កម្ពុជានឹងឥណ្ឌូចិន -Cambodia and indochinafederation

49(16) tSgBIExkJaï 1943 Ótm¶ esnIy_ deã hðal bJØa[ Óù sù ebh § erobcMT&BmYykgedémºbI JnèØ eTAcugbJU ¨á beTs. dl'kgäkPaBTSgLayektI manehyI rda½ PiVlVrSgsu[M eKbJØèlkg(17) TSgenaH k~¬gbJØakarGasuIPaKGeK~yr_ bs' em\"an bTæwn. BkY Gg'eKs -Gaemrki Sg mni ¨Bm(18) edaysGM agfa²NëècinenAk~¬gqak¨byTu ì \qayNa| dUec~H enAe¨kamkar¨tçt¨tarbs' Cag kayCak. «f© 22 ÓsPa 1945 rd½aPVi lVrSgbJèØn Óù sù h§vèß ag\" (e¨kaymkesna(19) ¨bmux), nayGKðesnaFki arT&BVrSg, eTAva\"sugI etanedImºsI gæ 'emlI cti ‘GaemrikSg E¨kgmankar eLIgeKakelI²Ncèë in. h§ßèva\"g k*Vndg· fa karvaysMrku elIke¨kayngw ¨tèveFIÃelI¨beTs Cbn\"u Etm¶g. VrSgk*esI~rkarbrè¶ Ka~ yk \GFibtPI aBVrSgelI²Nëècni | Tl'nwgkarbUCakgBl FMBrI e¨kambJaØ kar Óù sù LEW K eTA[GaemrikSge¨bkI ¬g~ karvaysMrku . Gaemrki Sgmni ¨Bm. «f© 6 shI a ¨Kab'EbkbrmaNkU *p¬Hæ eLIg. 15 «f© e¨kaykare¨bkI mS gBIsNM akC' bn\"u enA«f© 9 mIna (1945) mk em \tsU|ß nigTahan ¨bmaN 50 nak' «n \kgkmÂSgVrSgesrI| (F.F.L.) EdlVnelatq¨& tel¨I sukExrµ enaH Vn ¨tèvCbnu\" cabV' nTSgGs' ehyI ykeTAdak'kg~¬ Kku FM e¨kayvt‘ÓNaö elam äPM~eBj. enA«f©enaH (7 kmu :¸ 1945) TI¨kgu P~eM BjVnsað l'karTMlak¨' Kab'EbkTI1 «n¨bvt‘isaås¶xÂnç . yn‘ehaHGaemrikSgVneFIÃ[EbkVk' Élicexcæ xænI Uv TkU ngi kV\"ls' vuI ^l enAkMBg'Epctumxu (enAmxu vt‘ÓNaö elam) ehIyVneFIÃ[sÂab'ngi rbsY bN¶aCnCae¨cInrynak.' tamkarniyay «nmhaCn ¾faCbn\"u VnesI~sgCmcW© ite‘ lkI arxcU xatBIe¨JHsågðam EdlxçÂnCaG~kedémehtu enHEdr buE\" n¨‘ BHecAshI nufamni Vc'[sg eday \dg· KNu | Cbn\"u . karNm_ yY EdlBti KW karTMlak'¨Kab'Ebk \enAmatT' enÂ| enH VneF[Ià eKeC¯kanE' txÂSg elrI bU bdm^ akrmYy (ehA¨BH KMlg' Éesc¶ KlM g') Edl²tVnxcU xatGIÃeLIy k~¬geBlEdlectIynigsNM g'xH eTotk~g¬ vt‘ Vn¨tvè VkE' bkexcæ x.æI eKBMVu ndg· Bit¨VkdEdr GBM Ivasna«nbd^makrenH e¨kayExemsa 30 qS~ e¨kaymk. \shPaBVrSg| enH (1941) KcW mg mkTSg¨tdr BI \xmniµ Evl| Gge' Ks (1931). VrSg eFsIà hPaBVrSgenH edémºIx{M b¨kesabGaNac¨kxnÂç kuM[rlay k~¬geBlEdlxÂnç ¨tvè edaH Elgbnc‘i m¶g@ nvU ¨beTsGaNanKi mEdlkMBgu egbé eLgI . lknÅ ‘ki :«nshPaBVrSg VneTA CaerOg \eQÂaHK~a| ya\" gtwgmat' k¬g~ rd½sPa (EtgrdF½ mnµ Ju ï) BIr, sPaq~S 1945 nig 1946. BitNas'eTAehyI bJúaBlrd½Vn¨tvè elkI ykmkniyay : etIBlrd½«nshPaB CaBlrd½ VrSgEdrÉGIÃ? CakarNF_ mµta ²tmanerOgeXIjExrµ m~ak' ÉGaåhÃßk^ m~ak' mkeFÃtI NM agraåse¶ nA ¨sku VrSgeT! eKkr* kVnescksI¶ rM uHsrM YlmyY (Compromis). GtÄn&y«nshPaBVrSg Vn¨tèv[kg~¬ esck¶Iepm¶é «nrd½FmµnJu ïVrSgqS~ 1946: \shPaBVrSgman¨bCaCatingi ¨bCa CnTSgLay Edldak'mkCamyY K~a nUvFnFanrbs'xnç nigkar¨bgw E¨bgrbsx' nÂç edémºcI eM rIn Garyi FmáxÂçn B¨gké PaBsuxsbºayrbsx' nÂç ngi sns‘i uxrbs'xnÂç |. sPamyY «nshPaB VrSg Vn¨tèvbegéûteLIg EdlenAk¬~genaH BkY ¨btPi U \«n¨beTssmaCk^ mansTi eìi sKIµ a~ ngw ¨btPi UVrSgEdr. bE\"u n‘ cºab'EdlVn¨tvè seM rc, tamFmµta, edaysPaGayk¬~g¨beTssma-

50(20) Ck^ ¨tvè ykeTAdak'[sPa«nshPaBBinit´. reboberobcMd*s¨µ¬ Ksaµ jenH Vn¨tvè ¨BHVT(21) shI nuvn^ ci Ïy& fa py¬æ ngw v^carNJaï N (absurde)(22) namWnu ynY eQµaH ega\" Dni eyom VncgKMnTMu uky\"aggu÷. eBlEdlxçn eLgI kan'GNM ackg~¬ qS~ 1955 (10 q~Se¨kaymk) eyom cab'ebkI yKu «nkarB´aVTExµrkm¬Cõ ae¨kam. k¬~geBlenaH raC(23) rda½ PVi lVnbgw¶ eTAGgðkarsh¨bCaCat.i KWkg~¬ eBlEdlExrµ eyIgbHsmÂab'ynY enAqS~ 1945(24) enaHehyI EdlynY VncSeLIgv^jnUvJk´ \ma\" tMu| (ravbggû ) dUcEdlExµreygI cSminePc nUv(25) Jk´ \kMBbE' tGug|. mrNPaB«n rUsWEvl VnbEgÃrpèÂv«nsavta¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëècin. eKeC¯Cak'fa ebsI inCa ¨bFanaFti GI aemrikSg enArse' nAeLIyk~¬geBlenaH VrSgmni Gacdak'eCégeldI ²é Nëcè invj^ Vn eLIy. kt‘aEdlsMerccti B‘ kY Cbu\"n (nigbnæabm' kBYkVrSg) [¨bKl'ksU SgsnuI [eTAynY man2 : Ts§n:¨Vkdnyi m nigkaremlI gay. ¨Vkdniym e¨JHExrµ enAksU SgsIunCaCnCatPi aKtci . karemIlgay CanamEtmyY EdleKGace¨bI edmé ºcI gí¬lGakbºkri iya«nVrSgGaNanKi mnyi m cMeJHmxu esc¶ ExµreyIgTSgLay ehIytamenaH cMeJH¨beTseygI TSgmUl. karNE_ dl esc¶ eyIgrs'enAk~g¬ ceM Nam¨sIsM~TSghÃgè PIelogngi Gamat´TSgkg ehyI EdlkicCÍ ÷neMu rOg rav\" ¨beTs manEtkarKale' hÃABsI MNakn' amWun \EdlmangarCaXnu CahÂgç Ca¨BH CaÓkj\"aùùù bEu\" nE‘ dlKµanecHGÃI e¨kABlI utCgðg'cuH¨kabfaà ybg÷ð ehIyedré TacUleTAEtb\"eu NöaH, karN_enH rbU PaBenH Caedmé ehtu«nkaremIlgay¨beTsCatieyIg BIsNM akV' rSgGaNanKi mniym. Ót¶mesnIy_ deã hað l, bru sEdlsem¶cshI nueKarBCagGITà SgGs' bnaæ bB' ¨I BHsmN:eKatm¶ (k~g¬ \²Ncëè ni eXjI BIebk\" Sg|), VneFÃIsunræ kfamyY eTot 21 qS~ e¨kaymk enATI¨kgu PeM~ Bj k¬g~ qS~ 1966. cMeJH¨tecokGaemrikSg EdlkBM ugTbT' l'ngw kumyµ¬ nis‘ k~g¬ evotNamxagtºgè nigtam¨BEM dnExrµ eyIg snu ærkfaenAP~eM BjenH [tbM nU µanpyæ¬ TSg¨sug BtI MbUnµanEdlelc ecjBkI ar \¨Vf~a| «n«f© 17-8-45. ehyI ebI rsU WEvl ¾ ¨bEhlCaKat'E¨bxnç k~¬gpè~rKat' ehIy (tamJk´niyaymyY rbsV' rSg). b«I fm© unskMu arcuHcaj'«nCbu\"n \kal'kta¶ | Vn[TMlak'tamq¨& teyagel²I Ncëè in nvU P~ak'gar sma© tm' yY ¨kmu CamyY Ka~ ngw h§g' esDlI ngi EB´remHEsßµ EdleKbMrug[eFÃCI a sg~ kar«n saFarNrd½¨bcStgu kwg. e¨kABI sSgtnW I EdlVnmkdl'haNyU edayecjBI¨sku cin tam kVl\" 'ehaHGaemrki Sg, BkY elatq¨& tTSgGs' Vn¨tèvevotmijcab'Tuk. ²s§rCnVrSgTSg enH Vnman²TiìBly\"agxS g eTAelnI eyaVyVrSgel²I Ncèë inCaBiess ngw elGI ttI : ¨beTsGaNanKi mVrSgCaTUeTA. smaKtrd½ Érd½ \hnuß | ngw VrSg (Etats associés) man¨beTsEdlenAk~¬gshPaBVrSg (Ganelxeyag 19). kaleyIgmni Tan'VnäkraC´ G~kpgÓs§ah_eXjI , e¨kABITahanV rSg, nUvTahan \Ga¨Bic| nigTahan \Gamar\"uk| edré qaà t'EqÃgtampèÂvenAP~MeBj. kg¬~ BBkY es eNhaû eL nig m\"ar\"UkSg TSgenaH manmYycMENkFEM dlVnsÂab' kg¬~ \ckM arkti ‘iys| ²Nëècni k¬g~ cVM MgCamyY evotmijenH.Ú

51 BI shPaB²Ncèë ni eTA shB&nì²Ncëè ni erOgkg¬~ ¨beTs rCkØ al«n¨BHecAssuI uvtiÄ (1904-1927) nig munvI g§ (1927-1941) mansPaBs©b'sa© t,'ehIykg~¬ kLM ¬geBlenaH VrSgVnnSmknUvkarEkTrM gC' ae¨cIn. mnu eBlsKu t«n¨BHmnu Ivg§bni‘c, ¨beTskmõC¬ aVnVtb' gm' ¶geTot nvU ext‘Vtd' b÷ g, susI pu un ngi PaKmYyya\" gFM «nexte‘ somrab, kMBg'FMngi sægw E¨tg. eBleXjI fa Cévt^ ¨BHmunIvg§¨Cale¨CehIy, dKã U k*KiteTAdld' N÷ «nraC´. maÍ s'mnu Iert\" , knU cºg«n¨BHmnu Ivg§ ehyI Edl¨tèveLIgesayraC´ ttamTeM nomTMlab', eFI[à dKã U Vrm¸e¨JHmanKMnti \äkraC´niym|. enA¨sku VrSg, mÍasm' uneI r\"t ngi bèní , munBI g§, VnclU eFÃTI ahankg~¬kg \eLs´¬g| TahanCatie¨kA. e¨kayeBldak'GavuFQbV' jK' a~ (VrSg-GalWm \"g') enAqS~ 1940,maÍ sm' nu Iert\" ¨tLb'mk¨sku Exrµ vj^ CamYyKMnti féµ@. enAkg¬~ ²Ncèë ni myY EdlkarTak'TgCamyY ¨beTsVrSg \Cama¶ y| VnE¨b¨blç ElgdUcsBÃdg dKã U xkM arJrTku [VnyUrbpM tu nUvGFibtPI aBVrSgEdlkan'EtVnTTYlkarKrM amkEM hge¨cnI eLIg, tSgGBM ICb\"unVneLIgmkelqI ak²Nëcè ni Edr (erOgtugkwg, karVt'bg'extE‘ xrµ ). edémº¨I bugeCégkarNT_ ku eBlNamankarbHeVr, dKã U ¨tèvkardake' lbI l&ÂgûTSgbI«n²Nëècin, mnsu §EdlxnÂç ¨sNku eka¶ bbbM t'bEM bn. ¨BHmunvI g§suKtenA«f©TI 23 emsa1941. mÍasm' nu eI r\"t Edl²tsmnwgesck¨¶I tèvkarrbse' K, k*Vn¨tvè dãKU TajecjeTA. \KUEvnr&eh§ßeNr\"al\' «n²Ncèë ni e¨CésykmÍas'neratm¶ shI nu v^j Edl²tVndg· xÂnç muneLIy. enAeBlenaH Gayu 18 qS~ , kµyç «nmÍas'mnu eI rt\" kMBgu bJbÍ 'mF´msik§aenA \lIes| sas§WlU-LVè 䫨BnKr.«f© 28 tlu a 1941, enAkg¬~ BiFdI *FmM Yy, dKã U bJM km' û¬d[mÍas'sIhnu ehIyGPieskeFCIà a¨BHecA¨kugkmõC¬ a. dcU CaCétangi CTé YtEdr, ¨BHecAshI nnu wgeXjI ya\" grhs& fa es¶cExrµ ¨KanE' tCaGayg\" Edl\er\"sdIu g' sßeU b\"rIy&r| VrSgTajEx§beu\" Naö H(1). esc¶ sIhnu EdlkalenaHclU citn‘ arI nig tUr´tån‘ICagneyaVy¨beTs, k*btE' bnbnnæ 'xçÂny\"agFUr tamkar¨tèvkarrbs'VrSg dcU Edl dãKU Vnbg\" ¨Vf~a,ehIysÄanPaBenHmanrhtU dl'qS~ 1945. kar \e¨bkI mÂSg| «nCbnu\" enA«f©TI 9 mIna 1945 VneVskMcatk' ~g¬ ry:eBlEtmYyyb,' sgwEtmyY stvt§r_«nGNM acVrSg. Cb\"unVnniyayngw mhaesdéc½ inExrµ tan' V,\" [¨BmTTlY Par:dk· nSrda½ PVi lTI1 «nyKu e¨kayGaNanKi m. tan' V\" minTTYl, Cbn\"u k*Tku rcnasmnõ ìrd½aPVi lcas' (GKðmhaesna Gugw G)Iu . naTCI anaykrd½mån‘IEdlBImnu enAel«I d \er\"sIudg' sßUebr\" yI &r|, k¨* tLb'mkk~g¬ «desc¶ v^j EdlTTYlkarXS emlI BI \GKTð ¨I bwk§a| Cbun\" ma~ k.' 4 «f©e¨kaykarrMlayGNM acVrSg,elak mas Nal', rd½mån‘¨I ksgY sik§aFikar, bJØak~g¬ «f© 13 mIna [e¨beI LgI v^j nvU ¨b¨ktTI incnæKti, bMVt'karsresrCaPasaExrµ Edle¨beI dayGk§r r\"UmSu g, ehIybgðab'[e¨bPI asaExµr kg~¬ kicÍkarrd½Vl. elak Vc\" QnW Vn¨tèvedaHElgBIekaH¨tLac enA«f© 21 mIna(2), ehIybegûté eLgI vj^ nvUsarBátman nKrvt.¶ enAedmé ExÓsPa, elak sWg guk\" fan' ¨tLbm' kB¨I beTsCbu\"nvj^ , ehIyVn¨tvè EtgtSgenA«f© 1 mifuna Card½mån‘I¨ksYgkarbreTs, tamesckIs¶ Murbs'Cbu\"n. enAeBlenaHehIy

