កម្ពុជានឹងឥណ្ឌូចិន -Cambodia and indochinafederation

99(11) Kaµ nTnM ak'TMngGIÃrvag Exrµ -evotmji ngw BYkemExrµ ¨khmsB«Ã fe© nHeT. enHKCW akar¨bmafeBj(12) TdI l'vJ^ ïaNk&Ån«ì neyaFaeyIg EdlVnbCU aCév^tenAsmrPUmi ngi «nbgbèínkski reygI Edl Vn¨tèveKsmÂab'rgðalya\" g«¨B«p§.(13) k~g¬ eBlenHmni Tan'mansitÄ ci ºas'las'elIcnM nY GavFu \kumyµ¬ nsi ‘| EdlVn¨tvè pl¶ '[Exrµ ¨k- hmeT. ynY cºas'CaminVndk· CJØnè [eday²tykk«M reLIy. dUcCaExrµ eygI k¬~geBlCJnØè kSePgI BIkBM g'esameTA[evotkug, yYn¨bEhlCaVn \ebHyk| myY PaKEdr. BYkkumyµ¬ nsi y‘ nY , fIÃdºti EteKdg· ¾¨KbK' ~a GBM kI ar¨tèvr\"vU K~a shI n-u pSySu gdgu enAebk\" Sg enA «f© 21-3-70, Vn¨bEkkk¬g~ BIrqS~ d÷bUg«nsågðamfa KµanT&BxÂnç enAkmõ¬CaeT. ma¨ta 20 «nkci Í ¨Bme¨BogenAVr\" sI «nExmkra 1973 CakarTTlY sarPaBmYyBit@. bE\"u nK‘ µan¨beTsNa mYydak'TNkë mdµ le' votNamxageCégeT, dN÷ gw dl'Gk~ NaEdlsgôwmelkI arxlà 'xaà yrk ytu iF‘ má «nsnsi~ ITGn‘rCatiTSgBgY ! teTAenH KWGtÄbT«nkic¨Í Bme¨BogenAVr\" sI rvagshrd½ Gaemrki nigevotNamxageCég EdleFIÃenAExmkra 1973 (vKðTI7, ma¨ta20) Ð k/ù PaKIEdlcUlrYmsns~i TI enAV\"rsI GMBeI rOgevotNam ¨tvè eKarBy\"agm\"t'ct'dl' kci ͨBme¨Bogh§EW Nv«nq~S 1954 elIkmõC¬ a nigkic¨Í Bme¨Bogh§WENv«nq~S 1962 elIlav, kci ¨Í Bme¨BogEdleF[ÃI man¨tmw ¨tèvnUvsiTìiCatiCaòsKl' «n ¨bCaCnkmC¬õ angi lav, KäW kraC´, GFbi ety´PaB, äkPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdé«n ¨beTsTSgenH. PaKI ¨tèveKarBGB´a¨kwtPaB«nkmõ¬Cangi lav. PaKI EdlclU rmY k¬~gsni~sITenAVr\" sI GBM IevotNamsn´afamni e¨bTI wkdékmCõ¬ angi lav edmé ºbI \"H Jle' TAv^jeTAmkdl'GFibtPI aBKa~ nigdls' n‘si xu K~a ngi edmé ºbI H\" Jl'dl' GFibtPI aB«n¨beTsäeTot. x/ù breTsngw bJÎb'skmPµ aBTahanTSgGse' nAkm¬õCaniglav, nwgdkecjBI¨b- eTsTSgBIrenHnvU kgTahanTSgGs', TI¨bkw §aTahanTSgGs', bKu lð ikTahan, GavuF, ¨Kab' ngi sm¸ar:cmºSg ehIynwgminbJÍèlmkeToteLIy. K/ù kicÍkar«pkæ g~¬ «n kmõ¬Caniglav ¨tèv¨bCaCnTSgBrI catE' cgerogxnÂç eday²tbr- eTse¨CotE¨Ck. X/ù cMeNaTTSgLayEdlCab'C÷Jkn' gw TnM akT' Mngrvag¨beTs«n²Ncèë ni ngw ¨tèv edaH¨sayedayPaKI²Nècë ni elImUlda½ n «nkareKarBeTAv^jeTAmkdl'äkraC´ K~a, brU NPaBTkw dKé ~a nig«nkarmine¨CotE¨CkeTAv^jeTAmk dlk' ickÍ ar«pkæ g~¬ Ka~ . (cuHhteÄ lxaeday eLDwkfU nig hni rI Ksi §ijeCé enA«f© 27 mkra 1973) (dk¨sg' ecjBIsarBtáman \LWm\"ug| «n«f© 26-1-73). karNm_ yY EdlVneFIÃ[G~ksegtû karNb_ reTsegOgq©l'y\"agxÂSg KGW ~kkanG' MNac enAP~eM BjVnbJØa, ¨Kan'Etsnis~ TI enHcbP' Âam, [kgTB& bJÎbk' arVj'Ka~ CaäketaPaKI ehIy[eFIbà uN´myY GbGrsaTrTTlY kci ¨Í Bme¨BogenH. mnu eBlPeM~ BjFa k'bnci‘ , kar¨bktY ¨bECgK~arvagbk§BkY TSgLayk¬~g saFarNrd½ eFI[à Ga- emrki Sgse¨mccti ‘yk ln' Nun ecj[qa© yBIP~MeBj. \kaNnu | Vn¨tvè eK[eTAeFÃdI ÷eNrI

100(14) mYyeTAbreTskg~¬ \zan:| Card½TUt¨tac'cr. Exµr¨khmeF[ÃI manJk´ccamGara\" mfa k~¬g de÷ NIrrbs'xnç ln' Nnu VnTakT' gCamYyrsu §I. eday²tcgn' yi ayfa karedjTtU rus§I ecjBIP~MeBjenAExemsa 1975 mkEtGMBeI rOgenH, eyIgGacniyayedaycºasf' a Exµr¨khm ²tVnedjBYkTtU shPaBseU vot e¨kamkarj¬Hjg'rbsc' ineLIy. enAGasuPI aKGeK~y,_ karbdv^ t‘n_NakC* abdv^ tn‘ _ksikmEµ dr (xÂSgNas'elIkElgEtceM JH hgu kug nig sigbú ru I), e¨BaHfamhaCnPaKe¨cnI Cakski r. vN:ö kmkµ rkg~¬ ¨kgu ¨Kan'EtCaels eT. karTakT' aj«nsPaB \eqItqay| EtgEteF[Ià manCanic,Í k¬g~ sgmð Ekºr-mUlFnnyi m, nvU karcakecjBI¨sku E¨sckM armkrs'enAk¬g~ ¨kugv^j, karN_enHCakrNIy«nkmCõ¬ aEdr. lb' bMVt'¨kugTSgLayecj CaeKaledAFMmyY «nkmu µ¬ynis‘GasTuI SgGs' EdlkBM gu EteLIgkan' GNM ac, eTaHbxI nÂç yk¨TwstI¶ amlTiNì ake* day, eTaHbxI çn manlkNÅ :dacN' atx' ÂSg Étick* eday. minEmnEtk~g¬ kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´eTEdleKlb'bVM t¨' kugecal, enAevotNam nig enAlav k*eKeFdIà eU cH~ Edr, bE\"u ne‘ daybnc¶i mg¶ @. EdlExµr¨khmedjbNa¶ Cn ecjGs'y\"ag elOnBIP~eM Bjngi ¨kugäeTotenH, KWmni EmnmkBIerOgesdk½ icÍ ÉedémºIbMeBjbNM gmenaKmvC^ aØ GÃeI T. Exµr¨khmVneFÃIedayGmnsu §FmáenH e¨JHcg'ecosvagGnæak4' dcU teTAenH, EdlGac \katm' xu | xnç Vn Ð k/ù e¨kaykicͨBme¨BogenAV\"rsI «nq~S 1973, eKfaGacmankci cÍ careleI rOgExrµ . sIhn,u CamyY karyl'¨Bm«n CU eGnLay, eVHsncèæ myY eTA Ð raCrd½aPi VlrYbrmY Cati ¨BmeFIÃEtkicÍccar eTPà aK,I CamYyGaemrki SgEtmg¶ . sIhnu mni Emncg'EtTaj ln' nl' ngi saFarNrd½ecjeT, KEW fmTSg —ehyI mnu GIà TSgGs—' BkY Exrµ ¨khm \knU sis§| ynY eTot (enAeBlenaH, rdT½ UtVrSg enA¨kgu eb\"kSg, eGEdn maN\" ak,' eFICà aG~kTak'Tg[). cab'tSgBqI S~ 1973 enAkmõ¬Ca, eKeXIjmankgqµk' \shI nnu iym|. enAk¬g~ PUmiPaKxH , mankarvay tTl'y\"agxS g rvagExµr¨khm nig \BkY shI n|u . x/ù eBlEdlKat'eTACardm½ ånIT‘ ImyY , hg§ Fnu hak' Vnrkccar, tamry:Vgkk, CamyY ¨kum sIhnu - exov sMpn - hßuy nmi - hßU yn,' kar¨bwgE¨bgEdlVn eF[Ià Kat' Vt'muxgareTA. K/ù suEs‘n EhßÃrNg'Eds, GtIt:GKeð mbJaØ kar, cg'eFÃIrd½¨bharmYyedémºIrlM M ln' nl' ehyI yksIhnu (Etma~ kä' g) mkv^j. edayxÃHKNu smºtim‘ Yy EdlVrSgehAfa \GIunsI ´a\" TIv| (karecHcatE' cgedayxnç äg mincSVc'maneK bJaØ ), sEu s‘neTAsYreyablG' aemrki Sgsni . CakarN_Fmµta, Gaemrki Sg eqyÂI \eT|, ehyI xçÂnks* a¶ b'. X/ù nl' Nun k*dUcK~aEdr BuMVnenAes¿© mk~g¬ kar¨bNSg deNmI¶ GNM aceT. \Ótm¶ esnIy_| Ehm ektdara nig¨kmu \mUN\" as´è| rbs'xÂçn, nayTahanJk' paû yxÂH Edl¨tehb¨thbmkdak'esa¨cvak'enATÃarcUl¨ksYgeXasnakar bgaú j[eXjI lºicklTSgLay«neBle¨kayenaH.

101 BitNase' TAehyI , Exµr¨khmdg· GsB' ÓI VyklTSgenaH. karN_EdlKYrkt'sMKal' KBW Yk edré lºci TSgenH, TSgG~kmansuTcì ti ‘ TSgG~ke¨skbuN´sk,¶i Vnyl¨' cLMGMBIGMNacEmn ETnelIBkY Exµr¨khm. TSgGs'Ka~ ²tVnyld' lG' tnÄ y& ya\" g¨Cale¨CA «nkarsma b'rgðal «¨B«p§ enA¨tJMgCg, Ódgu ð, kMBg'cam .l. eLyI . eKsµanEtebIminshI nu (EdlmanysCa ¨bFan«nrNsir§nigmankarKSJrBeI bk\" Sg) k* exov sMpn Edr (CamyY garxnÂç CaGKðembJaØ kar ngi rdm½ ån¶IkarJr¨beTs) Edlkanb' eg¿ú rd·knSbd^vtn‘ ._ mni KW exov sMpn Edlk¬g~ eBl mYyVn¨VbG' ~ksarBtámanVrSgm~ak'enAk¬g~ «¨Bfa Ð \e¨KaHfa~ kF' bM pM tu cMeJHkarbdv^ t‘n_ KW kalNaCy& Cn÷ HVnrhs& eBk|? etI exov spM n cg[' d·gfa mni EmnxÂnç eTG~kmanGNM ac EmnETnÉG?ÃI buE\" n‘kalenaH cenÂaHq~S 1971 nig 73 ²tmannrNacab'PÂwkxS geLIy eday saµ nEtnyi ayBIkicÍkarerobcM. emIleTA, edaycgs' gKMnu—M QcW ab' elIsgðmxçÂn, edaycg' eFI[à TalE' t shI nu ykGMNacv^jBeuM ktI , exov sMpn, EdlemlI gayemeron¨bvtis‘ aås¶ dUcBYk \BukrlyY | enAPe~M BjEdr, Vnsxu cit‘cUlCamyY \bn| BkY haNUy.(15) eKVnnyi ayGBM Ikar[xI¨Í Vk' 1 000 landlu Âar Edl CU eGnLay ¨BmeFÃI cMeJHkm¬õCa¨b- CaFibety´ edémº[I Exµr¨khmTuk shI nu Ca¨bmxu rd½.(16) muneBl bul\" Bt eTA¨sukcni bnci‘ , Ts§navdé‘ \esd½kci cÍ gu bUJ¨á beTs| cHu GtÄbTmYysr esreday Nay\"ancand' a e¨kamcNM geCégfa \kmõC¬ angi cinminsUvsiT~ ìsa~ lK~a|, ehIyEdl EcgdUcteTAenH Ð \shI nu Ð ¨bPB[BtámanCatGi Wrb\"u mYy Edld·ge¨cnI GMBeI bk\" Sgnyi ayfa cinmin sbºaycit‘eTGMBIrebobEdleKEfTSsem¶cshI nu, ehyI \BkY bYnnak'|(R) Vn¨tèveK[TTlY xus edayBVuM nxti xMeF[Ià sIhnu enACa¨bmxu rd½. ¨bPBenHyl'fa minEmnCa«cdn´eT karN_Edl sIhnu Vn¨tèvdkecjBtI EM Nge¨kayBmI rNPaB«nrdm½ ån‘ITmI yY CU eGnLay (EdlCaGk~ KSJr sIhnu k¬g~ ry:eBl¨VqM ~SEdlsem¶cenAebk\" Sg), Tl'ngw BkY G~kdac'Nat' xÂSgkg¬~ cMeNamExrµ ¨khm. ²Lvè enHeb\"kSgdUcCaVneXIjfa karTma k'sIhnu VneF[Ià km¬Cõ a VtG' k~ nSJk´ma~ kE' dlmansmtPÄ aB, mkGBM IneyaVyeFxÃI çn äekaGnafa. \fÃdI ºitEtTnM asr' vag¨beTscin«nhYKYehÃg ngw km¬õCamni Tane' cjenAeLyI eT, eKeXIj mansJaï fa eb\"kSgmni svU mankarsiT~ ìsa~ lk~g¬ kci ÍTakT' grbs'xÂçnCamyY km¬Cõ a. karbryi ay BIerOgExrµ edayTPI ~akg' arBtmá ancni fµé —¨bdabv' ask' rM itmit‘PaBmYyEdleKTTlY sðal—' Vn Fa kc' uHmkya\" gsçc¶ es¶Igk¬~gq~SEdlkng eTAenH. ¨bdUceTAnwgGtbÄ TcMnYn 22 elIkm¬õCa Edl TPI ~akg' arBtmá ancinfVéµ ncuHp§ayk¬g~ Exkkûda-sIha 1976, TIPa~ kg' arVncHu EtbnY GtÄbTeT k~g¬ ry:kaldcU Ka~ q~SenH. \sJïamYy«nkarcuHGn«' nPaBkke' kA¶ rbs'ebk\" Sg KkW rM itmni svU xÂSg«nPaBtMNagrbs' ¨beTscni kg~¬ BiFICbe' logbNu ´xbY enAExemsa. kg~¬ BFi CI be' logqS~ eTA, EdleFÃIeLgI mnu mrNPaB«n emA\" esTgu ngi karFa k'«nBYkbnY nak,' VnmkclU rYmsmaC^kbInak'«nkaryi al&y neyaVy ¨BmTSgrd½mån‘kI arbreTsk~g¬ eBlenaH, Cav KnY hY (e¨kaymkeKElgrabr' k). q~S(R) ¨bBnì emA\" esTgu ngi Ka~ Kat.'

102enH, VnmkcUlrmY k¬~gBFi IsmaC^km~ak«' nkaryi aly& neyaVy nigrd½månkI‘ arbreTs hgY hY.sunræ kfarbs' hYghY ¨tCakC' ag Cav KYnhY EdlVnEfÂgGMBeI sckI¨¶ VemaCØnwgkarEdlman\mti ‘rmY ¨byuT|ì esaµ H¨tg'dUcExµr.| \karcHu ¨tCak' «nTMnakT' Mng«n¨beTsTSgBIr ¨bEhlCamni eFÃI[mankardac'edacxÂSgÉ[eXjI CasaFarN: nUvsågað msÂabVkaû dcU krNCI amYy¨beTsGalV' neI T, e¨JH¨beTsTSgBrI ¨tvè karK~a eTAv^jeTAmk. cinmni ¨tmw Et[x¨IÍ Vky' a\" ge¨cnI semºIm srM ab'karksageLIgvj^ e¨kaysågðameT (¨bEhl 1 000 landulÂarGaemrki Sg, Edlkg¬~ enaHmanC÷nYyCarbs' t«m 20 landlu Âar), EfmTSgVn —tameKsaµ n— [buKðlki becÍkeTs 1 000 nak'mkCsY CulpÂèv nigÓbkrNd_ ·knStamGakas nigGys&yµ yan, e¨KOgpl¶ G' Ksði nnI gi eragc¨ksxM an@' äeTot ¨BmTSg[db÷ Unaµ nxagGPivDónk_ sikmµ. elIsBIkar[GavuFFmµta, cinVnpl¶ k' Vl\" s' Mrabe' FIÃlºat ehIybgaú t'Exµr[ecHe¨b¨I Vs.' Gakascrcin (e¨kaymk tamedayGakascryYnniglav) enAEtCasõanFMEdlPØab'¨beTsmkBPi Belakxage¨kA. ebskkmµExrµ xagJNiCØkmEµ dlecje¨kA¨beTsCaelkI d÷bUg mktSgTIkg¬~ FnaKarkmu µy¬ nism‘ yYenA hugkgu (Ts§navd¶é, 10 Fè~ 76) ehyI kicCÍ jY dUrTSgLayeFItà amry:FnaKar«n¨beTscin. eTaHbIkm¬õCaVnebkI bn‘icmg¶ @ nvU karTak'TgxagBaNCi kØ mµCamYyelakxage¨kAk*eday—CaBiessCamyY Cbun\" — eBlevlamYyry:nigknÂgeTA mnu ngw P~MeBjGacrgw «drgw eCgé edré Etma~ k'ägVn.| \tbmkv^j, CamyY neyaVye¨kA¨beTsdä* kraC´rbs'xÂnç ngi Ch÷ rya\"gxÂSgrbs'xÂçn¨bqSgngw shPaBseU vot, kmCõ¬ aeFsIà mngw Twk¨Vk'k¬g~ v^k&yb¨& tcni Nas.' fÃédºti Etebk\" Sgcg'[km¬Cõ aEkE¨bC÷hrCatni iymelsI lbu rbs'xnÂç nigbVM t'TMnasx' nÂç CamyY ¨beTs«f, PaBäkraC´y\"agmanH«nkmõC¬ aVn¨tvè TTlY sað l'fa karFanamyY Tl'ngw es~¿tTSgLay«nmhaGMNac dcU tTln' gw karekIteLgI «nb¬k ²Nëcè ni äkraC´myY Edr. eTaH¨beTsTSgBrI minclU cti ‘nwgneyaVykg¬~ K~axÂSgy\"agNake* day, kmõC¬ anigcin ngw enAEtedérCamYyK~ae¨JHEtmlU ehtyu a\" gxÂeI nH Ð ¨beyaCnr_ d½ .| (Ts§navdeé¶ sd½kiccÍ ugbUJ¨á beTs 30 kkûda 1977) ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

103 de÷ NrI dm* aneCaKCy& «n bu\"l Bt eTAeb\"kSgGacCa sJaï «n karbnæn'rbbExrµ ¨khmÉeT? KWfa ¨bCaCnExµrGacnwgVn¨sak¨san‘xÂHÉeT? eTaHCaG~kd·knScin¨bmUlmnus§mYylannak' elITlI an eTonGanemn\" edmé ºIeFÃIkarTTlY ya\" gGsaÍ r´myY dl' bu\"l Bt nigedmé ºI¨Vb'eTABPi Belakfa kmC¬õ a Ca \kEnÂgsMrSgTku | rbsc' ni ke* day,eKaledA«nG~kdk· nSsBëf©ngi k~¬gGnaKt«n¨beTsevotNam enAEt²tE¨b¨bçleLIy Ð beM BjcNM g' hU Cémij, KWfa ykkmõ¬Caniglav clU k¬~gshB&nrì dm½ yY e¨kamkardk· nS«nevotNam. mane¨cnI Ka~ G~kEdlcSemIl, edayeqat, karNE_ dlExµr¨khmebkI y\"agFM nvU Taà r¨beTs edémº[I \ecAhÃay| yYnxnç cUlmkykkm¬õCa. enHKWmeF´aVyEdl hU Cémij BuMVn¨Vb'eyIgeT. G~kdk· nSevotNammanCae¨cInKa~ nvU karBei saFn_Cab' 40qS~ xagsågðambd^vtn‘ ._ eKVnQmmux k¬g~ kartyuTìy\"agyrU edémºäI kraC´¨beTseKTl'ngw GaNaniKmnyi m nigc¨kBtn‘i iym Cae¨cIn Ð VrSg, cni ,Cb\"nu , GaemrikSg. kan'cgûtè ¨beTsmyY Edl —ceM JHEP~kBiPBelakTSgmlU — Ca¨beTsrgkmµ, G~kTSgenHecH ehIyngi enAEtecH ecosvagmni [eKfaxÂnç Cac¨kBti‘v^jVn. etEI xrµ ¨khmGnuvt‘n²_ texaÍ H nvU ¨Tws¶Ibd^vt‘n«_ nvN:ö kmkµ r-kski r rbse' m\"A(1)? ÉmYyykKnM ti eday²txsu mYybnæat'BIlTiì ma\"k§-eLnIn? ÉmYyBYkenH \dsu lag[brisuT|ì edémºIeFÃsI gðmfµémyY enAkmC¬õ a? ²tsMxan'eT ¨bPB«nlTiìEdlemExµr¨khmykKnM ittam, karEdl¨tvè sgtû e' lI KBW YkenHVnTTlY karhkÃw hÃWnxagbecÍkeTssågað mbd^vt‘ne_ nA¨sukyYn. ebKI aµ nCn÷ Yycin(2) karbd^vtn¶ _ynY ¨bEhlCamni VnC&yC÷nHeT. dcU K~aEdr ebIKaµ nC÷nyY yYn emeraKkmu ¬µynis‘ ²tmankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kann' gw kMeTc ehyI kbe' calnUvGryi FmáExrµ eLyI . Bti ehIy VneronenAsalayYn minEmnVnny&E¨bmkCanicÍfaCax¬MkÆ JØHyYn ehIybeM rIpl¨beyaCny_ YneT. b\"uEn‘ ebI¨beTsevotNamVneFIBà lki mµya\" ge¨cInedémºICYyExµr¨khm KWmkBI¨beTsenHeXIjfaxÂçnGacTajpl¨beyaCnm_ kv^jVn. mkdl'eBlenH G~kdk· nSyYnGacsbºayrIkrayngw lTpì lelIkdb÷ gU ehyI , rgÃan'«nkarsbºr¬ srbs'xçn Р¨beTskmCõ¬ aGsm' nsu § edaykarbMpÂajxçn äg(3). eTaHeygI cg' Émincg' Exrµ ¨khmkBM ugEteFÃI[Gsm' nsu §BI¨beTsxçn ehyI e¨JHfa Ð k/ EfmelGI sPu Exrµ 1 200 000 nak' Edl¨BTw sì PaGaemrki SgVnTTYlsðal', bnaæ b' BIkarCECkmYyya\"g¨tmw ¨tèvelIKNeny´mk, nigmanmyY cMnYneTot, EdleyIgmni hßanngw mincg'Vn\" ', «nG~ksa b'edayehtuCévsaås.‘ ehyI eygI minniyayBIkarEdlTarkcab' kMeNItBuMVn nigBIkarsmÂab¨' tg'@ Edlngw enAEtmaneTotpg. x/ù k~g¬ GeM BqI çûtkMeral ngi sma b'rbsx' çn Exµr¨khmeF[Ià man¨btikmeµ TAmk bnK‘ ~a Edl ngw nS¨beTseTA[mankarkMeTcTSggg·tmuxmyY CaTeI xÂacp§ar. eKalv^T´asaås‘Edlfa kmµ begtIû ¨btikmµ nwgbgaú j[eyIgeXjI Ð kareFÃIVbnS[mankarbHeVr, karbHeVrnS[man

