnikurad koreeli CineTidan, vietnamidan, kambojadan dafilipinebidan, romlebic samxreT koreaSi Txovdebian. maT `qorwinebismigrantebi~ ewodebaT da ara aqvT vizis ganaxlebisa da moqalaqeobismoTxovnis ufleba, Tu TavianTi koreeli meuRleebis werilobiTnebarTvas ar waradgenen. Sereul qorwinebaSi myof partniorebsan Soreul naTesavebs Soris gavrcelebuli ierarqiuli mowyobis,enobrivi barierisa da kulturuli sxvaobis niadagze warmoqmnilikonfliqtebic ar aris ucxo koreaSi. dRes iq yoveli meoTxe qorwinebaSereulia. 2001-2011 wlebSi aseT qorwinebaTa ricxvi 25 aTasidan 142aTasamde gaizarda.163CineTis vrceli teritoriuli ganfeniloba metad mniSvnelovansxdis Sida migraciebs, saerTaSoriso doneze ki is, jerjerobiT,gamgzavn qveynad rCeba. yvelaze didia nakadebi aSS-s, evropisa daafrikis mimarTulebiT – CineTis bolodroindeli mzardi savaWrointeresebis gamo mozambikis, zimbabvesa da zambiis mimarT.erTbavSviani ojaxis politikam Secvala CineTis demografiuliviTareba – mniSvnelovnad moaklda muSaxeli sasoflo dasaxlebebs;meore mxriv, axal qalaqebSi, kontinentis SigniT izrdeba moTxovnaSromiT resursze – gansakuTrebiT, maRalkvalificiur kadrebze.jerjerobiT, am danakliss avsebs profesionalTa mobiloba hong-kongidan da taivanidan, magram qveyana zaraldeba Cinel specialistTaemigraciis gamo. momavalSi CineTi SeiZleba imigraciis qveyana gaxdesekonomikur migrantTaTvis.164emigrantTa nakadebi CineTidan nebismieri ganviTarebuli saxelmwi­fosken miedineba; mravalferovania emigraciis motivic, iqneba essaganmanaTleblo, profesiuli Tu ekonomikuri. akademiur litera­turaSi emigraciis axali cneba damkvidrda,165 kerZod, dabala­nazRaurebad SromiT migrantebs, romlebic CineTidan miemgzavrebian163 iqve, gv. 157.164 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 160.165 Elsie Ho and Richard Bedford, Asian Transnational Families in New Zealand: Dynamics and Challenges; aseve Allen Bartley and Paul Spoonley, Intergenerational Transnationalism: 1.5 Generation Asian Migrants in New Zealand, orive statia ixileT krebulSi International Migration, tomi 46, #4 International Migration # 46, 2008, gv. 41-84. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468- 2435.2008.00471.x.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 233

axal zelandiaSi, avstraliaSi, taivansa da hong–kongSi droebiTsacxovreblad, mkvlevrebi `astronavt ojaxebs~166 uwodeben. maTiemigraciis principi aseTia: dabalkvalificiuri emigrantebi midianganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, mcirewlovan SvilebTan erTad,romelTac, kargi ganaTlebis misaRebad, daniSnulebis qveynebSitoveben, TviTon ki ukan, samSobloSi brundebian. Sedegad, es bavSvebiqmnian emigrantTa kvalificiur Taobas da CineTSi brundebian SeZeniliganaTlebiTa da maRalprofesiuli unar-CvevebiT. Sesabamisad, maTTvismaRalanazRaurebadi samuSaos moZebna ganviTarebul qveynebSirTuli aRar aris. mkvlevrebi aseTi tipis axalgzarda emigrantebsspecialuri terminiT `1.5 TaobiT~167 moixsenieben.1997 wlis Semdeg, roc hong-kongze suvereniteti CineTis saxalxorespublikas gadaeca, industriuli ekonomika postindustriulmaSecvala. finansebis, menejmentisa da ganaTlebis sferoSimaRalkvalificiuri kadrebi miiwvies aSS-dan, dasavleTi evropidan daindoeTidan, xolo arakvalificiuri Cineli muSaxeli aralegaluradSevida regionSi. 1997 wlidan hong-kongs mieca specialuriadministraciuli regionis statusi, sakuTari kanonebiTa dainstituciebiT. arakvalificiur muSaxels CineTidan ara aqvs hong-kongSi muSaobis ufleba, xolo migranti qalebi filipinebidan daindoneziidan iq damlageblebad saqmdebian, mudmivi binadrobisuflebis gareSe. hong-kongi, regionSi 7-wliani cxovrebis Semdeg,profesional imigrantebs mudmivad cxovrebis nebarTvas aZlevs.168filipinebi migrantTa gamgzavn qveynadaa cnobili msoflioSi. 2011wels 10.5 mln filipineli cxovrobda mis farglebs gareT, racmTliani mosaxleobis 10%-s Seadgens. mTavari saimigracio qveynebia:aSS, kanada, malaizia da avstralia. filipinelebi aqtiurad arianCabmulni e.w. `damlagebelTa vaWrobaSi~ da samuSaos pouloben saudisarabeTis, arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiros, quveiTisa da omanis mdidarojaxebSi. imigrantTa Soris bevria qali migranti indoneziidan.Tuki dabalkvalificiuri migranti mamakaci samsaxurs iSovis gemze –mezRvaurad, mzareulad an teqnikosad169 – mis bednierebas sazRvariara aqvs.SromiTi resursis eqsporti 1970-iani wlebidan qveynis oficialuripolitikaa da miiCneoda e.w. `usafrTxoebis sarqvelad~, erT-erT saSualebad politikuri da ekonomikuri ukmayofilebisSemcirebisaTvis. am procesis samarTavad da diasporasTan kavSirebis166 iqve gv. 55.167 Bartley and Spoonley, Intergenerational Transnationalism: 1.5 Generation Asian Migrants in New Zea- land, gv. 63.168 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 158.169 Pulsiper, World Regional Geography, gv. 483.234 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