52EdleKVneXIjmaneLgI nUvkare¨bH¨sSCaelIkdb÷ Ug«nsgðmExµr, edayehtmu anlnM SneyaVy2EdlyrU mkVnkÂayeTACalMnSmenaKmv^CØa, ehIyEdlkartTl'Ka~ Vncb' Ca esaknadkmµ, enAExemsa 1975. lMnST1I ¨bmUlp÷¬¶ BYkEdlcg'bMVtr' bbraCanyi m, EdlxnÂç eXIjfaCaÓbkrN_EdlGaNaniKm (ehIye¨kaymkGaNanKi mniymCn÷ an'f)µé e¨b¨I Vs' edémº¨I kjSeka¶ b¨beTsxÂçn. lnM SneyaVyenH(3) rlM aykartyTu Tì l'ngw es¶c cUlCamYykartyuTìTln' wgGaNanKi mniym. lnM ST2I KWrbsB' Yk¨Bnè sgmð EdlykbNu ´skx¶i çÂneFCIà aedémTnu ¨bmUl¨TB´smºt,¶i buN´skiE¶ dlesc¶ Eck[ tamkarbuni ¨bsbr' bs'xçÂnxaglut¨kab. BYk¨Bnè sgðmenH K¨W kmu nahnWµ (4). CakarFmtµ a BYkenH¨Vf~a[rbbraCanyi mmanGayyu nW yrU teTAeTot. edaym´a\"g KvU ^vaTTSgBrI ¨kmu emlI gaykarTUnµan«n¨bvtis‘ aås,¶ edaym´a\"geTot mhaCnskwõ ²tkeM rIk rkxçÂn¨bmlU CakmÂSgneyaVyBuMVn, BYkTSgBrI ¨kmu enH rtr' kbreTsral'dg edémºCI yY xçÂn[Q~Hkg~¬ karv^vaTenH –– karv^vaTEdle¨kaymk ¨Kan'EtCakJÍkq' ¬Hsågðam¨tCak'«nmhaGNM acTSgLay. Elgnkw eXIjfa ¨beTsxçn enAkg¬~ kal:eTs:PUmisaåsn‘ eyaVymYyEdlCrU ct,' xagNak*dUcxagNa BEuM dl¨Bmrkescks¶I rM Hu sMrlY (compromis)ÉrkCECkK~amg¶ NaeLIy. e¨JHEtkardeNIm¶ GMNacTSgkeM ralgg·tmxu enH, ¨bCaCnExrµ VnsgkhM us nwgkMBgu EtsgkhM us edaybg't«M lmYydr* nìte' FGÃI BM I — dcU Jk´G~knBi nìVrSg EbNß a haEm\"l— Qamngi TwkEP~k(5). ¨BHVTshI nu, enAekµgehIyqabt' ameK, TTYlC÷nyY k¬g~ kci ÍkarBsI MNakB' kY \T¨I bwk§a| EdlCaG~kkarJredaymuWgmat\" ' nvU rbbraCaniym. eBlEdlelak sgW gu\"kfan' eLgI mkelqI akneyaVyv^j, ¨BHecAVnbegûétmxu karmYyehAfa \TI¨bkw §a«nraCrda½ PVi l| ehyI EtgtSgenA«f© 7 mifnu a(1945) k~g¬ naTIenH, sem¶cmunIert\" EdlnwgmansemÂgBiPak§akg¬~ KN:rd½måne‘I Tot. edémºkI an'kab'edays©at@' nvU karcayvayrbsr' da½ PiVl, esc¶ sIhnu dakT' I¨bkw §aBIrnak,' elak Eb\"n nut Card½mån‘rI g¨ksgY hirJïvtĬ ngi elak pU e¨BOg CaGFki arhri Jïvt.Ĭ kg~¬ kalenaH, karxÃl'xaà yF@M «nrd½aPiVl KCW YyCbn\"u k~¬gsågað mrbsx' çn , nwgedaH¨saybJúad*BiVk«nlknÅ ‘ik:rbs' kUsSgsInu(smU GanerOge¨kA¨beTs). mhnr‘ ay«n huIr\"UsmI \"a ngi NahûasaKI VneFI[à cb'sbu ni \mhaGasuIPaKbUJ|á e¨kamGFbi tIPaB«n \GaNac¨k¨BHGaTti ´rH|. enA«f© 19 shI a 1945, 4 «f©e¨kaykarpHæ¬ ¨Kab'EbkbrmaNUTI1, elak sWg gku\" fan' begûéterOgEkg bnmM yY ehyI [eKcabr' dm½ ånIT‘ SgGs'EdlKaty' l'facUlcit‘VrSg. G~kEdleTAcab'rdm½ ånT‘I SgenaH suTìEtsmaC^k«nclna \yvu Cn²Nèëcni | EdleKVndake' Qaµ Hfféµ a \yvu n& km¬õCrd½|. «f© 14 sIha, elak sgW gku\" fan' Vn¨tèvEtgtSgCard½månTI‘ I1 ehIyenAEtkan'¨ksYgkarbreTs. elak Ebn\" ntu TTYl¨ksgY hirJvï t,¶¬ elak jw¬kCULg¬ ¨ksgY esd½kci ÍCati, elak Vc\" QnW ¨ksgY pl¶ e' sº¿g nigPsP¬‘ ar, elak sumß ehog ¨ksYgmha«pæ, elak Xwm Tit TTYl¨ksgY karJr¨beTs ¨ttç Ka~ nwg¨ksgY sxu aPVi l. enA«f© 8 kJïa,kgTahanGge' KÂsmyY kgmkdlP' M~eBj edmé ºITTlY kardakG' avFu BITahanCb\"nu ehyI edaHElgeQIÂysågðamCatGi Wrbu\" tamkci ͨBme¨BogenA bt\"u sS‘ . mkCamYykgäkPaBGge' KÂsenaH, mannayTahanVrSgm~ak', vresnyI ¨tI haû l'laà \" Edlman \ebskkmµBei ss|. elak sgW gku\" fan' ¨Vb'y\"ag

53cºase' TAnayTahanenaHfa raCrda½ PVi lExµrnwgeFÃkI arccarCamYyVrSg EtelmI Ulda½ nmyY , KWkarTTlY sðalä' kraC´«n¨beTskmC¬õ a. edaycgb' gaú j, myY Ep~keTAVrSgnvU karKS¨Trd½aPVi lKat'BsI NM ak'¨bCaCn, mYyEpk~ eToteTABkY smnõ ìmit‘ faKat'²tCabC' ÷JkG' ICà amyY Cbu\"neT, sgW guk\" fan' bgðab[' eFÃkI arsrY qn:æ ¨bCaraås‘1(plébiscite) enA«f© 3 tula(6). Kat'²tVnd·geTfa enAe¨kayx~gKat' rdm½ ånI‘xÂHkBM gu erobcrM lM KM at.'enA«f© 23 kJïa, esc¶ sIhnu EdlKS¨Ttampèv karnUvneyaVy«nraCrd½aPVi l, VnbJnèØ elak XmwTit —ya\" gsma© t—' eTACYbGaCÆaFrVrSg䫨BnKr. «f© 5 tlu a Ót¶mesnyI LEW K mkdl'«¨BnKr.«f© 16, edaymanvresnIyäk Gyßu var nigTahan²Naë 3-4 nak' «nTB& Gge' Ks CUnmkpg, LEW KÂmkdlP' ~eM Bj ehIy[cabe' lak sWg gu\"kfan' (Edl¨Bm[eKcab²' tmantTl') e¨kamkarecaTfa\eFIÃskmµPaB¨bqSgnwgBYksmnõ mõ it‘|. XMuXSg䫨BnKr, sWg gk\"u fan' Vn¨tvè eKvn^ ci yÏ& Pa m ehyITTYleTaseFkÃI arCaTmn© 'k¬g~ evla 20 q~S, ehIy²tcºabs' Mct (k~g¬ ¨sku Exrµ ) k~g¬ evla 20 q~S. CamYyBrsBsæ aFku ar «nsk¶i5 VrSg Gußyvar Edl LEW K [emlI xus¨tèvelvI asna¨beTskm¬Cõ a, raCrd½aPVi lfméµ YyVn¨tvè EtgtSgeLIg e¨kamkard·knS«nsemc¶ munIert\" . maÍ s'munBI g§ (e¨kaymkraCTUtenAVr\" sI ), elak Xwm Tti , jkw CULg¬ , sußm ehog ngi va\" kamwlu enAk~g¬ enaHEdr. mkdl«' ¨BnKrVn 3-4 «f,© Ótm¶ navé dah§ge' l´I (GKðs~gkar) CbY semc¶ mnu Ier\"t 䫨BnKr, ehyI KUsEx§neya-VyVrSg[eFItà am Ð Gnvu tn‘ _esckIE¶ fg karN_«n«f© 25 mnI a 1945 GBM sI hBn& ²ì Nëècni , dak'eLIgv^jya\" gqab'rh&s nUvkarGaNaB´aVl (¨btki trU \"a) VrSg el¨I beTskmCõ¬ a («f© 4 Fè~ 1945, es¶cshI nu ¨Bm[Gnvu t‘n_CabeN¶aHGasn~ nUvsnìisJaï ngi kci sÍ n´a qS~ 1863 ngi 1884), EtgtSgKN:kmµkareFkIà icÍski §aVrSg-Exrµ mYy edémºcI careFsIà nsìi Jaï fµérvag¨beTskmC¬õ a ngi ¨beTsVrSg. b\"Eu nb‘ naæ b'BkI arcab' sWg guk\" fan' ykeTA, ExµrCae¨cnI naky' le' XjI fa esc¶ Vnyk¨beTseTA[VrSg. Gk~ TSgenaHvn^ icy&Ï fa kmS gCameF´aVyEtmYyedémºyI käkraC´, ehyI k*nSK~aclU «¨B,xH eTA¨BEM dnExµr-esom, xÂHeTA¨BMEdnExrµ -ynY . BYkcUl«¨BenHbegûétclnamyY eQaµ H\Exrµ ²s§r:|(7).enATisxageCég Exrµ ²s§r:TTlY C÷nyY BrI d½aPVi l«f rbs' ¨BDi I Py~M g' (EdlxÂacBYkVrSgeFGÃI n‘ra-Kmnm_ Yy k¬~geBlxagmxu edmé ºyI kEx¨tExrµ eTAvj^ (Ex¨tEdlesomVnBIsnsiì Jïa ¨kgu tUk´èq~S1941). eQaµ HBIrelcecjBcI lnaenATsi xageCgé enH Ð dab QYn nig ekA tk'.cEM NkenATisxagtºèg, k~¬gext‘kMBt, elak V\"c QWn TTYlC÷nYyByI Yn tamry: sgW «f eg¿Ã g(8),bnèí rbs'elak sWg gku fan'. «f© 7 mkra 1946, semc¶ mnu Iert\" cHu kic¨Í Bme¨BogsMerc \rebobrse' nA| myY (Modus Vivendi)CamYyÓt¶mesnyI GaeLH sg'¨D,I s~gkar«nsaFarNrd½ (garfrµé bs'er\"sudI g' seßU b\"rIy&r). kg¬~esckr¶I bs' \mUDsu véevnDI| enaH (rUbmne‘ nHVrSgclU cit‘Nas,' bu\"EnB‘ YkGg'eKÂsfaBiVkrs'enAtam)¨beTskmC¬õ a Ca \rds½ yà t& | enAk¬g~ shBn& ²ì Nèëcni (EdlrUbragmni Tanc' ºasl' ase' nAeLyI eT)EdlxÂçnägenAkg~¬ shPaBVrSgeTot. kg~¬ kickÍ ar«pæk¬g~ suT,ì ¨beTskm¬õCamanesrIPaBeBjTI. edmé ºI[¨beTscabe' dré eLIgv^j, VrSgp¶lC' ÷nyY el«I pærdV½ l nigbeckÍ eTs edaybJènØ mknUv \TI¨bkw §a|Edlngw Gb'rMbKu lð ikExrµ . kgTB& Exµr myY nwg¨tvè begtIû eLIg. karbgúat'be¨gonkgT&BenH nwg¨tvè TTlYbn¬ækedayKN:ebskkmµeyaFaVrSgmyY (9) e¨kambgðabT' I¨bwk§aVrSgm~ak' Gmrd½mån¨I‘ ksYgkarJr

54¨beTs. bEu\" n¨‘ ksYgrtnaKar, Ky, sn‘isux, Gena‘ ¨bevsn,_ TrU KmnaKmn_, Gysy&µ yan .l. enAel«I drda½ PiVlshB&nì ehyI nwg¨tvè elIkeTAGKðs~gkarda½ n 䫨BnKr. nyi aymYyma\"t', karGaNaB´aVl ¨tLbm' kelI¨beTskmC¬õ avj^ , e¨JH \m\"DU us v^evnD|I ²tnSGÃIfµémkeLyI , e¨kABIJk´BrI m\"at.' b\"uEn‘Ch÷ anEvgmyY kV* neVHeTAmxu Edr Ð KN:kmkµ areFÃIkci Íski §a Vn¨tèveK[bn¬ækeFÃIKMeragrdF½ mµnuJmï yY , e¨KOgEdl¨tèvmanxanBuMVn edmé ºIbnÄyrebob¨Kb¨' Kgp¶ack' arelkI mnu [man¨bCaFei ty´xÂH@. sem¶c \¨kmu ¨BH| mnu eI r\"t ¨bqSgy\"agxÂSgnwgKMeragkarenH, edaysMGagfa¨bCaraås²¶ tmankarGb'rnM eyaVyTalE' tesaH, ehyI cg'[¨tLbm' krbbpa¶ ck' arv^j — karyl'eXjIEdl¨BHecA¨sbtamEdr. R RR eyablr' bs' munIer\"t Vn¨tvè ¨bqSgedayBYkbJvï ne‘ kgµ @ ¨bmaN«mn¸ ak' EdleTIbnwg¨t-Lbm' kBI¨sukVrSgfµ@é ehyI EdlsM[u begéûtsPaep§g@ e¨CéserIsedaykareVHeq~at ¨BmTSgeFIÃ[rbbneyaVykg¬~ ¨beTsmanlnM S dcU rbbenAbswmÍ ¨beTs KmW anrd½sPa¨ttç ¨tarda½ PiVl. CamyY ngw kit´anPu aB \mkB¨I sku VrSg| rbsx' Âçn, ecHy\"agsæatn' vU vak´s&Bæ¨bCaFiety´bsÍwm¨beTs,BYkenH¨bmlU pV÷¬¶ ny\"agrhs& nUvbJvï n‘k¬g~ ¨beTs (smy& enaHssi §vT^ ´aly& sIusuvti)Ä , G~kraCkarTSgGs,' ehyI CaBei ssbk§BkY elak sgW gku\" fan.' k~g¬ cMeNamBYkbJvï n‘mYyka¶ b'enaH eQµaHBIrVnelcecjmk Ð Qan vm\" nig sIsu uvtiÄ yut‘ivg§. bnæabB' IVnd·gGMBkI ci Ísn´a VrSg-yYn EdlcHu enAhaNUyk~¬g«f© 6 mInamk (sSgtWnI-hUCmé ji , GanerOge¨kA¨beTs), mtienAP~MeBjkanE' tT-ietones¶ceLgI EdleKbenaæ sfaVncaj'eVkVrSg. ¨beTskmC¬õ aEdlVnelkI xçÂneTA[VrSg,²tTTlY mkv^jnUvk«M r dcU Edl hUCmé ij TajykVnedaye¨bIGavFu . Tkw dEé xrµ EdlVrSg[eTAesomtamsnisì Jïa¨kugtUk´è qS~ 1941 (ext‘ 5) k*enAEte¨kamGMNacesom, kg~¬ eBlEdlBYkGg'eKs ,tSgB«I f© 1 mkra 1946, VnykBeI someTA[PmU a ngi ma\" eLsuIv^j nUvTkw déEdlesomVnkan'kab.'karmni sbºaycit‘manCaTUeTA. semc¶ mnu eI rt\" ngi ¨BHecA sIhnu k*yle' XjI fa¨tèvEteFÃdI ÷eNrI myYeTA¨sukVrSg edémºbI gaú jceM NaTTSgGse' TArda½ PiVlVrSg(10). rd½aPVi l mnu eI r\"t ¨tvè eKkan'EtBcuM lU cti e‘ LgI e¨JHrebobykGMNac k¬~gkar¨Kb'¨Kgrbs'xnÂç , nigBIe¨JH —tamGk~ nBi nì hÃlI BI dvã éEl— karmni hw~gnrrbsx' nç . VrSgk*cabK' itKUrpÂas'rd½aPVi lenaH. kareBjcitV‘ neTAelGI ~k¨sLajV' rSgm~ak,' maÍ s' neratm¶ nrineæ tC EdlCamam~ak«' n¨BHecA. mÍas' nrineæ tC, edaymanG~kraCkarenAtamext‘KS¨Tpg, kBM gu ¨bgw E¨bgy\"agskmµ teM lgIKNbk§neyaVymYyeQµaH \KNbk§esrIPaB|. KNbk§enH es~IrbbraCaFibety´mYy EdleKarBrdF½ mµnJu ï, ehIyEdlv^vtn‘ _bni‘cm¶g@ eTAkan'¨bCaFbi ety´, edayeFkÃI arEkTMrge' ¨cIneLIg@e¨kamkarÓbtÄm¸ ngi \d·knS| rbsV' rSg. eBjcit‘y\"agxÂSgngw Ex§neyaVyenH VrSgk*CYytamGaceFIVà n. eBlecjd÷eNrI eTA¨sukVrSg, «f© 13 emsa, ¨BHecA[d·gGBM I Ð karbMVt'ecalk~g¬ eBlxagmxu nUvraCaFibety´pa¶ c'kar. KMeragrdF½ mµnuJïmYy ngw ¨tvè ykeTA[rd½sPabeNa¶ HGasnm~ yY B-inti ´. G~keVHeqa~ tenA¨Kb'XuM«n¨BHraCaNac¨k ngw e¨CéserIstamkareVHeq~atedaymni cM (suffrageindirect) nUvG~kdN÷ agk¬~grds½ PabeNa¶ HGasne~ naH. raCbJït‘imYycHu «f© 15 emsa 1946 ebIk[man