104 karbågaû b ehyI kg'c¨kenHecHEtvl^ eTAeTot. karbHeVrenHecjBbI Na¶ Cn kd* UcCaecjBI bk§BkY ¨bECg. edémºeI F[ÃI Gsm' nus§BIkmC¬õ a, evotNam²tVce' ¨bIkgTB& xçÂneLyI . bu\"Enm‘ kdl'eBl enH¨Kan'Etcb'dN÷ ak'myY eT. GnaKteXIjdUcCaexAµ gg·tNas.' ¨bCaCnExµr¨tvè ¨bgu xçn cS TTlY rgB´¬Hsgôrae¨cnI eTot EdlbgúajxÂnç enAeCégemXeTAehyI . dUec~H etI¨bCaCnExrµ nwgeTACaya\" gNakg~¬ GnaKt? etGI næake' nA¨tg'Na, sMNagnwgrse' nA¨tgN' a? e¨kay¨Bwt‘ikarN_ 18 mIna 1970, eBlEdl¨beTskm¬Cõ acUlkg~¬ pvÂè fye¨kayBVMu n «ncMVgM Ka~ äg, elak nYn eXOn, saåsa¶ car´brJi aï b¨& t¨bvti‘sa¨s¶ «nmhavT^ ´al&yGk§rsaås¶ nigmnsu §saås¶¨kugPM~eBj, tamry:esovePAmYyeQµaH Çd÷eNrI eqaõ HeTATisxaglic nig²Nècë ink~¬gq~S2000È, [kar¨BmanmyY eTAKvU ^vaTTSgBrI Ð \vasna«n¨beTseyokNamCavasna«n¨bCaCatimyYEdlB¨gké Tkw deé daysågðam ehyI Edl¨tvè eKeFsÃI ågðameTAGnaKteTot.| k¬~gCe¨mA, nYn eXOn cgn' iyaydcU teTAenH eTAkanG' ~kd·knSTSgBIrxag Ð k~g¬ kMeralnigsmÂabK' ~aeTAv^jeTAmk cUrG~kkuMePc e¨KaHf~ak'yYnEdlkBM gu EtXS emlI eygI . d÷bUnaµ n¨bvt‘isa¨sV¶ n¨Vbe' yIgrYcehIyfa KWedaysarcMVMgK~aeygI TSgenHehIy EdlyYneq¿t{kasral'dgedémºIrju¨caneyIgecj. CaCagkMeTcKa~ äg, KYreygI xsM n§CM év^tExrµ vj^ edmé ºIQmmxu Tl'ngw sågðammyY kg¬~GnaKt CamyY evotNameBlNaEdl¨beTsenH nwgVnrmY mkEtmYyv^j. dUcCaFmtµ aeTAehyI , karGMJvnavenH²tVn¨tvè eK¾eLyI . karsni~da½ n«nelak nYn eXOneXIjfa¨tèvdUec~HEmn kg¬~ eBl²LèvenH. eTIbngw ecjeKIm@ BIsågðamd*rntì 'mYyk~g¬ kMLg¬ ¨VMqS~ EdlVneFÃ[I sÂab'ngi rbYsmnus§ 8 00 000 nak' k¬g~ bN¶aCn(4), ¨beTskmC¬õ acUlk¬~gdeg¿û bkarbd^vtn‘ d_ m* anButtºt¬ nigd«* ¨B«p§myY EdlKabmlY xçÂn[hrU Qame¨caHesærI EtGs'eTAeTot. kMBgu Et¨tdab¨tdYsedaymuxrbsY TSgenH, sarBtámanTSgLayEcgBsI Jaï «nsågað mmyY eTotrvagkmCõ¬ angi evotNam, Edlk~¬geBlenH¨KanE' tCa \Cema HerOg¨BEM dn|. karN_mYyféµ Ð km¬õCa, elIkenH, eTACa\G~kQa nBan\ eTAv^j (sMenog«nsunærkfarbs' bl\"u Bt enAebk\" Sg [eKsµanTukfa ngw mancMVMgya\" gFMmyY rvagyYnngi Exµr). Gk~ d·knSExrµ ¨khmkMBgu EtnSCatiExrµ TSgmUleTAeFGIà tX¶ atkmeµ hyI ÐedémºIlku lyu kmõ¬Ca ynY e¨beI dayeCaKCy& nvU els \GaNanKi mnyi mVrSg| (1951- 54), rcY mkels \c¨kBt‘iGaemrikSg| (mni a 1970), elkI enHKµanGÃIXaty' Ynmin[e¨bIels \c¨kBti‘niymcin|eT. enAExemsa 1975, eBlEdlBkY cni cHu kV\"l'ehaHenAeJFci intgu , edaysµanfacni cUlkan'kab'km¬Cõ a yYnVncUlvayCaTeU TAtam¨BMEdn ehIykank' ab'ekaHExrµ TSgGsk' g~¬ smu¨T(5). enHCakar¨BmanmyY ehyI EdlevotNameVHeTA[cin. TalE' tman \Ts§nkicÍCamti P‘ aB| «n eL dnY (R) enAÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ(R) eL dnY Ð elxaFki arTImYy«nKNbk§ Lav-dug. lºfI aCaG~kdacN' at'xS gk¬g~ ceM NamGk~ d·knSyYn.

105PMe~ Bj eTbI GFikrNe_ nHVn¨tèvedaH¨saymyY eBlsni (bnaæ b'BI \Ts§nkic|Í enH, eGog sarI VnelcecjCaelIkdb÷ gU CaÓbrdm½ ånTI‘ mI yY nigrd½mån‘kI arbreTs, ¨BmK~anwgeQµaHCae¨cnI eTotEdlrhtU mkdl'eBlenaH enA \e¨kayvSgnn| enAeLIy. TnM as' cin-yYn TIBrI Vncab'epém¶ ehyI . ceM JHEPk~ G~kd·knS¨beTsevotNam, ebI¨beTskm¬Cõ akÂayeTACamUlda½ nmyY «n¨beTscin, äkPaBrbs'¨beTsevotNam¨tvè ka yeTACabJúav^j.e¨JHfayrU Éqab' cni Gacbn‘kicÍEdl CU eGnLay VneFmÃI kBImnu Ð Tku ¨beTsyYn[enAEtEbkK~aeday¨T¨Tg'kartsßyU Yn Tln' gw haNyU tammaKaá «n¨beTsExrµ . karmyY eTotEdlcºas'KW ebIcinTTlY ra\"b'begénû GavuFyTu ìP&Nëdl'Exµr¨khm, yYnkn* wgTarCn÷ yY kan'Ete¨cnI BIshPaBsUevotEdr.ehyI enA«f©EdlG~kd·knSyYnvn^ ci &yÏ faC÷nyY pÂvè skw «ncindl'km¬Cõ aVnhsY kMrti EdlCae¨KaHfa~ k'mYydle' votNam, kgTahanynY nwgeTAmux¨Btw ‘ikarN_ ehIyngw vaylukluy¨beTsExµrm¶geTot.tamsaµ n, dUcCaenAExmnI a 1970 Edr, BkY lukluyngw eFÃIsågað mrh&smYy edayvaysMrukCamYykmÂSgTSgGsr' bsx' nç edémºIkeM TcTB& Exµr¨khm. elkI enH, eKGacngw eXIjynY ka¶ bC' ab¨' beTskm¬Cõ a EdlGacElg¨bTsU ¶nwgxnç e¨JHfabNa¶ CnExµr, edayVnrgTukÅevTnaxS geBk, Gacnwg TTlYyYn Ca G~kreM daH ! GMeBGI a¨kkV' neFÃrI YceTAehIy, b\"Eu n‘²txcU xatTSgGs'eT. ebIG~kdk· nSExµr¨khm, féÃdºitEtxnç sahav«¨B«p§ ngi qçûtveggà «¨kNa, enAmankard·gsa b—'dg· rs'enAeLyI — eygI cg'fa BkY enHsxu cit‘Vk'mxu CaCagVt'¨sku , xçn ¨tèvcat'v^FankarN_dUcteTAEdleXIjdcU Cakci tÍ icbpM utEdl¨tèveFÃI edémºIsgôwmfangw eXIj¨bCaCatEi xµrrYcCvé ^t Ð k) bJÎb'karkabs' MLab'e¨scngw cti ‘. bnrèì kargar«nbN¶aCnedayeFÃI[eTAtamkmÂSg mnus§. x) GnJu ïat[¨kmu eBT´cUleTAkmõ¬Ca edmé ºBI ´aVlGk~ CmW,© edaymancMnYn¨Kb¨' Kan,' ngi stiÄ enAk¬g~ ry: evlaEdl¨tèvkar. K) [Gahar¨Kb'¨Kan'dl'bN¶aCn, edayman ÉGt'C÷nyY BxI age¨kA. X) edayman¨beTscin nigshPaBsUevotCYypg (Exrµ ¨khm, ehyI CamYyxnÂè kmõ¬Ca TSgmlU , manEtxatTSgGs' ebeI nAEteqgIµ nwgshPaBsUevot) ekaHehAKN:kmµkar Gn‘Catxi agkci ¨Í ttç Binit´ (es GuI es) mkeFÃ[I eKeKarB¨BEM dnExrµ (ebI es GuI es enH Gs'manGaNt‘i ¨tvè TamTar[manKN:kmkµ arrebobKa~ enH). g) Fanasni‘sxu k~¬g«p¨æ beTs (sns‘i uxdl¨' kmu eBT´ nig¨kmu Gk~ CYyäeTot, xaXSgk[uM mankarbHeVr«nbN¶aCn — vF^ ankarN_enHeFÃ[I exa ccit‘Nas' bEu\" n‘CakarcSVc)' edayehAmknvU T&BGn‘rCati (BkY mYk \exov| «n Gùsùbù ÉkgTahanEdlmkEtBI ¨beTssgmð nyi m). v^FankarNT_ Sg 5x enH KWedmé ºbI JÎbm' rNkmkµ g~¬ ¨sku ExµrEtb\"eu Naö H. GP&yäksiTnìi gwE¨skehAdl'BPi Belakxage¨kA enAk¬~g«dG~kd·knSExµr¨khmehIy, Edlngw enAEtemIlxsu ¨tvè kg¬~¨suk. BitehIyBiPBelakenAFwgµ , cat'karGÃIedayxçn ägBuMekIt, b\"uEn‘eKnwgclU eTACyY ¨bCaCnExµrPÂameBlNaEdlrd½aPiVlkmC¬õ a mkrkeKmun.

106 e¨kaymk evlad*sxM anb' pM tu nwgmkdl,' evlaEdl¨beTskm¬õCanwge¨CéserIsykneya-Vyfµ,é evlaEdlkgeyaFaGn‘rCatinwg¨tvè dkxnÂç ecj edaymineFGÃI ÃI[mansågðamrvagExµrKa~ ägmg¶eTot. b\"Eu ne‘ ygI BMuTan'eTAdl'd÷Nak'enaHenAeLyI eT. karsMercCaGayCu vé t^ kare¨CésersI d*sxM an'bpM tu , sMrab'eBlPa m@ enH, enAelIExrµ ¨khm Ð karbdv^ t‘n_ É ¨beTs. ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ snM rY TI 7 Ð rhUtmkdl'k¨mti Na km¬Cõ a¨bCaFei ty´ GacsgôwmelIsaFarNrd½cni ¨bCamanit? (enATBM &r 111) ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

107 GFibºay(1) karbd^vt‘n_ynY ykKnM ittamkarbd^vt‘nc_ inEdr. k¬~gesckI¶epm¶é «nlkÅn‘ki : «n dagLav-dgu (KNbk§«nGk~ eFÃIkar, begéûtenAExmnI a 1951), eKGacGan Ð \mUld½an«nKNbk§ Lav-dug nigeKalKnM itTSgLayEdlENnSKNbk§enH k~g¬ skmµPaBTSgGs'rbsx' nç KW lTìi«nma\"k§, Gni hwðl eLnnI , em\"A esTug, s¨mlç eTAtamesck¨I¶ tèvkarBti ¨Vkd«nkarbdv^ t‘n_|. ebIeK emIllkÅnik‘ :«nKNbk§bdv^ t‘n_«nkmC¬õ a, EdleFeÃI LIgedayTbI JØakarevotmji enA¨sku Exrµ ehyI Edl¨Kan'EtCaesck¶IsegÅb«nlknÅ ki‘ :KNbk§ Lav-dug, eKeXjI EtkarBn´H¬ [gb' ggt· mxu , dcU k¬g~ XÂaenHCaedém Ð \b¨gçbb¨gçm¨bCaCnTSgmlU kg¬~ rNsir§Exrµ ²s§r:, eday eFIsà h¨btibt‘ikarya\" gC^ts~Ti Cì amYy¨bCaCn«nevotNam niglavùùù ehyI bn‘ya\" gxØabx' nØç kartyTu eì dmé ºIkeM Tc[GsV' rSgGaNanKi mnyi m, Gaemrki SgGnr‘ aKmnn_ iymngi x¬MÆkJØHva|. (emIlesovePA \evot-mij\ rbs' EbßNahÃl,' bNaö Kar Gam\"g'kULSg 1960. GanTMB&r 83 nig 84 «nk¨mgenHEdr). ebsI ni CaGk~ d·knSyYn²tVnmanKnM itTMu cºgnwgsresr \karXat'XSgk¬g~ KnM it| mYy edaydak'lkÅxN& fë a ¨tèvs¨mlç lTkiì mu µ¬ynise‘ TAtamlTPì aB ngi sÄanPaBk¬~g¨sku , kar bd^vt‘n_yYn¨bEhlCasahav«¨B«p§dUcrbs'Exµr¨khmEdr. ¨by&t~b\"Nu gwö emc¶ GeM BIreM laPBI sMNakG' k~ \xage¨kam| enAEtVnektI maneLgI dUcEdlGk~ nBi nì héÃßlIB dãvéEl Ecgkg¬~ kar GFbi ºayGMBIkareLIgkan'tEM Ng«nevotmji kg¬~ rd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~TmI Yy «nsaFarN rd¨½ bCaFbi ety´evotNam 1945 Ð \ùùùùùù deU c~HEmn karNs_ Mxan'k~g¬ eBlenH mni EmnJk´EdleKniyay ÉGtÄbTEdleK sresrk¬g~ T¨I kgu TSgLay dcU haNUy É ev\" eT. e¨JHfaenATIenaHmanebskkmµBkY smõnì mitE‘ dlcuH-eLIg, deU c~Hrd½aPVi l¨tvè Et \Tku mxu | xçÂn ehyI rk§aPaBerobry. karNs_ xM an'KW ehtEu dlektI maneLgI enATICnbT.| \cab'Pa meLgI karbdv^ t‘n_tam¨sku E¨s-ckM armanlkÅN:pa¶ ck' ar, dac'NatE' tm¶g. munnwg{vaTep§g@ ceM JHKN:kmkµ arTSgLay«n¨bCaCnVn¨tvè erobcMeLIg, karbd^vtn‘ _, bd^ vtn‘ E_ mnETn, Vncab'epm¶é rcY eTAehyI . \enAtamXMnu igPmU Ti SgLay, G~kmanmxu -mat' ngi namnuW TSgry@ nak' ¨tvè eKrkerOg, vayd÷¨cFM ak,' cab,' rhUtdls' ma b'rgað lpg. G~knSGaTB− kY eLgI khM lT' SgenaH e¨cnI EtCn EdleKminsað l,' äbNa¶ Cnvj^ EdlP&ytk'st¬Â CaTeU TA —bEu\" n‘eBlxH yl¨' BmtamEdr enaH— ²tman¨btikmµGIÃeLIy. Bnnì aKartcU FMTSgGs' ¨tvè eKebIkTaà reLgI ¨BmKa~ ehIy CHecjmkel¨I beTsnvU Gk~ eTas \neyaVy| nigGk~ Cabe' TasedaybTelsIµ , Edl¨svg· eCakedaykarsgskw . ekalahl'nigPaB¨cbUk¨cbl' rwtEt¨slY ektI maneLIgeTAeTot edayehtfu atSgBIe¨cInExmkehIy GMNacrbsr' d½aPVi l, e¨kABIenAk~g¬ T¨I bCu÷CnF@M , manEt eQµaHeT.|

108 \bn‘iceTotmk eKkr* ab'ElgGsn' vU cMnnY karlYcbÂn', karEqkeqr, karcab'cgedaye¨scngw cti ‘, karbMVt¨' Vk'kas, \karrbw GsU yksmºt‘Bi YkGk~ manhÃas'suHi nig¨bqSgbdv^ t‘n|_ , nigXadkmµ e¨kay (ÉKµan) kareFIhà ak'dUcCakate' sck¶Ieday \tulakar¨bCaCn|EdleKbegtéû eLgI ya\" gqkk' eNo¶ t. BYkGk~ ¨bgw E¨bgeFkIà ar[bk§kum¬yµ nis‘²Nèëcin ylf' aeBlevlamkdle' hyI EdleK¨tèvGnuvtn‘ _kmµvF^ IeFIà \karbMVtm' UlFnnyi mhaà s'sHui |, kmµvF^ EI dlbe¨gondlx' çn k¬g~ kºnç eFI[à ekItclacl. k¬g~ TI¨bC÷uCnextn‘ igXCMu ae¨cnI , CaBiessenAGNaö mxageCgé nigenAtugkgw , KN:kmµkar«n¨bCaCn bJØa[bVM te' calnUvBiFbI uN´¨b«BNyI ep§g@, [eFÃIkarEckdEé ¨sckM ar, [rbw GUs¨TB´smºtiB‘ YkG~kman, ehyI d·knSkicÍkarTSgenHedaypaæ l'.| \KN:kmkµ arTSgLay«n¨bCaCncUlkan'kabX' TMu SgBgY , ehIyesc¶ c¨kltíw elíacTSgLayEdlenAk¬~gKN:kmµkarTSgenaH eFkIà arsgtû 'sg^ûnnigePrvkm.µ enA¨KbT' kI EngÂGMNacEmnETnenAkg¬~ «dBkY kumµ¬ynsi ‘ EdlCajwkjye¨cInEtmnsu §e¨kAXuM ÉBkY Edlbgaú jxnç Cakmu µy¬ nis.‘ | \y\"agenHkarbdv^ tn‘ k_ *mantSgBIedémTnI vU lkNÅ :CakartyuTsì gðmy\"agxÂSg BHu eJrbpM ut. kg¬~ PaKe¨cIn«nPUmiPaKTSgLay karbd^vt‘n_enHbJØakx' Ânç famanxwÂmsarCakumµ¬ynis‘,ehyI eFeIà LgI eTAtamEx§bnaæ t'dacN' at' «nkmvµ ^FeI LnInnyi m.| \GMeBhI YsehtuTSgenH GacEteF[ÃI Gab{' ndlk' arbdv^ t‘n_, [karenHFa k'eTAk¬~gPaBveggà vk'vé. Gk~ d·knSkumµy¬ nsi ‘d·gPa mGBM kI arenH. dYgVk'ma\" y, G~kdk· nSm~ak,' nig¨Vb'xyƬM rUe¨kaymk (enAExmnI a 1947) GBM IkicEÍ dlKat'xMeFI,à k~¬gnaTCI aGFki arxagkicÍkarneyaVyngi rdV½ l¨bcSPaKxagektI «nNam-bU (kUsSgsIun), edémºbI gíg'sn¬Hæ xÂSgkÂaxsu eBlevla «nGk~ tyTu ìxage¨kam edayBn´ld' lG' k~ TSgenaHfa Par:kci kÍ g~¬ eBlenH minEmnkareFbIà d^vtn‘ _kmµkr-kski reT bu\"En‘KWkarrlM M \GaNaniKmnyi m| edayGJM vnavdl'¨bCaCn TSgmlU [eFÃIkartyTu ìTl'ngw GaNanKi mniymenH.| \deU c~HEmn ceM JH hU Cmé ji nig¨kmu rbs'Kat', kardeNém¶ ykäkraC´¨tvè eFIÃmunGTÃI SgGs.' Katy' lf' a eBlevlaebkI {kas[Nas' ehIy¨bEhlCamin¨tLb'mkm¶geToteLyI . dUecH~ karGIÃTSgGs¨' tèveFÃItMrge' TAeKalbMNgenaH. karbd^vt‘nk_ ¬~gsgðmenAelI«pæTBI rIeT, e¨kayq©ayeTAeTot. (ùùù) ebkI arbd^vtn‘ m_ anlkÅN:tammenaKmv^CaØ , BkY hCU mé ji nwgbg'xatTSgGse' hIy. edaymanEt 5000 nak' , BkY enHBMuGacsgôwmbMbt'bEM bnmhaCnVneT.(ùùù)| \bågûabGeM BIhYseht,u rkkarrYbrmY ¨bCaCn[Vn Ð K[W eTAdle' KaledATSgBIrenHEdl hU Cmé ij nig¨kumKatc' ab'eFÃIkarPa m. deU cH~ Emn hU Cémij enAEteCOCakf' aùùù kardak'edayKMhuknUvrbbsgðmniymmkelIevotNam eFIÃeTABrMu YceLIy. ¨bCaCn²t¨bgu e¨bobngwTTlY rbbenHeLyI , edaymkGBM ITeM nomTlM abn' gi stixçÂnpg. k~¬gkLM g¬ e¨cInqS~ eTot, ¨beTsevotNam¨tvè edéry\"agytW eTAkans' gmð niym tamkarhate' ron ngi tamkar¨b¨Bwt‘¨bCaFbi -ety´. (ùùù)|

109 \kg~¬ eBl²LèvenH kareCarhYs¨bmaN«n \G~ktyTu ìxage¨kam| Vn¨CmCu ¨beTs evot-NameTAk¬~gekalahl. edémºkI ank' ab'kicÍkarVnvj^ hU Cémji manEt¨kmu mYytcU , \xrY | sam-Essbi nak'enAhaNyU , minTSge¨cnI buN\" göw pgenA¨Kbe' xt‘äeTot. kareXasna, karniyayBn´l' (e¨JHkmÂSgGavFu mni Tan'manenAeLyI ) CameF´aVyEtBrI EdlBYkenHGac e¨b¨I Vs'Vnùùù|. (hßélà IB dv· éElÂ, kg~¬ \savta«nevot-Nam BI1940 eTA 1952|, hageVHp§aysyW ) enA¨beTsyYn kartyTu ìvN:ö eFIÃeTACamyY kartyTu eì démºäI kraC´ (d÷bgU Tl'nwgVrSg, rcY mkTl'nwgGaemrki SgedémºbI ¨gçbb¨gmç ¨beTs). dUcKa~ Edr enA¨beTscin, emA\" esTug, Ca mYyKa~ nwgkartyuTvì N:ö , VntyuTBì dI ÷bgU Tl'nwgCbn\"u . enA¨beTskmCõ¬ a manEtkartyuTì vN:ö beu\" Naö H. ebeI nAevotNam karbdv^ tn‘ _Vn¨tèveFeÃI LIgedaybJvï n,‘ enAkm¬Cõ a KWGk~ ltw© lg© 'EdleFÃIbd^vtn‘ _ Ð etmI nsu §rebobNaEdl exov spM n, eGog sarI, saL¬t sr e¨bI ¨Vs'? eBlNaCnTSgbeI nHnwg¨tvè Vt'xnÂç dcU G~käeTotEdr?(2) BIrda½ PiVlbeN¶aHGasnT~ mI Yy«nsaFarNrd¨½ bCaFbi ety´evotNam enAqS~ 1945 eTA edon ebonPU enAq~S 1954, mni ¨twmEtkarbd^vt‘n_cni eT EdlVnCaKMrdU l'evotmij, bu\"En‘bnæab' BIcab'keM NtI enAqS~ 1949 cin¨bCamanitKS¨TyYntampvÂè sm¸ar:eTot. enAq~S 1950 kgTB& cni elx 2 VneFÃ[I ecjCarbU ragngi bgaú tk' gBlFeM votmji elx 304, 308, 312, nig 320. karbd^vt‘n_kski mµ EdlhaNUyeFeIà LIgBqI S~ 1953 eTA 1956 KWcmg ²tel¿í gBI KMrUcni . kg~¬ ry:s¨gað mT2I «n²Nècë ni , cni VnCYyynY xageCége¨cInNas' Óù e¨kam¨KuDecv, shPaBseU vot[Cn÷ yY ynY xageCgé t«m 350 landlu a r. k~g¬ kMLg¬ eBlenaH C÷nYycni mk ynY t«m 450 landlu a r.(3) karN_EdlKYr[rnìt'myY eTot KmW nus§EdlenA¨sku Exrµ e¨kayExemsa 1975 ngi manmYy cnM nY FMEdlBki ar tSgBIkMeNtI nUvkay ngi stei dayedmé ehtCu évsa¨s.¶ etEI xµrbdv^ t‘nd_ *mha GsaÍ r´mYylannak' dUcEdlVne¨KagTukedayExµr¨khm mankmS gGQIà mmuxTln' wgynY 50 lannak' (75 lan enAqS~ 2000!) kg¬~ sunærkfarbsx' Ânç enAeb\"kSg b\"lu Bt Vnfa \eyIg¨tvè karmnus§ 20 lannak'|. (emIlTs§navde¶é b\"kSg (Péking Review) elx 41, Extlu a 1977). etI bul\" Bt cg'ebIkTaà rkm¬Cõ a[ \G~kGena¶ ¨bevsn_| cni ÉG?ÃI(4) esKIµ ~angw cnM nY Gk~ rge¨KaHeday¨Kab'EbkbrmaNU huIr\"UsumI \"a ¨VMbIdg.(5) tSgBIyrU mkehIy ynY cgV' nekaHExµrNas.' kare¨skXÂanenH mni EmnmkEtBIkNM be' ¨bg katEdlGacmanenAe¨kamCaysmu¨TenaHeT, KeW dmé ºbI eM Bjesck¨¶I tvè karyTu sì a¨s¶Edr. dUecH~ Emn, eBlNamankarv^vaT, yYnGacxbæ c' racrmin[kV\"l'cUlEpkMBg'esamVn ebxI nÂç CaG~kkan'kabe' kaHTSgenaH, kMBge' samEdlCaEpsm¨u TEtmyY rbs'Exµr.