SesanarCuneblad, mTavrobam Seqmna filipinelTa sazRvargareTdasaqmebis administracia. miuxedavad amisa, es politika sakmaodwinaaRmdegobrivi da sadavoa im gagebiT, rom qveynis ekonomikisstagnacias ufro uwyobs xels, vidre ganviTarebas.170TurqeTi: 1961 wels TurqeTsa da germanias Soris dadebuliSeTanxmeb­is Sedegad, migraciuli nakadi gaizarda germaniis mimar­TulebiT. aseTive SeTanxmebebi gaformda avstriasTan, holandiasTan,belgiasTan, SvedeTsa da safrangeTTan, 1980 wels ki italiasa daespaneTTanac.171 1960-1970-ian wlebSi, ekonomikuri winsvlis sapa­suxod, germaniaSi gaizarda moTxovna damatebiT SromiT re­sursze(gastarbaiterebze), rac ZiriTadad Turqi emigrantebiT dakma­yofilda; meore mxriv, urbanizaciis donis momatebis gamo gaxSirdamosaxleobis gadasvla soflebidan qalaqebSi. aqtiuri gare emigraciaTurqeTidan akmayof­ ilebda SromiTi resursebis gazrdil moTxovnebsevropis bevr qveyanaSi, TurqeTSi ki umuSevrobis done iklebda.bolo aTwleulia, TurqeTSi migraciuli tendenciebi Seicvala.mzardi ekonomikuri winsvlisa da politikuri stabilurobisgamo, igi mimzidveli qveyana gaxda 1990-ian wlebSi postsabWoTaqveynebis moqalaqeTaTvis. TurqeTma maT liberaluri savizopolit­­ika SesTavaza. vizis miReba SesaZlebelia aeroportSiveda xSirad mis gareSec SeuZliaT qveyanaSi darCena (umeteswilad90 dRis ganmavlobaSi). emigrantebi ZiriTadad sacalo vaWrobiTarian dakavebulni. xSirad arRveven savizo vadebs, gansakuTrebiT,momvlelebi an samSeneblo seqtorsa Tu seqs-turizmSi dasaqmebulni.SeuZlebelia am kategoriis migrantTa zusti raodenobis dadgena,Tumca miaxloebiTi ricxvi milions unda aRwevdes.172TurqeTze didi gavlena moaxdina siriis konfliqtma. sabrZolomoqmedebebis dawyebis Semdeg 2.5 mln sirielma Seafara Tavi TurqeTs.173DGMM-s cnobiT, 2,747,946 sirielia TurqeTSi daregistrirebuli,aqedan 270 aTasze meti moTavsebulia 25 TavSesafarSi, TurqeTis 10provinciis masStabiT. bolo wlebSi maTi ricxvi katastrofuladgaizarda: 2012 wels 14,237 sirieli daregistrirda, 2013 wels – 224,655,2014 wels – 1,519,286, 2015 wels – 2,503,549, xolo 2016 wels – 2,747,946.1741948 wels israelis saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg, 1960-ian wlebSimasobrivi imigracia – alia – daiwyo afrikis axali suverenuli170 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 161.171 iqve, gv. 179.172 Kemal Kirisci, Turkey: A transformation from Emigration to Immigration. Migration Policy Institute. 2003. nanaxia 12.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2w82a98.173 http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713_icerik, nanaxia 03.04.2016 w.174 iqve.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 235

saxelmwifoebidan, rogoricaa: maroko, tunisi da egvipte. imxanadbevri ebraeli Cavida poloneTidan da ungreTidanac. 1980-ianiwlebis bolodan sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb ebraelebsac daerToTaliis neba. 1989-2003 wlebSi israelSi sacxovreblad gadavida 950aTasi iudeveli. 2013-2014 wlebSi maTi ricxvi gaizarda 32%-iT,aqedan ukrainidan gasuli ebraelebis raodenobam 190%-iT moimata,Tumca, safrangeTidan CasulTa ricxvma yvela qveynis maCvenebelsgadaaWarba.1751973 wels dawyebulma navTobis krizisma didi gavlena iqoniamigraciis dinamikaze sparseTis yuris qveynebSi (irani, erayi,katari, bahreini, quveiTi, arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, omanida iemeni). navTobze fasebis aweviT miRebulma finansurma resursmamaT grandiozuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebisa da aTasobiT muSaxelisdaqiravebis saSualeba misca.sparseTis yuris ekonomikurma bumma miizida migrantebi iseTi qvey­nebidan, rogoricaa egvipte, sudani, palestina, iordania da iemeni.maTTvis es umniSvnelovanesi iyo, radgan xeli ar miuwvdebodaTevropaSi emigraciaze, risi saSualebac hqondaT Crdilo afrikissaxelmwifoebs – safrangeTis yofil koloniebs: marokos, alJirsa datuniss, saidanac migracia sparseTis yurisaken (TurqeTis msgavsad)ar gamoirCeoda didi intensivobiT.176migrantTa nakadebi sam jgufs qmnian: (1) aziidan (bangladeSi,indoeTi, pakistani, nepali, Sri-lanka, indonezia da filipinebi;(2) arabulenovani qveynebidan (egvipte, libia, iordania, sudani,iemeni, maroko, Raza da dasavleTi napiri); da (3) yofili sabWoTabanakis qveynebi (bulgareTi, poloneTi, rumineTi, moldova, ruseTi,yazaxeTi, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi). evropidan Casuli profesionalebiqmnian biznes da samecniero gaerTianebebs.177politikuri konfliqtebi samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi devnilTa daltolvilTa did nakadebs qmnis. iranis 1979 wlis revoluciisSemdeg aTasobiT adamianma datova qveyana. 