55esrPI aBeFÃIsmaKm, nigesrPI aBeFkÃI ar¨bCu÷ nigkareXasnakg¬~ ry:eBlerobcMeVHeqa~ t. mni yrUeLIy, KNbk§neyaVy 3 VnektI eLgI Ð KNbk§esrIPaB «nmÍas' nrni eæ tC, KNbk§eC¯nelOn (bkE¨b) «nmaÍ s' nerat¶m m\"ugtaNa EdlCaBmU a~ ke' Tot«n¨BHecA(11) nig KNbk§¨bCaFib-ety´ «nmaÍ s' suIsvu ti‘ ytu v‘i g§. KNbk§eC¯nelOn cg[' manrbbraCaFbi ety´EdleKarBrdF½ mµ-nuJï dUcKNbk§esrIPaBEdr. cMENkäKNbk§¨bCaFibety´, kmvµ ^FnI eyaVy KWdak'rbb¨bCaFibety´ Edlmanrds½ PaCaFM, ehyI CaBiesseTAeTot, KWmankartyTu ì (neyaVy) edmé ºyI käkraC´eBjT.I KNbk§enH k*TTYly\"agqabr' hs& nvU karKS¨T«nBkY Gk~ Catinyi mTSgGs,' ngi karÓb-tmÄ y¸ \"agxS gBsI MNak¨' BHsgô Edl²tcgV' n[VrSg¨tLbm' kv^jesaHeLIy. «f© 31 ÓsPa ¨kum¨bwk§araCanusiTiì (e¨JHesc¶ minenA) ¨bkas[e¨bcI ºabe' VHeqa~ tmYy EdleroberogeLIgedayKN:kmµkareFIÃkci sÍ n´aVrSg-Exrµ Ð rd½sPabeN¶aHGasn~ nwg¨tvè e¨CéstSgeLgIedaykareVHeqa~ tCasakl ngi edayceM JH. «f© 1 kJaï 1946 kareVHeq~at CasaklVneFIÃeLIgCaelkI T1I enA¨beTskm¬Cõ a(12). p¬æyGMBlI Tpì lEdlVrSgrg'cS, C&yC÷nHVneTAelIKNbk§¨bCaFbi ety´ EdlVnTTYl 60% «nsemg TSgGs.' k¬~gcnM YnekAGI 67 EdlsPaman, 50 VnmkBkY¨bCaFibety´, 14 VneTABYkesrPI aB nig 3 eTABYkäkq&n.æ karCn÷ TMu 1I «nrds½ Pa VneFIÃeLgI enA «f©25 kJïa enAcMeJHmxu ¨BHraCa. sPamni ¨BmbMeBjmxu kar¨twmEtBinti ´BPi ak§acºab', ehyI ¨bkasxçn eLIg — tampÂèvehtu — CasPaEtgrdF½ mµnuJ.ï mansemÂgPaKe¨cInenAkg~¬ sPa, KNbk§¨bCaFbi ety´ TamTarykkardk· nSrda½ PiVl, EdlCaTma bk' ~¬g¨beTs¨bCaFibety´bsÍmw Tsi . Ex Fè~1946, CamyY nwgext‘TSg 5 EdlVrSgeTIbngw ykVnBeI sommkv^j(13), rda½ PVi lmnu eI rt\" epærd÷ENgeTArd½aPVi lyut‘vi g§. cMnnY eBl 3-4 GaTit´bu\"eNöaH Vn¨Kb'¨Kand' l'rd½aPVi lyutv‘i g§edmé ºbI eJÍjKMeragrd½Fmnµ uJmï Yy. «f© 6 ÓsPa 1947, rd½Fmnµ uJï Vn¨tvè ¨BHraCapl¶ e' TA[¨bCaraås‘Exrµ . cmÂg¨sbtamKeM ragrd½FmµnJu ïVrSg«nqS~ 1946(14), G~keroberogbEnmÄ kareQgà ylC' ÷nane' naHxH dUcCama¨ta 21 Ð(GNM acTSgGmºalmaNecjmkBI¨BHraCa) ngi ma¨ta 25 Ð (bl&Âgû«n¨beTskmCõ¬ a Caekr‘−mrtk«nGk~ tBUCePT¨bsu «n¨BHVTGgðDYg) (bkE¨b). p¬yæ ngw cMNgr' bs'KN:kmkµ areFkIà ci sÍ ik§a, rdF½ mnµ uJïenH[GMNacxÂSgNase' TArd½sPa. BitehIy kardk· nSkickÍ arrd½enAelInaykrd½månI‘ Edl¨BHecAEtgtSg, ehIyEdlerIsykrdm½ ånIx‘ Ânç äg. bu\"Enn‘ aykrd½månIe‘ nH, CamyY ngw rd½aPiVlTSgmUl, ¨tvèTTlY karTukcitB‘ Ird½sPaeTot (EdlmanGaNti‘ 4 qS~ ). sPaCan'xõs'myY Vn¨tèvbegtéû eLIg Ð cmg¨sbtam¨kum¨bwk§asaFarNrd½VrSg, ¨kum¨bwk§a¨BHraCaNac¨kmanEtmxu karxagBie¨KaH BPi ak§asuTsì aF eleI rOgcºab'. ¨kum¨bkw §aenH mansmaC^ke¨Csé tSg ngi smaC^kCab'eq~at (EdleVHedaysegÅb) ehIysmaCk^ TSgGs'¨tèvmanGayuy\"agtic 40 qS~ . eBlEdlxçn kBM gu Etcabe' pmé¶ kmµv^FnI eyaVyrbsx' nÂç , KNbk§¨bCaFibety´Vtb' g'mYyrMeBcnvU G~kdk· nSrbs'xÂçn. enA«f© 18 kkdû a, mÍas' yuti‘vg§ sKu ty\"agcEM lkenAäEkb (eKfaytu iv‘ g§ Vn¨tèveKsmÂab)' . kareVHeq~at¨twm¨tvè (e¨JHrds½ PabeN¶aHGasn~) nwg¨tèveFÃIeLgI enAExv^ckÏi a 1947, ¨BHecAngi bk§BkY erobctM Tl'mg¶ eTot nwgBkY ¨bCaFbi ety´. e¨bIlºic \EbgEcksemg |, ²s§rCnBIrnakx' agBYkesc¶ begétû KNbk§neyaVyfµéBrI eTot Ð elak jkw -CULg¬ dk· nS

56KNbk§exmrbNu ökar (CamyY elak ln' nl', sm sar,I KU run .l.(15), elak Xmw Tti d·knSKNbk§rmY Cati (Union Nationale). bEu\" nk‘ arxitxMenH enAEt²tVnpl e¨BaHsemg PaKe¨cIn enAEtVnmkBkY ¨bCaFibety´m¶geTot Ð ekAGI 54 k¬~gceM NamekAGTI SgGs' 75. 21 VneTABYkesrPI aB,cEM NkexmrbNu kö ar nigrmY Cati (Union Nationale) ²tVnekAGImYyeLyI . «f© 11 kmu :¸ 1948 elakQan vm\" , GKðelxaFki ar«nKNbk§¨bCaFbi ety´, TTYld·knSKN:rd½mån‘.I R RR k¬~geBlEdlG~kneyaVyExrµ kBM gu eFÃsI ågðamKNbk§enAPe~M Bj, Gsns‘i xu VnektI maneLgI elI«pæ¨beTs. edaykgTahanenAkmCõ¬ a (kgTahan«nshPaBVrSg) Vn¨tèveKbJnØè eTA¨sukyYn edémºCI YyVrSgcºSgevotmij, clna²s§r: ¨ttç ¨tay\"ageBjelj elPI aKxageCég«n¨beTs.karehA[cuHcUledayelkI ElgeTas[ kalBqI ~S 1947, VnnSmkEtmnsu § 3-4 nak' EdlcUlPÂammYyreM Bc k¬~gKNbk§¨bCaFiety´. enAxagtºèg nigenAxagekIt«n¨beTs, BYkevotmij Vncab'epmé¶ tSgTkI ~¬g¨sukExµr. CamyY nwgBUkExrµ e¨kamEdlxnç bJÍH¬ bJèlÍ Vn, evotmijbegtéû \kgT&B¨bCaCnExrµ rMedaH| (bkE¨b). Exµre¨kamTSgenH ngw VneTACasl~è elkI db÷ gU bgís'«nevotmji enA¨b-eTskm¬õCa. edayVrmn¸ gw Gsni‘sux EdlkanE' txÂSgeLIgpg, eday²tGMNacelkI gT&Bpg, edayBkY ¨bCaFbi ety´Tietonfa sÂtè eBkk~¬gkarTamTarpg, ¨BHecAshI nusMerccits‘ uM[VrSgBni it´eLIgv^j nUvTMnak'TMngVrSg-Exrµ . kg¬~ sbM ¨u tmYycuH«f© 7 vc^ kiÏ a 1947 epeéÆ TA[rda½ PVi lVrSg, ¨BHecATamTar[Vn¨tçt¨takan'Ete¨cnI elkI gT&B, nwg[Vns&yà PaBkanE' tFMeLgI k~g¬ erOgsni‘suxk¬~g¨beTs (VrSgmni sUvsbºaycti n‘ gw karelIkElgeTas[BYk²s§r:eT). «f© 5 mifuna 1948 enAqksm¨u T GaL¬g, GKsð g~ karféµ bluß LaEGr cHu kci ͨBme¨BogmyY CamYyes¶c Vvday (hCU mé ijVnclU«¨BehyI ) TTlY sað l'äkraC´«n¨beTsevotNam(16). «f© 25 tlu a, ¨BHecAsIhnuepésÆ bM ¨u tmyYeToteTArda½ PVi lVrSg, TamTarsiTieì p§g@ dUcEdlVrSgVnyl¨' Bm[eTA Vvday. enA{kasbNu ´tSgt,u «f© 9 vc^ kÏi a 1948, ¨BHecAnyi ayeTAGKsð ~gkar eLGgu BjI g¬\" GMBIäkraC´, karNE_ dlmanCaelIkTI1 Ð \xn¬MÆ yi ayGBM äI kraC´ BeI ¨JHxe¬ÆM COCakf' a Jk´enHCakUnesaedaH¨sayceM NaTTSgGsr' bs'eygI .|ùùù karN_EdlVrSg²tyl'GÃeI saH GBM IkarTamTarTSgenH, VnCYyelkI [kan'Etxõs'eLIgnUvkti ´anPu aB«nKNbk§¨bCaFiety´ EdlelgsnÂwkeboCatni yi m. cabt' SgBqI ~S 1948, BYktNM agraås¨¶ bCaFbi ety´ pbæ 'cºab'TSgGs' Edlesc¶ dak'mkrd½sPa. kartTl'Ka~ rvag \niti| ngi \¨bt-ibt|‘i , layngw karkanb' k§BYkk~g¬ KNbk§¨bCaFibety´ eFI[à manvb^ t‘iKN:rdm½ ån‘I (rd½aPiVlQan vm\" , rd½aPiVl Ebn\" nut .l.ùùù) edayBuMGacQ~HBkY ¨bCaFibety´k~¬gkareVHeq~at, esc¶ e¨bIlºicmYyeTot Ð eF[Ià man \karEbkecj| enAk¬g~ «pKæ Nbk§enaHEtm¶g. KW \G~kEbkecj| m~akB' IKNbk§¨bCaFibety´, elak Eym\" sbM Ur, EdlVnTTlY kard·knSrd½aPiVlenAExkum¸: 1949. rda½PiVl Eym\" sbM rU cab'ep¶mé kicÍkark~g¬ eBlBiVkbnci‘ e¨JHfaenA«f© 21 ÓsPa 1949, rds½ PaVrSgVneVHeq~atsMercPaØ b' kUsSgsunI eTA¨beTsevotNam eday²tVnBie¨KaHCamun CamYy¨beTskmõC¬ a(17), ehIyeday²tmaneFIlà knÅ ‘ik:Bei ssGÃI[dlE' xrµ km¬Cõ ae¨kam (eTaHbI¨BHecAVnTam

57TarCae¨cIndgmkehyI k)¶I . kar¨bqSg«nrd½sPacMeJHrda½ PVi l k*ecjmuxxS gka PÂam. elsI BeI naH,elak Ey\"m sbM rU TTlY ekr‘d− MENl«nrda½ PVi lmun@ nvU cMeNaTF2M Ð erOg²s§r: ngi erOgevotmij.edayxÃHkgTahanedémºIbågûabBkY TSgenaH, rda½ PVi leFIkà arGMJvnavmYydlc' lna²s§r: edmé ºIkarrYbrYmKa~ «nExµrTSgGs' eqaõ Hmxu eTABYkevotmji , ehIyFanafangw elIkElgeTas[TSgGs' dcU kalBImnu . ExkJaï 1949, elak Ey\"m sbM Ur TTlY Cy& C÷nHmYy CamYykarsuMcHu cUl«nem²s§r: dab QnYEdlnSmknvU BlCae¨cInJnn' ak' (karcHu cUlenH VneF[Ià VrSgElgTku cti ‘eleI lak Ey\"m sbM Ur).edayCh÷ rVnrgw bwug BkI arcHu cUlrbs' dab QnY , ¨BHecAcab'ccarCamYyVrSgeTot. «f© 8 v^cÏki a1949, CamyY K~angw karcHu hteÄ lxayl¨' BmelIrdF½ mµnJu ïExµr eday¨bFan«nshPaBVrSg (¨bFanaFibt¨I beTsVrSg), snìisJaï VrSg-Exµr myY kV* n¨tèveFeIà LgI Edr. snsiì JïaenHTTlY sað l',tampèv cºabn' Uv \äkraC´\ «n¨beTskmC¬õ a. \saFarNrdV½ rSgTTlY sðal¨' BHraCaNac¨k¨kugkmC¬õ aCardä½ kraC´.\, eKGacGankg¬~ ma¨ta 1 «nsnsiì Jaï enH. bE\"u n‘ cHu mke¨kammk, karbgÅabgÅSgecHEtmaneLgI Ð ¨beTskmõC¬ anwgGacdak'cMNgTUtCamYy¨beTsäeTotVn(18) Tal'Etrd½aPiVlVrSgyl¨' Bm. Exrµ TTYlkar¨tçt¨taelIkgTB& ngi nKrVl, b\"uEn‘k~g¬ eBlNamansågðam bJØakarTahan¨tvè dak'mke¨kamVrSgv^j. CnCatiVrSgkg¬~ ¨sukExrµ enAEtmanGP&yäksTi ìiBei ss dcU Camni enAe¨kamcºabr' bsr' dE½ xrµ .l. edaysaµ nEtVnTTYlCy& Cn÷ HmYyeTot, elak Ey\"m sMbUr yksnsiì Jaï eTArd½sPa edémºIsukM aryl'¨Bm. rd½sPa mni ¨twmEtminyl'¨Bm, EfmTSgeVHeq~atdkesckT¶I ku citB‘ rI da½ PiVleTot,e¨kamkarC÷rju «nBkY tNM agraås‘ ¨bCaFibety´ EdlecaTfard½aPiVlVnkºt'. edaytUccti ‘Edr,elak Eym\" sbM Ur sM[u rds½ Padkesck¶Imni Tukcti e‘ naHeTAv^j, ebIBMeu naHeT nwgsu[M ¨BHraCarlM ay.rds½ PaenAEthgw~ dEdl, Ey\"m sbM Ur eFÃ[I es¶cyl¨' BmrMlay, ehIyk*slMu aQbC' amyY rda½ PVi lTSgmlU . CaelkI db÷ Ugbgsí ', ¨BHecA neratm¶ sIhnu e¨bmI a¨ta 21 (GNM acTSgGsG' mºalmaNecjmkB¨I BHraCa) ehIycuHraC¨kwt´mYy rMlayrd½sPa(19). edmé ºrI g'cSkareVHeqa~ tfé,µ GNM acTSgbu\"naµ nVn¨tèvepærmkes¶cvj^ eday¨bFanrd½sPa, elak eGov ekIs (GKeð lxaFki ar KNbk§¨bCaFibety´C÷nsY elak Qan v\"m) Edlyle' XIjfa Gsnsi‘ xu EdlmanenAk~¬g¨beTs BGuM ac[kareVHeqa~ teFÃeI TAedayerobryVneLyI . edaysKM alf' a snisì Jïa«f© 8 vc^ iÏka CaeCaKC&yelkI db÷ Ugk~g¬ kci ÍccarTarykäkraC´, ¨BHecAehAelak Eym\" sMbUr mkeFCÃI anaykrdm½ ånI‘vj^ ehyI \GnJu aï t‘i|[dk· nSrda½ PVi l edaymni Vc'manrd½sPa. elak Eym\" sbM rU fÃédºti Etmni VneF[Ià rds½ Payl'¨BmTTYlsnsìi Jïa«f© 8 v^ckiÏ a, k*enAEtbnk‘ ci cÍ carCamyY VrSgeTot, ehIycab'niyayKa~ GBM rI ebobcat'EcgkarGnvu tn‘ _. mind·gCamkBIehtuGEIà dr, VrSg¨sabE' tdkykeTAvj^ nUvkaryl¨' BmxÂHEdlxçÂnVn[elIerOgtlu akar ngi erOgkgTB& . R RR k¬g~ eBlEdlkci cÍ carkBM ugeFeÃI TATSg¨tdab¨tdYs, BYkevotmji kx* MB¨g·gtSgTrI bsx' ÂçnenA¨b-eTskmõ¬CaEdr. tamry: \kgT&B¨bCaCnExµrreM daH| EdlenAe¨kambJØakar sWg gku\" mji ehyI EdlbJHͬ bJlÍè VnExµr²s§r:xH enaH(20), evotmij¨bkaskarekIteLIg«n \rNsri §Catri YbrmY K~a«nExrµ