110 ekaHExrµ FM@ BrI ameTAJm haeTog KW Ð ekaH¨cL¬H, ekaH¨kb,I ekaHòs§,I ekaHtaKav,ekaH¨semac, ekaHfé,µ ekaHesH, ekaH¨tl' (PkU kwà ), ekaHGåggû , ekaHesHmyY eTot, ekaHeJ,ekaHGna‘ y, nigekaHBIreTot enAqa© yBeI qr~ Ð ekaHBLU è«v nigekaHtag. ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

111 rhUtdl'krM itNa kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´ Gac sgôwmelIsaFarNrd½cni ¨bCamanit? cNM gEdle¨kok¨beTscni eTAnwg¨beTskmõC¬ a kg~¬ kal:eTs:sB«Ã f©«nkarTakT' g cin-ExrµVn¨tvè rwteLgI edayEtJk´BIrma\" t' \¨beyaCn_rd½|, dcU EdlVnsresredayG~keqÂIyqÂgma~ k«' nTs§navde¶é sd½kicÍcugbJU á¨beTs, Naya\" n' cand' a (GanTMB&r 101, elxeyag 16) enAExmkra 1973 eBlEdlsni~sITenAV\"rIselI¨beTsevotNamkBM gu eFeIà LgI , Gnurde½ lxaFikarGaemrki Sg sluß ÂIva\"n' VnecalJk´dUcteTAenH Ð \¨beTscni cUlcit‘eXjI manrd½ bnY \rebob¨sukbl'kg|' (R) Cag²NèëcinEtmYye¨kamkarENnS«nevotNamxageCég EdlenAe¨kam²TìBi lshPaBseU vot| (sciu ) (emIlTs§navdeé¶ sd½kci cÍ gu bUJ¨á beTs, Exkum:¸ 1973). e¨kaykarcHu htÄelxaelkI ci ͨBme¨BogEdlbJØak'sni~sITdEdl, hni rI KIs§ijeCé(1) Vnnyi ayrebobenHEdr eTAkan'G~kkarTUtcinm~ak,' edaycGM ne' lgbnc‘i pg Ð \ebIeygI , Gaemrki Sg, CaGk~ caj,' Gs'elak, cni , CaG~krge¨KaH.| |Jk´Elbxay| «nGk~ TTlY xus¨tèvxagkarbreTsGaemrikSgenH niyaymni tci eT GBM IThM M«nkarv^vaT cin-rus§I, min¨twmEtenA²Ncëè ni eT, bu\"En‘enAk¬g~ GasuIPaKGeK~yT_ SgmlU . shPaBsUevotEdlneyaVye¨kA¨beTsceM JHrdT½ SgLay«nGasIPu aKGeKy~ _ mni svU elaPlnb' \"unµan mnu vv^ aTenHekIteLIg(2), kMBgu Etlatsnìwg²TiìòTìixÂçnelPI UmiPaKenH«nBPi Belak bnc‘i mg¶ @ bE\"u nC‘ ake' LgI @. tamÓVyenH rsu §cI g'eLamBT& cì in tamry:¨beTsTSgLayEdlenAe¨kam²TBiì lxçÂn. e¨kaybraCy& «nGaemrki SgenA²Ncëè in, KeW daysarsn¬æHst¨i bqSgyYnrbs'Exrµ Edl¨b-eTscni GacetagCabE' mkeQIkmC¬õ a, k~g¬ eBlEdlevot-Nam(3) niglav(4) FÂak'eTAe¨kam²TìBi lshPaBsUevot. dUcCacin¨tèvkar¨beTskmõC¬ aEdr Exµr¨khm¨tèvkar¨beTscni . BYkenHEbreTArkcnimni ¨twmEtedémºTI b'Tln' gw kmS gyYneT, bu\"Ene‘ démºBI ¨g·gGNM acxÂnç Edr edayeFIkà arbMVkk' arb\"unb\"g¨b-qSgkarbdv^ tn‘ ._ b\"Eu ne‘ KGacsYrfa etkI ¬~gkMLg¬ eBlb\"unµan ²TiìBlcni elkI mC¬õ a ngw enAEtxS gdEdl?Vncabe' pém¶ rYceTAehIy kar¨bNSg¨bECgK~aya\" gsiÃtsÃaj rvagmhaGNM acsgðmnyi mTSgBrI enA¨beTs«f, PmU a nigma\" eLs.Iu TnM asc' in-rsu §IenA²Ncëè in EdlbN¶ak'K~amk kÂayeTACaTMnas' Exµr-ynY , yk \ceM NaTmuxBIr| mYyy\"agBVi k mk[cinedaH¨say. edayevotNamnigkmõC¬ aenAk~¬g«sevonmenaKmvC^ aØ dcU Ka~ ¨beTscni ¨tvè e¨Csé erIsykkaredaH¨saymYyEdlmni eXa g Ð eTAelmI yYEdlCab'nwgcintamelahti nigtamsavtarabs' tvt§r,_ É eTAelmI yY eTot Edlcni karJredmé ºI¨beyaCnx_ çÂnpaæ l'.ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ(R) seM dAeTArd½ bußlkarI, yeU hað sÂavé, nigGal'VnI Edlmanrbbsgmð niymdcU Ka~ bE\"u n‘man \mits‘ ma j|' xusKa~ .

112 erOgenHdg· ehyI , eyIg¨tvè sKM alf' a sågðammYyeTotrvagkmCõ¬ angi evotNam. Edl²LèvenH¨KanE' tenAk~g¬ karsµanTku , Gacnwgp¬æHeLgI Eskí @ enH. karN_enHGacekItmaneLgI Nas' dcU Edl¨bvti‘sa¨s«¶ nGasVIu nbe¨gondl'eygI , ¨bvt‘isa¨s¶EdlmankarbtE' bnCae¨cnI EdleKBMGu acsµanTku Camnu eLIy. k~¬gkrNcI VM gM Exrµ -ynY , ¨beTscni manEtC÷ersI beI T Ð k) cni pl¶ C' ÷nyY y\"ageBjeljxagGavuFyTu ìP&NëdlE' xµr¨khm. bE\"u nB‘ kY enHTbT' l' VneT ngw kgT&BynY Edlmane¨cnI Cagya\" gelIslub(5) ngi GavFu ya\" gTMenbI rbs' rsu §I (CaBiessGakasyanEdlnwg¨tçt¨tapèv Gakas)? eBlNaeyaFaxçn sÂab' Gs'e¨cnI eTA etEI xµr¨khmEbreTArknrNa? eTArkbN¶aCnEdlxçn ykeTAeFÃTI askr? x) kgT&BExµr¨khmxÍatx' aÍ yeTA, etIcincab«' dmÍas' \shBn& ì²Ncëè ni ÉeT? edmé ºIenA[ esµmI uxnwgshPaBseU vot? (eKVneXjI rcY m¶gmkehIy karN_Edlcin \¨tLb' e¨kay, Ebr!| enAmux¨Bwti‘karNE_ dlxÂçnxaXSgBMVu n KWenAeBlEdlExrµ ¨khmQ~H elsI hI nu). K) etIcin¨bkassågað mTln' wg evotNam \dt* Uc| ÉeT, karNE_ dlGacnS[shPaB sUevoteFGIà n¶raKmn_ ehyI begétû plvV^ kEdleKesæIrEtminhaß nnkw eTAdl'? ¨beTs lavEdlCab¨' BEM dnKa~ FÂake' TAk¬g~ «drus§IeTAehyI , etIkmC¬õ a KYrcni eFBIà lki m[µ ÉeT? bu\"En‘eKBuMGacsaµ nTukCamunVneLIy facni ngw man¨btikmµy\"agenH y\"agenaH. dUcCa¨beTsTSgGs'enAGasIuEdr (elkI ElgEtCbu\"n?) EdlbN¶aCnBuEM dlVnsað l'eLyI faGÃCI a¨bCaFibety´Bti ¨Vkd, ¨beTscin, mha¨beTsmYyEdlGariyFmeá nAk~g¬ BBkY cas'CageKTSgGs'k~¬gBPi Belak,enAEtCa¨beTsmYyEdlneyaVyrd½enAk~¬gkNa¶ b«' dmnsu §EtmyY ¨kmu . bu\"Ene‘ beI yIgebIkTBM r& ¨bvt‘isaåse‘ ygI eLgI v^j eyIgngw eXIjehtukarN_xÂH EdlGac[eygI rHi Kit. kg¬~ ry:kalTSgmUl«nGMNacrbs' sIhn,u eKGacfa¨beTskmC¬õ aCarNb¨beTscni k*VnEdr (Gan \TMnakT' nM gExµr-cni |). kg¬~ ¨Kb'eBlmanTMnasT' kw déCamyY ¨beTsC^txag, sem¶cKrM amfacinngw elkI T&BmkCyY km¬õCa. enAExsIha 1962, e¨kayBIVneF[ÃI ekaHPkU kÃw (ekaH¨tl)' (6) eTACamlU da½ neCgé Tkw ya\" gFbM Mptu «n¨beTs edmé ºIbJbÍ 'karlYcbJèÍlxnç «nevotkgu EdlmkB¨I sku Exµrtamsmu¨T, evotNamxagtºègTamTarekaHmyY cnM nY BIkmõC¬ a Ð ekaHf,éµ ekaHesH, ekaHGn‘ay, ekaHtaKav nigekaHeJ. ¨beTsTSgBIrv^HEtngw cºSgKa~ . B¨I kugebk\" Sg CUeGnLay KrM amfangw [TB& cni eFÃIGnr‘ aKmn_. enAExmIna 1964 elak ln' nl', Edlk~g¬ kalenaHCanayGKeð snaFki arkgT&B, eFTÃI s§nkicmÍ YyenA¨beTscni Edlngw [mkKatn' UvGavFu srM ab'bkI gvresnatcU . kg~¬ eBlenaH¨bFan emA\"¨Vb'eTAKat'fa Ð \eygI nwgenAEkºr¨beTskmCõ¬ aCanicÍ k~¬gkarTb'Tln' wgc¨kBti‘GaemrikSgngi brvi ar.|G~kd·knSExrµ eLgI Tkw cit‘nwgkarrabr' krbsG' ~kd·knScni Nas' ehyI kb* egtéû erOgmni BitmYy, ¨bEhlCaedémºIbgÅkcti B‘ kY v^Tgì §naxageqgà CagedémºIbMPy& Gk~ C^txagEdlekagkac Ð Jk§ccamGarammYyelcecjenAPeM~ Bj rYcbnaæ bm' k¾eBj¨beTskmõ¬Ca fakV\"le' haHcinTSgJn' EdleKlabsJïaTB& GakasExµr e¨tomxçÂnTku rcY e¨sc nwgeFÃGI nr‘ aKmn_eBlNakmCõ¬ a¨tèvQÂanJneday¨beTsCt^xag!

113 sunræ kfa«nsemc¶ sIhnukg¬~ smaCCati enAExFè~ 1964, Edl¨Vb'dl¨' beTs[d·gfa cnisn´aEtp¶lG' avuF minFanaeFGÃI n‘raKmn_kgT&BeT eBlNamankarQÂanJn, ke* FIÃ[rlayesckI¶sgôwmenaHmyY eBleTA. s~ake' nAeb\"kSge¨kayExmIna 1970, shI nusgôwmTSg¨sugelI CeU GnLay. ¨bFanrNsir§rbY rYmCat«i nkmCõ¬ a —ehyI ¨sukExrµ TSgmUlk¨* bEhlCadUecH~ Edr— CaG~krge¨KaHnwgkareCOs¬g(7) elIcni enH. cMENkxag \mtsi aklelak| vj^ , cUreyIgQbs' gôwmep¶kp¶çleleI TA. ¨btikm«µ nBiPBelakcMeJHmuxkarsma br' gað lGsE' xrµ eygI rabl' annak' bgúaj[eyIgeXjI cºasn' vU ¨bsTi ìPaB«n\mtBi iPBelak| enH. krNI«n¨bCaCatVi \"eLsnIæ k*CaÓTahrN_myY Edr. vasna«nkmCõ¬ aep¶kp¶çleTAelEI tkar¨bwgE¨bgrbs' exmrCn b\"ueNöaH. KW exmrCn eT EdlnwgseM rcfaxçn ngw sðal' Énwgmni sað l'vasna«nCnCatci am(8). ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ snM rY TI 8 Ð edayvay¨bhar«fCae¨cnI dg E¨kgExµr¨khmcg'yk Tkw décasv' ^jÉeT? dUec~HeKminCaG~kCatni yi mxS g? (enATBM r& 118) ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

114 GFbi ºay(1) KW hni rI Ksi §ji eCé EdlVnbeM BjkrNyI kci xÍ çÂnCaGaemrki Sg eday¨can¨beTsExµrclU P~k' ePÂgI sågðam edmé º¨I sg'Cvé t^ TahanGaemrikSg.(2) kEng srM ab'²Nècë ni k¬~gneyaVye¨kA¨beTs «nshPaBsUevot e¨kam nKI Ita ¨Kèeqv minsvU sMxan'b\"unaµ neT. cab'tSgBIqS~ 1965 GaeLcsIHu ksu suIhðnI EkE¨bCaféµnUvneyaVyrsu §I ceM JHevotNamxageCgé nigkeU rx\" ageCgé .(3) kg~¬ eBlfµé@ enH y\" eg¿Ã gya\" b' VnEfg karN_fa Ð \enAq~S 2000 evotNamnwgElgCa¨b- eTsBuMsUvltU lase' hIy|. kg~¬ eBlEdlG~kdk· nSExµr¨khm[sMLab'BYkeBT´, G~kbeckÍ - eTs, bJïav&n,‘ [bTi salangi saklvT^ ´aly& , G~kdk· nSyYncat'v^FankarNp_ y¬æ eTAvj^ . edémºeI F[ÃI xçn TMenIb evotNamEbreTArkshPaBsUevotCaBiess, b\"uEn‘becÍkeTs«nbsmwÍ Tsi ky* YnxrM kEdr.(4) ¨beTslavCacMNmI yY EdlynY ¨sYlelb edayehtfu a Ð k- lavman¨BEM dnCabn' gw evotNamxageCgé x- el«I pdæ éThM M 236 000 Kùm2, ¨bCaCnlavmancnM nY Et 3 lannak' enAqS~ 1975 (mni TSgdl' 13 nak' kg~¬ 1 Kùm2 pg, KfW atci Cag 1 Ca 3 ebIe¨bobeTAnwgkm¬Cõ amnu Exemsa 1975). ¨bCaCndt* ci enHEbgEckCaCnCatisasn_ep§g@ e¨cIneTAeTot, Caehtu[sgmð Gac e¨bHqaVneday¨slç . myY cEM NkeTot Jkk' N¶al¨beTslavVn¨Ctç ¨CabnwgvbºFmá ynY eTAehIy (V\"eftLav, rdm½ ånI¶TImyY sB«Ã f© «ksUnpu÷v^han manÒBukynY , cMENk¨bmuxrd½ maÍ s'supanuvg§ man¨bBnyì Yn). snsiì JïakarJrKa~ eTAv^jeTAmk, EdlVncuHkg¬~ eBlfé@µ enH ehIyEdlcglavngw evotNam k~g¬ ry:eBl 25q~S, KWCasal¨kmkate' Tas¨bharCév^tlav. yrU eTA, ebKI µanGIà mkeFI[à E¨b¨blç sÄankarNF_ mµta, ¨bCaCnlavnwgkÂayeTACaGaNki CnmyY ¨kum k¬~gsm¨u T CnCatiyYn.(5) cºab'myY féµ@ enAevotNam GnuJïat[rda½ PVi lTukTahanTSgGs' bMerIkgTB& teTAeTot, ehyI dak'karTTYlxus¨tvè xagGPvi Dóne_ sd½kci Í k~¬g«drdm½ ån¨‘I ksYgkarJr¨beTs, y\" egÿg y\"ab'. teTAenH KWtarage¨bobeFobkgT&ByYnnigExµr (¨sge' cjBIsarBtáman LWmgu\" d_ «f© 3 emsa 1978) ÐTUeTA = TB& yYn Tahan 615 000 nak.' kgyam¨BEM dn, yameqr~ sm¨u T nigkgsni‘sxu ¨bCaCn = 50 000 nak.' kg¨bCara¨s‘kan' GavFu = 1 500 000 nak'.

eCgé eKak= 115eCgé Gakas =eCgé Twk = 18 kgBlFeM fréµ eCgé . 3 kgvresnaFMrfe¨kaH. 20 kgvresna FMVjk' S¨Ccç ehaH \sam|. 40 kgvresnaFkM SePgÂI Vj'yn‘ ehaH. manCaBei ss 900 rfe¨kaHmF´m Fnu et-34, et-54 nig et-59. 12 000 nak' Ð yn‘ehaHcmºSg 198 (CaBei ss 110 mci -17 nig sßUxUy-7, 80 mic-19 nig mci -21). yn‘ehaHdk· nS 50 ÓTìma¸ Kc¨k 25. 3 000 nak' Ð navaGmkarJr 2. kaNUtelOnVj'kS¨Ccç ehaH 4. kaNUtep§g@ TUkeLgI eKak Ð 80. ÓTìm¸aKc¨k 10 . sMNl'BGI aemrikSg Ð rfe¨kaH 500. yne‘ haHngi ÓTìma¸ Kc¨k 1 100. T&BExµrTUeTA = Tahan 80 000 nak.' EckCa 4 kgBlFM ngi 3 kgvresnaFMeCégeKak = syà &t. rfe¨kaH¨sald·keyaFa 175. 26 kSePÂgI FM Fun 155 mùmù,eCgé Gakas = 200 kSePIÂgFM Fun 105 mùmù, kSePIÂgtºal'nigkSePgI FmM ni fyeCgé Tkw = e¨kay Fun 107 mùmù. sm¸ar:TSgenHeFÃIedaycni rus§I nig Gaemrki Sg. ¨bEhlCaPaØ be' TAT&BeCégeKak. manyne‘ haHcmºSg 10 Fun GaGiN-20, yn‘ehaHd·knS 10, yn‘ehaHsrM abh' at' 35, ÓTìm¸aKc¨k 25. kV\"lt' cU eFÃlI ºat TUkeLIgeKak = 150.(6) ekaH¨tl¨' tèvVnVrSg[eTAynY kg¬~ eBlPaØ b' ksU SgsnuI eTAevotNam enAq~S 1949 (CamYyKa~ ngw ekaH Vr\" a\" Esl Edlcinngi ynY deNI¶mK~asB«Ã f©). ebIeKemlI EpnTIeq~rsmu¨TExµr,eKGacEt¨sgakcitn‘ wgGyuti‘FmáBIrCan' «nGaCaÆ FrVrSgsmy& enaH.(7) karTku cit‘s¶èk, karsgômw rhtU ePc xÂnç , kareCOs¬g elIGIÃmyY EdlminBti mni ¨bsiTìdUcsaµ n,GacCae¨KaHfa~ k'mYyya\" gFdM l'sgðm ebImnus§k~¬gsgðmenaHmanKNu vb^ tTi‘ SgenHe¨cInK~aeBk. ÓTahrN_ Ð manminticeT Gk~ EdlVnykeQµaHbeI nH \ hßU yn,' hßyu nmwi , exovsMpn| Canimitr‘ Ub«nkarsaí tsí«M nCatni yi mExrµ , Casgôwmrbs'¨beTskmõ¬Ca. sgðmExµreygI¨b¨Btw ‘TMlab'Ga¨kk'mYy Edlbegtûé nigkMLaKuNvb^ tix‘ ageleI nH, Éy\"agehacNas' ks* N¶Mkarvag«vngi sPu nic&yÏ Edr. TMlabG' a¨kk'enHKCW ÷enOelIGark& §G~kta eTvta ²ånæ¨Bhµ TsVrmI