2000 wlisaTvis msoflioSimilionamde iranel emigrants iTvlidnen. umetesoba cxovrobs aSS-Si,germaniaSi, arabTa gaerTianebul saemiroebSi, kanadaSi, britaneTSi,Sveicariasa da israelSi.178 Tumca, irani ltolvilTa didi nakadebis175 Immigration to Israel: Introduction & Overview. Jewish Virtual Library, nanaxia 11.01.2017 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigration.html.176 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv.179.177 George Naufal and Ismail Genc, Labor Migration in the GCC Countries: Past, Present and Future. Middle East Institute. tomi 9/2, 03 June 2014. National University of Singapore. nanaxia 11.5.2017 w. https://nus.edu/2uGCss4.178 iqve, gv. 183.236 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mimRebi saxelmwifocaa, gansakuTrebiT bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.miuxedavad imisa, rom gaero-s ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatisxelSewyobiT, 2002-2014 wlebSi 30,349 erayeli da 918, 263 avRanelinebayoflobiT daubrunda samSoblos, 2015 wlis ivnisis monacemebiT,iranSi darCenil avRanelTa ricxvi 950 aTass aRwevda, xoloerayelebisa – 32 aTass.179avRanelebi bolo dromde ricxobrivad ltolvilTa yvelazedid jgufs qmnidnen; avRanelebs araerTxel hqoniaT samSobloSidabrunebis mcdeloba, rogorc ki qveyanaSi arsebuli situacia amissaSualebas iZleoda.180 maT qveynis masobrivad datoveba mouxdaT1979 wlis dekemb­ridan, roca avRaneTSi sabWoTa kavSiris jarebiSevida. mas Semdeg, 36 wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi areulobisa dakonfliqtis miuxedavad, isini cdilobdnen samSobloSi dabrunebasmSvidobis dasadgurebisTanave, Tumca, es yovelTvis droebiTi iyo.1992-1993 wlebSi 2 mln ltolvili dabrunda avRaneTSi pakistanidanda iranidan, magram qveyanaSi gamZvinvarebuli samoqalaqo omis gamo,bevr maTgans xelaxla mouxda sacxovrebeli adgilis datoveba.181 2002wlidan moyolebuli, 5.8 mln avRaneli Cavida samSobloSi da maTi 80%20 welze metxans atarebda ltolvilis statuss. gaero-s ltolvilTaumaRlesi komisariatis xelSewyobiT, 4 mln ltolvili 2002-2008 wlebSidabrunda, e.w. nebayoflobiTi repatriaciis programis farglebSi.Tumca, bolo dros es ricxvi Zlier Semcirda da odnav aWarbebs 200aTass. es gamowveulia gauaresebuli politikuri viTarebiT da imenTuziazmisa da optimizmis gaqrobiT, romelic qveyanaSi TalibebisreJimis gauqmebas mohyva. iZulebiT gadaadgilebul avRanelTa mesameTaobis warmomadgenlebi samSoblos naklebad arian mijaWvulni daqveyanaSi dabrunebas ar Cqaroben. maTi strategia aseTia: `daelodeda naxe, ra moxdeba~; 20-wliani ltolvilobis Semdeg aseTi gaucxoebagasakviri arc aris.182 2015 wlis ivnisisaTvis msoflios sxvadasxvaqveyanaSi 2,632,534 avRaneli iTvleboda ltolvilad, maSin, roca947,872 atarebda iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris statuss.183 aSS-SiavRanuri diasporis ricxvi 300 aTass Seadgens, arabTa gaerTianebulsaemiroebSi – 150 aTass, germaniaSi ki 125 aTass; isini mravladarian kanadaSi, indoeTSi, evropasa da avtraliaSic. msoflio bankismona­cemebiT, diasporis fuladi gzavnilebi avRaneTSi qveynismSp-s daaxloebiT 29,6%-s utoldeba. igi mravalmxriv investiciebs179 UNHCR Country Operations profile – Iran. 2015. nanaxia 11.07. 2016 w. http://bit.ly/1Wdt2GE.180 iqve, gv. 12.181 Ashraf Haidari, The Plight of Afgan Refugees. The Diplomat. January 21, 2016. nanaxia 16/02/1016 w. http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-saga-of-afghan-refugees/.182 Refugee Studies Center. Afganistan’s Displaced People: 2014 and Beyond. Forced Migration Review. Issue 46. 2014. Oxford Department of International development, University of Oxford, gv. 12.183 UNHCR, Country Operations prfile – Afganistan, 2015. nanaxia 11.07. 2016 w. http://bit.ly/2v1I1N4.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 237

axorcielebs samSobloSi da qveynis politikur procesebSic184aqtiurad ereva.gaero-s ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis angariSiT, siriaSimimdinare 5.5-wliani omis Semdeg, viTareba kidev ufro uaresdeba.gaizarda Zaladoba da mSvidobis damyarebas piri ar uCans. mTlianobaSi6.5 mln siriels mouxda sacxovrebeli adgilis datoveba.185 2016wlis pirvel naxevarSi, savaraudod, 4.84 mln sirieli ltolvilidafiqsirda, maTgan 2.74 mln – TurqeTSi, 1.05 mln – libiaSi 655,217– iordaniaSi, 247,339 – eraySi da 117,702 – egvipteSi.186 2015 welsmigraciis krizisi siriis ommac gaamZafra. wlis meore naxevarSievropaSi uamravi ltolvili Cavida zRvis gadakveTiT. maTi ricxvimxolod 2015 wels milionze meti iyo, ramac wina wlis maCvenebels (216aTasi) TiTqmis 4-jer gadaaWarba. ltolvilebi, ZiriTadad aRmosavleTSuazRvispireTis gavliT, saberZneTisken gadaadgildebian. maTinaxevari siriidanaa, Tumca bevria avRaneTidan da erayidanac.aTasobiT ltolvili gzaSi daiRupa an daikarga.1877.9. afrikaafrikis kontinenti or did subregionad iyofa: CrdiloeTi afrika dasaharis samxreTi mdebare afrika anu saheli (Sahel). TavisTavad, sahelimoicavs dasavleT, aRmosavleT, centralur da samxreT afrikas.afrikaSi Sida da saerTaSoriso migraciul procesebs didwiladganapirobebs istoriuli, politikuri, ekonomikuri, religiuri daeTnikuri faqtorebi. didia Sida migraciis wili mSrali adgilebidanokeanisken, Raribi qveynebidan SedarebiT Zlieri ekonomikissaxelmwifoebisken (mag: malidan, Cadidan da nigeriidan kot–d’ivuaris, senegalisa da nigeriis mimarTulebiT) da konfliqturizonebidan usafrTxo qveynebSi (mag: somalidan keniaSi, tanzaniasada iemenSi); sudaneli mosaxleoba egvipteSi, siriasa da iordaniaSimidis. afrikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia SromiTi migraciac. bolo droskontinentze gaCnda ekonomikurad Zlieri regionebi, rogoricaalibia, kot-d’ivuari, kenia, mozambiki da botsvana, romlebic izidavenmigrantebs afrikis sxva naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. SromiTi184 Refugee Studies Center. Afganistan’s Displaced People, gv. 31.185 UNHCR, Regional Refugee & Resilience Plan 2016 – 2017 in response to the Syria Crisis, Mid-Year Report, June 2016, gv. 4. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2i6mRfP.186 iqve, gv. 9.187 UNHCR, Global Trends in Forced Displacement, 2015, gv. 7. nanaxia 11.01.2017 w. http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.238 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