58esr,I FNUK|. «f© 14 mkra 1950 enAP~MeBj, G~kdk· nS¨bCaFbi ety´ eGov eksI Vn¨tèveKsma bn' gw ¨Kab'Ebk«dmYy, enAkg~¬ TIsa~ k'karKNbk§. kar¨bqSg«nBYk¨bCaFbi ety´Tl'ngw elakEym\" sMbUr kk* anE' txS geLgI @. karreM Cbé rMClY manrhtU eTAdl'k~g¬ v^T´aly& . rd½aPiVl¨tvè ehAkgrk§a²Ncèë in (eCégexAµ ) mkbågaû bBkY EdleFIÃ[¨Clç ¨cbl'. ExmIna 1950, sgW gk\"u mji (21)\GeJjIØ \ KN:kmaµ kar¨btbi tei‘ votmji «n Nam-bU (kUsSgsnIu ) [xM¨bgw E¨bgCamYy \kgTB& ¨bCaCnExµrreM daH\ edmé ºItyTu nì gw c¨kBtin‘ iymVrSg, ehIy¨bkaskarbegûét \rda½ PiVlbeNa¶ HGasn«~ nkmõ¬CaesrI\. Gsnis‘ xu ke* LIgdl'krM ti xsõ 'bMput. cracrtampvÂè Catni ana ¨tvè eFÃIeLIge¨kamkarkarJr«nkºçnrfyn‘Tahan (kugv&r). enAtam¨sukE¨scMkar, BkY ²s§r: - evotmji ¨tçt¨tadcU Carda½ PVi l\Tnmwæ | myY Edr(22). bNa¶ Cn¨tvè bgB' nìGakrmYyeTA[ \kgT&B¨bCaCn| tamry:KN:kmkµ arhri JïvtÄm¬ yY rbs' \kgT&B| enH. cMeJHmxu sÄankarNK_ rY [P&yVrm¸enH Eym\" sbM Ur etOnVrSg[qab'p¶l'GavFu yTu ìP&N¨ë Kb¨' Kan' edémºEI knTahan 5 000 nak.' dac'Exemsa, edmé ºIeqIy tbnwg \esck¶IGeJjIØ | rbs' sgW g\"ukmij, Tahan 3 000 nak' «nkgT&BEmnETnrbse' votmji «n Nam-bU pÂas'mktSgTIkg¬~ ext«‘ ¨BEvg. edayPy& Vrm¸, VrSgTamTar[elak Ey\"m sbM Ur cHu hteÄ lxaelkI ci ¨Í Bme¨BogbeNa¶ HGasnm~ Yy dak'kgexmrPmU ni æe¨kambJaØ karVrSg. Ey\"m sMbrU min¨Bm, VrSgbgÅ^tbgÅ÷¨BHraCa[pa s'rda½ PVi l. edaymYycEM NkeTot karbgt^Å bg÷dÅ UcK~aenH es¶cVnTTYlBIsNM akB' kY¨bCaFibety´Edr —EdleqHqYlxS gbnæab'BIXadkmµeleI lak eGov eksI — esc¶ k*bJÎbr' d½aPiVlEym\" sMbUr eTA, enA«f© 3 ÓsPa 1950. bnaæ bm' k k*manry:eBlCad÷Nak'mYy BqI ~S 1950(23) eTAqS~ 1951 EdlenAk¬~genaH v^bti‘KN:rd½månI‘ ektI manCabn‘bnæab'Ka~ (mÍas' \¨kumhgç | munIBg§, evCbØ Niët snu mm\" , elak Gßu÷ Qagsnßu ). k¬~gry:eBlenaH, ¨BHecAxnM iyayp§Hp§ar[Vt'xwgsmºar ¨bEk¨bkan'Ka~ , ehIyxBM n´l'[KNbk§TSgGs' clU rbY rYmKa~ kg¬~ rd½aPVi lb¨gbç b¨gmç CatimYy e¨kamkardk· nS«nelak Ey\"m sMbrU ,bEu\" n²‘ tVnkareLIy. kareVHeq~atenA«f© 5 kJaï 1951 [Cy& Cn÷ Hmg¶ eTot, CaelIkTI3 Cab'K~a, eTAKNbk§¨bCaFibety´ Ð 54 ekAGI kg¬~ cnM nY ekAGTI SgGs' 78, Tl'nwg 18 eTAKNbk§esrPI aB.«f© 12 tlu a, rda½ PVi l¨bCaFibety´ «nelak hußy kn¬lì TTlY esck¶ITukcti ‘BIrd½sPa. Cafémµ g¶eTot kartTlK' a~ rvag niti ngi ¨btbi ti‘ kc* ab'epé¶meLIg(24). CamyY ngw karsgôwmfa ngw VnGk~ \kN¶al| ma~ k' EdlGacCECkCamyY BkY ¨bCaFibety´¨BmTSgbJ¬ÍHbJèÍlBkY ²s§r: Tln' gw evotmij, ¨BHecAsMu[VrSgElgelak sgW g\"ukfan' mkv^j,EdleKbMbrbge' nAä¨sukVrSg. «f© 29 tula, elak sgW g\"ku fan' mkdl'P~MeBj, TTlY edayG~kKS¨T 5 000 nak' EdlsbºayrIkrayya\" gxS g. eTaHbIKat'Vnsn´a (tamGk~ xH fa) fanwgmin¨bLkèk~¬gerOgneyaVyk*eday, sWg guk\" fan' cabe' FIsà aCaféµ nvU karBn´¬H[¨bqSgnwgVrSg. edmé ºIkci eÍ nH,Katb' egûétsarBátmanmYyenAPe~M Bj eQµaH \Exrµ e¨kak|, ehIyeFIkà areXasnaenAtamext.‘ kg¬~ kci Ísnnæ aCasaFarN:mYyenA¨kugtaEkv, elak sgW guk\" fan' Edlmanelak Vc\" QWn (rdm½ ån¨I‘ ksYgeXasnakar«nrda½ PVi l hßyu knlì¬ ) CUnmkpg, beJjÍ cNM geCég«nkartyuTìrbs'Kat' РǨbeTskmõ¬Ca¨tèvTamTar[VrSgdkTB& xÂçnecjeTATSgGs', eTIbGaceFI[à manäkraC´eBjTI ngw [Cévt^neyaVyedérdcU Fmµtav^jÈ. VrSgv^nic&Ïyfa skmPµ aBelak sgW g\"ukfan' Gac[e¨KaHf~akd' l'

59sn‘si xu xÂçn (GFbi tIPaB), k[* biTsarBtá man Exrµ e¨kak enAExkmu ¸: 1952. sgW gku\" fan' k*e¨CéserIsmaKaá EdlenAsl' Ð cUl«¨B(25). «f© 9 mIna, EdlCa«fx© Yb äkraC´ ceM JHG~kbegtéû sarBtá mannKrvt‘ ngi Exrµ e¨kak, sgW gku\" fan' eFIÃesckGI¶ MJvnavdl'¨beTs [kanG' avuF¨byTu ì ykäkraC´,tamseM lgsaÄ nIyvT^ ´l¬ cY lakm' yY (26) enAP~MdgErk. edaymanG~kraCkarxagKym~aky' \"agsÃahab'—elak eGov suIcUv— CYyeFIÃkarpg, sWg g\"ku fan' x¨M bEm¨bmlU BkY ¨kum²s§r: EdlminTan'cuHcUlnwgraCrda½ PVi lenAeLyI (man ekA tk' Caedém), ehyI begéûtKN:kmkµ arExµrreM daHCatmi YyeTot.mni yUreLyI , kars÷¨uß KlMK~ak*ektI maneLgI rvagKNbk§¨bCaFibety´ nig clna²s§r:. tSgEtBIektI mk raCaFbi ety´BuEM dlTTYlkarKrM amkEM hgdUecH~ eLIy. edémºIC÷ruj[rd½aPiVl hyuß knlì¬Tma ke' borbs'xçn , ¨BHecA¨Vb'rda½ PiVl[catv' ^FankarN_CacSVc' Tln' gw clna²s§r:. mni ¨tmwEtmineFÃtI ames¶c, elak hußy kn¬ìl EfmTSg[cabm' it‘es¶cBrI nak'eTot Ð elak Ey\"m sMbrU nigln' nl'. 1-edayecaTBYktMNagraås‘¨bCaFbi ety´ fa¨cLyM k¨beyaCnK_ Nbk§xnÂç Ca¨beyaCn_¨beTsxçn , 2-ykelselIkarcab'elak Eym\" sbM Ur nig ln' nl,' ¨BHecAbJÎb'rda½ PVi l hyuß knìl¬ enA«f© 15 mifnu a 1952, ehIykann' aTnI aykrdm½ ånxI‘ çÂnäg. bnaæ b'BI \rd¨½ bhar¨tèvcºab'| enHmk, ¨BHecAsMeu TArd½sPa[Gnmu ti‘¨bKl'mknvU GMNacB-iessk~g¬ evlabqI S~ , edaysn´afanwgykäkraC´eBjT[I Vnk¬g~ ry:eBlbIq~SenH. edémºTI l'ngwclna²s§r:, es¶cdake' TArd½sPanvU KMeragfvk^ amYyEdl 30% Tukdk÷ lT' ije¨KOgGavFu , ehyI EdlsuMteM lgI BnìGakrTSgLay. escks¶I MuenHeFeIà TArds½ PaehIy, es¶cecjeTAesomrab ehIynSGtItem²s§r: dab QnY eF¨Ià btbi t‘ikarmYyrkcab' sgW g\"ukfan'. enAdN÷ ac'qS~ 1952 ¨BHecA¨tLb'mkP~MeBjv^j eday²tVneCaKCy& GÃIeLyI . k¬g~ raCFanI ¨BHecAVndg· fa rd½sPaVnTat'ecalTSgGs'nUvkarsuM[TTlY snsiì Jïa «f© 8 v^ckÏi a 1949 sMNuGM MNacBei ss ngw KMeragfvk^ ar. elsI BIenH BkY rd½mån‘I (Edle¨cnI Et¨kumjati‘esc¶ Ð maÍ s' sgu edt, sri mi t:, eb\"geV\"HyKu nrì .l. ¨Vb'es¶c[d·gBIkarbMrgu kºt'myY Edlcgr' MlayraCaFiety´. karrMeCébrCM lY k*VneTAdlB' Yksis§v^T´aly& eTot EdlnSK~aeFÃIkdU kmµ cabt' SgB«I f© 8 Fè~ 1952, kUdkmµEdlCabr' hUtCagmYyEx. elIkenH¨BHecAe¨bJI k´ecaT 3 Ð 1- faBkY ¨bCaFibety´xH Tak'Tgnwgevotmij(27), 2- faKN:kmkµ arnayk«nKNbk§¨bCaFiety´Vnbegtéû \KNkmkµ areFXIà atkmµ| myY (tMNagraås¶ 9 nak' Vn¨tvècabX' uXM Sg), 3- faeKe¨bhI ibkarTUtrbs'Vgkk edmé ºTI ak'Tgnwg sgW gu\"kfan.' rYcehyI esc¶ k*e¨bICaelkI TI2 nUvma¨taTI 21 «nrdF½ mµnJu ,ï edaycuHraC¨kwt´myY rMlayrds½ PaenA«f© 13 mkra 1953(28) nig¨ktw ´myY eTot¨bkase¨bIcºab'GaCÆaskw enA«fC© amyY K~a. niyayeTAkanG' k~ sarBátmanm~ak,' ¨BHecAfa Ð \rd½sPaVnka yeTACaTICr÷ krbs'karkºt'.ebIVrSgecjBI²Nèëcni eygI ngw VnäkraC´, ¨VkdehyI , bEu\" nV‘ nbun\" µanq~S? x¬MeÆ FIsà h¨btbi ti‘karpèÂvskw CamyY VrSg edmé ºIkarJresrPI aBeyIg. kg¬~ eBlCamyY K~a xÆM¬ccarCamYyVrSgkg~¬ bryi akasmyY esaµ H¨tg' edmé ºeI daH¨sayTnM asx' H . enHCaCh÷ rrbs'xMƬ!| (sarBátman \LmW gu\" |), «f© 18-19mkra 1953). edayytW Cagq©aye¨kayBkY ¨bCaFiety´ EdlCaK¨U bECg, es¶ceTbI ngw yln' y& Bti¨Vkdrbs'bNM g«n¨bCaraås‘ Ð äkraC´! . edmé ºI¨bEm¨bmlU Tak'Taj¨bCaraås‘, esc¶ enAslE' tmeF´aVymYyeT, K¨W tèvEtrk[VnnvU äkraC´enH. BueM naHesat raCaFei ty´ngw ¨tvè Vtb' g'eday

60ecosBuMrYc ebsI inCaclnaExrµ ²s§r: (CamyY sgW g\"ku fan' nig KN:kmkµ arExµrreM daHCati) É clnaExrµ -evotmij (CamyY nwg sgW g\"ku mij nigrd½aPVi lbeN¶aHGasn«~ nkmCõ¬ aesrI) deNém¶ ykäkraC´Vnmun. R RR dUc hCU mé ji Edr, ¨BHecAcgc' carykäkraC´enH qa© yBbI riyakasGaNanKi mnyi m. «f© 9kum¸: 1953, bnæabB' VI nepærtEM Ngnaykrdm½ ån‘eI TAelak Eb\"n ntu ngi dak¨' kum¨bkw §araCansu iTiì e¨kamkardk· nSrbs'sem¶c nerat¶m sru a¨mti Edl¨tvè CaÒBuk, ¨BHVT sIhnu ecjBPI ~eM BjeTA¨sukV-rSg. KWCakarcabe' pém¶ ry:eBl¨bvti¶saås¶ EdlBkY G~kneyaVysgðmraås¶nyi mVndake' QµaHfa\¨BHraCbUCnyI kmµedmé ºäI kraC´|. tSgBIeBlcuHsMctenA¨kgu r\"mU , ¨BHecAepÆsé armyY eTAelak vSu gsg' GUrIyU\"l (¨bFanaFti TI 1I «nsaFarNrdT½ I4 VrSg) bgúajkaryle' XjI «n¨BHecA elIkareF[IÃmanäkraC´enA¨beTskmCõ¬ a. mkdl¨' sukVrSg ¨BHVTshI nus~ak'enAä LaNaBlU (ktU dah§ç)ehyI epBéÆ ITIenaH nUvsbM u¨tCae¨cnI eTA vuSgsg' GUryI Ul\" , TamTar[epræ GNM acTahan ngi tulakarmkExrµ vj^ . «f© 25 mnI a eTIbeKTTYl¨BHraCaenAv^man eGlIeh§. kicÍsnæna shI nu-GUryI U\"l ²tecjCaGÃITSgGs,' e¨JHGUrIyUl\" eFÃICamni ¾Etmg¶ . ¨tLb'mkenAä hìgEtnb,è ¨BHecAxMeF[ÃI kci cÍ careTAmuxeLIgvj^ , edayTakT' gngw G~kTTlY xus¨tvè VrSgCae¨cnI . b\"uEn‘karTamTarTSgenH ²tVn¨tèveKTTlY¾eLIy. edaytUccit‘Edr, ¨BHecAnwkeXjI dl'shrd½Gaemrik EdlCaGk~ p¶l'GavuFe¨cInCageK (bnæab'BcI ni VnkÂayeTACakumµy¬ nsi ‘) dl'TB& VrSgenA²Nèëcin. bnaæ bB' VI nTukshkarmI YycnM nY [enAcSeFÃIkiccÍ carCamyY VrSg (elak Ebn\" nut nig sm sar)I , ¨BHraCaVnmkdl' m\"uger\"Gal' enA«f© 12emsa 1953, ehyI sa~ ke' nA kaNada mYyGaTit´ edmé ºeI F[ÃI BYksarBtá man kaNada ¨Cçt¨CabxÂH GMBeI rOgExµr. «f© 19 emsa ¨BHVTsIhnuVn¨tèvTTlY enA va\"sguI etan edayelak reI QtI nci sun(Gn¨u bFanaFbi tIGaemrki Sg). bnaæ b'mk ¨BHecACYbsnænak~g¬ eBlmYyema\" g CamyY rde½ lxaFikardlsÂw . eTAem«nkickÍ arTtU GaemrikSg ¨BHecAniyayfa Ð \ebImni rkkaredaH¨sayxagpvÂè neyaVyeT kar¨bgw E¨bgxageyaFa, eTaHbIGaemrki SgCYyemc¶ k*eday, kn* wgmni GacQH~ Edr. C&yCn÷ H mni GacykVneLyI eb¨I bCaraås‘mni cUlrmY k¬g~ kartyTu ì edaymanC÷enOfaxçn tyuTeì dmé º¨I beyaCnx_ Ânç . [äkraC´Bit¨Vkddl'¨beTsTSgLayenA²Nèëcin KeW FIÃ[¨beTsTSgenHylk' anE' tcºas' dl'karTTlY xsu ¨tvè rbsx' nÂç k~¬gsågðamenH, sågðamEdlkarQ~Hcaj' TTYlykcti T‘ ukdak' BeI lak¨bCaFibety´TSgmUl.| cemÂIyrbs' dlsÂw Ð \TlU bgð÷sn´anwg¨BHGgðfa kalNae¨KaHfa~ k'kmu y¬µ nsi G‘ s'BI¨beTs¨BHGgeð hyI , eygI nwgeFIGà ÃITSgGs'EdlGaceFÃeI TAVn edémºI[VrSgTTYlsðal'äkraC´ya\" geBjeljrbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGg.ð buE\" n‘drabNas¨tèvrYmrbse' yIg (evotmij) mni Tanb' raCy&eT –– ehyI ¨BHGgð¨Cabcºas'favamansmtPÄ aB ngi eVskMcat'ecalraCaFibety´Exµr ¨BmTSgTMenomTMlabd' ¨* tkalrbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgð, GariyFmá dc* asy' UrGEggà ehyI nig¨bCaFiety´d*ekµgrbs¨' BHGgð — drabNae¨KaHf~ak'd*FMenH EdlGacCae¨KaHfa~ k'dlC' évt^ rbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgðminTan'kcM at'VneT eyIgminGaceFÃ[I VrSgGs'cit‘Gs'kmÂSgVneLyI (ùùù). TMnasr' vag¨BHGgðnig