116 vt¬Äsk¶isTi ì .l. min¨tmw EtCnFmµtaeT EdleCOehyI eFIÃBiFkI ¬g~ Cvé t^ pæal'xnÂç , KWrhtU dl'es¶c Epndé (nig¨bFanaFbi t)I Edlcat'karrd½tamBiFIenaH Ð bYgsgY sMuTwkeP¿g [ÓTmì a¸ Kc¨kVc x§ac' \BT& sì Ima| Cvu÷ ^jP~eM Bj .l. e¨kayExemsa 1975 enHeTot k*enAmanG~kneyaVyeyIg \cakK' mrõI | edmé ºKI ti KUr karrMedaHCati!(8) CnCaticammansN¶ansasn_ dUcmnus§EdlenAe¨Caym\"aeLsuI ngi enAkg~¬ ekaHd*e¨cnI «n mhasm¨u TVs\" uhI Ãki (sasn_m\"aeLyU — b\"UlIeNsIEu yn). enAedém¨Kis¶skraC, CnCatei nH VncUlmkenAtamCaysmu¨T EdllatsnwìgBTI ÃarGNöammkdl'e¨Cayva\"«r\"La. cab'BI stvt§rT_ I 10 eTA, camVnbH\" Tg^ðcnwgExµr kg~¬ eBlEdlxçÂnkBM ug¨tvè yYnrju ¨cancuHBITsi xageCgé . kg¬~ kMLg¬ stvt§r_TI 12 TSgmlU camngw Exrµ cºSgK~arhtU edaymankarkank' abT' wk déKa~ eTAv^jeTAmk. enAqS~ 1177, bnaæ bB' IVnvays¨mku Ggrð edaymin[Exrµ d·gxnÂç Camun, camkank' abr' aCFancI MnnY ¨VqM ~S. kg~¬ q~S 1181, kUnrbse' sc¶ Faraniånaæ vrµ&nTI2 (1150- 1160) reM daHGgðrvj^ Vn ehyI eLgI esayraC´e¨kameQaµ Hfa C&yvr&µnTI7 . eqIÂytbnwgkar QÂanJnmYyrbsc' am enAqS~ 1190, Cy& vr&µnTI7 vaylku clU ¨beTscMV\". cabt' SgBqI ~S 1203 eTA, ¨sku cVM \"kÂayeTACaextm‘ Yyrbs'Exµr. enAqS~ 1227, es¶c²ånaæ vrnµ& T2I (1201- 1243) EdlCaBTu ìsasnki Cny\"ag¨CHfa dUcÒBuk (C&yvrµn& TI7) Edr ehIyEdlcgG' nvu tn‘ _ emt‘akrNu aFm,á bJØa[dkTB& ecjBIcVM \". k¬~gq~SdEdl, GPVi lextc‘ MVT\" TlY mû¬dCaesc¶ ehyI ¨beTscVM \"k*manraCaFbi ety´paæ lv' j^ . b\"uEn‘ ecjBGI aNac¨kExrµ mni VnyUrb\"unaµ n, ¨beTscam¨tvè ynY vaylku eTot. enAstvt§r_TI 18, ¨beTscMV\" VnVtB' IEpnTIBiPBelak ehIy¨bCaCncamk*Vn sÂab'Vt'bg.' G~kEdlenAsl' rt'eTA¨CkekanäkmCõ¬ a (GaNki CnmYy¨kumtUc rse' nAk~g¬ k-U sSgsInu ). kg~¬ qS~ 1970, CnCatci amenAkmC¬õ amancnM Yn 80 000 nak' Edle¨cnI Etrs'enA edaykarensaT. py¬æ nwgCnCaticni EdlVnxitxMbJèÍlxçn k¬~gsgðmExrµ ehIykg~¬ eBlCa mYyKa~ eFI[à Exrµ ¨Ctç ¨CabnwgvbºFmáxÂçnEdr, camEtgEtrs'enAdac'edayELk k~g¬ shKmn_ xçÂn. karN_enH¨bEhlCamkBsI asna«nCnCatci am, ehAExrµ ²sa m (¨beTscMV\"Edlman vbºFmáeyageTA²Nëa Vnkan'sasnamhamat\" ' enAstvt§r_TI 15). edayxlà 'xÃay cg'rk§a Tukekr‘_mi rtkvbºFmánigsasnaxnÂç , cMNgE' dlCasn¬æH¨Blgw Fmµta rbs¨' kumGaNki Cn, ¨Kçsarcam[kUnNaEdlBUEk cUleFkÃI arkg~¬ rd½karngi kgT&BExrµ . mån‘InignayTahancamTSg enaH manPar:karJr¨beyaCn_«nshKmn_xnç . kg¬~ cMeNamenaH, Gk~ EdlVnbeM Bjmxu kar enHy\"ageBjelj KW GtIt:Ót¶mesnIy_ eLH kaEsm. G~kerobcyM a\" gsxM anm' ~ak' «n \rd½ ¨bhar| «n«f© 18 mIna, eLH kaEsm Ca«dsS¶ mYy«n ln' nl' k¬g~ eBldy* rU . Ót¶mesnIy_ kaEsm Vn¨tèvelak ln' nl' cat[' beM Bjebskkmµsma© tC' ae¨cIn. CamYyngw mrNPaB rbs'Kate' nAm\"aeLskuI ~¬geBlf@µé enH, KWXS gmyY y\"agFM «nerOgsm©at'k¬~g¨bvti‘sa¨sE¶ xrµ sB«Ã f© EdlVtb' g'.

117 CamYynwgkareLgI kan'GMNac«nExrµ ¨khm, BkY Exµr²sa mVnsðalm' have^ yaKmYyeTot Ð karsmÂabr' gðal dUcEdlVnsðaln' wgkMBugEtsað l' bgbíèneygI kg~¬ ¨sku Edr. cammYycMnnY tUcVnecjrcY BkI mCõ¬ a, ehIyrkeXjI C÷rkkg¬~ ¨beTsmyY eTot CaBei ssma\" eLsu.IcamVnVtE' mnETnehIyBbI JØImnus§rs.' eygI , Exrµ , ¨tèvTajdb÷ nU aµ necjBsI avta¨beTscMV\"nig¨bCaCncam. G~kEdlyl'fa kar¨Byç VrmG¸ BM CI évt^ ¨bCaCatiExµr CaTTu idn^½ iym, KYrQb'emlI gay¨bvts‘i a¨s¶ ehyI KitBci arNaeLIgv^j. ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

118 edayvay¨beTs«fCae¨cIndg E¨kgExµr¨khmcg'yk Tkw dcé asv' ^jeTÉ? deU cH~ eKminCaGk~ Catinyi mxS g? enAelIdéenH Kaµ n¨beTsNaenAk¬~gkal:eTs:PUmsi a¨s¶neyaVymyY EdlCUrct'dUc¨beTsExrµ eT Ð karNE_ dlmanGk~ C^txagBrI cg' B¨gké Tkw dé(1). edmé ¨sl«' f, EdllºIfacg¬lí y\"agcºas'nUvkarE¨b¨bçlFM@ «nvaeyaneyaVyGn‘rCat,i dcUCaman, elIkenH, nvU karBVi kk¬g~ PaBTn'Pn r' bs'xçÂn. sm&yfµé«nGMNacpa¶ ck' ar«nvN:ö kmµkr kski r,EdlVn¨tèveKniymkg~¬ ¨beTsTSgb«I n²Ncëè in, eF[Ià ¨beTs«f¨BçyVrm¸. ÓTahrNE_ xrµ ritEtbMP&y«feTAeTot Edlsaæ ke' særI nwgEbrxnç eTArkTsi dUcK~a. kBM gu EtE¨b¨blç eBjTMhwg, «frkkaredaH¨saymYyedmé ºI \ecj| xnÂç [rcY edaymin[bgx' ate¨cnI . \k¬~gbcͬbºn~enH esomenATn'ex§ayxag«pæk¬g~ BuGM aclatsnìwgteTAeTotVneT ebmI ni dUec~aHäkPaBesomcºasC' a¨tvè TTYlkarKrM amkMEhgBICnCatPi aKtci ya\" gF©nm' ni ElgeLIy karlatsngwìhsY maD nwgnSmk[esomnUvPaBTn'ex§ayvj^ eTùùù.|, elak nnY eXOn VnsresrenAq~S 1970.kg¬~ eBlsBëf©enH, CaelkI TI2, karsn~di ½anrbs' nnY eXOn [eXjI fa¨tèvdUecH~ Emn(2). edémºIelbkmCõ¬ a ngi lavVn evotNam¨tèveFÃI[«fenAnwgflû ' k~g¬ Ch÷ rG~kcSEtkarJrxnÂç . kar¨tçt¨taellI avnwgsMrlY ya\" ge¨cnI dl'karsLM ¬tenH. karEdlÓbºti‘ehttu am¨BMEdnExrµ -esom niglav-esom VnektI eLgI Cae¨cInk¬~geBlCamyY K~a eF[Ià mansMnYrenH Ð etImnsu §Edlkan'GMNacEmnETnenAkm¬Cõ asB«Ã f©enH CaExµr ÉmyY CaynY (kat' Émni kat)' BYne¨kamsJØatiExrµ ?(3) e¨JHfa eKBMGu acbde^ sFVneT karN_EdlBkY enHbMerI¨beyaCny_ Yn, TSgk¬~g¨BMEdn TSge¨kA¨BEM dn. etI¨bCaCnExµr, lav nig evotNam GaccSTTlY GÃIxH VnBeI lak \esr|I , CaBei ssBsI hrdG½ aemrki ? e¨kayBVI nmanGMNacya\" gxÂSgel²I Nëècni k~¬gkLM ¬geBlCag 25 qS~ , shrd½GaemrikVndkxçn fyecj edayTku EtGnus§avryI y_ a\" glamk lb'lagy\"agNak*B¨uM CHeLyI . etI¨bvt‘isa¨s¶nyi ay¨tèv Éxsu ebI[ \c¨kBt‘ni yi mGaemrikSg| Etm~ak'ägTTYlxsu elImhnr‘ ayenA²Ncëè ni nigelTI ku ÅevTnaEdlVn¨tvè rgedaymnsu § BI 2 eTA 3 tNM k¬~g¨bCaCnTSgb?I Gacfa¨tèvk*Vn, GacfaxuskV* n.

119 b\"Eu n‘enAeldI eé nH, ebImanrda½ PVi lmyY EdlKaµ nsiTìiniyayBI \siTìimnus§| ehyI CaBiess BIsTi imì nus§enAkmCõ¬ a, KWcºasC' ard½aPiVlGaemrki SgenHäg. kci ÍTak'TgrvagGaemrki SgnigExrµ Vnb¶rèEtkaremIlgay nigkarxkcti ‘. Gaemrki rbs' nci snu ykkm¬õCae¨b¨I Vs' edmé ºIdkxÂnç ecjBIevotNam \CamYykity‘i s|(Ganlxi ti chM «nshKmn_Exrµ enAkaNada eTA¨bFanaFbi tI karETr, enAk¬g~ ¨Btw b‘i ¨& telx 4, Exkmu ¸:1977). Cabk' g¬~ Gnaæ k'sågað m, ¨beTsenHTmÂak'elIkm¬Cõ a, Etk~g¬ kLM g¬ 4 qS~ (1969-1973) nUv¨KabE' bkcnM nY 500 000 etan! Gaemrikrbs' ehߧra\" l' h&dà , edayvl^ kº¬gmyY eBl, sMerceVHbge' calsmnõ mì it‘Exrµ ngievotNam rbs'xçÂn ehIyrt'ecjeTA²tgake¨kayeLyI . Gaemrikrbs' C^mIµ karETr eFCIà aePc erOgehtuTSgGs' ehyI ¨bjab'¨bjal'eTArkcab«' dExrµ¨khm EdlTTkw eCakngw QamExrµ enAeLyI (4), ehyI eTsnabeNIr¶ @ GMBIkar karJrsTi mìi nsu §! karBei saFn«_ n²Nëècni elImti P‘ aBGaemrikSg ¨tvè eTACad÷bUnµandl'¨bCaCatTi SgLayNaEdlsgôwmelIGaemrikdx* S g, G~kkarJresrIPaB! karEdlCb\"unvay ePIlharbY enAq~S 1941 VnTajGaemrikecjBäI ekanyi mrbsx' çÂn.edaye¨bkI mS gTSgGsE' dlxÂçnman GaemrikvaydeNIm¶ ykVnCae¨cIn ngi y\"agq©ay ehIyknÂgputmhasmu¨TV\"suhI ÃikeTot. mktame¨kayVrSg, ehyI dUcBYkVrSgEdr, GaemrikSgVnmkpugxÂçnk~g¬²Nëcè in. bnæabB' VI nbgúèrQamevotNam, lav ngi Exµry\"age¨cnI nigbgrèú Qamägy\"agGsar²tkar, Gaemrikdkxnç fyecj, braC&y, e¨TamTSgxnç e¨TamTSgKnM it. Cafémµ g¶ eTot Gaemrki lnU cUlk~g¬ rgU xnÂç v^j Ð bnæabB' Ikm¬Cõ a KeW votNam, rcY mk kUer\". myY mg¶ @ knU dmU NI U Vnrl,M ÉebnI iyay[¨tvè , Vn¨tèveVHbg'ecal. b\"Eu n‘karv^l¨tLb'v^j «nGaemrikk~¬gPaBäekaniymenH minEmnbgúajfa¨beTsenHcge' XIjmansni‘PaB ngi PaBngw nrk¬~gBiPBelakeT. xusq©ayeTAv^j, karN_enHCakarsgswk — ehIyy\"agsahav! kg¬~ eBlEdls¨tèvrmY rbs²' Nëcè in KWkg bU-dyU rbs' hUCmé ij nigsav&kxÂçn kMBgu sabe¨JHmnsu §Xad nigreM laPelIsiTmìi nus§ k¬~gEdndké eM NtI rbs¨' bCaCatTi SgbI, ¨bCaCnExrµ , lavngi evotNam ¨tèvrbY rmY K~ay\"agCt^ sTi~ ì edémºbI JÎrrNsri §myY y\"agrwgTl'nwgs¨tvè rYmdT* miL ngi d*«¨B«p§. ¨bCaCatTi SgLay«nGasIu nwgminbeNa¶ y[c¨kBti‘nyi mtugkgw QH~ VneLyI .

120 ceM JH¨beTskmCõ¬ aeyIg, ceM JHsNM l'«n¨bCaCneyIg elIdEé xµr, eteI yIg Exrµ enAbreTs GaceFGIà IÃCnU ? eTaHbeI ygI cg' Émincg' ¨bCaCnExµr ÒBukeygI m¶ayeygI bgbèíneyIg TSg¨bus¨sI Kgn' gwbHeVreLIg. eTaHbeI ygI cg' Émincg' QamKgn' wghrU eTotenAeldI éeygI . Kaµ nmnsu §Nam~akE' dlGac¨TSrgTarNu kmµExrµ ¨khm eday²tbHeVreLyI . ehIyebIeyIg nwkeTAdl'¨twmEt¨Ksç areyIgä¨sukExrµ k*xçn eyIgKrY EteTAdlT' IenaHrYce¨sceTAehIy. yl'¨BmTTYlrbbExµr¨khm KWsuxcitb‘ eN¶ay[Catei yIgsÂab'. ¨beTsTSgLayEdlenACabn' gw kmC¬õ aeyIg mhaGNM acEdlenAq©ayEmn b\"Eu n‘Edl²TiBì lxÂçneTAdl'¨Kb'TIkEnÂg mni ¨KanE' tcSemIl¨beTseygI dac'degméú b\"eu Naö HeT. xÂHxMykcMeNjGBM kI arEdleyIgex§aHQam xÂHeTotEdlylf' axnç mane¨KaHfa~ k' kMBugcat'vF^ ankar karJrxnç . meF´aVyrbs'rdT½ SgenH VneTAdlT' kI EnÂgrcY eTAehIy Ék*Vne¨KagTku ehIye¨sc dakk' ~¬gftturbs'eK. enHKCW akarFmtµ a enHCaneyaVyGnr‘ Cati CaElºgGku rbs'Gk~ dk· nSsgmð mnus§TSgLay. enAelITIlan¨byuTì Qmmxu Tln' gw kgkmS gEdlTMenbI Tan'smy& ehIyCaBei ss¨VCÆaeyIgmaneyaFa \Exµr¨khmeyIg|(5) EdlBitehyI BEU ksma b²' trju ra bu\"En‘eqat minsvU ecHd·gehIy CaBei ss Etäkäg²tbN¶aCnKS¨T. enAelItcu carQmmuxTl'ngw KCU ECkEdlecHdg· ehyIqa t eygI manmnus§EdleyIgminEdlsað l' sJaØ tmi incºas'las' ÉEdlv^lkºg¬ xUcsaµ rtI(6). eXjI fa ebeI yIgTku ¨beTs[enAe¨kamEtExµr¨khmEtäg kmõ¬Cangw muxEtbg'xat¨Kb'C÷BUk.ehyI minTanT' SgeTAdl'eBlcºSg ngi ccarenaHpg kmC¬õ aVnVtb' g'ngi kMBgu EtVt'bgb' N¶aCnrab'lan EdlCaCnrmY Catei ygI elahitrbs'Catei ygI . ¨tèvEteyIgeTAdl'k~¬gTkw dEé xµrEdr! eyIgEdlCaGk~ ecHd·gExrµ É ebnI yi ay[¨tèv eygI EdlCasNM l'Gk~ ecHd·gExrµ eygI mankrNyI kicÍ ngi katBÃkci Í ykkmS gkayngi kmÂSgKMnit eTAclU rYmk¬g~ clnatsUßExrµ . ebI¨bCaCatmi yY TSgmlU cg'rs' ehIytyuTeì dmé ºrI k§aCév^txÂnç Kaµ nkmÂSgGÃImYy k~¬gelakenHEdlGackni keM Tc¨bCaCatei naHeT. e¨JHfa karsxM an' KkW ardac'cit‘ karcgQ' H~ edaye¨b¨I Vs'¨Kb'smtÄPaBTSgGs'Edlxçn man. bJaú äeTot@ ¨KanE' tCakarbnæabb' n§MeT. ceM JHmhnr‘ ay«nmatuPmU ei ygI eyIgmin¨tvè dak'kMhsu eTAel¨I beTsNamYyeT buE\" n‘mkelIxÂçneygI . kalNa¨bCaCatimyY eVHbg'xÂçnecalehIy ¨bCaCatmi YyeTotngw mksågðbe' lI ehyI TM-JrelbVt'. enHKWCacºab'FmµCati cºab«' nkarv^vtn‘ _rbsG' aryi FmáTSgLay. eBlEdlGaNac¨keyIgcuHGn'fy bnaæ b'BIkarFa k'raCFanGI grð esc¶ eyIgTSgLayVneVHbg'xnç ecal buE\" ns‘ MrabE' txÂçnägm~ak.'

121 bBu kà arIeygI FÂakk' ~g¬ kargg·tggl' Vt'cNM gTSgGs'CamyY ¨bvtis‘ a¨sx‘ çn e¨JHbcaÍ mi¨tVn bMp^ÂcbpM a j¨bmUlykGs'nvU kºnç xa~ t kab'sma b'ekorykeTAGs'nUvG~k¨VCÆraCbNtië (7). Cdé nU Cté aeygI CamyY ngw BnW¨Â Bmw @ EdlnSmkedayGaNaniKmnyi mVrSg VnebIkEP~kPaÆ k'eLgI . bu\"Ene‘ dayTm©n' raCaFibety´ pa¶ c'karsgûtx' S geBk G~kxÂHElgrvérvl' ehIyKitEteq¿tTajykk«M r[GsB' I«d dUc \¨kbIGtX' a n Edls¨Iu beTsäg|. G~käeTot eday \K~adg· xçn faGsk' MLSgeBk| edémºeI LgI zan:sgmð [Tan'BYkTmI yY ¨TSenA¨kI¨kTSgpèv sma¸ r: TSgpvè KnM itsaµ rtI(8). (GanTMB&r24 PaKTI 3). bg@ eyIg k*eVHxÂnç ecaleTot xÂHedaymkBItcU cite‘ ¨JHbNM gneyaVyxÂnç BuMVnsMerc.xH edayeXjI fakarBukrlYyeF[ÃI qabm' anNas'. BkY TmI Yy bTi mat'TMlak«' dElgtyTu ì ÉbeN¶ayxÂçn[lHu lg'eTAtammenaKmv^CaØ breTs. BYkT2I VtG' s'ehIynvU kareGonxaµ s' nvU karTTlY xus¨tèvehIyKitEtBeI kIb¨bmlU ¨TB´smºti‘ Ð cMeJHGk~ xÂH \man| E¨bmkfa kti iy‘ s. ceM JHG~kxH eTot¨tmw ¨tèvehyI \¨k| E¨bmkfa ePI minsUvqa t. eygI kMBugeXjI ehyI fakarEdlsgðmeygI TSgmUl nSK~aeVHbg'xÂçnecalCaTUeTA ehyI CaerogrhtU mkenH VneFÃ[I ¨beTseyIgFa k'dl'fa~ kN' a ehyI eFI[à ¨bCaCneyIg Edlmg¶ Nak*CaGk~TTYle¨KaHEdr rgTukÅesakdl'krM itNa? ²Lvè enH enAeBldN÷ ac'stvt§rT_ I 20 eteI ygI yuvCnExµrCn÷ an'féµ ngw eFtIà amG~kmun@ eyIgÉeT? etIeygI \KµansamKFðI mtá ampvè cit‘|, \²tmanmenaseJtÍ naCatibn‘icbn‘cç |, \²tylf' amatPu UmiCaGeÃI LyI | dcU Gk~ mnu @ eyIg ÉGI?à (GanTMB&r 23-24 PaKTI 3). etIeyIgnwg¨kJt«' demlI ¨bCaCatieygI rlayVt' ÉGÃI? mni ¨Kb'¨Kan'eT eb¨I KanE' teyIgnyi ayfa xçÂneygI VnEqtí citn‘ wgPaBGn' karBukrlYy ngi karmni TTlY xsu ¨tvè rbs'bg@ eyIg. etIeygI VneFIGà Ieà hyI ceM JHmatuPUmieyIg? etIeyIgVn[GÃeI hyIdl¨' bCaCneygI ? e¨kayExmIna 1970 eyIgEdlCaeBT´ Gk~ Gk§rsa¨s¶ G~kvT^ ´asa¨s¶ G~kbecÍkeTs .l.VnTku cMeNHv^CaØ eygI srM abk' sag¨beTseLIgv^j eBlNaEdlsågað mcb'ehyI . ceM NHv^CØaEdlrd½kmõ¬CaVnpl¶ m' keyIg Gs'ry:eBl 20 eTA 30 q~S edaypæal' ngi tamry:¨beTsCamti ‘. e¨kayExemsa 1975 cabB' IeBlEdlGanbnæate' nHeTA eyIgGacKµan{kas GacKaµ nlTìPaB hcu CUneTA¨bCaCneyIgvj^ nvU bNM lu rbs'eyIg ebeI ygI enAEt cS cS cS teTAeTot. eteI ygI FÂakT' kw cti ‘ ÉGÃI e¨JHkarenAes¿© m²tkMerIkrbsG' k~ äeTot? ÉmyY eyIghYscit‘ e¨JHG~kEdlbeJjÍ KMnti ecHEtTasE' TgExgà KMnit EbkVkK' ~a? enHCakarFmtµ aeT enAkg¬~ sgmð Nakd* eU cH~Edr. eyIgTSgGsK' ~aman ceM JHmuxsavtaeygI nvU karTTYlxsu ¨tvè mYy EdleyIg¨tvè bMeBj Ðkare¨sac¨sg'Cév^t¨beTseygI . ebeI ygI mni ¨bfuyeFIÃGImà Yy[dlk' mCõ¬ aeT enAk~g¬ ¨bvti‘sa¨sE¶ xrµeygI nwgmni mant«mh YsBIBkY \¨kbGI t'Xa n| É BYk \Gsk' mS g| kalBImunenaHeT! bgbèní rYmCati eygI ¨tvè Elgrg'cSksag¨beTseLgI vj^ ÉcSbMerI¨twmEtCaBlrd½suIv^l.eygI ¨tèvclU rYm cabB' IeBlenHeTA k¬~gkarts¨Uß bdab'GavuF «n ¨bCaCneygI . elIsBbI MBgk' SePÂgI eTA