migrantebi ZiriTadad saqmdebian oqros, bri­lian­tisa da spilenZismopovebis seqtorSi.kontinentTaSorisi gadaadgilebis ori mimarTuleba kargadaagamoxatuli afrikaSi _ samxreTi-CrdiloeTi (afrika-evropa) dasamxreTi-samxreTi (afrika-azia). pirvels didwilad ganapirobebspostkoloniuri faqtorebi, kerZod, imigrantTa gadaadgilebayofili koloniebidan – magaliTad, kongoeli imigrantebi CadianbelgiaSi, Crdilo afrikisa da senegalis mosaxleoba ZiriTadadsafrangeTs eSureba, samxreT afrikisa da nigeriis mosaxleoba - didbritaneTs da a.S. meore mimarTulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SromiTmigrantTa emigracia navTobiTa da gaziT mdidar sparseTis yurisqveynebSi (kerZod, CrdiloeTi afrikidan quveiTsa da saudis arabeTSi).emigracia orive regionSi ganpirobebulia eTnikur-lingvisturi dareligiuri kavSirebiT. maspinZeli qveynebidan miRebuli finansuridaxmareba Zalze mniSvnelovania – magaliTad, fuladi gzavnilebimarokos eqsportis 18%-s da mSp-s 5%-s Seadgens. is aseve mniSvnelovanifaqtoria aRmosavleTi afrikisaTvis.188CrdiloeTi afrikis qveynebi tranzituli regionia TavSesafrismaZieblebisa da aralegaluri migrantebisTvis. isini adgilobrivisamxedro jgufebisa da libiis mTavrobis pirdapiri CareviT gadahyavTukanonod evropaSi. imave marSruts iyeneben ara mxolod afrikelebi,aramed Sua aRmosavleTis mkvidrnic.miuxedavad farTod gavrcelebuli miTisa, TiTqos ltolvilebida TavSesafris maZieblebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi miemgzavrebian,msoflios ltolvilTa 25%-ze meti afrikaSia Tavmoyrili. sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT, regionSi cxovrobs maTi TiTqmis mesamedi da esricxvi yoveldRiurad izrdeba. Zaladobisa da adamianis uflebaTadarRvevis yvelaze xSiri maCveneblebia kongos demokratiulirespublikis aRmosavleT nawilSi, centraluri afrikis respublikasada samxreT sudanSi. daucveli xalxi midis ugandaSi (kongodan dasamxreT sudanidan), CadSi (centraluri afrikis respublikidanda sudanidan) da kamerunSi (centraluri afrikis respublikidan).gaero-s ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis xelSewyobiT, 168 aTasiltolvili daubrunda sakuTar saxls.189afrikis kontinentze mxolod erTi ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoa –samxreT afrikis respublika (xSirad samxreT afrikadac moixsenieben).Sesabamisad, igi bevri imigrantisaTvis daniSnulebis qveyanaa.188 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 354. 239189 UNHCR, Global Report 2013, Africa, nanaxia 11.02.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2wQhlBl.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია

2006 wlisaTvis samuSao Zala oqros mopovebis seqtorSi umetesadmezobeli qveynebidan iyo Sevsebuli. 1980-iani wlebidan samxreTafrikaSi Cavidnen ltolvilebi mozambikidan da angolidan, 1990-ianwlebSi ki _ afrikis sxva qveynebidanac. samsaxurebriv da turistulvizitebTan erTad, qveyanaSi mudmivi binadrobis miRebac rTuliprocedura gaxda.190gaizarda Cineli mosaxleobis emigraciac am regionSi. pirveli Cinelimigrantebi samxreT afrikaSi me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi gamoCndnen.isini britanelma kolonizatorebma Caiyvanes oqros maRaroebsa dasoflis meurneobaSi dasasaqmeblad da maTi STamomavlebi axlac iqcxovroben. pirvel ormxriv savaWro SeTanxmebebs CineTsa da samxreTafrikis rig qveynebs Soris – egvipte, maroko, alJiri da sudani- xeli moewera 1956 wels. 1980-1990 wlebSi am regionSi migrantTapirveli nakadi gamoCnda taivanidan, romelTac komerciulisaqmianoba gaaCaRes. taivans mohyva CineTi. 2000 wels, CineT-afrikisTanamSromlobis pirvel forumze, stabiluri da grZelvadianiTanamSromlobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ganixiles, ris SemdegacCineTis interesi gaizarda afrikis navTobis, gazisa da mineraluriresursebis mimarT. CineTis miliardiani (aSS dolari) investiciebisSedegad, 2007 wels ormxrivi savaWro brunva 73.1 mlrd aSS dolarigaxldaT. samxreT afrikaSi CinelTa imigraciaze saubrisas undagamovyoT sami ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori: (1) Cineli SromiTimigrantebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis safuZvelze dasaqmebulniarian samxreT afrikis Cinur kompaniebSi, kerZod, infrastruqturisada momsaxurebis sferoebSi, aseve, gazis, navTobisa da sxva resursebismopovebis seqtorSi; (2) soflis meurneobiT dakavebuli Cinelimigrantebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvisSemdeg samSobloSi brundebian; (3) da bolos, Zalze mniSvnelovanifaqtori - samxreTi afrikis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mimofantuli, mcirebiznesSi (restornebi, maRaziebi, swrafi kvebis obieqtebi) momuSavemigrantebi.191Cinel migrantTa raodenoba afrikis kontinentze jer kidevdaudgenelia. 