61VrSg ngw beM rIEt¨beyaCns_ ¨tèvrYmeygI eT.| (¨sge' cjBI \neyaVye¨kA¨beTskm¬Cõ a| edayrU\"eh§sµif). edayGaemrki Sglaypl¨beyaCn_xÂçn CamYypl¨beyaCn_VrSg, ¨BHecAkV* nxkcit‘m¶geTot. mnu nwgecjBjI vè yk\" mkPe~M Bjvj^ edaykat'tamtkU ´è ¨BHecAeFÃeI sckIE¶ fÂgkarNm_ YyeTAsarBtá manjvè yk\" Efm Ð tSgBIb\"nu aµ nq~SmkehIy, KMnitfaevotmji tyTu ìedémºäI kraC´«n¨beTs kanE' tmaneKeC¯e¨cnI eLIg kg¬~ BBkY vrCnExrµ . ebVI rSgmin[äkraC´kanE' te¨cIneLIgenAExµreT, kg~¬ 3-4 Exxagmxu enH Exrµ GacrYbrYmEmnETnCamYyevotmij. esckEI¶ fÂgkarNe_ nH eF[ÃI eKPÆak'epíél¨Kb'K~ak~¬gcMeNamG~kneyaVyVrSg, ehIyxÂHE¨skfaCa \kSbitPØgk' | (chantage). bnaæ bB' IkarKMramenH, V-rSgbnnæ '²riyabfbni‘c, ehIykci ÍccarVrSg-Exµr k*cabe' FeÃI LgI vj^ enAd÷Nac'Exemsa. «f© 9 ÓsPa1953, elak Ebn\" nut ngi elak d·mug\" Esl, rd½mån‘¨I ksYgshKtrd,½ cuHkci ͨBme¨Bog VrSg-ExµrmyY EdlenAk¬g~ enaH ExµrenAEtmni VnTTYl[eBjcti ‘EmnETn. VrSgmin¨Bm[es¶ceFÃI CaGKeð mbJaØ kar kgkmS g¨bqSgevotmji edaymanÓt¶mesnyI VrSgm~akC' aTI¨bkw §a, b\"uEn¨‘ BmTku [enAe¨kamkarTTYlxus¨tvè eBjTI«nkgexmrPUminæ PUmiPaKTSgLay EdlenAxaglicTene mKgð (ehAPUmPi aKsÃy&t). cMENkEdndEé dlenAcena HTene mKgð ngi ¨BMEdnExµr-ynY (EdlenAk¬~genaH evotmijdakT' B&Cag 10 000 nak') TbI JØakarVrSgTku sMrab'xÂçn (kgTB& Exµrman 12 kgvresnatcU Edl 6 Carbs'VrSg). cinenA¨sku ExµrclU mke¨kamnitbi Jtï ‘iExrµ buE\" n‘CnCatVi rSgenAEtmanGP&yäksiTìi mni clUe¨kamcºab'Exrµ eTot. karTas'ExÃgK~a elIerOghri JïvtĬ ngi esdk½ ci Í enAslT' Sg¨sug, ehIyTas'kan'EtxÂSgeTAeTot edayrda½ PVi lVrSg seM rcEtm~akä' g enA«f© 11 ÓsPa [bJ¬HÍ t«m¨Vk' \b´as\" |EdlcayCamyY K~akg¬~ ¨beTsTSg3 «n²Nëècni (Ganelxeyag 23) «f© 12 mfi nu a, bnaæ bB' VI nepræ dE÷ NgTSgGsm' g¶ eTot eTAelak Eb\"n ntu , ¨BHecAsMerccit‘eTAVgkk ehyI b\"genATIenaH edémºbI egtûé rd½aPiVle¨kA¨beTs (en exil) mYy. «f© 16, edaymanG~kmk CamYy 26 nak'pg (k¬~genaHmanmaÍ s' sIsu vu t‘i sirImt:, rd½månI¨‘ ksYgkarJr¨beTs), ¨BHecAmkdlV' gkk TTYledayÓtm¶ esnIy pav ¨sIya\"Nn, emnKrVl«f. enAPMe~ Bj, e¨kayeBlesc¶ecjd÷eNIr, v^T´C¬ atpi §aysarrbs¨' BHecAeTAVrSg Ð \edaycge' cosvagcmºSg É karbHeVrTl'nwg¨beTsVrSg —cmºSg É karbHeVrEdlExµrkanE' te¨cnI eLgI @ cg'eFI× x¬McÆ akecjBmI atPu mU iedémºIyk[VnnvU äkraC´Edl¨bCaCatEi xrµ cg'Vn, edaymincSVc[' karTak'TgCaPatrPaBCamyY¨beTsVrSgmane¨KaHf~akC' asaÄ BreLIy. ¨beTsVrSgeF[ÃI eKyl'eXIj, tamGakbºkiriyanigkarraErkrbs'xÂçn, faxÂnç mincg'[eLIy eTaHkg¬~ bcͬbºn~ eTaHkg¬~ GnaKt nvU äkraC´Bti ¨Vkd, EdlCavt¬ÄEtmyY GaceFCIà aedémTI «nsh¨bt‘bi t‘ikarpèÂvskw d*esµaH nigEdlman¨beyaCn_ rvag¨beTseygI TSg2ehIyedémºkI sagkarrbY rmY rbse' ygI k¬g~ shPaBVrSg. enA¨beTs«f, ¨BHecA EdlGaCaÆ Fr«fsKM al'faCaG~kePosxÂnç neyaVy Vn¨tèvesomhammin[eFsIà kmµPaBneyaVyGÃITSgGs.' ¨BHVTshI nu ¨BmTSgG~keTACamYy k*¨tLb'mkVt'db÷ gv^j EdlVnTTlY sÃy& PaBehyI . k¬g~ cena HeBlenaH enAPeM~ Bj, sPaBtantgw ke* kItmaneLIgrvagExrµ ngi VrSg. Ótm¶ esnIy dLã gk' a t, embJaØ karTB& eCégeKakenAkm¬õCa, ehAkgTahanCn÷ YymkBI¨sukynY edmé ºkI arJrsIvu l^ VrSg ¨bmaN 600 nak' eTA¨sukExµr. kgkarJr«nshPaBEdlman

62VrSg, ynY , ma\" rkU\" Sg ngi Gale' h§rIyag nigmankgkSePIg FM cSCYyKS¨Tpg, rayKa~ dak¨' Kb'kEnÂgyuTìsaås¶enA¨kgu PM~eBj. cEM NkxagExrµ , kgTahan«nvresnyI ¨tI But qay (GtItem²s§r:cHu cUlBIExÓsPa 1953) kank' abG' aKarraCkarTSgGs'. BI¨kgu Vt'db÷ g ¨BHecA¨Vb'VrSgfarda½ PiVlExµrTate' calkicͨBme¨Bog «f© 6 ÓsPa ehIysu[M eFIÃkci cÍ carfµé Edlk¬g~ enaH ExµrTamTarlknÅ ‘ik:myY dUc \dmU nI Ijg¬\" | rbs¨' beTsVK\" Isg‘ ' ceM JHmux¨beTsGg'eKs . «f© 2 kkdû a ¨BHraCaGMJvnavtamraCsarmyY eTA¨bCaCati ehA¨bmlU kmS grs'revké TSgGs'«n¨beTs edmé ºcI Srk§aTukäkraC´ edaybegétû kgCvé Bl nig narIkÂahan . Pa mmYyrMeBc bru sngi narI 20 000 nak' eqÂIytbngw karGMJvnavenH, ehIy¨bCuK÷ ~aenA¨kgu esomrab ngiVt'd÷bg. Eskí eLIg«f© 3 kkûda, rd½aPVi lVrSgrbs' LanEI jl ¨bC÷uKN:rd½mån‘I ehIy[kNM t'kicÍmYyeTAGKðs~gkar¨bcSsmaKtrdT½ SgbI, EdlenAk~¬genaHrda½ PVi lVrSgesf~I angw [ äkraC´e¨kaykci Íccarfeéµ Tot. edémºbI gaú jsqu næ:rbsx' nÂç VrSgdak'G~kkarTUtma~ k,' m\"UrIs dãh§g,' CaGKðs~gkarenA²Nèëcni . k¬g~ briyakasmYyEdltwgEdr, kiccÍ carVrSg-Exµr cabe' FÃeI LgI enA«f© 31 kkdû aenAPM~eBj rvagelak Ebn\" nut ngi elak dãh§g'. kci ÍccarenH VnecjCakar¨Bme¨BogCaelkId÷bgU myY enA«f© 9 shI a, elIkarepræ mkExrµ vj^ nUvGMNactulakar nignKrVl. «f© 17 tula 1953,esna¨bmxu h§èß vag\" , k~g¬ zan:CatNM ag«nkgT&BVrSg, eFIBà Fi eI præ GMNacTahanmk¨beTskmõC¬ a,ehyI bgètú cHu mkCasÄaBrnvU TgC' atVi rSg, kci ÍEdlbJÍb' 90 qS~ «nGaNanKi mkmµrbsV' rSg. «f© 8vc^ Ïika 1953, ¨BHecAshI nu eFÃId÷eNrI cUldm* aneCaKCy& k¬g~ ¨kgu P~MeBj, ehIysmy& mYyeTotkc* ab'ebIkTMB&reLgI , smy& sgðmraåsn‘ iym(29) sm&y«nGNM acpaæ l'xçÂn. ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

63 GFbi ºay(1) erOgstÃesk ngi erOgknU cab Edlsemc¶ shI nEu fg k~¬g \²Nëècni eXjI BIebk\" Sg| bJÍSg yag\" cºas'nUvsaÄ nPaBenH.(2) elak V\"c QnW Vn¨tèveK (Cbun\" ) edaHElgBIekaH¨tLac e¨kayBVI nCabX' MuXSgcMnnY BrI q~S. k~g¬ esovePA \kmC¬õ akg¬~ sågðamenAGasIuPaKGeK~y_| Lwk ehatan' nig ma\"lxum xatE' vl sresrfa elakGacar´ ecov EdlCab'CamYyKa~ ngw elak V\"c QWn VnsKu t \e¨kamTaruN kmµ ÉedayeKykeTA¨bharCévt^ |.(3) BkY EdltTln' gw raCaFbi ety´enH EbkCaBIrcMENkeTAeTot : BYkT1I , EdleKVnehAfaBkY \xags¶S|, ¨bmUlpG¬¶÷ ~kEdlVneCaKCSe¨cnI ngw t«mb swmÍ Tsi ehIyEdlcge' XjI ¨beTs xÂnç mansÄabn& neyaVyngi sgðmkicÍ dUcEdlmanenAbsmÍw ¨beTs. BYkTI2, \xageqgà | Ca nmi ti r‘ Ub«nkarbHeVrrbs'TbIà GasIuTln' wgbswÍmTis. mnus§EdlenAk~¬gBkY TI 2 enH e¨cInEt VnTTlY cMeNHvC^ Øa nigkarGb'rMenAbsmÍw ¨beTs. buE\" n‘G~kTSgenH Tate' calTSg¨sgu nvU t«m bsmÍw ¨beTs EdlxÂnç ylf' aCaedémehtu «nkarBku rlyY nig¨TDu e¨Tamrbss' gmð xÂçn. BYk enHCakmS g«nrbbrYmsMVc'enAGasI.u(4) e¨bob¨bdUceTA¨beTsevotNam rdk½ arGaNanKi mVn¨Begéykeny‘I TSg¨sgu ceM JHkarGb'rM enA¨beTskmõC¬ a. enAq~S 1939 eBlEdl¨beTskm¬õCamansis§EtbnY nakk' g¬~ mF´msik§a PaKT2I ¨beTsevotNammansaklvT^ ´al&ymYyeTAehyI (1904). kg¬~ q~S 1937 enA ¨beTs«f mhav^T´al&yv^T´asaåsn¶ eyaVy zamµa\"sat VnebIkTÃareLgI edmé ºIGbr' GM ~k neyaVy ngi G~kkarTUt. eBlEdlqgwí xg~ rbse' votNammansTu ìEtG~kBhbu eckÍ eTs bNtië vs^ Ãkr G~knti si aås¶ .l. ¨beTskmCõ¬ aenABIe¨kayqa© yNas.' eday²tmankar emlI gay eyIg¨tèvEtebIkEPk~ [eXjI fa rd½mån‘ITI1 rd½månI‘ Ótm¶ esnIy tNM agraås¶ TtU .l. elIkElgEtmyY cnM nY tUc mankrM itkarGbr' ¨M twmEtmF´mski §a. GttI sis§salard½ VlTSgenaH (salaEdlVrSgbegéûtedémºeI FÃI[m\"asuInrdk½ arGaNaniKmxçÂnedér) ¨ttç ¨taya\" g dac'muxelI¨beTskmCõ¬ a k¬g~ ry:evlaCag 25 qS~ . eBlEdlyvu CnecjBImhav^T´al&y mkdle' lqI akCévt^ ¨beTs TnM asr' hUtdl'rvagCn÷ anm' nsu § (conflit de génération) ke* ktI man eLIg. VtuPUt hyßu nmi -hßU yn'-exov spM n CalTpì l«nTMnase' naH. edémºI¨kjSbuN´ sk¶ixnç [Cab' nahnµW pæbm' ni [eLIgekµgNa Edlmin¨BmcUlk~g¬ e¨KOgyn‘BukrlYyrbsx' Ânç . dcU BYkcni Edr nahnWµ e¨bcI NM gGaJh_BiJh_ edémºTI ak'ekµg[mkCamYyxçn . mhav^eyaK«n ¨bCaCnExrµ sB«Ã f© CakarkÂaymYy«nde÷ ×sgðmenH.(5) suTì bUl\" In nig EbNß a haEml\" VnsresresovePAmYyeQµaH \skÅPI aBGBM mI nsu §XadenA km¬õCa| EdlenAk~g¬ ceM NamesovePAmuneKTSgGs' (1976) EdlVn¨Vbm' tiGn‘rCati GMBI mhave^ yaKExµr.(6) Gk~ eVHeq~at ¨tèveqÂyI ngw sMnrY 5 :