122eTot karts¨Uß tèvkar xYrkºal edémºeI ¨KagEpnkar B´aVl vHkat' rkesº¿g bgaú tG' b'rM begtéû¨kbxN& ë ngi ùùù Kit! eTAnwgcml© 'Edlfa \E¨kgeyIgeFkIà artsUßmYyEdlcaj'mnu eTd·g?| eygI sYreTAv^j faetIeygI , Exrµ , EdlsBëf©enHCaBlrd½kaNada Gaemrki Sg VrSg .l. Gacrse' nAedayxsõ m' uxVneTebI¨bCaCatEi xrµ rlayVt'? etbI gbínè rmY Catei yIgEdlenAänay emlI eXIjy\"agemc\" mkelrI bU eygI ?etCI nEdleygI enAk¬g~ ¨beTseK Kti eXjI y\"agemc¶ mkelCI atieygI ? bgbíènrmY Cati cUreygI bgúajeTABPi Belakfa yvu CnExrµ Cn÷ an'fµé xusBIC÷nan'mun@ ! cUreygITajCvé ^teygI ecjBIPaBeVHbgx' çn ecal nig BIPaBGama\" sm' ux ehyI hcu CnU eTA¨bCaCatei yIg! sa b'edmé ºICati eTIbCévt^ eygI kanE' tmanny& ! tula 1977

123 GFibºay(1) kg¬~ smy& saFarNrd½ G~kneyaVyeyIgxH Vn¨bdUcsÄanPaBPmU isa¨s¶neyaVy«n km¬õCaeTAnwgrbs'GI¨u saEGl. kar¨bdUcenH xHà ¨Vkdnyi mTSg¨sgu e¨JHfa sÄanPaBPUmi sa¨sn¶ eyaVy «n¨beTsTSgBIrxsu Ka~ qa© yNas.' elak QkU em\"gemA\" EdlenAkg¬~ c-M eNamG~kneyaVyTSgenaH Vnnyi ay[kmCõ¬ aman \Kib btßu |(@) dcU manenAG¨Iu saEGl Edr. rd½aPVi lsaFarNrd½ k*VnbJØènnsi i§tngi G~ksik§axÂH eTA¨beTsTSgenHEdr. yk KMnittamreboberobcMGIu¨saEGlTSgenH elak ln' nl' bJØa[erobcCM apHæ db'x~g, 50x~g .l.ùùù (@) Kbi bßtu Ð PUmishkrNe_ nAGuI¨saEGl EdlCaBei ssmanbN¶aCnTSg¨bus¨sI kanG' avuFkarJrpæal.'(2) GaNikCnenA¨beTs«f Vn¨tvè EbgEckCa 5 ¨kmu F@M Ð cin, Exµr, m\"aLay,U ynY ngi Gk~ ¨suk Px~M agTisøsan e¨kABGI ~k¨sku PM~sasn«_ f. mnu eBlEdlExµreygI ePosxçn eday¨Btw ‘i karN_«f© 17 emsa 1975 GaNki CnExµrEdlenA¨beTs«f mancMnnY 450 000 nak' kal BqI Sµ~ 1939 (tamkarsæg'cnM nY ¨bCaCneday vùGù ¨khS GtIt:T¨I bkw §a«nraCrd½aPiVl«f). GaNki CnExµrTSgenaH rse' nAk~¬gexte‘ p§g@ dUcteTAenH Ð rd½burI Naxnu cy& sIu suPN& burI P~MsaraxS NaxnNayut\" PUmPi aKxaglic«nGrJï nigsru in.æ enAqS~ 1932 rd½aPVi l«fVn[ biTsalavtE‘ xµr ehyI bg÷GÅ ~krd½karEdlmanedmé kMeNtI CaExµr [niyayEtPasa«f. e¨kay mk, tameKfa, GaNki CnExµrCn÷ an'e¨kay@ k*VneCakCSngw vbºFmá«f.(3) tSgBeI démkMeNIt«n¨bvts‘i a¨s¶eygI mk ¨bCaCneygI VnTTlY kard·knS Ékar¨ttç ¨ta, k¬~g ry:evlaEvgÉxÂI, edaycM É edayExrµ bN¶ak', BIsMNak'BYkp§ge¨BgbreTs EdlVnclU mkedaydac'Etäg Éeday¨beTseKbJnèØ mk Ð ²Naë cam-Caà esom yYn Br& Tyu ehð eGsº\"aj\"¬l VrSg Cbu\"n cni ngi GaemrikSg. k¬g~ ry: 22 q~Se¨kaybgís,' bnaæ bB' IäkraC´«n q~S 1953, Gk~ d·knSeygI VnekatE¨kg ngi elkI tMekgI CnbreTs elIsshesv^kExrµ rbs' xnç . karjm\" nwg \eK| Cab'rab'tMNenH, TMlab'eXjI breTskg¬~ kci dÍ k· nS¨beTsenH, Vn bJlØè k~¬gstEi xrµ eygI nUvkarElgrvérvlG' BM Iedmé kMeNIt nigGtItkal «nmnus§EdlenAkg¬~ vN:ö dk· nSrbs'eyIg. et¨I bCaCneyIg TSgk¬~g¨beTs TSge¨kA¨beTs Vnman¨btikmµya\" g emc¶ enAeBldg· faG~kd·knSkmC¬õ a maneQaµ HEdlxÂnç minEdl¾esaH dcU Ca Ð nYn Ca, gnY kg, sU Pmw , jmw rs, bu\"l Bt, vn ev\"t, yun y\"at .l. ? cHu ebImnus§e¨kameQµaHTSgenHCaynY eTA et¨I beTseyIgeTACaGÃeI hIy? Óù lav CamyY «ksUnp÷uv^han? kg~¬ eBlEdleygI s~ake' nAbreTsenH KrY eygI ¨keLkemlI ehIysYrfa etCI nCatei K beN¶ay[mnus§EdlmansJØatdi UceKk*eday bEu\" nE‘ dleTbI nwgmkdlf' µé eLgI dlz' an:dk· nS¨beTs ÉPUmi, sh¨Kas ÉsmaKmeKtUcNamyY eT? enHmni EmnmkBeI Ksíbe' xõémbreTs eT b\"Eu n‘eKkarJrCatieK rebobrse' nArbse' K karyle' XIjrbs'eK. k~g¬ yb«' n«f© 16 emsa 1975 elak Lg¬ beU rt\" , rd½mån‘ITmI yY , eBlEdlGs'kmS gya\" gxÂSg gakeTAsrY G~ksar-

124 BtámanVrSgm~ak'fa Ð \etIxÆM¨¬ tèveFdIà Ucemc¶ ?|. tbnwgsMnYrGBM mI UlehtuEdlnS[Exrµ ¨khm sma br' gðal¨bCaCnäg, Exrµ m~ak'EdlmancMeNHv^CØay\"age¨cnI eqÂyI fa Ð \xçÂnmni Gac[ cemIÂyVneT munnwg \GicEs&õr| Gk~ Cn÷ ajkarbsÍmw ¨beTsVneFIvà P^ aKehIysin|. srY nS GBM I¨bvti‘sa¨s¶ EdlsmaKmExrµ mYyVnsresr, G~kecHd·gdEdleqIÂyfa Ð \mni Vc'eT eKeTAebIkesovePAemlI k~¬gbNöaly& kV* nEdr. KMnti EdlecjmktamvacaTSgbxI ageleI nH KYrEtG~kEdlman eVHbge' cal edmé ºGI naKt«n¨beTseygI Ð KnM ti fa CnCatbi reTs¨Kan' ebCI agCnCatäi g ngi karsíbe' xmIõ rhUtdlK' MnitCnCatiäg.(4) ¨bFanaFbi tI kakET Vncabe' pm¶é neyaVye¨kA¨beTsrbsK' at' edaysaklºgrkPØab' cNM geLgI v^j CamyY ¨beTscMnnY ¨bmaN 13 Edl¨bqSgtic Ée¨cnI nwgGaemrki Sg, Edl enAkg¬~ enaHman kmCõ¬ a¨bCaFbi ety´ Edr. ¨ksYgkarbreTsGaemrikSgVneXIjfa Exrµ ¨khm hamXatx' nÂç min[cUlkg~¬ ¨sukExµr (KN:ebskkmµ vUdkku enAExmnI a 1977).(5) Jk´rbs' bßév «qelog k~¬gGtÄbTeQµaH \karbMVtB' UCsasnK_ rY [rntì ' nigkarsuImnus§enA ¨beTskmCõ¬ a| cHu k~¬g¨Btw ‘ib¨& tshKmn_ExµrenAkaNada elx 9 Extlu a 1977.(6) eBlEdlsemc¶ shI nu ¨bFanrNsir§ \hgì | enAkg¬~ ¨kgu eb\"kSg \rd½mån|‘I Cae¨cnI mni TSg GacVneTAC^t ÉeTAeXIj¨BHGgpð g. rebobenHEdr eBlEdlshI nueFITà s§nkci CÍ apÂèvkarenA V\"rIs BYkGgðrk§VneFIyà \"agNamin[semc¶ eTAC^tExrµ Edlmkcge' XjI ¨BHGgVð neLIy. ä BYkG~kEhrhm k*mankri iyaKYr[eKmnlæi Edr. elak tan' Gukß NSeGog, GttI Gn¨u bFanrd½ sPa, Vnbryi ay¨Vbe' yIg GMBIGakbºkiryi abg«fK at' sarin qak rdm½ ånk‘I arbreTsrbs' semc¶ sIhnu enAk~¬gcMNtGakasyan saú ldãehðal Ð \xnMƬ igknU TSgLay xsM ¬æHeTArkKat' sarni qak b\"uEne‘ yIg¨tèvQbe' nAngw fûl' e¨JHeXjI mxu Kat'FgWµ EP~kebkI EtemlI eygI Gt' eXIj. eTaHbkI UneBAxMƬ EdlrlwkGßv÷ aNas' ehIyEdlcgy' Yrkatab[ kB* uhM aß neTACt^ Kat' Edr|. kg~¬ eBlmhasni~Vt Gùsùbù enAExkJaï 1977 enH smaCk^ TSgbInak' «nKN:¨b- tiPEU xrµ (e¨kaymkman eGog sarI ehIytameKfa man blu\" Bt Edr) KW Ð CYn ¨bsTi ì can' yUra\" n' nigmnsu §minsðalm' xu m~ak' EdleKVneXIjmYyEPÂtk~¬gTrU Ts§n_enAmug\" erG\" al' Jk' Gav-k¨tg'BNáexµA ehIymxu matd' Uccni suTì. ¨bPBrbs'eygI VnbJØakf' a mnsu §e¨kayenH KcW inEmn mannaTCI a \TI¨bwk§a|! cEM Nkä can' yrU a\" n' mni EdlVnCan'dEé xµrv^jeT e¨kay«f© 17 emsa 1975. etIKatV' n¨tèvExrµ ¨khmEmnETn cat[' beM BjebskkmµenHeT? KWfaehtukarN_TSgenH Edlhakd' cU CaecjBeI rOg¨belamelakbU\"lIsnigcarkmµ Ca karNE_ dlVnekIteLIgEmn. ebdI eU cH~ ehIy snM YrmyY ¨tèvEtecaTeLgI Ð etkI mCõ¬ a¨bCaFbi - ety´ ngw eTACay\"agNa?(7) k~¬geBlsBëfe© nH cab'tSgBEI xemsa 1975 minKWGMeBIdEdl EdlVnektI maneLIgv^j? esovePAkºçn KmõIr t¨ma TSgGsV' n¨tvè dutecal CamYybNaö l&yCati. vtb¬Ä ru aN Edlrk t«mÂdakK' µan ehIyEdlCasak§I«nGariyFmáeyIg Vn¨tvè keM TcecalGs' CamYymnæIrtSg ektnPNëCat.i vtG‘ aram sala mhav^T´al&y Vn¨tvè bTi Taà r. BYkGk~ ecHd·g cabt' SgBI

125 bNiët eTAdl'G~k¨KanE' tecHGanecHsresr Vn¨tèveKtamrkmux ehyI sLM abe' cal. PmU i XuM ¨sku ext‘ ElgmaneQaµ HehyI manEtelx dl'eBlExµrCn÷ an'e¨kayeyIgsÂabG' s'eTA ngw ElgmaneQaµ HExrµ srM abT' ¨I bCC÷u nExrµ NaTSgGs' e¨JHknU ekµgtUc@ EdlExrµ ¨khmyk ecjBIÒBukma¶ yxçÂneTAbgúat' Vn¨tèveKbg÷k[e¨bEI tvak´sB& fæ éµ. smU ºIEtGgrð vt‘ kV* nVt' eQµaHxçÂnehyI ehyI enA¨twmEt \¨VsaTkMBUlb|I .(8) enHCakaremIlgayBIVrSg kg~¬ smy& GaNanKi mniym. sUmGan \ Moeurs et coutumes des Khmers | rbs' Guy Porée et Evelyne Maspéro (Payot, 1938.) ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

126 TBM r& PØab' 1karTak'TgExµr-cni ebmI nus§xMcgmit‘ ¨beTskucM gs¨tèv. ¨bvti‘sa¨s¶«nkmõ¬Caféµ KWCa¨bvt‘si a¨s¶«nkarTak'TgExrµ -VrSg, rIä¨bvt‘si a¨s¶sBëf© KW¨bvt‘isa¨s«¶ nkarTak'TgExrµ -cin(R). cNM gmit‘PaBrvagkmC¬õ angi cin¨bCamanit KYr[eygI gake¨kay¨keLkemIleTAm¶geTotEdr. eTaHbImanyIehaCa \GB´a¨kwt|, kmCõ¬ a ke* nAEtFÂak'kg¬~ ePgI sågðam EdlxÂnç cge' cosvagbpM tu . BitehyI sni‘PaB 15 q~S EdlkmC¬õ aVnsað l'e¨kaykar¨bkasäkraC´ ngi GB´a¨kwtPaB KWmanedaysarkarbniu ¨bsb«' n semc¶ sIhnu k¬g~ karbtE' bnecosregké sågðam¨tCak'«nmhaGNM ac.karbuin¨bsb'enH VnTTYlkarsresrI y\"age¨cInBsI NM akG' ~ksegûtkarN_breTs EdlmkBI¨Kb'¨cklkú «nBiPBelak. KYr[sa¶ y eday¨svg· nwgkarekatsresrI enHeBk sIhnVu nePc TSg¨sugdln' eyaVyk~¬g¨beTs. mni KitedaH¨saybJaú BIKls' gðmeLIgEtm¶g, minKitCe÷ rOnkarGbr' MmhaCn edémº[I mhaCnyld' lk' arTTlY xus¨tèvrbsx' çn k¬~gsgmð sIhnuEbrCaB¨gékkareKarBbUCadl'bKu lð xÂnç eTAvj^ . neyaVyenH ritEtVn¨tvè kMLanigEfrk§aedayGk~ EhhmeTAeTot edayBYkenHrkEtTku ¨bCaCn[enAl©ge' xÂAeTA edmé ºIxnç ¨sNukka¶ b.' ¨kGtW ngw Ggrð vtN¶ as' bu\"Ens‘ wgEt²td·gGÃTI SgGs' GBM IGttI kalsm&yenaH, Bku rlYy bEu\" nf‘ axÂnç CaG~kkan'BTu ìsasna, emlI gayt«mG ~kd«T bu\"En‘faxÂçn¨sLaj'Cat,i Gk~ EhhmsIhnTu SgenH —mnsu §dEdl EdlnwgeTA \brbi uN:ö | ln' nl'—ciJÍwmlTìikumy¬µ nsi E‘ xrµ eday²td·gxçÂn. Tku cti e‘ K, eqatÉmYy¨svg· , shI nu ²tVnyld' l'karcSVc'nwg[¨beTsman kgTB& myYEdlxS g GackarJrGFbi tPI aBCatiVn. edmé ºkI arJrkmõC¬ a \semc¶ Ò| epk¶ pç¶lTSg¨sugelI¨beTscin EdlbNa¶ Cn 800 lannak' eFIÃ[¨BHGgðP&ypg Tku cti ‘pg! karP&n¨‘ cLMya\" gmhimaenH ¨tvè G~kd·knSsB«Ã f©nwgGnaKt«n¨beTskm¬õCa ykeTABinti ´eLgI vj^ ! kicÍTakT' gExrµ -cni BEuM mneTbI ngw mank~g¬ sm&yenHeT. GgðTUtExrµ TImyY EdleKdg· famanenAÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ(R) eKEck¨bvtsi‘ a¨s¶CabYnEp~k Ð savtabru aN BIedmé kMeNItmkdl' Kùsù 395. savtayuKkNa¶ l (¨tvè nwgsm&ysk¶i-PmU i) BIqS~ 395 dl' 1453 q~SEdlBYkTYKdI eN¶ImVn¨kug kgu s‘gT' NI Ub. savtayuKféµ BI 1453 dlq' S~ 1789 (karbdv^ tn‘ _VrSg). savtasBëf© cab'BI Kùsù 1789 mk. eyIgGacniyaydUcxagelVI n e¨JHkmC¬õ aeyIgeTbI nwgeXIjBnÂWxH eLgI v^je¨kaykarmkdlV' rSg.

127¨sku cin Vn¨tèvbJØnè eday¨BHecA¨smI ara (hÃan'ecma\"n' k~g¬ Pasacni ) enA Kùsù 228 (sm&ynKrPM~É hÃèßNn. ¨smI ara CaG~kbegtéû gar \vrµn& | Jk´sM¨swût EdlE¨bmkfa e¨kaH É e¨KOgkarJrxÂnçTUeTA. garenHVn¨tèveVHbg' —rYcePÂcrhtU mk— CamyY Ka~ nwgkarputBUCesc¶ «nGgrð e¨kammxu lMEBg«n ta¨tsk'Epím (1332—1340) esc¶ Exrµ e¨kaybgsí ' Edlykgarvrn&µ enHEdr KW ¨BHVTneratm¶ shI nvu rµn& bnaæ b'BsI ilacarkw TSgLay Vn¨tvè rkeXjI ngw Gandace' LIgvj^ . dUcPaKe¨cIn«n \nKr| TSgLay EdlenACu÷v^j¨beTscinEdr, ¨sku Exrµ (hßèNà n) Vn¨tvè cnisMKalC' ardc½ uHclU . karbJØnè raCTUtCamYysYysaGakrmk¨beTscni Vn¨tvè eFÃCI ahrU Eherogmkedayesc¶ «nhèNßà n (nKrP~M) rYcmk«ncni La (nKrBYkkUn²sIkm¬)õ . edayehteu nH, cabt' SgBIstvt§rT_ 3I mk, GtbÄ Tcni GBM ¨I sukExµr k*manmunsilacarkw Exrµ . enAqS~ 506 Pik¬EÅ xrµ namsgôBlaVn¨tèves¶ccni «nraCvg§elog nmi n‘eTA¨sku cni edémºIbkE¨b¨BH«¨tbIdk. PikŬenaHKg'enA¨sukcin 16qS~ . q~Sbnæab'mk, 507, ¨BHecA¨kugcni (vU) fÃaygarCa \emT&B| bågûabTsi Tk§Ni , esc¶ nKrP,~M dl'¨BHVTC&yvrnµ& . enAqS~ 1076 edaycni bbYleFIsà ågðamCamyY ngw tgu kwg, esc¶ hrs§avr&nµ T3I bJnØèebsk:eyaFBlmyY kg eTAluklyu ¨suk ej-\" Gan (¨sukhCU mé ji !). enAqS~ 1285 C&yvrnµ& T8IelIksyY saGakr eTA[BYkm\"gu ehað l. kg~¬ Kùsù 1296 esc¶ mug\" ehað l TmI xY an' bJnèØ ebskkmµmYymkkm¬Cõ a e¨kamrCØkalesc¶ ²ånæavrnµ& T3I ehIyEdlenAk¬g~ enaHmanGk~ ¨bvti‘sa¨s¶ ecv takÃan.' ecv takÃan' VnsresresovePAcas'CageKTSgGs' EdlGFibºayGBM yI esaFr: (Ggrð )esovePAEdlCa¨bPB ebIk[G~k¨bvts‘i aåsV¶ rSgsað l'ehIysresrVn GMBIGaryi FmEá xrµ d÷bUg(esovePA ecv takÃan' Vn¨tvè bkE¨beday Bù ebl\" IÂyU k~¬g¨Btw ‘ib&¨t«nsalaVrSgenAcgu bUJá¨beTs,enAqS~ 1902). kg¬~ Kùsù 1327 es¶c²ånaæ vr&µn epræ blg& û[eTAknU EdlesayraC´e¨kameQµaHfaC&yvrµ&nTI9 brm²sUr. KWenAkg¬~ rCkØ alesc¶ enH Edl \kardcU Cabd^vt‘n|_ TmI Yy (pseudo-révolution) VnpHæ¬ eLIg edaybJÎby' a\" gTanh' nn' vU ²TBiì l¨BhµJsï asna ehIyykBTu sì asna mkdake' l¨I beTsvj^ (cGM k«n¨Bhlµ ixit, eQaµ H«nCy& vrµ&nT9I muneBlesayraC´KW shI nu!). \karbd^vt‘n_EkÂg| enHdNM alKa~ ngw karN_ Edlraåss¶ amJeï LgI esayraC´Caes¶c Ð ta¨tskE' pím, nBi ÃanVT, lBM g'.l. [sJïa«nkarcabe' pém¶ cuH{nfy«nkm¬õCa Edlngw manry:¨VsM tvt§r_. k~g¬ kML¬g 500 q~SenaHGaNac¨kExµrVnrebHrci rli rhtU mke¨kamkarruj¨can «nBYk«f ngi BkY evot, GaNki CnBrI sasn_Edlmanedmé kMeNtI enA¨sku cin. bnaæ b'BkI arb¶èrKa~ xÂHkg~¬ stvt§rT_ I15, ¨bPB¨bvt‘si aås‘k*Vnsa© t'Qgw GMBkI icTÍ ak'TgExµr-cin.luHmkdls' tvt§rT_ I17, eTIbeKVnd÷Ngw xH eLIgv^j bEu\" n¶GMBkI arGen¶a¨bevsn_«nCnCatci in mkk~g¬¨sukExrµ (GanTMBr& 32, elxeyag 3). enAstvt§rT_ I19, dcU Ca¨beTskmõ¬CaEdr, ¨beTscinVnFÂak'e¨kamGaNanKi mrbsB' kY Esºks. karcºSgKa~ e¨JHerOgGaePon (Gg'eKÂsVj¨' KabE' bkelIkgt' gu enAqS~ 1841) Vncbe' daysniìsJaï ¨kgu NnkSg enAExshI a 1842 Edl[hgu kug nigekaHxH eToteTAGg'eKs . tamsnìisJaï ¨kgu etonTi§n «nq~S 1885, cin[eTAVrSg¨tçtnvU nKrGNöamngi tgu kgw EdlCa¨sku cNM Hu xnÂç . ¨beTscineTbI ngw egébeLgI vj^ elqI akneyaVy²Nëècin enAq~S1954 k¬g~ eBleFIsà nsi~ IT¨kugh§EW Nv.