2012 wlis monacemebiT, maTi ricxvi 1.1 mln-s aRwevda,rac, sxva qveynebis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT, maRali sulac araris (2013 wlis monacemebiT, aSS-Si 7.9 mln Cineli cxovrobs, xoloevropaSi – 2.5 mln); Tumca, afrikaSi maTi raodenobis swrafi zrdagasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria (cnobisaTvis: 2000 wels es maCvenebeli190 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 430.191 Malia Politzer, China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, 2008. Migration Policy Institute. nanaxia 4.02.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1tZNWBi.240 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mxolod 240 aTass utoldeboda).192 2007 wels samxreTi afrikisrespublikaSi 400 aTasi Cineli cxovrobda, nigeriaSi – 100 aTasi,CadiSi – 40 aTasi da amdenive – namibiaSi.1937.10. avstralia da okeaneTibritaneTma avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da okeaneTisfarTomasStabiani kolonizacia 1800-ian wlebSi ganaxorciela. maTaxali zelandiis sanapiroebze portebi gaaSenes, ramac kontinentisada kunZulis vesternizacias Seuwyo xeli. gaizarda imigrantTaricxvi evropidan, romlebic iq samudamod saxldebodnen. 1840wels britaneTma daiwyo migraciis waxaliseba axali zelandiismimarTulebiT, raTa ganeviTarebina sasoflo regionebi, romlismosaxleobasTan – maoris xalxTan – Tanacxovreba SesaZlebeliiyo, gansxvavebiT avstraliis aborigeni tomebisagan. britaneTis– okeaneTis mTavari kolonizatoris – mflobelobaSi iyo axaligvinea, da kunZuli-saxelmwifoebi: fiji, kiribati, tonga, tuvalu dasxv. mogvianebiT gamoCndnen frangi kolonizatorebic, romlebmacxelT igdes axali kaledonia, taiti, franguli polonezia da a. S.axali zelandiisa da avstraliis imigranti mosaxleoba, anu ZiriTadiadgilobrivi SromiTi resursi, yovelTvis mWidro kavSirs inarCunebdaevropasTan, xolo XX saukunis meore naxevridan aSS-sa da aziasTanacdaamyares urTierTobebi. avstraliisa da axali zelandiis ekonomikasakmaod Riaa globaluri procesebis mimarT, maSin, roca okeaneTispatara saxelmwifoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs politikur daekonomikur kavSirebs mezobel qveynebTan194, saerTaSoriso turizmTanerTad.avstraliam masobrivi imigraciis inicireba daiwyo 1945 wlis Semdeg,im gaTvliT, rom weliwadSi misi mosaxleoba 1%-iT gaizrdeboda. imdroisaTvis araevropelebs ar hqondaT qveyanaSi sacxovrebladCasvlis ufleba. mogvianebiT, 1973 wlis Semdeg, imigraciis nebarTvamiiRes laTinoamerikelebma da azielma emigrantebma.192 Li Anshan, 10 Questions about Migration between China and Africa, 2015. nanaxia 05.02.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2x4rYj1.193 Giles Mohan and Ben Lampert, Chinese Migrants in Africa: Bilateral and Informal Governance of a Poorly Understood South-South Flow. Draft paper prepared for the UNRISD Conference Regional Governance of Migration and Socio-Political Rights: Institutions, Actors and Processes 2013, Geneva, Switzerland. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/1MMAliP.194 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 448.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 241

1996 wlidan, liberalur-nacionaluri koaliciis TaosnobiT, avstra­liam daiwyo:− maRalkvalificiur specialistTa miwveva;− ojaxis gaerTianebis mkveTrad SezRudva;− mkacri zomebis miReba TavSesafris maZiebelTa mimarT; da− multikulturalizmis ukana planze gadatana.antiimigraciuli ritorikis miuxedavad, 2010-2011 wlebisaTvis mudmivsacxovreblad CasulTa raodenoba 180 aTasamde gaizarda; amasTanave,2008-2009 wlebSi profesionalTa ricxvma 114,777-s miaRwia (maSin, roca1984-1985 wlebSi mxolod 10 aTasi iyo).1952000 wlis Semdgom emigraciuli procesebi SeiniSneba axalizelandiidan, aseve, aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziidan.xSiria dokumentebis armqone migrantebis Sesvlac qveyanaSi.196oficialuri monacemebiT, yovelwliurad 100 aTasi migranti iRebssamuSao vizas avstraliis swrafad mzard samTo seqtorSi, msubuqmrewvelobasa da momsaxurebis sferoSi dasasaqmeblad. kidev ufroimatebs saerTaSoriso studentebis raodenoba CineTidan, indoeTidanda samxreT koreidan.197 2009 wels maTi ricxvi 320,368-s utoldeboda.aRsaniSnavia, rom rac ufro mravaleTnikuri da mravalkulturuliiqneba avstralia, miT metad gaizrdeba tolerantobis doneadgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.198bolo wlebSi bevri maRalkvalificiuri avstralieli miemgzavrebaaSS-Si, gaerTianebul samefosa da axal zelandiaSi profesiuli anpiradi gamocdilebis misaRebad.1997.11. saqarTveloyofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva respublikebis msgavsad, migraciaarc saqarTveloSi yofila didad aqtualuri, vidre qveyanamdamoukidebloba ar aRidgina 1991 wels. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifopolitika migraciis sferoSi da Tanmdevi sakanonmdeblo CarCoc 1990-iani wlebidan iwyebs ganviTarebas. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelo195 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 167.196 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 452.197 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 167.198 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 452.199 Castles, Haas and Miller, The Age of Migration, gv. 168.242 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