64 1) ¨bCaCncg[' ¨beTsVnäkraC´eBjTI ÉeT? 2) ¨bCaCncg'¨bqSgngw karvl^ ¨tLbm' kv^j «nVrSg ÉeT? 3) ¨bCaCneBjcit‘ngw karbegtéû mxu garCardm½ ån‘ITI1 ÉeT? 4) ¨bCaCnTku cti ‘ÉeT elrI da½ PiVlsB«Ã f© Edlmanelak sWg guk\" fan' CaG~kdk· nS ehyI Edlmanebskkmµd*xsõ ' ¨tèvkarJrngi rk§aTku CasÄaBr nUväkraC´ngi esrPI aB ¨beTs? 5) ¨bCaCncg'VnÉeT nvU karkarJrBIsNM akm' haGNM acbreTsNamyY ? (bkE¨b). kg¬~ cMeNam G~kmaneQµaHkg¬~ bJIØeVHeqa~ tTSg 674 048 nak' Gk~ EdlVneVHman cnM Yn 541 470 nak' ehyI VneqyI 100% fa \cg'| eTAsMnrY T1I ngi TI2, fa \eBjcti |‘ eTA snM YrT3I , fa \Tku cti |‘ eTAsnM rY T4I , ehIyfa \eT| eTAsMnYrTI5 (dkecjBI \savta«nGasIu GeKy~ _| eday hlÃI BI dvã ^ElÂ).(7) tamGk~ nBi nì davD^ Es‘gEbkß clnaExµr²s§r: Edlelak sgW gu\"kfan' CaG~kbegtéû Vnman eLIgtSgBqI S~ 1941 (?) KmW nu eBlEdl sgW gu\"kfan' ¨tèvVrSgrkcab' ehIyePosxçÂnmk Vgkk rcY mktUk´.è clnaenHcab'bds^ neiì lITwkdéEdlVrSg[eTAesom tamsnìsi Jaï ¨kug tkU ´èq~S 1941. tamG~kniBnìdEdl, k~g¬ cena HqS~ 1941 nig 1945 BYkGk~ Catinyi mmyY ¨kmu e¨kamkardk· nS«n sgW guk\" fan' ehyI EdlVnePosxnç eTAenA¨beTs«f VneFIkà arerobcM rcnasmnõ «ì nclnaenH edaymanesomCyY pg (elak fan' cuH-eLgI Vgkk-tkU ´è É GIÃ?). «f© 8 sIha 1946 kg²s§r:cUlvay¨kugesomrab kan'kab'Ggrð vt‘ ehIyVj'ecalnay TahanVrSgBIrnak'enATIenaH. eBlEdlesom[ext‘TSg 5 mkExrµ vj^ enAExvc^ kÏi a 1946 (Ganelxeyag 13) BkY em²s§r:¨tèv¨tLb'eTAenAVgkkvj^ EdlenATIenaHBYkG~kCatni yi m äeTot@ ecHEtmkbnb‘ naæ bK' a~ . ExkJïa 1947 BkY enAVgkk¨bkaskarektI eLgI «n \rda½ P-i Vl «n kmC¬õ aesr|I EdlVn¨tvè TTlY sað l'edayrd½aPVi l«frbs' ¨BDi I PMy~ g'. buE\" n‘ dl' Piblu sågað m ¨tLbm' kkan'GMNacv^j Exµr²s§r:Vn¨tvè eKhamXat' mni [eFÃIskmµPaBelI Tkw déesom. ¨tLb'mk¨beTskmõC¬ av^j G~kd·knS²s§r:¨bmaN 12 nak' begéûtKN:kmaµ Fki arExµr reM daHCatmi Yy e¨kamGFibtPI aBrbs' dab QnY . KN:kmµakarenH²tVnman¨bsiTPì aB e¨JHem@ rk¨tèvK~aBeuM ktI ehIym~ak'@ eFIÃtamkaryl'eXIjerogxÂçn kg¬~ Twkdmé @¶M¬ EdlxÂçn¨kjS Vn KfW a²tmanedré tamEx§neyaVyrYmGIÃmyY eLyI . emPaKe¨cIn eFÃIecarkmµbÂn'raåsE‘ tmg¶ . Gk~ pgGacenAcSGBM ¨I kmu ²s§r:ds* ahav dk· nSedayeQaµ H esob, tk,' yI .l. ¨kmu ecarenH ¨b¨Bwty‘ \"agskmµtam¨BEM dnExrµ -«f Caehteu F[Ià rGak'rGlY xS g dlk' arrt'BnìGavuFEdlevot mijTji BI¨sku esom ykeTA[kgäkPaBenAynY xagtºèg. tamry: \kgTB& ¨bCaCnExµr reM daH| (APKL) rbsx' nÂç evotmji xbM JͬHbJlèÍ BkY em²s§r:. k¬~gBkY enH xÂHk¨* Bmedré CamYy xH eTotmin¨BmehIyk*vayevotmijEdr. eqyÂI tbngw karehA[cuHclU «nraCrda½ PVi l Gk~ Edlmkmnu eK KW dab QYn (e¨kaymk Ótm¶ esnIy QYn m¬lØ eB¨C, kºt'ehyI Vn¨tèveK sMLabe' nAq~S 1959) k¬~gExkJaï 1949, rcY ehyI Cabn‘bnaæ b' man : Btu -qay nig GcUß nli

65(8) eB¨C enAExÓsPa 1953, neratm¶ cnræ g§I nig savag\" vg§ enAExkmu ¸: 1954 (e¨kayVnäk(9) raC´). kg~¬ Exkmu :¸ 1954 dEdl eGo suIcvU mkdlP' e~M BjedémºIccarkarcHu clU «n sWg gu\"k fan.' mindg· CamkBIehtGu IEà dr karccarenH²tVnecjCaGIà ehIy sgW gk\"u fan' km* in¨Bm(10) clU ngw esc¶ .(11) manExrµ kmC¬õ ae¨kameygI Cae¨cIn EdlVnkan'kabm' uxgarFM@ k~¬grdk½ arevotNamxagtºgè (CaBi(12) esse¨kayegaD\" ni eyom) TSgsIvu l^ TSgTahan. elak sgW «f egÿg EdleKsað lN' as' enAkmõC¬ ae¨kam enAk¬~gcMeNamExµrkmC¬õ ae¨kamEdlVneFCÃI asmaC^k¨BwTìsPaevotNamxag(13) tºèg. tamkci ͨBme¨BogenAh§WENvq~S 1954 kgTahanbreTsTSgGs' TSgevotmij TSgVrSg ¨tvè ecjB¨I beTskmõ¬Ca. tamsMN«Mu nraCrda½ PVi l mhaGNM acF@M ¨Bm[¨beTskmC¬õ a TTlY sm¸ar:skw ngi bKu ðlikTahanbreTs (cMnYnmankrM it) edémºkI arJrTwkdéxnÂç . CeU GnLay Edlxa cE¨kg¨beTsExrµ ngi ¨beTslavFÂak'e¨kam²TBìi lGaemrki Sg Vnyl'¨Bm²tC÷Tas' eBlEdlKatd' ·gfa rd½aPiVlExrµ gakeTArkVrSgm¶geTot edmé ºkI sagkgT&Bxçn . KN:eb- skkmµeyaFaVrSgenAEtbns‘ kmµPaBeTAeTot rhUtdlE' xmnI a 1970. ¨BHecAmkdl¨' sukVrSg enA«f© 12 ÓsPa 1946 ceM BlEdleKkBM gu eFkÃI areXasnaeVH eqa~ t. esc¶ VneTACbY ngw ehÃlic hvèð a\"g' EdlCn÷ Ys deã hðal EdlVnlaQb'. «f© 26 mifuna eday²tmanePg PÂatk' g¬¶ k¶SgdcU kalmkdl'Edr ¨BHecAecjB¨I sku VrSgmk¨sukExrµ . kg¬~ cena HeBlenaH h§ßk bßédU VnCab'eqa~ tCanaykrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~. tam miltun Gsu sºnß KNbk§eCOnelOn rbs'maÍ s' m\"gu taNa Vn¨tvè temÂIgedayBYk KhbtIExµr-cin enAPM~eBj. G~keVHeqa~ tC÷nan'enaH sTu ìEtePT¨busTSgGs' e¨JHnarI EdlkalenaH eKdak'Tku kg~¬ f~akT' I2 «nEpnsgðm ²tTanm' ansiTeìi VHeqa~ tenAeLyI . m´ag\" eTot kareVHeq~atsm&yenaH ²tman cUleTAdl'BPi Bkski reT QH~ caj'KeW nAelTI I¨kgu nigTI¨bCC÷u nTSgGs'. bu\"Enk‘ g~¬ kal:eTs: sBëfe© nH bnaæ bB' VI neXIjkarBku rlYy«n¨KçsarExµrCae¨cIn -karBku rlYyEdlVnnSExrµ ¨khmmkkan'GNM ac, snM YrmYy¨tvè EtecaTeLgI : eTaHbxI Ânç KYrmansTi iìeVHeq~atke* day etInarI Exrµ cg'enA¨twmEtPriya Écg'eTACaBlrd½Edr? e¨kamkarTamTarrbs'VrSg edémºyI kBeI somv^jnUvTkw déExµrniglav Edlsnìsi Jïa¨kgu tkU ´è qS~ 1941 Vn[eTAesom rda½ PVi l«frbs' esnI¨VemaCØ yl¨' BmCECkCamyY tNM agrd½a PiVlbeN¶aHGasnV~ rSg enA«¨BnKrk~¬g«f© 9 emsa 1946. edaykarCECkenH²tecjCa GIÃ[Cakl' ak' Óbºtie‘ httu am¨BMEdnk*ekItmaneLgI cab'BEI xÓsPa. «f© 24 shI a, 4 «fm© un eBlEdlGgðkarsh¨bCaCati ¨tèvBiPak§aeleI bkÅPaB«n¨beTs«f, VrSg¨Vb'eTArda½ PiVl GaemrikSgfa xçÂnnwgmni ykkarTamTarTkw déenH eTAdak'muxtlu akarGnr‘ CatienA LaeGy eT (dcU Edl«fVnesé~) b\"Eu nx‘ Âçnngw bns‘ ågað mCamyY ¨beTs«f ehyI ngw e¨bsI Ti ìmi in¨Bmdac' Ghgûa (veto) rbsx' Âçn Tl'ngw karcUl«n¨beTs«fk¬~g Gùsùbù. CamYynwgkarsrM uHsMrYl rbs'rda½ PiVlGaemrikSg karCECkK~aVrSg-«f k*cab'eFÃeI LIgvj^ k¬~gExkJïa mg¶ enHenA

66(14) va\"sugI etan. kci ÍccarVn¨tèvnSedaymaÍ s' van\" «v\"f´akn xagesom nigedayelak h§kß BkI U(15) (rdT½ UtenA eve\" Nh§eßè GLa) xagVrSg. «f© 17 v^cikÏ a 1946 kicÍsn´aVrSg-«f myY k*Vn ¨tèveFÃeI LIg edaylb'snìisJïa¨kgu tkU ´qè ~S 1941. 3 GaTti ´e¨kaymk kgTahanVrSgk* clU kank' ab' Vtd' ÷bgv^j. rdF½ mnµ uJïEdlVrSge¨bIrhUtdle' Blcb'sågðam Vn¨tvè eFÃIeLIgtSgBIq~S 1875 (saFarN rdT½ I3). k¬g~ Extula 1945 e¨kamkareseI~ yabl«' nÓtm¶ esnIy deã hðal ¨bCaCnVrSgVn eVHeqa~ t¨Bmpa sr' dF½ mµnuJï ehIyerIsk~¬geBlCamYyK~anvU sPaeroberogrd½Fmnµ Ju ïmYy Edl [GNM acTSgGs'eTArd½sPa (mankarersI ¨bFanaFbi tICaedmé ). dake' TA[¨bCaCnsMerctam ¨bCamti enAExÓsPa 1946 KeM ragenHVn¨tèvVrSgTate' calk~g¬ PaK 53% Tl'ngw 47% . KMeragrdF½ mµnuJeï nH Vn¨tèvExµrykmkeFÃICaKMr.U Gk~ ski §aneyaVyxH VneQ©akBinti ´rd½ Fmnµ uJïExµrq~S 1947. elak Lakes cHu k~¬gniekbÅ bTKatf' a \rd½FmµnJu qï S~ 1947 Vn¨tèveFIà eLIgedayyvu CnExµrmyY ¨kum Edlmni Vndg· cºasn' Uvkar¨tèvkarBit¨Vkd«n¨beTs. eBl xÂH Gk~ TSgenaHe¨cnI Et¨cLyM kpl¨beyaCn«_ nvN:ö xnç , vNö:fmµé Yy«nG~kEdlmanPB& Cà ag eK, Ca¨beyaCn_rbs'¨bCaCn. ehIy¨kumenH KWEpk~ dk· nS«nKNbk§¨bCaFibety´|. (M. Larché) . elak PYg tnu k~g¬ \niekbÅ bTelkI arv^btEi‘ xrµ | sresrfa Ð rd½Fmnµ uJ«ï nqS~ 1947 Ca s~a«d«nvN:ö G~kmanmF´m«n¨bCaCati (Bourgeoisie nationale) Edledaycg'eLgI kan'GMNac, Vneq¿t{kaslíe¨kayeBlcbs' ågað melakelIkTI2 edmé ºsI resresckIE¶ cgcºab'myY EdlbMer¨I beyaCn_xçÂn. dUec~H rbbraCaFbi ety´féEµ dlmanrd½sPaenH ¨KanE' tTTlY sað lC' a pvè kar nigkarJrkarmane¨bobngi GPy& äksiTìEi dlykVnedayvNö:manPB& Tà SgLay . ùùù rdF½ mnµ Ju Eï xrµ féµ dºti EtykKnM ti tamKMr¨U bCaFibety´mYy, Vnykcit‘Tku dak'mni [eday cºas'nvU GFbi tPI aBeTA¨bCaCat,i dcU EdlVneFrÃI dF½ mµnuJPï aKe¨cIn Edl¨bkbeday¨bCaF-i bety´ngi esrIPaB «n¨beTsGasPIu aKGeK~y_, ÓTahrN_ ma¨ta 3 «nrd½Fmnµ Ju ï«f«nqS~ 1949 Ð \GNM acCaGFibteI cjmkBI¨bCaCnesom. ¨BHraCa kg¬~ zan:Ca¨bmuxrd½ e¨bGI NM ac enHtamesckI¶catE' cg«nrdF½ mµnJu ï.| dUcKa~ Edr rdF½ mnµ Ju ïlav«nq~S 1947 ma¨ta 3 Ð GFbi tI PaBCatei cjmkTSgmUlBI¨bCaCnlav. e¨kaymk elak jkw CUL¬g [KNbk§exmr:buNkö ar eTAelak ln' nl' kank' ab.' Vn buN´Vnsk& ie¶ ¨kammb e' lak CUL¬g, elak ln' nl' clU mkya\" grmTm´ k¬g~ qakneyaVy Exµr edayd·knSKNbk§enH EdlsmaCk^ e¨cnI EtExµrkm¬õCae¨kam. nSeTAKal¨' BHecAeday Gk~ KSJrrbsx' nç —elak CUL¬g— månIx‘ agnKrVl ln' nl' Vn¨tvè eKcab'eVHeTAelICa vr:esnyI eTa ehIyEtgtSgCaGk~ TTlY xus¨tèvk¬~gextV‘ t'd÷bg elkI artyuTTì ln' wgBkY ²s§r:rbs' sWg gk\"u fan' kg¬~ ExF~è 1952. mYyExe¨kayBIVnäkraC´ ¨BHVT sIhnu eFèI btibt‘ki ar \samK|ðI k~g¬ ext‘Vt'db÷ g, enAExFè~ 1953, edémºrI kvayevotmij. KeW nAk¬g~ ¨btibtik‘ ar \samKð|I enHehyI , EdlsamKIPð aB ln' nl' — sIhnu VnektI eLIg. samKIð PaB Edl 17 qS~ e¨kaymkVnrlay, ehIyka yeTACamhaekalahlcMeJH¨bCaCatiExµr.

67(16) elak ln' nl', Exrµ kmõC¬ ae¨kamekItenAeragdr÷ I (taynij), VnTTlY pûayT1I rbsK' at'enAqS~ 1955, q~SEdlKatV' n¨tèvEtgtSgCanayGKeð snaFikar «nkgexmr:PmU inæ.(17) ¨Kab'EbkEdlFa ke' lkI MBg'Ep haypug enA«f© 24 v^ciÏka 1946 VnkMeTckci Ísn´a sSgtnW I hUCémij. «f© 19 F,~è karbHeVrenAhaNyU [sJaï «nkarcabe' pé¶msågað melIkTI1 «n²Nëè(18) cni . ExmnI a 1947 dah§ge' l´I Vn¨tèvCn÷ sY eday blu LaEGß. edmé ºIrkmeF´aVybJÍb'(19) sågðam, bulLaEGß elgsnkw eboVvday, EdlenAähgu kug e¨kameQµaHfamaÍ s' vj^ Fuy.(20) Vvday vayt«mP Âam Ð PØab'kUsSgsInu mkevotNam. rds½ PaVrSgeVHeq~atPØab' kUsSg(21) snuI eTAevotNam enA«f© 21 ÓsPa 1949.(22) nyi ay[Bit, edayxlà 'nwgcMeNaTkg¬~ ¨sku xS geBk bJaú lknÅ i‘k:«nksU SgsInu mni svU Vn TTlY karykcit‘Tukdak'BrI aCrda½ PVi lb\"unµaneT. enA«fT© I 11 mnI a 1948 sPa«nshPaB VrSgBni it´KMeragkarbegûté ¨kmu Cn÷ Mmu yY enAksU SgsuIn EdlmanPar:eVHeqa~ t \yl'¨Bmɨb qSg| ngi karPaØ bk' sU SgsIunmkevotNam. KMeragkarenHllI aTSg¨sgu ÉemlI gayExµrBn' eBk e¨JHk¬~gsmaC^k 64 nak' EdleKbMrgu [mank¬g~ ¨kmu Cn÷ uMenaH, 48 nak' CaCnCatiyYn 16 nak' CaCnCatVi rSg. k¬~gkicBÍ Pi ak§aelIKeM ragkarllI aenH, KN:¨btPi EU xrµ Edldk· nSeday mÍas'k§¨tI BgI JgyKu nìr ²tVnsvU matk' eT, ehIydl'eBleVHeq~at KN:¨btPi UVneVH ùùù GnubºvaT. bnaæ b'BGI g'eKs nigshrd½Gaemrki , ¨beTskaNada TTlY sðal'¨beTskmõ¬Card½äkraC´ enA «f©TI 30 F~è 1953. kg¬~ \savta«nGasIPu aKGeKy~ _|, hlßÃé IB dã rIEl bJaØ k'«f© 18 kJïa 1949 Etmin[edémehtu «nkarrMlayrd½sPaenHeT. ebItam r\"eU hߧsµif \k¬~gneyaVye¨kA¨beTskm¬Cõ a|, karrMlay enHVn¨tvè eFÃIeLIge¨kaysnìisJïa«nExv^ckÏi a 1949. tSgBEI xmkra 1947, tNM agExrµ ²s§r:CamyY K~anwgtNM aglavesrI ngi tNM agevotNam esr,I Vnbegtûé KN:kmkµ arcMrHu Gci«åny‘ _mYy edmé ºeI FI[à maneLgI nUvsh¨btbi ti‘karBti ¨Vkd ehIyman¨bsTi Pì aBel«I pnæ eyaVy, esd½kci ,Í eyaFa nigTtU k~g¬ kartyuTrì mY Tl'nwgc¨kBt‘i niymVrSg. KN:kmµkarenHVnepÆéesckI¶GJM vnavmYyeTArd½aPVi l sùrùGaù (sarBtá man LmW g\"u d,_ «fT© I 7/1/47). BiteBkeTAehyI , \sgW gku\" mji | CaeQµaHbegtéû edayBkY evotmij. ¨KanE' t¾eKsgaû Pa mfa E¨kgbgbèní sWg g\"ku fan.' VrSg²tVncSyUreLyI edémºeI caT sWg gk\"u fan' facUlCamyY evotmji eBlEdlKat'cUl«¨BenAExmina 1952. enAkg¬~ ¨kgu TSgLay, evotmji k*manskmµPaBxÂSgEdr. k~¬gBBYkynY Gena‘ ¨bevsn_, evotmij ersI mnsu §eFèI kumP~akg' arsma© tk' ¬~gkicÍpl¶ e' sº¿g Ggðasluy, TijfS~ , TijGgrû .l. dl' eQaµ Hfa \evotmji | VnVtC' amyY karedré ecjeTArbs'VrSg, eQaµ Hfa \evotkug| k*ekItman eLIgCamYykarclU mk«nGaemrki Sg. b\"uEn‘KW¨kmu P~akg' arsm©at'dEdlh~gw , EdleKdas[' eFIà skmµPaBeLgI v^jk~¬gsågað mT2I «n²Nècë ni .