128 esræI EtmYystvt§r_«nkar¨ttç ¨tarbsV' rSg VneFI[à ExµrmanTMlabr' se' nAeday \maneKkarJr|. e¨kayBIVnedjecjTSgminGsG' al&ynvU \G~kkarJr| VrSg, raCaNac¨kExµr, enAmxu karbun\" bg\" B¨gké TwkdCé aGlÂCØé«nGk~ Ct^ xagynY , xrM k \Gk~ karJr| m~ak'eTot. snæ¬HTImYyrbs'Exµr KWt¨mge' TAshrd½Gaemrik. enA«f© 17 tula 1953 VrSgepræ GNM acskw mkkmõ¬Cavj^ . enAmxu Tahan10 000 nak' «nkgT&BEmnETnrbse' votmij (bgûbk' ¬~gext‘ «¨BEvg, saà yerog, taEkv, kMBt nigVt'd÷bg) ngi muxcMnYnEdleKmni dg· «nTahanrbs'kgT&B¨bCaCnExrµ rMedaHrbs' sWg g\"ku mij (APKL)kmõC¬ amanEt 12 kgvresnatUcefrµé eCgé . «f© 2 emsa 1954, kBM gu EteBj¨byTu eì nA edon ebonP,Uevotmji clU lku luykmõ¬CaBIxagTsi øsan. «f© 20 ÓsPa raCrd½aPiVl¨bkassuMCn÷ Yyskw BIshrd½Gaemrik. enAh§EW Nv, eq¿Â t{kask¬~gkci ÍBiPak§aCaeTÃPaK,I rda½ PiVlExrµ xMsæg'emlI nvU ¨btikmµGaemrki Sg k~¬geBlNakmCõ¬ a¨tvè lku lyu edayevotmij. shrdG½ aemrki , edaycge' KarBJk´sn´arbs' Ggt' UnI eGEdn eTA CU eGnLay (EdlfanwgminnSkmCõ¬ acUlk~g¬ smnõ Pì aBeyaFa CamYymhaGNM acxaglci NamyY ), eqÂIyedaymni ¨Bmsn´aGÃeI LIy. ebeI KeCOtamG~kniBnì reU h§siµf (\neyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkm¬Cõ a|) EdlnSJk´sMdé «nGk~TTYlxus¨tvè Exµrkg¬~ smy& enaH, ¨beTskm¬õCa VnsuMcUlsmõnìPaB esGatU Edr EdleKkBM ugEterobckM ¬~geBlenaH. tamGk~ niBnìdEdl, rd½elxaFikar ebEdl siµf min¨BmTTYlebkPÅ aBExrµ edaysGM agfa mincgb' MJrbMJnelkI ic¨Í Bme¨Bogh§WENv, bEu\" n‘ suM[kmõ¬CaTukcti f‘ axçÂnngw enAe¨kammb '\karJr| rbs' esGatU enH. «f© 8 kJïa 1954 enA¨kugm\"anil, shrd½Gaemrki , Gge' KÂs, VrSg,GU¨s¶alI, nEU vleh§Lg,' hÃßélBI nI , VK\" sI g‘ ' ngi «f cHu htÄelxabegtûé Ggðkar«nsniìsJïa«nGasIuPaKGeK~y_ (esGat)U . dUcEdlVnsn´a, smnõ ìPaBskw enH dak'kmõ¬Cakg¬~ \«pkæ arJr| rbs'xçn Edr.bE\"u n‘¨beTskmõ¬Ca edayBsuM UvTku cit‘elIkicÍ \karJr| enH, kr* kt¨mg'neyaVye¨kA¨beTsxÂnç eTATsi feéµ Tot. CaelkI TmI yY , enAExv^cÏika 1954, ¨BHecAshI nbu JØa[eXasnaGBM IEx§neyaVy \GB´a-¨ktw y\"aghµt'ct'| mYy, e¨kayeBl¨tLbm' kBITs§nkicÍenA¨beTsPmU a«nelak GUß nU. e¨kaybni‘cmk elak enru mkeFTIà s§nkicäÍ PeM~ Bj. KkW ~¬geBlenaHehyI Edl¨BHVTsIhnTu TYlemeronTmI yYxagneyaVy \mni clU bk§xagNa| BIbNtië enru, ehIyecaTsmnõ Pì aB esGatU fanSmkEtbriya-kasGsnsi‘ uxEdlpæ¬yngw cMNg'sni‘PaB EdlmhaGMNacVnkNM te' hyI enAh§·ENv. «f© 2 mIna1955, sem¶cshI nu dak'raC´[ÒBuk, sem¶cneratm¶ sura¨mtw . 3-4 GaTti ´e¨kaymk sIhnusgTs§nkicÍdl' enru ä¨beTs²Nëa. CamyY rdm½ ånI‘TmI Yy²Naë semc¶ Óbyvu raCsem¸aFcMNgeCégneyaVy \bJÍsIla| eKalKMnti TSg¨VM«n \karrs'enACamYyKa~ edaysn‘Pi aB|! enAExemsa 1955 sn~si TI enAVnD' ug cabe' FeIà LIg. CU eGnLay eq¿Â t{kasBkI ci sÍ nænaCaäkCnCamyY shI nu edmé ºIvaysrM ku xagpèv TtU . kg¬~ karCECkKa~ enaH rdm½ ån‘TI mI yY cni esGI~ BM eI rOgkm¬Cõ asCuM n÷ yY swkBsI hrdG½ aemrki . k¬~gerOgenH sIhnbu JØake' TA CU eGnLay fangw mni manmlU d½anT&BGaemrikSgenAkmCõ¬ aeLyI , ehyI kmõC¬ anwgmni s[uM esGatU karJreT. eCOEmnETn, CU eGnLay¨Vb'semc¶ sIhnu[Tu ukcti ‘fa cni nwgmni e¨C¿tE¨Ckk¬~gerOg«pkæ g¬~ «nkmC¬õ aeLyI . «f© 16 ÓsPa1955, kmõ¬Cangi shrdG½ aemrik cuHhteÄ lxaGMBICn÷ yY xagpvè T&B. bnaæ b'mk ebskkmµeyaFaGaemr-i

129kSgmYy (MAAG) km* ktSgTIäPeM~ Bj. «f© 11 kJaï kareVHeqa~ t[Cy& Cn÷ HeTA KNbk§sgðmraåsn¶ yi m. Gs'kgÃl'BTI nM asx' agk~¬g, eCOCak'fa GMNacngw enAEtk¬g~ «dxnÂç ma~ k,' sem¶cshI nudUrya\" grh&snvU neyaVye¨kA¨beTs karNE_ dlngw eFI[à GaemrikSgmni eBjcit‘ya\" gxS g. enAExkum:¸ 1956, tbngw esckIG¶ eJIjØ rbs' ¨bFanaFbi thI ÃéßlIBnI m\"ak' saysay, shI nueFTÃI s§nkicÍCapèÂvkarenA¨kgu m\"anli . enATIenaH, ehtuEdleFÃ[I eKPÆake' píél¨Kb'Ka~ , naykrdm½ ån‘EI xrµ (kalenaHmniTan'tSgxçÂnCa¨bmxu rd½enAeLIy) EfÂgkarNf_ a kmCõ¬ a²t¨tvè karkicÍkarJr«n esGatU eT. «f© 13 ExdEdl semc¶ eFIÃTs§nkicÍCapèÂvkarTImyY enA¨beTscin EdlenATIenaH¨bFanem\"AVnTTlY . enAebk\" Sg, Cafémµ g¶ eTot, sIhnu Tate' calkci kÍ arJr esGat.U edayq©ln' wg¨btikmµsem¶cshI n,u rd½elxaFikar hsà Esær dlwÂs epléÆ ixitmYymkrd½mån‘kI arbreTsExµr tamry:elak ng KimnI, raCTtUelkI db÷ gU enA¨bcS sùrùGaù, lxi ti cHu «f© 19 emsa ehyI Edlkardk¨sgm' andUcteTA Ð \elakrd½mån,‘I xmMƬ anesckIV¶ rm¸edaydg· fa esckE¶I fÂgkarNk_ ¬g~ eBlf@éµ enH EdlecjBImCÎda½ nep§g@ VneF[Ià ¾kanE' txÂSgfa shrd½Gaemrki bn\"u b\"gbgÅ÷¨beTskmCõ¬ a [clU k¬g~ smnõ ìPaBesGatU ebmI in¨Bm ngw QbV' nC÷nYyesdk½ ic,Í ehyI fa shrd½GaemrikVnbg¨÷Å beTs evotNamnig «f Camti ‘ngi ¨bkbedayäkraC´ [cat'vF^ ankarCasågað mesd½kicÍTln' wgkm¬õCa k¬g~ eKalbNM gdcU Vn¾mkehIyenH. \enA«f© 2 emsa rd½TtU Gaemrki Sg VnfÃayd÷NwgCapèv kardl'¨BHmhak§¨tyi _ TSgBIrGg«ð nkmCõ¬ afa shrdG½ aemrki BEMu dlVnEfÂgCapèÂvkar nigCasaFarN:k~g¬ eBlNam¶geLyI nvU karyl'eXIjrbsx' çÂnelnI eyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkm¬Cõ a. neyaVyshrd½Gaemrki k~¬gkmõ¬Ca ykmUlda½ nelIbTbJØamyY y\"agxI РshrdG½ aemrik, tamry:kmvµ ^FCI ÷nyY eyaFangi esd½kci Í rbs'xnÂç rkCyY dl'rd½aPiVlExrµ k¬~gkar¨bwgE¨bgCaGlCØé edémºrI k§aTku äkraC´ GFbi tI «nraCaNac¨k. C÷nyY enHVn¨tvè pl¶ ' EttamcNM g'«nraCrd½aPVi lExµreT EdlVnsCuM apÂèvkarnUvCn÷ yY eyaFa kg¬~ «f© 20 ÓsPa1954 nig C÷nYyeyaFapg C÷nYyesd½kci Ípg enA«f© 1 kJaï 1954. \eTaHbI shrdG½ aemrikeC¯fa ¨bCaCatei srTI SgLayGacTb'Tl'Vnya\" g¨bt´k§Cag ngie¨KaHf~ak'«nkarQÂanJnkumyµ¬ nis‘ tamry:kci kÍ arJrrmY K~a, kn* eyaVyGaemrki SgTTlY sðalf' a¨beTsxH cUlcit‘mni cUlrmY kg¬~ kiceÍ robcMsni¶sxu tamPUmiPaK fÃétºitEt¨beTsTSgenaHVnse¨mccti ‘karJrxÂnç Tl'ngw karQÂanJn Év^Tìg§na eläI kraC´xçÂn. kare¨Csé erIsenH eygI eKarB. shrdG½ a-emrik mni rkcNM g«nkarkarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk CamyY ¨beTsNaeLIy eb¨I beTsenHmineC¯fa äkraC´xçÂnnwg¨sYlrk§aTku Cag edayGnuvtn‘ _eKalKMnti «nsni‘sxu rYmenH|. (k~¬g \¨Btw b‘i &¨t«n¨ksgY karbreTsGaemrikSg|, 30 emsa 1956, TBM r& 727) enAExmfi una 1956 kmCõ¬ angi cin cuHkic¨Í Bme¨BogTmI YyxagJNiCkØ mµ ngi elIC÷nyY myY mant«m 22 lan 4 Esndlu Âar. «f© 27 vc^ ikÏ a q~SdEdl CU eGnLay mkeFÃTI s§nkicÍenAkmC¬õ a, EdlCaTs§nkicÍTmI Yy«n Gk~ muxGk~ karcni kumµ¬ynsI ‘. k~g¬ {kasenaH CU eGnLay Vn¨bkasdl'GaNikCncni Edlrs'enAkg~¬ km¬Cõ a [bJÍlè xnÂç k¬~gsgmð Exrµ ehIyeKarBcºab'«n¨beTsExµr. Exmfi nu a 1958 kgvresnatUcynY xagtºègBrI kg rbs' ega\" Dni eyom cUlrMelaPkg~¬ exts‘ gwæE¨tg ehIybgÅ^tbegðal¨BMEdn. sem¶csIhnu ehAshrdG½ aemrki [eFIGà nr‘ aKmn_. mYyExbnæab'BI

130Óbºt‘ei htuenH ¨beTskm¬õCaTTYlsðal'tampèÂvcºabd' l' saFarNrd½cin¨bCamanit ehIyb¶rè rdT½ UtKa~ . kicTÍ ak'TgCapvè TUtCamyY cinenH VneF[Ià Gaemrki SgPaÆ kC' axÂSg eday²tVndg· muneLyI . va\"sgIu etan ehArd½TUtxnç (xlås‘¬m) eTAsrY Bie¨KaH. edaysKM al'kayvk^ arsem¶cshI nu CakarrkerOg, shrd½GaemrikerobcMKMeragkarNe_ démºTI ma k'sIhnu (VnCamankarkºtr' bs' dab QYn mYyqS~bnaæ bm' k). 2 Exe¨kaykarTTlY sðal'enH enAk~g¬ mhasn~iVtTI 13 «nGgðkarsh¨bCaCat,i kmõ¬CaKS¨Tkarrtk' ickÍ ar edémº[I cinclU k¬g~ Gùsùbù. buE\" n‘ kci ÍTakT' gCaelkI d÷bgU rvagExrµ ngi cinenH BEMu mnVneFÃIeTAedayl²í texÍaHeT. deU c~HEmn, bnaæ b'BkI arbè¶rrd½TUtrvag¨beTsTSgBIrmk, ebskkmeµ sd½-kci cÍ ni myY mktSgTeI nAP~MeBj. KN:ebskkmµenH CyY Ca¨Vkk' asdl'sarBtámanxageqgà xÂHehyI kank' abs' alacni enA¨sku Exµr. BrI q~Se¨kaymk, 1960, CnCatci inCae¨cInnak' Vn¨tvè cab'edayGaCÆaFrExrµ e¨JHskmµPaBvT^ ìg§na. enAExÓsPa, k¬g~ {kasTs§nkci TÍ IBrI rbs' CU eGnLay,cin¨bmaN 60 nakV' n¨tvè cabb' JnèØ eTA¨beTscinv^j. bnæabB' IÓbºtie‘ htuTSgenH ¨beTscni Bni ti ´eLgI Caféµ nvU neyaVyxçÂnceM JHkm¬Cõ a. enAExFè~ 1960 lvI cavCé eFÃITs§nkci ÍenAkmõ¬Ca EdlenATeI naH ¨bFanaFibtIcni cHu sniìsJïamyY elImti ‘PaBngi elIkarminQa nJn CamYyraCrd½aPVi l. smaKmmyY eQaµ H \smaKmmitP‘ aBcni - Exrµ | Vn¨tvè begtûé eLIg ehIyEdltSgTIsa~ kk' arenA¨kugebk\" Sg (KWk¬g~ qS~ 1960 enaHehIyEdl, tamsdM é b\"lu -Bt enAebk\" Sgk~g¬ eBlf@éµ enH, KNbk§kum¬µynisE‘ xµrVnektI eLIg). tbKuNnwgneyaVycni Edl \KS¨Teday²tlkxÅ N& ë | ngi Edl \mni e¨CotE¨Ck|, km¬Cõ a tMrg'xçÂntamEx§neyaVye¨kA¨beTsrbs'cni (k~¬geBlEdlevotNamxageCgé , fÃté ºti Etxçn s~Ti Nì as'CamyY cnikalsmy& enaH, VnmanneyaVy¨by&tC~ ag!). enAExkJïa 1962 raCrd½aPVi lExrµ TTlY sðal'¨beTs GalV' nI (mYyq~Se¨kaymk, enAExtlu a 1963, kmCõ¬ anigGal'VnI dakk' arse¨mccti m‘ yYenA Gùsùbù edmé ºeI dj«tvan\" 'ecj ehIyTTlY cin¨bCamanitv^j k¬g~ mhasniV~ t). enAExFè~ 1962,k¬g~ snsi~ ITenAkLU M¬bU EdlenruVnekaHehA edémºIedaH¨sayTnM as¨' BMEdncni -²Naë , shI nu erIsykkarccarpæal'rvagKvU v^ aTTSgBrI ehIyTat'ecalescke¶I s~«I neGh§bI Edlcg[' begéûtmNlë ²tTB&mYy —karedaH¨sayEdlcni ngw mni TTYleLyI . enAExtlu a 1964, eBlEdlcni Bei saF¨Kab'EbkbrmaNUTmI yY rbsx' Âçn, semc¶ shI nu Ca¨bmxu rd½Etma~ kä' gKt' EdlVnepÆsé Mb¨u tKS¨TeTAcni , k¬g~eBlEdl¨beTs«nbÂk¬ sgðmnyi m —yYnxageCégk*Edr— Vn¨bkan'karenAs©at'es©¿m CasJïa«nkarmni ylT' asr' bs'xÂçnùùùù shI nu e¨bIkarCt^ si~TìCamYycni enH edmé ºkI McatB' YkxageqÃgEdr EdlenAEtxÂSg. enAedémqS~1962, smaCk^ 15 nak«' nKNbk§¨bCaCn (enAk~¬genaHman ng-snY GKeð lxaFikar) Vn¨tvè cab'XXMu Sg. CakarN_Fmtµ a neyaVyshI neu nH begIûtkhM gw Gaemrki SgEdlBn´¬HedaycM Émni cM dl'rNbxçÂnTSgBrI (esom nig yYn) [bgûÓbºtei‘ httu am¨BEM dn (enHebmI ni niyayBkI arrksma b'shI nueTot). tSgBeI BlEdlsni~sTI enAh§EW NvGMB¨I beTslavkg~¬ q~S 1962 Vncab'eFÃIeLgI ,sem¶cshI nus[uM mhaGNM acngi rNbrbs'xnç B¨gké karCECkdlk' m¬Cõ a edmé ºIedaH¨say[GsE' tm¶g nUvceM NaT¨BMEdnrvagkmõ¬Cangi G~kCt^ xag. ¨bFanaFbi tI ekNWöDI ¨bEkkedayKrY smtamsbM u¨tmyY cHu «f© 31 sIha 1962. cEM Nkä ega\" Dineyom Tate' calseM NIenHya\" gdac'Ghgûar ehIy

131TamTar[mankar¨tçt¨ta¨BMEdnCaeTPà aKI (eyom ecaTkmCõ¬ afa[Cr÷ kdle' yokkgu ). ¨beTs«f,kMBugEteBjCema HerOg¨BHvh^ ar, xbæ ¨' tecokeFfIà Âg' CakarN_Fmµta. räI ¨beTscinvj^ KS¨TTSg¨sgunvU seM NIrExµr! enAExÓsPa 1963 (R) lIv cavCé mkTs§nakmõC¬ amg¶ eTotCaelIkTI2. mnu eBlKatm' kdl'bn‘ic, evotNamxageCég EdlVnTamTarykekaHExµrdUcynY xagtºgè Edr kalBqI ~S 1962, dkkarTamTarxnÂç eTAvj^ . Exvc^ iÏka 1963, Gaemrki Sg[sÄanIyvT^ ´p¬ §aysemÂgmYy eTABYkExµresr.I tbnwgGeM BIenH, shI neu djKN:ebskkmµCn÷ yY GaemrikSgecj. mYyExe¨kaymk, enAExF,~è kmC¬õ anigcincHu kci ¨Í Bme¨BogelkI TmI yY xagC÷nYyeyaFa. enAel«I pkæ ~g¬ semc¶ sIhnukanE' trju eTAmuxxÂSgnUvEpnkar \sgðmkmµ| edayykC÷njY nScUl-dk· ecj mk[CatieFÃI (GahrN_-nhI rN_). ExsIha 1964, Óbºt‘ei ht«u nQgU smu¨Ttugkwg [sJïa«nkarcab'ep¶mé sågað mT2I «n²Nëcè in(karVjn' avaBXi ad \ma\"d'duk§| [elseTAGaemrki Sg edémºTI Mlak¨' KabE' bkelIhaNUy). kareknIkrM itsågðam«nGaemrki Sg eFÃI[yYnxagtºègkanE' tekagkaceLgI . mYyGenÂIeTot kmõC¬ aVnp¶ac'cMNgTtU CamYy¨beTsenH tSgBEI xshI a 1963 mkehIy (ega\" Dni eyom Vn¨tvè eKrlM eM nA«f© 1 v^cikÏ a).cab'tSgBIExkum¸: 1964, bnæabB' IVnecaTkmõ¬Cafa d·kGavuF[eyokkug, GaCÆaFryYnxagtºgè bJaØ [kgTahanxnÂç edjtamevotkgu k~g¬ Tkw dEé xrµ . karrMelaPel¨I BMEdnenH eF[ÃI sÂabn' gi rbsY dl'Exµr²teTas Cae¨cInnak.' kmC¬õ a ecaTshrd½Gaemrki fa TajEx§jak'karvayclU TSgenH. bN¶wgmYyVn¨tvè dake' nA ¨kum¨bkw §asnsi‘ xu «nGgðkarsh¨bCaCati EdlbJnØè KN:kmµkaresIubGegûtmyY mk b\"Eu n‘²tVnkarGÃeI LyI . cEM NkxagKN:kmkµ arGn‘rCatixagkci ͨttç ¨tav^j (esùGIùu esù) ¨bEkkmin¨BmeFGIà aCaÆ kNa¶ l tamsemg min¨BmdakG' hgaû (véto) «n¨btiPkU aNada EdlsMGagfa erOgenHecjBIsmtÄkicKÍ N:kmµakar (esùGuùI esù Vn¨tvè bJÎb'eday²tmankMNt'«f©-Ex sine die edaysemc¶sIhnu enAd÷Nacq' S~ 1969). karmni sUv¨tèvKa~ rvagExrµ nigGaemrki Sg mankan'EtxÂSgeLgI ¨sbK~anwgkarrMelaP¨BMEdnedayyYnxagtºèg. rda½ PVi lTSgBIr¨Bmcabe' FkIà arccaredmé ºIrkkaredaH¨say«ncMeNaTenH. «f© 8 Fè~ 1964 enA¨kgu jvè EdlI, elak sWn-san CYb¨V¨sy& ngw rdT½ UtGaemrki Sgbunsal. Gaemrki SgxjM at' \¨tecok| G~kTTYlxsu ¨tèvExrµ fa shrdG½ aemrki ²tmanmeF´aVyGÃIedmé ºbI gÅt^ bg÷GÅ aCaÆ FrynY VneT cMeJHGaCaÆ Fresomk*Edr! myY cMENkeTot TMnasc' in-sUevot Edlkan'EtxÂSgeLgI erogral'q~S k*C¨mHu ²TiBì lmkelI²Ncìè inEdr. TnM ase' TÃPaKrI vag shrdG½ aemrki nigb¬kcin-sUevot Vnka ybnc‘i m¶g@ Cakar¨bECg¨tIPaKI. edayrkkar¨tèvrU\"vK~aBVMu nCamYy smõnìPaBGaemrki -ynY xagtºgè -esom, semc¶ shI n,ueday \cak|' elbI raCy& Gaemrki Sg, rkccarCamYysmõnìPaBmÅageTot (rNsir§eyokkgu , ynY xageCég, V\"eftLav ngi rNsri §esh~ aCat«i f) elI \karTTlY sað l¨' BMEdnkm¬Cõ a| (!). elbI Jaú enHsem¶csIhnuVneFIÃkhM usmYyFMNas' GBM nI eyaVye¨kA¨beTs e¨JHfa KW ¨bmxu rd½Exrµ Etmg¶ EdlÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ(R)- ebIeKeCOtamdN÷ gw Edlbegúébeday bul\" -Bt enAebk\" Sgkg¬~ eBlfµé@enH, KWk¬~gqS~ 1963 Edl shI n,u k¬~glºci mYy edémºIbgaí bB' kY xageqgà , ehABYkeqÃg 34 nak'EdlnKrVlsað l' [mkclU rmY k~¬graCrd½aPVi l. bkE¨b \karGeJIØj| enH mkCasJaï «nkarcab'epmé¶ bågaû bmYyféeµ Tot, bu\"l-Bt (saL¬t-sr) e¨Csé erIsykpèÂvEdlnSeTA«¨B.