TandaTanobiT Caeba msoflio migraciul procesebSi. bolo aTwleu­lis ganmavlobaSi ki emigraciis dinamika da mimarTuleba mkveTradSeicvala da dResdReobiT Cveni qveynidan gasuli migrantebimsoflios mraval kuTxeSi SeiniSnebian. Tumca, am migraciul nakadebzedakvirveba rTulia, sando statistikuri monacemebis simwirisa damonacemTa Segrovebis meTodologiis siWrelis gamo.2001992-1996 wlebSi saqarTvelos gare migraciulma saldom 673.1 aTasiadamiani Seadgina.201 saerTaSoriso organizacia migraciis po­litikis centris monacemebiT, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qveynidanwasul 767,489 moqalaqes Soris 568,585 eTnikurad slavi, berZeni,somexi da ebraeli istoriul samSoblos daubrunda. amave wyaroscnobiT, qarTvel migrantTa ricxvi 221,846-s utoldeba, maSin, roca,saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro maT raodenobas 405,433adamianiT gansazRvravs.202 2004 wels, pirvelad 1960 wlis Semdeg,qveyanaSi CamosulTa ricxvma gadaaWarba gasulTa raodenobas (5.5aTasi). Tumca, 2006-2008 wlebSi movlenebi sawinaaRmdegod ganviTarda.dReisaTvis Cveni qveynidan emigrirebulTa raodenoba 1.1-1.3 mln-mdemeryeobs.203migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier Catarebuli kvlevebiT,2005 wlisaTvis emigraciuli nakadebi saqarTvelodan miemarTebodneniseTi qveynebisaken, rogoricaa ruseTi (63%), ukraina (9%), saberZneTi(6%) da evrokavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebi (15%).204 2009 wlisaTvisviTareba Seicvala – nakadebma moiklo ruseTis mimarTulebiT(34.3%).205 2011-2012 wlebSi potenciur migrantTa gamokiTxvam ruseTSigamgzavrebis kidev ufro mcire msurveli (sul 12%) gamoavlina, maSin,roca imigraciuli ganwyoba metia italiis (12%), aSS-s (13%), TurqeTis(13%) da evrokavSiris sxva qveynebis (27%) mimarT.2062012 wlisaTvis qarTvel emigrantTa 34.6% evrokavSiris qveynebSicxovrobs, 33.6% – postsabWoTa sivrceSi, 31.8 % ki aSS-Si, israelsada TurqeTSi.207daniSnulebis pirveli xuTeulis qveynebia: ruseTi,200 State Commission on Migration Issues, 2015 Migration Profile of Georgia, gv. 10. nanaxia 27.07.2016 w. http://migration.commission.ge/files/migration_profile_of_georgia_2015.pdf.201 melaZe, saqarTvelo da globaluri demografiuli procesebi: damxmare saxelmZR- vanelo, gv. 165.202 Migration Policy Centre, MPC - Migration Profile: Georgia. 2013. gv. 1. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Georgia.pdf203 Meladze, Georgia and Global Demographic Processes, gv. 165.204 Migration Policy Centre, Migration Profiles and Fact Sheets, gv. 74. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/publications/migration-profiles-fact-sheets/205 Iashvili, Gvenetadze, et al. Split families, gv. 349.206 Shushanik Makaryan, Adeline Braux and Maroussia Ferry, Caucasus Analytical Digest (CAD), #57: Migration. 2013. nanaxia 11.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2vZ0lek.207 MPC – Migration Profile. Georgia. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2wfqeq3.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 243

israeli, germania, aSS da saberZneTi. mzardia nakadebi italiisa daespaneTis mimarTulebiT. genderuli balansi qalebis sasargeblodixreba (55.5%. ufro maRalia maCvenebeli saberZneTsa da italiaSi),Tumca postsabWTa sivrceSi mamakacebi Warboben.fuladi gzavnilebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da mosaxleobisaTvismetad mniSvnelovania. 2010 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba mSp-s 9%-sSeadgenda da es maCvenebeli met-naklebad axlac igive rCeba (ix.cxrili 8). amgvari gzavnilebis mniSvneloba da wili 2014 wlamdestabilurad izrdeboda, 2014-2015 wlebSi ki iklo, rac gamoiwviagadmoricxvebis Semcirebam ruseTidan. saqarTvelos erovnulibankis monacemTa mixedviT, fuladi gzavnilebis TvalsazrisiTpirvel adgilze dgas ruseTi, mas mosdevs saberZneTi, italia, aSS daTurqeTi.208 CamoTvlili saxelmwifoebidan gadmoricxulma Tanxebma2015 wels qveyanaSi Semosuli fuladi gzavnilebis (sul 828,499 aTasiaSS dolari) 76.7% Seadgina.209cxrili 8. fuladi gzavnilebi saqarTveloSi, mSp da fuladi gzavnilebis wili qveynis mSp-Si210weli fuladi gzavnilebi, mSp mln-ebSi mSp-is fuladi aTasebSi (aSS dolari) gzavnilebis2010 wili(%)2011 (aSS dolari) 11.636 9.02012 14.4382013 1,052,227 15.846 8.82014 16.1392015 1,268,127 16.507 8.4 13.959* 1,334,174 9.2 1,477,020 8.7 1,440,754 7.7 1,079,952* winaswari monacemebi208 saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis statistikuri monacemebi, nanaxia 27.07.2016 w. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=306&lng=eng.209 iqve.210 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, gzavnilebis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebi. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=306&lng=eng; aseve naxeT mSp-is Sesaxeb monacemebi saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris saitze: nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://geostat.ge. /index.php?action=page&p_id=119&lang=eng.244 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