68(23) enAqS~ 1950, e¨kamkarerobcrM bs'VrSg, ¨beTs²NèëcinTSgbIC÷nuMK~aenA¨kgu beU\" dmé ºIeFÃIlknÅ ki‘ :(24) «n \shKtrd½|. ¨beTssmaCk^ TSgenH¨Bme¨BogeF[Ià manEtmyY nUv¨kdas¨Vk,' kci Íkar FnaKarngi Ky edaymankarEckK~anUvcMNlU BnìKy kMBg'Ep«¨BnKrVneTACaEpsyà &t. Gk~ pgGaccSVnGBM I¨kdas¨Vk' 100 EdlmanrbU narIExµr lav ngi ynY , ehyI EdlcayVn enAevogcnæn_ É«¨BnKrdUcCaenAPM~eBjEdr. kg¬~ karEckKa~ nUvcNM lU BnìKy, Gk~ kan'esd½kicÍ Exµr eBlenaHVnbeN¶ay[ynY mane¨BobCag, eday¨beTskm¬õCaykEt 23% k~¬geBl EdlxÂnç CaG~kpl¶ v' t¬ÄFatuedémTSgGs' —CaBei ssxagksikmµ— eTA[¨sku ynY EdlbeJÍj tamÓs§ahk_ meµ TACaplti pls¨mab'lkt' eTAeTot. ExÓsPa 1953, rda½ PiVlVrSg ¨sabE' tEtbJ¬HÍ Etm~ak'ägnUvt«m¨Vk' \b´a\" s| enaH, karbJÍH¬ t«mE dleFI[à ¨beTsTSgbI minsbºaycitC‘ axS g. «f© 25 kmu ¸: 1954, bIExe¨kayäkraC´, VrSgTTlY sðal'eKalKnM it «nGFibtIPaBExrµ xagerOgesdk½ ci Í, ¨kdas¨Vk,' KynighirJïvt¬Ä. edmé ºIC÷rujesdk½ icxÍ nÂç Edl kBM gu mankarBiVk, ¨beTskm¬Cõ a TarykcEM Nkxnç xagcNM lU BnKì yEdleLgI dl' 800 lan b´a\" s. dcU eKGacrg'cS, yYnpbæ 'kargarenHedayButeFCIà aeQa HCamyY Exrµ . bnæabm' k edon ebonP,U h§EW Nv, sågðam²Ncëè ni TI2 eF[Ià karTar \Cae¨cnI elkI e¨cIndg| rbs'Exµr²t VnplGITà SgGs.' VrSg, eq¿t{kasBICemÂaHExrµ —yYnenH, Vnyk¨Vk'TSglanenHe¨bI ¨Vs'eTA. ¨VkE' dlCarbsr' dE½ xµrenH enAk~g¬ FnaKaVrSgrhUtsB«Ã f©. BitehyI , kg¬~ ¨beTsmYyEdlcab'tSgBeI kIteLgI Vnsað l'Etrbb«nes¶cCamÍas'Cév^t, kar yle' XIjGBM IKNbk§neyaVy BiVk¨Cçt¨Cab[cºas'eTAk~¬g¨sTabr' aås‘¨bCaEdr. bE\"u n‘ eCaKC&y«nKNbk§¨bCaFbi ety´ BitCaeCaKC&yneyaVymyY ehIy e¨JHKNbk§enH taglnM SPaKe¨cIn«n¨beTs Ð lMnSäkraC´nyi m. karvn^ icy&Ï rbs'breTsm~ak'elKI Nbk§ ¨bCaFei ty´, KrY eygI ykmkBni it´Edr Ð \rd½sPaminse¨mckar elIneyaVyExµr CagKN: kmµkarnayk«nKNbk§¨bCaFibety´eT. KN:kmkµ arenHCaGgðkarGafká VM gM myY , ²tTTYl xus¨tèvcMeJHmxu G~kNaeLIy, bu\"En¨‘ ttç ¨taelIkarse¨mc«nrdm½ ånTI‘ SgGsn' igelIskmµPaB «nGk~ raCkarFM@. BYk¨bCaFibety´d·knSrde½ dayrebobkan'bk§BYk, bJͬHbJlÍè rk«deCég rbs'xçÂnk¬g~ BYkG~kraCkar, eFIÃ[kicÍkarraCkar¨cbkU ¨cblV' ts' Na¶ bF' ~ab,' begtûé eLgI eday ehteu nH nvU karmni sbºaycit‘Cae¨cnI , ehIyCajwkjy, minTSgcHu sMrgu rvagK~aägpg. ùùù EmnETneTA, edayehtufalkÅN:xÂçnngi eKaledAxçn enAEt²tTnM ak'TnM gGCÃI amyY mhaCn EdlCa¨bCaksikr, KNbk§TSgLayxti xEM teFIÃxnç [eTACa \smaKm«nGk~ manPB& Ã| Edl xÃl'xaà yEtrkmuxrbrnigrkekAGI[smaCk^ xÂnç . BkY ¨bCaFbi ety´VneFrIà d½FmµnuJ,ï bEu\" nk‘ ¬g~ kare¨skXÂanGNM acrbsx' nÂç ehyI edaysµanfanwgGacrk§aTukVnyUrnvU kard·knSkickÍ ar TSgLay, BYkenHVnePc faenAk¬~gstirbs'raås‘ es¶cenAEtmann&yfa \Cat|i , esc¶ CaTIBwg BnM ak' CaG~kkarJrraås¶FbM pM ut. eKePÂcfaeBlNamanvb^ t‘,i mhaCnnigesckI¶sgômw rbs' xçn nwggakeTArkes¶ceT, minEmngakeTArkKNbk§eLyI . edayxçn ¨bqSgnwges¶c, KN- bk§¨bCaFbi ety´¨bEhlCaVn[¨Bhµlixit kMrti vasnaxÂçnehyI .| (hÃlßé IB dã rIElÂ).

69(25) elak sWg gk\"u fan' Vn¨tèvtamedaybJïavn‘mYycMnYnFM EdlenAk¬~genaHmanelxaFki arpaæ l'(26) rbsK' at,' elak hg§ Funhak' GnaKtrd½månT‘I mI Yy«nsaFarNrd½Exrµ . e¨kayqS~ 1954, Gk~ TSgenaHVncuHcUlmkesc¶ Cae¨cInK~aEdr, ehyI Vn¨tèvnKrVlsma© t'kt'sMKale' ¨kam(27) eQµaHfa \BYkdgErk|. e¨kaymk, dl'eBlektI erOg \Exrµ esr|I , BYkcas@' «n¨kmu dgErk(28) elIkElgEtelak hg§ Funhak' Vn¨tvè eKcabX' uXM SgTSgGs,' ehIyG~kEdleKylf' a(29) xS g Vn¨tvè eKslM abe' cal. «f© 1 tula 1949 enAebk\" Sg, emA\" esTug ¨bkaskMeNtI «nsaFarNrdc½ ni ¨bCamanti . sh rd½Gaemrki EdlrhUtmkdle' BlenaH BMue¨tkGrnwgGaNanKi mniymVrSgeT, ¨sab'EtEbr e¨kayPa mbnæab'BIkar \xatbg|' ¨beTscinenH. CamYynwgkarekIteLIgenAedémq~S 1950, «n KMnit¨bqSgy\"aghYsehtnu gw kumµy¬ nis‘ Edlp§BÃp§ayedaymak\" 'kaF,I «n¨Tsw ¶I \ElºgdUmI NU|, nig«nsågað menAkUer\", sùrùGaù nwgtrM gk' ar¨bwgE¨bgrbsx' çÂneqaõ HeTATIbà GasuI edmé ºTI b' Tlk' arB¨gékxnç «nlTriì mY sVM c\"EdlecjBbI k¬Â cni -rsu §I. BIqS~ 1950 eTAqS~ 1954, Gaemri kSgCaG~kpl¶ 'GavuFdle' bsk:eyaFBlVrSgenA²Ncëè ni 80% «ncNM ayk¬~gsågað m²Nëè cinTmI Yy Cabnk¬æ rbs' sùrù Gaù . k¬g~ cena Hq~S 1951 nig 1954, GaemrikSgVn[ 25 lan dula reTAVrSg edmé ºICYykmõ¬Ca. cabt' SgBqI ~S 1950 KN:ebskkmGµ aemrki SgCae¨cIn VnclU mkbn‘bnaæ bK' a~ k~g¬ ¨sku Exµr. elIkenH, elak sgW g\"ukfan' EbreTArkGaemrikSg, ehyI ¨bEhlKat'elgsnwk ebo \¨bqSgkmu ¬µynis|‘ VnCaKatT' TlY C÷nyY BI esùGuùI Gaù enA Vgkk. BYkXatkr«n¨bCaCnExrµ , EdlsB«Ã fk© an'GNM acenAPe~M Bj, Caplitpl«nBYkExµrevotmij. tSgBIvaektI mk, evotmji Cae¨KaHf~ak'myY ceM JH¨beTskm¬õCa. EtKrY [sa¶ y, Gk~ d·knSExrµ BI munVnykelsenH edémºkI McatG' ~kEdlVnE¨sk¨bqSgngw GyutF‘i m.á Gk~ dk· nSVneF[Ià ¨b CaCnVtC' ÷enOfa evotmijenHGacCae¨KaHf~ak'dlC' év^t«n¨beTs. kg¬~ evlaenaH hßU yn' enAeronä¨sku VrSg. eBlEdld·gfards½ PaVn¨tvè rMlay, hßU yn' epésÆ Mb¨u tmYyeTAes¶cedmé ºfI aÐ ¨BHGgEð lgCaes¶cxeMƬ hIy. (²Nèëcni eXjI BeI bk\" Sg). e¨kay«f©¨bkasäkraC´ (9 v^ckÏi a, EdlcMdcU Ca«cdn´elI«f©ceM rInGayu¨BHecAsIhnu, tSgt)u , ¨BHecAsMercbegúyI K~aCamyY KNbk§¨bCaFibety´. «f© 25 mkra 1955 es¶c[karyl' ¨BmeTArda½ PVi l eLg Egt\" EdlekAGTI SgLayVn¨tèvEckdl'KNbk§TSgGs' elIkElg EtKNbk§¨bCaFibety´. «f© 7 kmu :¸ , ¨bCamtimYyVn¨tvè eFeIà LIg EdlenAkg¬~ enaHsnM rY KWÐ ¨BHraCebskkmµVneFIÃeLIgCaTIeBjcti ‘«n¨bCaraåse¶ yIgÉeT?. G~keVHeq~at 925 812 nak'VneqÂIy \eBjcit|‘ k¬~gPaK 99,8% . «f© 19 kmu :¸ ¨BHecA¨Vb'[d·gGBM IkarEkTrM g'rdF½ mnµ uJï Edl[naykrd½månIT‘ TlY xus ¨tèvcMeJHmxu esc¶ , ElgcMeJHmxu rd½sPadUcmun kci eÍ nHVn¨tvè CT÷ ase' LgI edayKN:kmµkar Gnr‘ Catxi agkci ͨttç ¨ta esùGuùI esù, Edlylf' axusngw rdF½ mµnuJ.ï «f© 2 mnI a 1955 ¨BH ecAdak'raC´epræ eTAÒBuk, semc¶ nerat¶m sru a¨mti . Exemsa, semc¶ \ÓbyuvraC| sIhnu begtéû sgðmraåsn‘ yi mCamyY \mit‘Pki¶| xH Рelak sm sarI, Ey\"m sMbUr, Xmw Tti .l.

70eqyI nwgesckI¶GMJvnav[clU mkrbY rmY k~¬gsgðmraås‘nyi m, KNbk§TSgGs'VnrlM ayxçÂnehyI cUleTA, elkI ElgEtKNbk§¨bCaCn ––CakarNF_ mtµ a–– EdlCarbsE' xrµ evotmji ,KNbk§esrIPaBnig¨bCaFibety´. «f© 11 kJïa 1955, kareVHeq~atVneFÃeI LgI , ehIyG~kQ~HFM KW \KNbk§sgmð raåsn¶ yi m| EdlykVnekAGITSg 91 Edlnwgmank¬~grds½ Pa.hib¨Vk'sgmð raås‘niymVn¨tèvCYybMeBjeday tan' V\" ngi esd½äé eTot EdlVnmin¨BmTTlY d·knSrda½ PVi lenAExmina1945, b\"Eu nE‘ dlnwgCYydk· nSneyaVyesd½kicÍ«n \sem¶cÒ|edaysarkayv^karenH. KNbk§esrIPaBVn¨tèvrMlayxÂçnenAExkkdû a 1956. cMENkKNbk§¨bCaFbi -ety´VnektI eLgI vj^ 15 qS~ e¨kaymk k~¬gkal:eTs:myY ep§geTot. Exmina 1970,¨beTskmCõ¬ aVn¨tvè vaylukluyedayTB& ynY xageCég. minKti rYbrmY K~aedmé ºIQmmxu Tln' wge¨KaHfa~ k', Gk~ neyaVyExrµ EbrCabegétû KNbk§eTot edémºdI eNm¶I GNM acKa~ . lTìpl«nkaremIlgaytb÷ nU µan¨bvts‘i aås¶enH, eyIgTSgGsK' ~aVneXIjnigkBM ugEteXjI enHehyI . ÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ

71 PaKTI 5shB&nì²Nècë ni edmé ºIGI?à eKBGuM ac¨sLaj' Cati VneT ebeI Ksbí ' Cn «nCatixçn .

72PaKTI 5 manTrM g'Ca sMnYr-ceM LIy. GtbÄ Tedmé Vn¨tvè sresrcb' nigp§ayenAdN÷ acE' xtlu a 1977. deU c~H¨Bwti‘karNT_ SgLayEdlekIte¨kaymk ngw ykeTAski §akg¬~ \v^PaKcgu e¨kay|enAkg¬~ TMBr& PaØ b'2 . rIä TnM akT' nM gExµrcin kg¬~ ¨bvt‘isaås«¶ n¨beTsTSgBIr Vn¨tèvykeTAEcgk~¬gTMBr&PaØ b' 1. snM rY TBM &räk- shB&n²ì Nèëcni edmé ºGI ?Ià ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 73eTa- ehtuGÃI kc* SVc'eF[Ià Gs'mnus§? ebI¨beTsTSg3 nSK~aCECkEvkEjkrkkaredaH ¨saymyY ¨bkbedayytu ‘iFmeá TA eteI FeÃI ktI É BueM ktI ? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 75¨t-I ExµrnigynY mni Tku cit¶Ka~ eTAvj^ eTAmkya\" gxÂSg. ehtuem¶cVnCaynY GacbJÍH¬ bJlèÍ bgÃk· xYrExµr¨khmVn? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 80ctaà - ebdI Uec~H etImxu karngi ²TìiBlrbs¨' beTscink¬g~ mhav^eyaKExµrenA¨tg'Na? ùùùùùùùùùùùùù 90bJ-Í de÷ NIrdm* aneCaKC&y«n bl\"u Bt eTAeb\"kSg GacCasJaï «nkarbnænr' bbExrµ ¨khm ÉeT? KfW a¨bCaCnExµrGacnwgVn¨sak¨sanx¶ H eT? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 103q- dUecH~ etI¨bCaCnExrµ ngw eTACay\"agNak~¬gGnaKt? etIGnæak'enA¨tgN' a, sMNag ngw rse' nA¨tgN' a? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 104sb-¶ rhUtdlk' MritNa km¬Cõ a¨bCaFibety´Gacsgômw elIsaFarNrd½cni ¨bCamanit? ùùùù 111Gd½- edayvay¨beTs«fCae¨cIndg E¨kgExrµ ¨khmcgy' kTkw dcé asv' j^ eTÉ? deU c~HeKmin CaGk~ Catinyi mxÂSg? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 118nBÃ- etI¨bCaCnExrµ lav nigevotNam GaccSTTlY GIxà ÂHVnBIelak ÇesrÈI , CaBei ssBI shrdG½ aemrik? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 118Ts- cMeJH¨beTskm¬Cõ aeyIg, ceM JHsMNl'«n¨bCaCneygI eldI Eé xµr, eteI ygI Exrµ enAbr- eTs GaceFIGà IÃCnU ? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 120