132Vnbegtûé bJaú \¨BMEdnEdleKTTlY sað l'| enH ehIyesyI bgaú jeTAG~kC^txag nUvcNM ucex§ay«n¨beTs Ð karKaµ nsmtPÄ aB ngi karKaµ ncMNg'karJr[xagEtVnnvU ¨BEM dnxÂçn! eygI ngw eXIjk~¬geBlbni‘ceTotenH nvU rebobyYne¨bI¨Vs'PaBex§ayrbs'Exµr. enAExkJïa 1964 kg¬~ eBleFTIà s§nkci eÍ nAeb\"kSg, sem¶cshI nu, CamYykarCYyxaà yxÃl«' nrda½ PiVlcni , CbY dN÷ ag«nevotNamxageCgé , «nrNsir§eyokkug(R) ngi «nVe\" ftLav. esckEI¶ fÂgkarNb_ JÍbE' dl lvI cavCé GanenA«f© 5 tula eFIÃ[eLIgTwkcti ‘Nas' Ð \eBlNamankarQÂanJntamkgT&B ¨beTskmCõ¬ aGacrg'cSTTlY karKS¨Tya\" geBjkmS g«n¨bCaCncin|. bEu\" n‘ lTpì l«nkci Ísnnæ aCamyY tMNagkmu ¬µynIsT‘ SgLay«n²Nëècin mni svU Ca«fÂfa eT. BkY TSgenHyl'¨Bm¨Kb'K~aTTYlsað ln' igeKarBtammat' nUv¨BEM dnExrµ , bE\"u nT¶ SgGsK' a~ ¨bEkkmin¨BmcuHhteÄ lxaCalaylk& ÅGk§reLIy! (karCECkKa~ «nG~kTTYlxus¨tèvVnbn‘eTAeTot enAExvc^ Ïki a ngi enAExmkra 1965 e¨kamEP~kd*Tn'«n ecn-yI rd½månk‘I arbreTscni ). CaelIkd÷bgU bgís' semc¶ shI ndu g· xnÂç fa Vn[t«mÂhYseBk dl²' TìiBlcinelBI kY kumµy¬ nisy‘ Yn ²TiBì lEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenH, Bti ehyI , Vnbgaú j¨bsiTìPaBBrI dg Ð enAqS~ 1954 k~g¬ snsi~ ITenAh§WENv nigenAExÓsPa 1963 eBlEdlevotNamxageCgé TamTarykekaHExrµ . eBl¨tLbm' kP~MeBjv^j semc¶ shI nu, edaycg'dg· ¨btki mcµ ni , Efg sunærkfamyY enA«f© 8tulafa karxti xMeFÃ[I Gk~ dk· nScin¨BmcuHsnìisJïakarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk minVnsMerceLyI cnisMGagfa¨beTskm¬õCa mni enAk~g¬ b¬Âksgmð nyi mdUc¨beTsyYnxageCgé . b\"uEn¨‘ beTscin, sIhnubn‘eTAeTot, sn´atammat' fangw eFÃdI cU xçn VneFÃeI nAkUer\" (KbW JnèØ T&Bcni mk) eBlNakmC¬õ a¨tèvQa nJnedayshrd½Gaemriknigbrivar. 3-4 «fe© ¨kaymk sem¶cshI nBu enIÂsThM M«nC÷nyY cinmkkmCõ¬ aedayEfg karN_fa cni Vnsn´a[mkExrµ nUvGakasyanFun mci -19! ¨TSElgVn eb\"kSgbJnèØesna¨bmxu ecn-yI mkkmC¬õ a enAExvc^ Ïki a edmé ºEI kt¨mèveLgI vj^ . kg~¬ {kasenaH Ót¶mesnyI _ ln'-nl', edaycgd' g· Edrfa rhtU dlk' MrwtNa kmõC¬ aGacsgômw elIC÷nYycin, niyayeTA ecn-yI fa Ð\¨beTscin ngi ¨bCaCncni enAeBlf@éµ enH (edogeTA esckI¶Efg karN_bJbÍ «' n lvI cavCé enA«f© 5tula) VnbJØak'¨Vbe' ygI m¶geTotfa ebIBkY c¨kBt‘ni iymeFIkà ci ÍyayIxS gdlT' kw deé ygI ¨beTscinngi ¨bCaCncinngw KS¨TeygI eday²tlkxÅ &N|ë . ecn-yI bJØak'sarCafµédl'Ót¶mesnIy_ ln-' nl'nUv \karKS¨Tya\" geBjkmÂSg«n¨bCaCncin| b\"Eu nb‘ EnÄmfa \k¬g~ kartyTu ìd¨* twm¨tvè «nrd½aPVi lngi «n¨bCaCnExrµ edémºkI arJrGFbi tIPaB nigbrU NPaBTwkdùé ùùù ¨beTscni eCOfa ¨beTskmõ¬Ca, CamYy¨b-muxrdd½ *ka hanrbs'xnç , KnM itCatni iymrbsx' çn ngi äkPaBrbs'xçn GacQH~ s¨tèvTSgGse' daye¨bIkmÂSgxnÂç pæal'\. (kg¬~ \TPI a~ k'garBtmá ancni fµé| vc^ ikÏ a 1964). semc¶ shI nu ngi Ótm¶ esnyI _ ln-' nl' yl'cºas'fa ecn-yI cgn' iyayya\" gemc¶ . eTaHya\" genHke* day shI nuke* nAEtEpíkxçn elcI in ehyI enAEtcecsTar karFanaCalayl&kGÅ k§rBIBYkmhaGMNac elIkarTTYlsað l'¨BEM dn«nkmõC¬ a. enAExkum:¸ 1965, e¨kamkarcat'Ecg«nkmõ¬Ca,sn~isITmYy «n¨bCaCn²Nëcè in eFÃeI LIgenAT¨I kgu P~eM Bj.ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ(R)- rNsri §CatireM daHevotNamxagtºèg (FNL) Vn¨tèvbegtéû enA«f© 20 Fè~ 1960 edayman eg¿Ã g hUfß U Ca¨bFan.

133 TMBr& PaØ b' 2 viPaKcgu e¨kay CamYykarEccvU Exrµ f¨éµ tèvmanTSgBtu manTSgkºnç . rhtU mkdlE' xmkra 1978 —eBlEdlBPi Belakdg· fa Exµr¨khmngi ynY ¨khm cºSgK~ay\"agxÂSg— km¬õCa¨bCaFbi ety´ VnsgM ÷lakx' çÂny\"ages¿© m. ExµrG~kePosxÂnç rab'mnuW nak' nyi ay¨tèvKa~ TSgGs'fa ¨bCaCnkmõ¬CakanE' tesKµI ~aehIy bu\"En‘cMnYnk*kan'EtcuHfyeTAEdr. räI kareXasnaCapèÂvkarv^j ¨bkaseCaKC&y¨Kb'C÷BUk «nmhabd^vtn‘ d_ *mhaelatepa H mhaGsÍar´. BiPBelakVneXjI karNB_ it cab'BIExmkra 1979 mk. teTAenH eyIgnSK~aBni it´erOgehtuTSgLay EdlVnekIteLIge¨kayExkJaï 1977 mk KWeBlEdl bl\"u -Bt eTATs§na¨beTscin¨bCamanti ehIyVneF[ÃI eKdg· fa \Ggkð ar| enA¨sku ExµrKW KNbk§kmu y¬µ nsi ‘Exµr EdleKbegéûteLgI \tSgBIqS~ 1960| mk. 1977tlu a : munnwgecjBIeb\"kSgenA«fT© I 4, bl\"u Bt ¨VbG' k~ eFIÃsma¸ snf_ a \¨kmu carkmxµ µSg Edl lakx' nÂç kg¬~ ¨beTseygI mansPaBstií ehIyBiVkreM lIgNas|' . b\"ul-Bt Vn nyi ay bJÏwtbeJ¿Ï gBI \Óbºti‘ehtCu ae¨cIntam¨BEM dn|. eK¾fa sem¶csIhnu rse' nACamYyG~kma~ gC^t¨kugP~MeBj b\"uEnm‘ inGacGk~ NaeTACbY VneLIy. ¨beTskm¬õCa VnsgbMNlu rbsx' nÂç eTAGgkð arsh¨bCaCati (37 Jn'dlu Âar É 180 Jn'¨hgà )' ehIykG* aceVHeqa~ tk¬g~ mhasn~iVtTSgLay. k¬g~ sarBtmá an LmW ug\" (Le Monde) «f© 6 Ð haNUyVn¨bkasBrI dgeTAP~MeBjnvU esckmI¶ yYEdleKGacfaCa kar¨BmankV* n faCakarehA[ccark*Vn. mankarbgèrú QamxÂHtam¨BEM dn kalBIExshI a. «f© 7 Ð ¨ksgY Bei ssGaemrikSg nyi ayGBM Ikar¨byTu ìKa~ tam¨BMEdnExµr-yYn kg~¬ dN÷ ac'ExkJaï . yYnVne¨bäI kPaB EdlmkBIkgBlFMCae¨cIn ngi e¨byI n‘ehaH¨bedj-TlM ak'¨Kab'EbkedémºvI ayExµr¨khm EdlclU eTAk~¬gext‘ taynji (eragdr÷ )I .

134 karmkdl'y\"age¨cnI «nGk~ ePosxnç tamsm¨u T eF[ÃI ¨beTs«fVrm¸. k~g¬ smu¨TmankV\"l'C÷nYjCae¨cné Edlmin¨BmCyY ¨sg'G~kePosxÂnç . sarBtmá an LWmg\"u «f© 14 Ð eXIjdcU CamankarFrU ¨san‘ rvag ²Nëècni ngi ¨beTsmnikmu ¬µynsi ‘TSgLay «nGasIPu aKGeKy~ _. kaEst LWmgu\" «f©18 Ð tam¨bPBTUtenAhaNUy Exrµ ePosxÂnç enAevotNamman 60 000nak'ehyI e¨cnI enACu÷vj^ «¨BnKr ngi tamext‘Cab¨' BEM dn. «f© 20 Ð kgT&B«feLgI kan'GNM ac ehyI TMlak'rd½aPiVl fanni «¨kvC^ an. eQµaHBIrelcecjmk Ð Ót¶mesnIy_ e¨KOgsak' cmannæ nig Ót¶mesnyI _ saga\"t celay.U kaEst LmW \"gu «f© 22 Ð ynY rabr' ynak' Vn¨tvè sma b'edayExrµ ¨khm enAedmé q~SenH. Exµr¨khmVnvayPmU i¨bmaN 40 Ct^ taynji (eragd÷r)I nig cdU uk (mat'¨Cèk).vc^ ikÏ a : v^Fankar«f edémºI¨ttç Binit´karclU mk«nCnePosxÂçn eF[Ià Vrm¸dl'GKsð g~ kard½an ceM JHCnePosxÂçn«n Gùsùbù. «f© 11 Ð km¬Cõ a dak'kMhsu elI«f GBM ÓI bºte‘i htutam¨BMEdn (Exrµ -«f) ehIyes~kI arCECkKa~ eTÃPaK.I k¬~gqS~ enH Óbºtie‘ htu¨bmaN 400 VnektI maneLgI . Ót¶mesnyI _ e¨KOgsak' cmannæ Vn¨tvè EtgtSgCardm½ ånIT‘ ImYy. saÄ nTtU GUås¶alIenA¨kgu Vr\" Is ¨Vb[' d·gfa CnePosxÂçnmkBI²Ncèë ni mancnM Yn 4 320 nak'enAGUåsa‘ lI. ¨beTsVrSg VnTTYl 40 000 nak' k¬~gGMLg¬ 2 qS~ knÂH. shrdG½ aemrik VnTTYl200 000 nak'. elak envn^ ¨bFanaFbi tIPUma Ts§nakm¬õCa BI«f© 27 eTA 29. KWCa¨bmxu rd½breTsT1I EdlmkemlI ¨sukExµr¨khm. ¨beTscni Vn[eyable' TAExrµ ¨khmfa ¨tvè ecjBPI aBäekaGnafarbs'xnÂç . k~g¬ kLM ¬gExv^cÏki aenH Gk~ ePosxnÂç tamsmu¨T 2 000 nak' Vnmkdl¨' beTsesom féÃdºti Etmanv^FankarxaXSg.Fè~ : «f© 2 Ð Vgkk ngi haNUy sMercfangw bèr¶ rd½TtU Ka~ . eKrkkarFUr¨san‘ kareFÃI[ TMnakT' nM g manPaBFmµtaeLIgvj^ . «f© 31 Ð kardac'cMNgTtU rvag km¬õCa nig evotNam. evotNam Cab'ecaTCaG~kQÂanJn. PeM~ Bj E¨skefûaldlk' arvaylukkmCõ¬ a edaykgBlFyM YnCae¨cIn. 1978mkra : snM rY myY pæH¬ eLIgCv÷u ^jBiPBelak Ð \sågað mTI 3 «n²Nëècin Vnp¬Hæ ehyI É?| \BYk kmu ¬µynsI c‘ ºSgKa~ äg!| eK¾enAkEng xÂHeTot. ebk\" SgVneFkÃI are¨Csé erIsehIy KWkan' eCgé xagExrµ .

135 P~eM Bjmni ¨Bmccar drabNamaneyaFayYnk¬~g¨sku Exµr. kar¨byuTìdcU CaenAEtk¬g~ PUmPi aK\cBM uHTa| saà yerog. v^T´¬Pe~M Bjp§ayesckI¶sbM ¨u tsemc¶ sIhnu eTA b\"ul-Bt. Exµr¨khmGeJIjØTUtmyY cMnYn ¨bcS¨kugebk\" Sg [eTATs§nakm¬Cõ a. PM~eBjefaû l \PaBkhM UcKYr[hYscti |‘ «n \BYkluklyu |. «f© 6 Ð P~MeBj¨bkas \C&yCn÷ HeBjT|I EdleKBuMsvU eCO enAbsmÍw ¨beTs. sarBtmá an LmW ug «f© 10 Ð evotNam rkbgt^Å xÂçnmkC^t¨beTs«nsmaKmGasßan. eg¿Ã gDyu ¨Tji rd½månIk‘ arbreTs ngi y\" dgu y\"ag Óbrdm½ ån‘I Ts§na¨beTsGasßan ehIyniyayfa cg'ccar. ¨beh§h§wnsðI TI¨bkw §arbs¨' bFanaFbi tI karETr xagerOgGn‘rCatifa cMVgM Exµr-yYn Ca\ÓTahrN_TmI Yy «nsågðammni ceM JHrvagcin nig shPaBseU vot|. kaEstdEdl «f© 12 Ð kar¨byTu Kì ~a dUcCaVnQb'ehIy. «f© 15 Ð eGog-sarI ¨bkasfa km¬õCacg' \rk§a ngi karJr brU NPaB sTi iì nigpl¨beyaCn_«nsmu¨TEdndérbsx' çn cm©ay 12 «ml\" _ «nmNlë esd½kicÍp¶ac'muxrbs'xnç 200 «ml\" _ ngi «nVtsm¨u Trbs'xnç . haNyU nig Pe~M Bj dUcCaVnbJnØè BlféµbEnÄm eTA¨BEM dneTotehIy. sunærkfa bu\"l-Bt«f© 17 Ð kgT&BVnTTlY \C&yC÷nHfeµé Tot| edayVnkMcatk' gBlFMynY 5. ¨beTslav¨bEkkfakgTahanyYn²tVnqÂgkatT' kw dlé aveT edmé ºIcUlvayExµr ehyI bJaØ k'm¶geTot nvU GB´a¨ktw PaBrbsx' çn k~¬gkarvv^ aTenH. elak¨sI etg cav Priya CU eGnLay Ts§nakm¬Cõ a BIEf© 18. kaEst LmW u\"g «f© 26 Ð Ch÷ rrbs'haNUy nig Pe~M Bj enAEt²tp§Hp§aVn. G~ksarBtámanCae¨cIn TTlY sað l' edaymincM faTahanevotNamcUleTAk~¬g¨sku ExµrEmn.kmu ¸: : ral'Ex cMnnY Gk~ ePosxÂçnBI²Ncèë ni EdlecjeTA¨beTsVrSg mancMnYn 1 000nak'. «f© 2 Ð bnæab'BTI s§nkci cÍ MnYn 4 «fe© nAkm¬Cõ a ÓbDwt bcÍaryglð rd½mån‘kI arbreTs«f Efg fa Vgkk nig PeM~ Bj Vn¨Bme¨BogeFÃkI arbrè¶ rd½TUtK~a. sarBtmá an LWmu\"g «f© 4 Ð kar¨byuTì dcU CaVn¨tvè píakmYyeBl b\"uEnm‘ ankareCrGae¨kasKa~ eTAv^jeTAmk. haNyU GJM vnavrkExrµ C÷Tas.' k¬~gsma¸ snC_ amyY TIP~akg' arevotNamp¶lB' táman(GaùevùGùuI ) enA«f© 26 mkra eQÂIysågðamma~ ke' QµaH jn sar\"an' nayTahanrg niyayfa \x¬¨ÆM Vf~aya\" gek¿Â vkÂa [¨bCaCnExrµ Gacrs'enAkg¬~ esrPI aBedayeBjelj e¨kamkardk· nS«nGgðkarbd^vtn‘ _myY d*PÂsW Ãag nig yutFi‘u má Edlrk§aTMnak'TMngdC* t^ sT~i ì CamYy¨beTsevotNam|!. «f© 5 Ð haNUyes~IeTAPe~M Bj nvU EpnkarmYyedémºI \edaH¨saycMeNaTerOg¨BEM dn|. G~ksarBtmá an V¨\" TIs d·ebo Ð eKKrY sMKalf' a CaelIkTImYyEdlevotNamesI~ \karFana ngi kar¨tYtBinit´Gn‘rCati|. rhUtmkdl'eBlenH evotNam EtgEtmin¨Bm[man Gnr‘ aKmn_ ÉkareFGÃI aCÆakNa¶ l BbI reTseLyI . ¨beTscni eFÃIkarvaysrM ukpèv TUt. Gk~ dk· nScni ecjeTAeFÃITs§nkicÍenA¨beTsGasITu SgLay. y\" yagMu sßug rd½TUtyYnenAV\"rIs efûal \kareVssMGat«pkæ ~¬gyag\" sahav| enAkmC¬õ a.ehIybgaú jseM NeI votNam GBM IEpnkareFI[à mansn‘Pi aB nig edaH¨saybJaú ¨BMEdn.

136 «f© 8 Ð PM~eBj Tat'ecalseM NIedaH¨sayerOg¨BEM dn EdlxÂçn[eQµaHfaCa \kayvk^ areXasna edémºIbMPn& m‘ tGi n‘rCat|i kg~¬ eBlEdlevotNam eFkIà arvaysrM ku féeµ Tot edaye¨brI fe¨kaH nig yn‘ehaH cUlrhUtdl'cm©ayBI 4 eTA 7 Kùmù kg~¬ Tkw déExµr. «f© 9 Ð TPI ~ak'garBtmá ancinféµ ecaTmU\"sèðfaCa \edmé ehtu«nsaÄ nPaBtantgw | enA¨BMEdnkmõC¬ a-evotNam. v^man¨kmw LSg pn¶ aæ eTasdln' eyaVyrbs'P~eM Bj. «f© 12 Ð v^T´¬Exµr¨khmsuM[ \bNa¶ CnenAP~MeBj| karJrrdF½ an.I G~ksegtû karN_sYrfa enHCavF^ ankarcti ‘saås¶ ÉmyY CadN÷ gw faTahanyYnCt^ mkdlP' Me~ BjehIy? enA«f© 13 vT^ ´d¬ EdlecaTkarvaylku mg¶ eTotrbs'yYn k¬g~ ext‘saà yerog nig rtnKIrI ehyI p§aycemÂIyrbse' QÂyIsågðamma~ k' vresnIy_¨tI ¨tgw yuSgehOg embJØakarrgvresnaFeM lx 18 «nkgBlFMelx 9 EdlfaxÂçnVndg· tSgBIq~S 1972 nUvEpnkareFÃsI hBn& ²ì Nèëcin. kaEst j\"agdag Ggrà PM~eBj[eqIÂytbnwgsMeNsI nPi‘ aBrbsy' nY ÉmyY \catk' arGÃIep§geTot EdlGacksag|. «f© 21 Ð evotNam¨Vbc' ni [¨byt& ~ edayecaTya\" gcºas' fÃédº^tEtmni cMeJH faTaj«dTajeCgé PM~eBj.mina : sarBtmá an LmW ug\" «f© 20 Ð tamGk~ muxkar¨ksYgkarbreTsExµr EdlVnTTlY G~k eqÂIyqg TIP~akg' arBtámanyeU hðasa v tanyUK Pe~M Bj¨Vfa~ cabe' p¶mé eFÃCI amYy haNUy nvU karccaredémºbI JÍb'karv^vaT. Exrµ ¨khmsmÂab'yYnrgað lenA haeTog (Jm). haNyU cab'erobckM arvaysrM ukya\" gFM ÐkSePéÂgFM rfe¨kaH ngi kgp¶l'PsP¬¶ areLgI eTAkan¨' BMEdn. «f© 22 Ð Gk~ ebkI yne¶ haHBIrnak' «nTB& GakasyYn cHu kVl\" 'ehaH edes-3 myY enAswgúburIehIyssuM MctTMrSVnTTlY [clU rs'enA B¨I beTsTI 3. vT^ ´¬haNyU p§ayd÷Ngw fa sh¨KasäkCnTSgGs' ¨tvè VnrMlayecal k¬g~ myY cMehogxage¨kam «n¨beTsevotNam. G~ksarBtámanbswmÍ ¨beTsCae¨cIn VnTs§natMbn'¨BMEdn xag¨sku yYn. buE\" n‘PM~eBj ebIkTaà r¨beTs [eTAEtG~ksarBtáman yeU hðasa v. «f© 30 Ð Ggkð ar \Gnr‘ CatielIkElgeTas| (Amnesty International) GMJvnavmg¶ eTot dl'rd½aPVi lExµr GMBkI ar¨bharCvé ^tmni Vc'kat'eTas EdlmanmktSgBEI xemsa 1975. bnæab'BIkarvaysrM ukrbs'ynY enA ExF~è ngi mkra CnePosxÂçnExµrenAevotNammancnM nY 2Esn nak.' TSgsg~ kard½an Gùsùbù ceM JHCnePosxnç TSg¨kumkakVT¨khm TSgmlU nFi i GùsùbùseågðaHkmu ar ²tVn¨tèvevotNamehA[cUleTACyY G~kePosxÂnç Exrµ TSgenaHeT. Ót¶mesnIy_ e¨KOgsak' eFÃTI s§nkci ÍenAeb\"kSg. v^T´P¬ Me~ Bj ¨VbG' BM IkarebIkeLgI v^jnUvpèv Gysµ&yyanPMe~ Bj-kMBg'esam EdlVn¨tvè xUcxate¨JHyYn kg¬~ ext‘taEkv ngi kBM t. KN:¨btiPU kmµkrpèv reTHePgÂI cni mYy¨kmu Vnmkkm¬Cõ atSgBIedmé ExmnI a.