cxrili 9. qveynebi saqarTveloSi fuladi gzavnilebis sididis mixedviT (2015) da maTi wili qveynis mSp-Si211 qveyana fuladi gzavnilebi mTliani fuladi mSp-s wili aTasebSi gzavnilebidan (%) ruseTi wili (%)saberZneTi (aSS dolari) 3.1 40.1 0.8 italia 432,687.9 0.8 aSS 10.9 0.7 117,750.7 0.5 TurqeTi 10.1 3.1 sxva 109,077.7 7.7 sul 9.3 100,037.1 6.4 68,945.5 23.3 251,425.4 100 1,079,952wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo sakmaod liberalur savizopolitikas atarebda, romelic 100-ze meti qveynis moqalaqes qveyanaSiTavisuflad Semosvlis, cxovrebis, muSaobisa da swavlis saSualebasaZlevda, yovelgvari damatebiTi nebarTvis gareSe. axali kanoniucxoelTa Sesaxeb ZalaSi Sevida 2014 wlis 1 seqtembers. misi mizaniamigraciuli nakadebis regulireba. 2015 wlis zafxulSi kanonSiSeitanes rigi cvlilebebi da savizo da binadrobis moTxovnebi kidevufro ganavrces. cvlilebebi ganxorcielda kanonis moqmedebazedakvirvebis Sedegad da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso da arasamTavroboorganizaciis rekomendaciebze dayrdnobiT.saqarTveloSi Semodinebuli saimigracio nakadebi mravalgvaria –imigrantebi sxvadasxva qveynidan modian da, ZiriTadad, potenciursamuSao resurss qmnian. droebiTi binadrobis nebarTvebisstatistikur monacemTa mixedviT, imigrantebi sxvadasxva sferoSisaqmianoben, iqneba es ganaTleba, biznesi Tu sxva samuSao.212211 iqve212 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia, 2015 wlis saqarTvelos migraciuli pro- fili, gv. 20-21. nanaxia 27.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/258zypr.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 245

cxrili 10. saqarTveloSi gacemuli binadrobis nebarTvebi(2010-2014)213weli samuSao ganaTleba ojaxis gaerTianeba investicia saqarTvelos yofili moqalaqe saqarTveloSi 5 welze meti droiT cxovreba gansakuTrebuli binadrobis nebarTva sul2010 2,903 1,059 940 - 1,850 2 - 6,7542011 4,539 657 1029 - 1,168 2 - 7,3952012 5,091 876 961 - 840 4 - 7,7722013 3,921 554 931 - 620 4 - 6,0302014 4,666 1,130 1,136 54 2,282 676 181 10,125sul 21,120 4,276 4,997 54 6,760 688 181 38,076ojaxis gaerTianebis safuZvelze yvelaze xSirad binadrobisnebarTvas ruseTis moqalaqeebi iReben. maTze modis am kategoriisnebarTvebis 1/3-ze meti (1,654 4,997-dan). amas garda, maT, rogorcsaqarTvelos yofil moqalaqeebs, wilad xvdaT Sesabamisi niSniTgacemuli binadrobis nebarTvebis 70% (4,791 6,760-dan). bolo 5 wlisganmavlobaSi 21,120 muSaobis nebarTvidan 6,467 (30%) gankuTvniliiyo CineTis moqalaqeebisaTvis, maSin, roca ganaTlebis safuZvelzeminiWebuli nebarTvebis TiTqmis 60 % (2,488 4,276-dan) ergoT indoelstudentebs.214 kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. ras Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi geografia? rogor daakavSirebdiT misi Seswavlis sagnebs migraciis kvlevis sxva dargebTan (mag: samarTali, politika, demografia)?2. ZiriTadad romeli faqtorebi gansazRvravs migraciis mimarTu­ lebas da daniSnulebis qveynis/regionis SerCevas? imsjeleT am TavSi warmodgenil masalebze dayrdnobiT.213 iqve, gv. 21. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო214 iqve.246

3. ra faqtorebi gansazRvravs migraciis mimarTulebebs saqarTve­ lodan da saqarTveloSi?4. romelia qarTvel migrantTa ZiriTadi daniSnulebis qveyana? daasabuTeT.5. romeli qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis aris sasurveli saimigracio sivrce saqarTvelo? ratom?6. ra SeiZleba qarTulma saxelmwifom gaakeTos emigrantebis mxardasaWerad?7. Tqvenis azriT, emigracia saqarTvelodan gamosavalia Tu dana­ kargi? daasabuTeT Tqveni pozicia. saSinao davaleba1. ra gavlena iqonia Tqvens qalaqze/ubanze imigraciam? moiZieT, aris Tu ara axlomaxlo ucxoel mflobelTa biznesobieqtebi, an gansxvavebuli erovnuli da kulturuli niSniT gamorCeuli dawe­sebulebebi (mag:bari, maRazia, kafe da a.S.). ramdenad ucvlis isini saxes Tqvens samezoblos?2. daasaxeleT sxva qveynebic, romlebic mimzidvelia qarTvel emigran­tTaTvis. ramdenad mniSvnelovania sazRvargareT mcxov­ rebi qarTvelebisaTvis sakuTari kulturis, enisa da sxva Rirebulebebis SenarCuneba? Tqveni azriT, ra gziT SeiZleba amis miRweva? rogor unda iqces es procesi qarTvel emigrantTa maspinZel sazogadoebaSi integraciis nawilad? qarTuli kul­ turis dacva-SenarCunebis procesi daniSnulebis yvela qveyanaSi erTnairia? daasabuTeT. bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura:1. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. “Nonimmigrant admissions (I-94 only) by selected category of admission and region and country of citizenship : Fiscal year 2013.” Homeland Security, 2014. http://bit.ly/1izceNt;საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 247

2. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Aliens apprehended by region and and country of nationality: Fiscal year 2013. Homeland Security, 2014. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf;3. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Aliens removed by criminal status and region and country of nationality: Fiscal years 2004 to 2013. Homeland Security, 2014. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf;4. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Individuals granted asylum affirmatively by region and country of nationality: Fiscal years 2004-2013. Homeland Security, 2014. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf;5. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Nonimmigrant admissions (I-94 only) by region and country of citizenship: Fiscal years 2004-2013. Homeland Security, 2014. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf;6. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Persons obtaining lawful permanent resident status by region and country of birth: Fiscal years 2004 to 2013. Homeland Security, 2014. http://bit.ly/1izceNt;7. 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Persons obtaining lawful permanent resident status by broad class of admission and region and country of last residence: Fiscal years 2004 to 2013. Homeland Security, 2014. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf;8. AAG Center for Global Geography Education, Migration. IOM 2005 World Migration 2005: Costs and Benefits of International Migration, Map 12. http://bit.ly/2fgsR4N.9. Adeola Adeyemo, Are The Chinese Taking Away Our Jobs? Nigerian Immigration Service to Repatriate 45 Chinese Nationals. 23.05.2012. http://bit.ly/2x8fj2h;10. Ali Mansoor and Bryce Quillin, Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, The World Bank, 2006;11. Allison Blakely, Postcolonial Immigration and identity Formation in Europe Since 1945: The Russian Variant, ix. krebulSi Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics: Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States in Comparison, eds. Ulbe Bosma, Jan Lucassen and Gert Oostindie, 181-192. New York-Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012;12. An amnesty for illegal immigrants? Migration watch response to GLA paper, Migration Watch UK: 2009. http://www.migrationwatchuk.org/briefing-paper/166;13. Ana Bravo-Moreno, Migration, Gender and National Identity: Spanish migrant Women in London. Peter Lung: Oxford, 2006. https://goo.gl/TRKJyn;14. Ankica Kosic and Anna Triandafyllidou, Italy, ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, ed. Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2009;248 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

15. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, European Immigration: a Sourcebook. 2nd edition, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2014;16. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, European Immigration: a Sourcebook. England: Ashgate Publishing, 2009;17. Ashley Challinor, Canada’s Immigration Policy: a Focus on Human Capital, Migration Policy Institute, 2011. http://bit.ly/2ir04uW;18. Ashraf Haidari, The Plight of Afghan Refugees, The Diplomat, January 21, 2016. http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/the-saga-of-afghan-refugees/;19. Asylum Quarterly Report, Eurostat Statistics Explained. 16th September 2015. https://goo.gl/H6KzEq;20. BBC News, French Senate Votes to Ben Islamic Full Vail in Public, 14 September, 2010. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11305033;21. BBC News. Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe Explained in Graphics. 28 January 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911;22. BBC News; Key facts: Africa to Europe migration, 2 July, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6228236.stm;23. Becoming a German citizen by naturalization, Federal Ministry of the Interior of Germany, 2004. https://goo.gl/Vu9ZTC;24. Britannica. Oceania is generally divided into three areas: Melanezia, Micronezia and Polinazia. http://bit.ly/2hc8Dtr;25. Carmen González-Enríquez, Spain, ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, ed. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2014;26. Catherine Wihtol Wenden, France, ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, ed. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2014;27. Dactiloscopic registration of Russian citizens. http://bit.ly/2xb76YC;28. Dalia Ambrozaitiene, In 2012, the number of emigrants from Lithuania dropped, but the number of re-emigrants grew, 2013. http://bit.ly/2feA4SP;29. David Trilling, Tajikistan: Remittances to Plunge 40% - World Bank. May 26, 2015. Inside the Cocoon: Central Asia Today. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73591;30. Dita Vogel and Vesela Kovacheva. Germany, ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, ed. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2014;31. Doug Herman, What Climate Change Will Mean for the People of Oceania, Smithsonian.com, March 27, 2015. https://goo.gl/ABFzdb;32. Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho, „Flexible Citizenship~ or Familial Ties that Bind? Singaporeanსაზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 249