137emsa : PeM~ Bj eFÃkI areVssGM at kMcat'BkY Exrµ leM GogxagyYn. haNUy Gb'rMbgû¨kbxN& ë Exµrfµ@é eTot Ð BYkeQyÂI sågað m Vn¨tvè eKEfTSB´aVl ehIyGbr' eM LgI v^j. Gk~ kaEsteQµaH r\"ULg'-EB´r V\"rag\" ehað k~¬gsarBtmá an LmW u\"g «f© 1 Ð haNyU mni kBM ugEtbegtûé ¨kbx&NEë xrµ edmé ºCI n÷ YsBkY P~eM BjeTÉ? vT^ ´P¬ ~MeBj ecaTfa kgTahanyYneF¨ÃI btbi tki‘ arpèv eKak nigpÂvè Tkw k¬g~ ext‘taEkv ngi kMBt. «f© 3 Ð v^T´¬haNyU CaPasaExrµ cab'enAVgkk Ð \eyaFaExµrCaTI¨sLaj' enAk¬g~ CYrrbsG' k~mitG‘ ~kCae¨cInVnbEgÃrkSePgI mkVj'emrbs'xÂçnv^j. enHCasJaï «nkarPaÆ k'rlwkehyI |. \mti G‘ k~ Cae¨cInVnsÂaby' \"agGasar²tkar k~g¬ TnM ase' rOg¨BEM dnrvag eyIgTSgBrI |. haNUy p§ayCasaFarN:nvU äksarBrI mYyelTI nM ase' rOg¨BMEdn mYyeTotGHGagfa\shB&nì²Nëcè in CaerOgcas' EdleKePc Vte' TAehIy|. vT^ ´¬PMe~ Bj ecaThaNyU fa VnmkyayICaféeµ Tot. enAV\"rsI G~kkarTtU yYnm~ak'eFsIà nis~ ITBtáman Ð evotNam mancMNgr' kedaH¨saytamkicÍccar ehIyecaTCaféeµ Totdl' GeM ByI g'X~g«nG~kd·knSenAP~MeBj. «f© 13 Ð tamry: v^T´P¬ eM~ Bj b\"ul-Bt eFÃkI ar \GJM vnavdl' rd½aPiVl nig ¨bCaCnevotNam [TTYlmti ‘PaBdr* akT' ak'«n¨bCaCnkm¬õCa nwgedémºI[TMnak'TMng rvagrda½ PiVlTSgBrI VnlíeLIgv^j|. «f© 14 Ð saFarNCnenAyUehað sa vé eXIj¨sku ExµrelIpæSgTrU Ts§n_ Ð T¨I kgu Edlsa© t'QwgKµanCévt^ nig bNa¶ Cn-Gk~ eTas-KlU I k¬~gkarda½ n. Gk~ kaEstsuyß EGd nyi ayBÓI bºtie‘ hturvagTahanynY nigTahancni enA¨BEM dn yYn-cin. semÂg¨beTskmC¬õ a Ð ¨ksYgsma© ty' Yn CYlBkY ¨sIeBs´a[mkesbuI karN_enA¨sukExrµ . ¨bFanaFbi tI karETr GMJvnavdl' \¨bCaCatTi SgGs'| [pn¶ æaeTasdl'karrMelaPsiTmiì nus§enAkm¬õCa. «f© 23 Ð enA¨kug GsU è ¨beTsn&rEv\"s_ maneFeIà LIgnUv karsa¶ bs' kÅIPaBGBM ¨I beTskmC¬õ a.Ggð¨bC÷uVnTTlY sðal'fa Exµr¨khmVneF[ÃI sa bC' nanCu nExrµ knÂHlannak'. CnCatiGaemrki Sg 4 nak' Edlkanl' Tkiì umyµ¬ nsi e¶ mA\" niym Ts§nakm¬Cõ a. G~kkaEstyUehðasÂavma~ k' EdleTbI ngw mkBkI m¬Cõ a kts' MKalf' a k¬~gäksarCapvÂè karTSgLay Exrµ ¨khmnyi ayEtBBI kY \ksikr| \kmkµ r| ngi \G~keFkIà aräeTot| b\"uEn²‘ tmanniyayBIBYk\bJïav&n‘ eCOnelOn| eT (Intelligentsia progressiste) . eb\"kSg eFÃkI ar¨BmanmyY eTAhaNyU GMBIkarmkdly' a\" ge¨cIn«nCnCaticni EdlFa b'rs'enA䫨BnKr e¨JHkarlb'bVM ts' h¨KasäkCn.ÓsPa : kmõC¬ a rkTajxnç ecjBPI aBäekaGnafapèv TUt. eGog-sarI ¨VbB' YkemA\" nyi mGaemri- kSg Ð \¨bCaCnkmõC¬ a¨Vf~a cgsaõ nmanem¨tICamYy¨bCaCnGaemrikSg|. eb\"kSg cgV' nsma¸ r:swkBI VrSg ngi Gge' KÂs.

138 k¬~gsarBtáman LWmug\" «f© 18 Ð Jk´bJaØ mYytamvT^ ´P¬ M~eBj Ð \Exµrma~ k'@ ¨tèvsma b'ynY 30nak'ùùùùù|. karrte' cjB¨I sku yYn «nCnedmé kMeNItcineF[Ià xÂSgeLIg dl'sÄanPaBtantwgrvagebk\" Sg nighaNUy. tUk´è enAEtmni ¨BmTTYl CnePosxnÂç B²I Nèëcin [sa~ ke' nA¨beTsCbnu\" .mfi nu a : «f© 2 Ð \kmC¬õ ae¨tomxnÂç cSCECkCamYyevotNamk¬~g 7 ExeTot ebkI ¬g~ kMLg¬ eBlenaH haNUybJÎbk' ar¨bTusr¶ ay\" TSgGs' Tln' gw Pe~M Bj| eKeXjI kg¬~ kNM t'ehturbs' rd½aPiVlExrµ cHu «f© 15 ÓsPa EdlVn¨tèvbJØèneTAevotNam edaysÄanTtU lavenAP~eM Bj. eKdg· dN÷ wgenHtam¨bPBTtU . GKsð g~ karda½ n Gùsùbù ceM JHCnePosxnÂç ngi eFÃIsh¨btibtki‘ arCamyY rda½ PiVlevotNamedémºIrkTsI NM ak'Ga¨sy& [Exrµ 150 Jnn' ak' EdlVnePosxnç eTAevotNamxagtºgè . eGog-sarI eFIÃTs§nkiceÍ nA¨kgu tUk´èBI«f© 11 eTA 13. sÄankarNk_ anE' ttantwgeLgI rvag eb\"kSg nig haNyU . sarBtáman LmW \"ug «f© 17 Ð GasPIu aKGeK~y_ ¨kBulmuxQWe¨JHCnePosxnç rbsx' Âçn. ebk\" Sg VnbJènØ kV\"l'smu¨TBrI edmé ºdI k· CnCaticin ecjBI¨sukynY . «f© 25 Ð vT^ ´¬PM~eBj ¨Vb'[d·gGBM kI arbn\"u bg\" rlM Mrda½ PiVlkmõC¬ a EdleKkMcatV' nkalBEI xÓsPamnu . vT^ ´¬fa karbn\"u bg\" enHVn¨tèverobcMeLIgeday \bk§kumµ¬ynsi ¶ ngi rd½aPVi lyYn edayman¨kum esùGuùI Gaù clU rYmpg. ¨beTs²Nèeë nsIu VnGeJIjØ eGog-sarI [eFTÃI s§nkci CÍ apèÂvkar enA d´akarta. kaEst LmW g\"u «f© 29 Ð tam¨ksgY sm©atG' aemrki Sgngi «f TahanyYn 50 Jn'nak' kMBguvaylukclU k~¬gTkw dEé xµr. KWCakarvaylukFMmYy Edlskmkµ ci xÍ H manrhUtdlk' ~¬gC÷erArabs' bi Kùmùk~¬gTkw déExrµ . TSghaNyU TSgPMe~ Bj ²tVnbJØak'fa Btmá anenH¨tmw ¨tvè eT. buE\" n‘ KCW abr' ab'ExmkehIy EdlExµrngi yYn ecaTKa~ eTAvj^ eTAmkfaVn \QÂanJn| ngi \bJnèØ Pa~ k'gar| kg¬~ TwkdéeK. «f© 29 Ð haNyU ¨bkascUlrYmk~¬gGgðkar \kUemknu | (COMECON) p§arrmY rbsb' ¬k seU vot.kkûda : «f© 3 Ð ebk\" Sg ¨bkasbJÎbC' ÷nYyTSgGsd' l'evotNam. haNUy ¨VbG' asIuPaKGeK~y_[¨by&t~xnÂç Tln' wg \rkI xÂçnnyi m| cni . tamry: kaEst¨b¨ktTI ni ¨bCaCn ¨beTscni ¨Vbs' maKmGasßan[¨bgu xçn Tl'ngw \¨ttç ¨taniym| yYn ehIyecaTevotNamfa cgk' a¶ b'ykkm¬õCak¬~gshBn& ì²Nëcè ni . «f© 15 Ð e¨KOgsak' snnæ aCamyY eGog-sarI EdleFIÃTs§nkci eÍ nAVgkk. TSgBrI nak'sMerccatv' F^ ankar edmé ºIsrM lY karTakT' grvag¨beTsTSgBIr Ð karbun\" bg\" ebIkEx§TUrelxpæal' ngi karbrè¶ KN:¨btPi UJNiCØkm.µ eGog-sarI ecaTevotNamfacg' \¨tVke' lbkmC¬õ a|. «f© 25 Ð snsi~ TI BkY rd½månI¶karbreTs «n¨beTsminclU bk§xagNa ebkI eLgI enA¨kguEbl¨hðad. kmõC¬ a CasmaCk^ eBjsmtÄPaB. eGog-sarI cUlrmY kg¬~ sni~sIT ehyI su[M eKedjevotNam ecjBcI lna¨beTsmni clU bk§xagNa.

139sIha : kaEstVgkkbu\"si¶ «f© 1 Ð kgTB& «fnwgTji e¨KOgsBaà vuFfµé Gs't«m 1 000 lan dLu ar mnu d÷Nacq' ~SenH Ð rfe¨kaH 350 eFIeà nAGaemrikngi Gg'eKs yne‘ haH¨bedj nigyn‘ehaHBinti ´karN_ ngi kaNUtVj'kS¨CçcehaH 3. kaEst LWm\"gu «f© 3 Ð tam¨ksgY sma© t'GaemrikSg yne‘ haHyYnTlM ak¨' Kab'Ebky\"age¨cnIsMebmI edmé ºIbMVk'karTbT' l' \ya\" gmanH| rbs'Exrµ ¨khm. karTlM ak'enH xÂSgelIsBIeBlmun@TSgGs.' yn‘ehaH KWrbs'GaemrikSgecalBqI S~ 1975 Ð Fnu eGh-à 5 ¨btikmµ nig FunGa-37. karTlM ake' FIeà LgI rhtU dlc' ma© y 60 Kùmù k¬~gTwkdEé xrµ Ð kMBgc' am. manmnsu §sÂab'Cae¨cnI . P~eM BjdkT&BBITsi xaglicbJènØ eTAsmrPUmi Caehteu bIk[cnM YnG~kePosxnÂç mankan'Ete¨cnI eLIg. haNUy Eknmnsu §GayuBI 16 eTA 35qS~ bJèÍlk¬~gkgTB& ehIyekaHehAmkvj^ nUvTahanEdlQbB' Iq~S 1975. ecjBEI blåhað d eGog-sarI eTAeb\"kSg. snu esn Óbrd½månTI‘ mI yY TTlY bnæ¬kxagkarJr¨beTs mkdle' bk\" SgEdrCamYynwgKN:¨btiPmU Yy¨kum. \Tg'Cy& ¨khm| kaEstp§aylT¨ìi khmrbs'bk§cni [eQµaHevotNamCakUnGuk (cheval de Troie) rbsv' m^ an¨kmw LSg ngi ¨beTsKyu Vrbs'Gas.Iu evogcnnæ _ dcU Cakan'eCégxagevotNam. tamTs§navdé¶esdk½ ci ÍcugbUJá¨beTs emtsUTß l'nwgbu\"l-Bt dcU Ca s-U Pwm GtItGnu¨bFa-naFbi t.I kmõ¬Ca ngi ²Nèeë nsIu seM rcdakc' NM gTtU fa~ k'rd½TtU cabB' EI f© 7 shI a eTA. tammnIærGaemrikSgxagCnePosxnç ngi xagGena‘ ¨bevsne_ nAva\"sIgu etan k~g¬ myY Ex@ ynY BI 5eTA 6Jnn' ake' PosxnÂç tamTUk BI 2 eTA 3Jn'nak'eTottam¨BEM dnpÂèveKak. ¨kugEbnß ¨bkasfa sÃßésnigkmõC¬ a VnseM rcdak'cMNgTUtrvag¨beTsTSgBIr. «f© 12 Ð cinngw Cbn\"u cHu htÄelxaelIsnsiì Jaï sn‘Pi aBngi mti ‘PaB. ExµrEdlePosxçÂnmkdl'¨beTs«f mancnM YnkanE' te¨cIneLIg. tamGKðs~gkarda½ ncMeJHCnePosxnç \saÄ nkarN_kBM ugEtE¨b¨bçlEmnETnehIy| ebeI ¨bobeFobeTAnwgsaÄ nPaBkalBI 6 Exmnu . sarBtmá an LmW g\"u «f© 26 Ð tam¨bPByYn Exrµ Edl¨bqSgnwgbu\"l-Bt kan'kab'tbM n'¨BEM dnEdlCYnkalCaTCI r÷ kevotkgu BeI dmé . BkY ExµrTSgenH ¨bEhlCamanrdk½ armYy kgTB& myY nigTbI JaØkarmYy. PeM~ Bj TTlY sað l'edayminceM JH edayecaTevotNamfa VntMeLIg \rd½karGayg\" | mYyehIybn\"u b\"grlM rM bbPMe~ BjtamvT^ ìg§na nigkarXubXwtkºt'.kJaï : «f© 2 Ð KN:¨btPi yU \"agFrM bs'Exµr —KN:TBI Irk~¬gry:eBlticCagmyY Ex— mkdl' ebk\" Sg d·knSeday nnY -Ca ¨bFanrd½sPa. cMENkä pS ySgu dug v^j ke* robecjeTA Ts§na rdF½ aneI p§g@ «nGasIuPaKGeK~yE_ dr. «f© 2 dEdl Ð vT^ ´h¬ aNyU GJM vnav [ExµrTSgGsb' HeVreLgI kg¬~ nam«n \kgklM Sgesh~ aCati ngi bdv^ t‘nB_ ti ¨Vkd«nrNsri § 203|.

140 kaEst LWmu\"g «f© 23 Ð shI nu ²tcgC' bY KN:¨btPi CU b\"un EdleBlenaHeFÃITs§nkiceÍ nAP~MeBj.tlu a : sarBtmá an LWmug\" «f© 2 Ð evotNamqÂgkat'saÄ nPaBmyY EdlBiVkNas'. GaCaÆ Fr bJaØ kf' a tSgBeI dmé ExkJaï TwkC÷nne' FI[à rge¨KaHdl'mnsu §Cag2lannak.' ¨sèv ngi stÃJhn: VnxUcbg'e¨cnI Nas.' mYycMENkeTot ¨beTsyYnEdlmni Tan'TSgegéb ptu BImhn‘raysågðam 46-75 pg kMBgu erobceM FIsà ågað mCaféeµ Tot edayehtumanTnM asB' rICamyY ngw cni ngi CamYykm¬Cõ a. enAEpk~ xagtºgè bN¶aCn²t \tam| eT. karGJM vnav[esh~ aCatieFÃIeLIgeday²tQbQ' r. enAtam¨BMEdnyYn-cni TahanynY ¨bdabG' avFu nigesº¿g CékreN¶A¨tg'es. enA¨beTslav eK¾fa kgT&Be¨bIÓsnµ& Blu Tln' wgG~k¨sukPM~Catmi \"gu . «f© 25 Ð enAVgkk etg s´avBIg niyayenAmuxGk~ p§ayBtáman Ð karykVnP~eM BjedayBYkynY nwgbgúajbMNgBit¨Vkdrbsh' aNyU .vc^ iÏka : CnePosxnç tamsmu¨T kanE' teTACaerOgbc¬ÍbºnP~ aB erOgGn‘rCat.iFè~ : «f© 2 Ð tammNëlTtU enAVgkk evotNam ¨ttç ¨taVnTWkdEé xµrCae¨cInkEnÂgeTot kg~¬ kMLg¬ BrI GaTit´mnu enH. enAvas\" guI etan ¨ksYgsma© t'GHGagfa T&BExrµ VnTTlY kar bgx' atd*Fn© b' pM ut kg¬~ ry:eBl 18 ExenH. «f© 3 Ð v^T´h¬ aNyU p§ayfa enATIkEnÂgmyY k¬g~ tbM n'reM daHenAkmC¬õ a rNsri §rbY rYme¨sac¨sg'Cati VnekIteLgI . ehg-sMrin Ca¨bFan EtgtSgeLIgedaysmaCbegétû rNsir§. kaEst LWm\"gu «f© 11 Ð vT^ ´h¬ aNyU EdledértYCa¨bPB[dN÷ gw BkI arbHeVrExµr p§ayBkI arbHeVrféeµ Tot kg¬~ extk‘ BM gc' amEdlelIkKa~ trM g'mkTenÂemKg.ð kg~¬ eBlCamyY Ka~ ¨bPBep§g@enAVgkk niyayGBM kI arvayrju ¨canrbs'yYn trM gm' kTenÂemKgð edmé ºIbNa¶ ce' cjBI PMe~ Bj nvU ext‘TSgLay«nTisøsan‘ ehyI [TCI r÷ kmYyeTArNsri § ehg-srM in. tamG~keqyÂI qÂgma~ k'enAVgkkrbsk' aEst jèvy\"kEfm BkY yYnenA¨twmEt 40 Kùmù B¨I kecHeT. kalBI«f© 9 vT^ ´P¬ ~eM BjecaTrNsri § ehg-srM in CaGgðkaryYnEdlmaneQµaHExrµ b\"Eu nd‘ ·knSedayynY ehIymanTIsa~ kk' arenA«¨BnKr. sarBtáman LmW \"ug «f© 22 Ð e¨kABIkarecaTep§g@ dl'evotNam rda½ PVi lP~MeBjenAEtp§ayBtmá ansuTdi ^½nyi m GMBIsaÄ nPaBk¬~g¨beTs. ebIeKeCOBtmá anTSgenH kmCõ¬ a ksagVny\"agrhs& nUv sgmð ¨bCaFibety´mYy ehyI esdk½ ci ÍxÂnç kBM gu rIkcMernI . edaysMcu Ul¨sku ExµrminVn G~keqÂyI qg enAVgkkrbs'kaEst LmW \"gu enH EsÃgrkBtámanBkI mõ¬Cak¬g~ ùùùù C÷rMGk~ ePosxçn . «f© 23 eTA 25 Ð saÄ nkarNk_ anE' ttantwgeLgI enAtam¨BMEdncni -ynY .

141 «f© 27 Ð Exµr¨khmebIk¨VsaTGgðrvt‘[G~ksarBtmá anbreTsemIl bnæabB' sI ågðamnigbdv^ t‘n_Gse' Bl 9 qS~ . 0 00 «f© 7 mkra 1979 ¨beTskmC¬õ aVnrbtU ecjBcI gûèm Exµr¨khm ehIyFa ke' TAk~¬gkNa¶ b'«d ¨beTsevotNam. Par:eFI[à ¨sku Exrµ nig¨bCaCnExµrmanesrIPaBeLgI v^j enAelIsµaeyIg ralK' ~aehIy. Ex emsa 1982ƶÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ

142 TMBr& PØab' 3 EpnTIBIrPaKbI«n«pdæ IevotNam mansuTEì t«¨BP¨M~ kfM µEdleKBMuGacdSGdÃI uH. ynY rsy' \"agceg¿í tcgíl'enAelIdvé alrab EdlxÂçnGaceFÃEI ¨scMkarVn. mYyPaKbI«n«pdæ Eé dlGacdS¨sèvVn KvW al¨tIekaNBrI EdlTenÂemKgð nig Ten¨Â khmhrU kat'. «pædEé dldSduHenHmanThM tM UcCagkmC¬õ aeTAeTot ehIy¨tèvcJi wÍmbNa¶ Cn 50 lannak' (enAqS~ 2000 bN¶aCnenHngw ekIneLgI dl' 75 lan!).

143ebeI KemIl¨beTsenA²Nëècni myY m¶g@ dac'BKI ~a ¨beTsTSgenaHBMusvU maneT. buE\" ne¶ beI Kdak'bUkcUlK~anvU FnFanxagEr\" xagksikmµ nig xagTwk ¨beTsTSgbImansPaBCa \¨beTs| mYyEdlman ehIycºas'CastiÄ enAkg~¬ ceM Nam¨beTsEdlsMbrU CageKenAGasuIPaKGeKy~ ._

144KeM ragkarelITene mKgEð p~kxage¨kam PasaenA²Nècë ni

145 snìsi JïaqS~ 1863 rvag ¨BHVTnerat¶m nig Ótm¶ navI d·La¨kgE' D´r, \KUEvnr& , ecAhÃay|TmI Yy«n ksU SgsuIn, sniìsJïaEdl ¨BHVTneratm¶ TTlY karKSJr, \¨btiktrU a\" | BIVrSg. snìisJaï qS~ 1867 VneFeÃI LgI edaylYclak'rvagVrSgngi esom. tamsnsiì JïaenHesomQb'TarsyY GakrBEI xrµ bE\"u n¶¨tvè dUrCamYynwgext‘Vtd' ÷bg esomrab (Ggðrk¨* tèvVneTAesomEdr) ssuI upnu TenÂreBA ngi m«Âè ¨B ¨tvè [eTAesom. dle' BlhgÂç nerat¶md·g, d·La¨kg'ED´r ccarVnmkBIesomv^jEtma¨tabEnmÄ myY be\"u NöaH Ð Exrµ Gaccab¨' tIk~g¬ bwgTens abVndUcesom! kci sÍ n´aq~S 1904 Ð kBM gE' p¨tat ehyI nigTkw deé nATisxagtºèg ¨BmTSgekaHTSgLay EdlenAC^teq~rcab'BeI ¨CayLSsuwgeTA Vn¨tvè ¨bKlm' k[²Ncèë ni vj^ . ext¶mè«Â ¨B ngi TenÂreBA eTIbnwgVnmk²Nècë inv^jtamry:kci sÍ n´aqS~ 1902.

146kicÍsn´aqS~ 1907 Ð tamkci sÍ n´aenH exte‘ somrab Vtd' b÷ g ngi suIspu nu Vn¨tLb'mkExrµ vj^edaydUrKa~ CamYyngw Tkw deé som KWdan«s, ¨tat nigekaHTSgLayenAxagtºgè e¨CayLSsuwg.kic¨Í Bme¨Bogsn‘iPaBqS~ 1941 rvagVrSg ngi «f (esomVndrU eQaµ HeTACa«fcabt' SgBqI ~S 1939mk) VneFIÃ[Exrµ Vtb' gC' aelIkTIBIr nUvext‘ssIu upun Vtd' b÷ g sæwgE¨tg kMBg'FM ngi esomrab (elIkElgEtbrei vNGgrð ).

147mhaNac¨kExrµ enAdN÷ ac'stvt§r_TI 12 raCFanIcas'@ «nGtIt:mhaNac¨kExµr

148²Nëècni enAkg~¬ kMLg¬ Kùsù 960