73 shBn& ²ì Ncëè ni edémºGI ÃI? GaNaniKmkmrµ bs'VrSgel²I Nèëcni enAstvt§r_TI 19 VnbJÎb'y\"ag¨twmnUvsnHæ¬ rbsy' nYEdlVneVHxÂnç Cab' 9 stvt§r_mkehyI kg¬~ karxti xMB¨gké Twkdé. dl'Vt'vt‘man«nbsÍwm¨beTseTA,²Nèëcni sB«Ã f© ¨tLb'mkkg~¬ kal:eTs:PmU si aås¶neyaVy«nstvt§rT_ I 19 vj^ Ebk EtmanmhaGMNacGasuIféµmyY Edllatsnìwg¨semalGafká MVMgxçn mkelI. mhaGMNacfµéenH KWsaFarNrd½cni¨bCamanti . enAstvt§r_TI 10, bnæab'BIVnrMedaHxÂçnB²I TiBì lcinmk, yYn¨tvè Qmmxu Tln' wgcMeNaTféµ1 ÐkarEbksay«ncMnnY ¨bCaBlkrrbs'xçn . edayenAkegÿnk~¬gdgCng Ten¨Â khmEdlCadérabmYytcU ,¨sukyYn¨tvè karlatxçÂneTArkTäI eTot edémºrI s'. enAdN÷ ac'stvt§rT_ I 16 yYnelbVn¨sku cVM ,\"ehIy 300 q~Se¨kaymk d÷eNIrcHu mkTsi xagtºègrbsy' nY Vncb'nwgkarykVnkUsSgsnuI , kmõ¬Cae¨kamrbs'Exµr. KeW nAeBlxçÂncab'edéreqõaHeTATisxaglic EdlynY CYb¨bTH«f muxTln' wgmxu , «fEdlVn¨tvè mu\"gehað ledjecjBIynu Nan ehyI EdlVncHu mkxagtºgè cab'tSgBIstvt§r_TI 13,edayrju ¨canExµ ngi lav EdlenAelIpÂèvrbs'xçn . «fngi ynY eCosvagkar¨bTUs‘ra\" yK~a ehIyerIsykmeF´aVy¨tCakm' yY KWkarEckK~anvU Tkw dEé xµrngi lav. GaNaniKmkmrµ bs'VrSg min¨twmEtxaXSgkarEbgEckenH, EfmTSgCbr' dT½ SgBrI [rse' LIgvj^ . Cab'C^tmyY stvt§r,_ ynY tyTu ì²t¨sak¨san‘ edmé ºIrMedaHxnÂç BI¨kjSVrSg. CamYyKa~ nwgkartyuTìenH KMeragB¨gékTkw dék*¨tvè VneFEÃI dr. eQµaH |KNbk§kmu µy¬ nis‘²Ncèë ni | Edl hCU mé ij dak'[clnabd^vtn‘ y_ YnenAq~S 1930 bgúaj[eXjI cºasn' vU eKalbNM grbsG' ~kd·knSyYnenH. esck¶EI fÂgqnæ:elIkT1I rbse' votmij(1) EdlVneFÃeI LgI enAExtlu a 1941 kan'EtCak'lake' TAeTot Ð\b¨gbç b¨gçm¨sTab'sgmð TSgGs,' Ggðkarbdv^ t‘n_TSgGs,' GaNki CnCatTi SgGs.' smnõ ìkicrÍ vag¨bCaCnTSgGs' EdleKCH^ Cane' nA²Nëcè ni |. k~¬gkartyTu ìedémºIäkraC´«n¨beTsxÂçn hCU émij emIleXjI rYceTAehIy nUvcMeNaT —EdlecosBMru cY — «nkarNm_ an¨bCaCne¨cnI hsY enAevotNam. hCU émji KiteXIjfa ebIVrSgGacb¨gbç b¨gmç kmCõ¬ a lav nigevotNam [eTACardm½ yY edaykmÂSgkSePÂIg ngi eTaHbmI anKMnQMu Wcab'«n¨bCaCnk*eday, ¨beTsevotNamrti Et¨slç {b¨kesabkm¬õCa ngilav CamYymuxkarxÂnç Ca \G~kreM daH| nigCa \Gk~ p§BÃp§aymenaKmv^CaØ |. enAq~S 1945, eBlEdlV-rSg, k~g¬ karxMQaneCgé rbsx' Ânç mk²Nèëcni v^j, Vnesd~I l¨' beTsTSg \¨V|M nvU rUbmn‘ shB&nì²Nèëcin, hUCmé ij ²tEdl¨bEkkmg¶ NaeLIy. cMVgM rSgCl' laynwgkardk· CJnØè mnsu §[mkenAelIdéTeM nr VnhYssm&yeTAehyI (?) . edémºIelbykkmCõ¬ aniglav, evotNamenAsl'EtmeF´aVymyY eT, meF´aVyEdlGacecosvagkarpn¶ æaeTasrbs'mtiGnr‘ Cati KkW arqg katt' amd÷Nak'myYEdlCashBn& «ì nrdT½ Sgb.I rUbPaBKrY [rntì '«nkarGt'Xa n, «nmhnr‘ ayesd½kci Í EdlmkGMBkI arman¨bCaCne¨cInhYs EtgEteFÃ[I G~kd·knS¨beTsevotNamPti Py& Canic.Í ceM JH hUCmé ij dcU CaceM JHbuBkà arIxÂnç ngi cMeJHGk~ bnt‘ MENgxÂçn, manEtkarB¨gké Twkdeé T EdlGacTaj¨beTsevotNamecj

74putBeI ¨KaHfa~ k«' nkarman¨bCaCne¨cnI hsY enH. deU c~HEmn, 2PaK3 «n«pæ¨beTsevotNam sTu ìsgw EtCaPMf~ µe¨cIn (emIlEpnTITBM &r 142-143) deU c~HGt'dSGIÃdHu (eKe¨cInEte¨bobPmU isaås¨‘ beTsevot-Nam eTAnwgPUmsi aås¨¶ beTs sulI I Edlmandré abEtmyY bnæHyag\" ceg¿í t beNa¶ ytameq~rsm¨u T.ynY rs'enAya\" gceg¿í tcglí 'eldI érabEdlxnç GaceFÃIE¨scMkarVn. enAq~S 1970 ¨beTsevotNammanbN¶aCnC^t 50 lannak' Edlrse' nAelEI t 1PaK3 «n«p¨æ beTsTSgmlU , KWfael«I pæ dImYyEdltcU Cagkmõ¬CaeTAeTot! ehyI enAelI«pædEé t 1PaK3 enH manEtval \¨tIekaN| EdlTenÂemKgðnigTen¨khmhrU kat'cak'clU smu¨TeT EdlCaplitkr«n¨svU . eKVn\" f' aenAqS~ 2000 bNa¶ CnyYnngw eLgI dl' 75 lan! CakarBitNas' EdlFnFanksikmµ«n¨beTsngw xÃH«fN© amyY BxuM an ceM JHmat'yYnTSgGs' (karxÃHenHcabm' anbeNIr¶ eTAehyI . enAq~S 1976 yYnVn¨tèvkar¨sèv 1,2 lanetanEfmeTot). ceM JHkar¨tvè karB¨gké Twkdeé nH, km¬õCaCaTIedAmYyy\"ag¨bNIt. e¨JHfavaldéduH EdlBMsu vUmanmnus§enAenH eJreBjeTAedaysmºtF‘i mµCatEi dl²tTanm' aneKb\"HJl.' pyæ¬ K~a¨sLHBIbN¶aCnenAevotNam, ExµreygI VnsðalP' aBsmºNè sá bºayrhUt. fÃdé ºti Etrd½Kaµ nneyaVy¨twm¨tvèxagkare¨b¨I Vs'Tkw , féÃdºitEteygI eFEÃI ¨stamrebobburaN, ehyI eTaHbI «pdæ Eé dlVn¨tèvPØçrrasK' as'dSmanTMhtM ci tYck*eday, kmõC¬ amnu sågðam Ca¨beTsd·k¨svè ecjeTAe¨kA. Bti ehyI ebIeKemIl¨b-eTsenA²Ncëè inmYym¶g@ dacB' IKa~ , ¨beTsTSgenaHBsuM UvmaneT. bE\"u n¶ebdI akm' kCamyY Ka~ nvU FnFanxagEr\", xagksikmnµ igxagTwk, ¨beTsTSgbIrmY Ka~ mansPaBCa \¨beTs| myY man, ehyI cºas'CaenAk~g¬ ceM Nam¨beTsEdlsmºèNáCageKenAGasuPI aKGeKy~ _ (emIlEpnTI). snis~ ITenAh§WENv q~S 1954 ¨KanE' tCaÓbºtie‘ htGu a¨kk'mYy EdlxaXSgmYyEPt sni mni[subni rbs' hUCémji ka yeTACakarBit. G~kdk· nSynY sB«Ã f©¨Kan'Etedértampèv Edl hU VnKsU Tuk[. esaknadkmµCaTIrntì 'nigCaTeI xÂacp§a «n¨bCaCnExrµ sB«Ã f©enH ¨KanE' tCalTìpl«nPaKTI1 «nKMeragkarrbsy' Ynkmu ¬yµ nis‘. PaKTI1 «nKMeragkarenH KWkareF[ÃI Gs'mnsu §BIkmC¬õ a, kci ÍEdlCaC÷hanT1I EdlyYn¨tèveVH mnu ngw clU mkk¬g~ shBn& ìmyY «nrde½ nA²Ncèë in.

75 ehtGu IÃkc* SVc'eF[Ià Gs'mnsu §? eb¨I beTsTSgbnI SK~aCECkEvkEjkrkkaredaH¨saymYy¨bkbedayytu ‘iFmáeTA eteI FÃeI ktI É BeuM ktI ? tbngw snM rY enH G~knBi nìVrSg Gg'e¨d ma\" ss' ug Vn[cemIy myY rcY eTAehIy Ð \²Ncèë inCakarpK÷ð¬ ~a«n¨bCaCnmyY cMnYn EdleKBMuGaclaycUlKa~ VneLyI ebImni e¨bkI mS geXareXA nigkar[G~kQH~ elbykG~kcaj|' . Bti ehyI eKBsMu UveXjI PaB¨sedogKa~ rvagGaryi FmEá xµrngi Garyi FmáyYneT. b\"Eu n‘karxusKa~ rvagvbºFmá ngi rvagTs§n:elCI vé t^ rse' nAenH BMGu acBn´l[' GsE' tma~ k'ägeTfaehtuGIVà nCashKmnT_ Sg2 laycUlK~aBMeu ktI . deU c~HEmn, karxkcti ‘Cab'rab'stvt§r_ EdlmkGMBIkar¨tçt¨tarbs'breTs Vnbegûétkg~¬ ¨Tgè ExµrnUvcNM gy' a\"gxØab'mYy ngw karJrGgðPaBCatisasn_ngi vbºFmárbs'xÂçn. snæ¬Hcti ‘karJrenH EdleKe¨cInEtsMKale' dayxsu faCaKMnMu rvagsasnn_ gisasn,_ beJjÍ xnç eLgI Cakar¨bqSgya\"gsiÃtsaà j nwgkarbn\"u b\"glaybJèÍl Ébgûat'BIsMNakb' reTsTSgGs' eTaHCayYn ÉminEmnyYnk*eday. m´a\"geTot eygI GacsegûteXjI fa karxÃl'xaà yFMbMput EdlelcecjBIneyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmõ¬Ca k¬g~ kMLg¬ 25 qS~ mnu enHmanEtmYyeT Ð karrcY Cévt^ «n¨beTs. k¬g~ ry:eBlenH mnsu §TSgmyY C÷nan' Vn¨tvè ¨Cçt¨Caby\"age¨CAnwgcMeNaT«nCév^t¨beTsenH, cMeNaTEdlEmnETneTA Cas~lè «nKnM ti Catni yi mExµr. minsxM ane' T rbbneyaVyEdlmnsu §mYyCn÷ ane' nH¨tvè TTYlyk, b\"uEn‘mnus§TSgenHnwgTat'ecal²txaneLIy nUvkareFÃIshBn& ìCamyY rd½äeTot. lkxÅ &Në xanBVM¬ n (sinequa non) Edl¨tvè bMeBjmunnwgTajkm¬Cõ aclU k¬~gshBn& ìmyY CamyY ynY (niglav) KWkarbVM t'¨tg'@nUvmnsu §TSgmyY Cn÷ an'enH EdlCae¨KOgyn«‘ n¨beTs. karenH²tBVi keFeIà saHeLyI . K¨W Kan'EtcakB' kY \G~k¨k| [bHTln' wgBYk \Gk~ man| eTAVnehyI . \Gk~ ¨k| elsI BIG~kGP&Bà Edl²tFnFan²tceM NHv^CaØ É ²t¨Kçsar, manBYkecar nigBYk¨bmkw eTot, niyaymyY ma\" t' KBW kY G~kEdlVnxkcit‘nigVn¨tvè eVHbg'ecaledaysgmð . BYk \Gk~ man| KmW ni ¨twmEtBkY EdlVnPrçØ E¨selxI ~graåse¶ TEfmTSgBYkEdlmancMeNHv^CØa eTaHtictYcsç¶ces¶Igk,I¶ e¨JHcMeNHv^CØaenHVn¨tvè sMKalf' aCasJaï«nkarman. edmé ºIeFIkà arcak'bbM HenH yYnkmu µ¬ynism¶ an \Gat'| BrI snkÂw EdlsTu Eì txÂSg@ Ð 1, karEbkVk'K~axagk~g¬ (rvag ln' nl' nig nerat¶m shI n)u Edl[elsdls' ågað mbd^vtn‘ ,_ 2, BYkExrµ evotmji . ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑsnM YrTI 3 Ð Exrµ ngi ynY mni Tukcti ‘K~aeTAvj^ eTAmkxS gNas.' ehteu mc¶ VnCaynY GacbJ¬ÍHbJèlÍ bg÷kxrY Exrµ ¨khmVn? (enATBM r& 80)

76 GFbi ºay(1) edayeyIgBsMu UvTakc' itn‘ gw kard·gGBM Isavtarbs'¨beTsC^txageyIg, edémkeM NtI «nevotmij enAEtCasMnrY myY minTanm' anceM LyI ceM JHExµreygI Cae¨cIn. Gk~ nBi nì k~g¬ kci Ísnnæ aCamyY G~k neyaVyeyIgxÂH EdlVnsað l'yuKevotmij, segûteXjI faGse' lakTSgenaHdUcCa¨cLM fa KNbk§kmu ¬µynsi ²‘ Nècë ni Caevotmij. ceM JHmit‘Gk~ Gan eyIgsmU CUneLIgvj^ nUvsavta segbÅ «nevotmij. GgðkareyaF: -neyaVyenHmni ¨twmEtVnedjVrSgecjB²I Ncèë ineT, EfmTSgVnbEgrà pèv ¨bvti‘saås«¶ n¨beTseyIgeTot e¨JHfa —cUreyIgkMeu PÂc— BYk saL¬t sr, eGog sar,I sun esn, sU Pwm .l. ¨Kan'EtCaplitplelIkTI2 rbse' votmji eT. savta«nevotmijBuMGacTajecj[dac'BICvé ¨bvtir‘ bs'Gk~ begûté xÂçneLIy, KWrbs' hU Cémij (esovePAEdlnyi ayBeI rOgenHmane¨cnI Nas,' bEu\" nE‘ dllCí ageK KrW bs' hléßà IB d· rEI lÂ, \savta«nevotNam BI 1940 eTA 1952|, hageVHp§ay sWy 1952). C&yCn÷ H«nCb\"unelIrsu §I enAq~S 1905 eFÃI[VtC' e÷ nOfaBYkEsºks BMeu cHcaj'. GasIu PaKGeKy~ _TSgmlU , EdlBYkEsºksVnykeFICà aGaNaniKm cabk' MerIkeLgI . jatei sc¶ yYnma~ k'eQµaH KgY ed, edaymanGk~ Gk§rsaås¶ pan' bUycvU EdlCaÒBuk«nkarbd^vtn‘ y_ Yn CUneTApg, ePosxnç eTAenA¨beTsCbun\" kg~¬ q~S 1906, ehyI BITIenaHnSK~ajH¬ jg'ynY [bHeVr Tln' wgVrSg KYg ed sresrsbM ¨u tCae¨cInCamyY nwgQamxÂnç . e¨kaykarbdv^ t¶n_cni «nq~S 1911 sunß ya\" tesn, pan' bUycUv mkenAäkgt' gu edmé º[I VnCt^ evotNam. kg¬~ q~S 1912 enAkg'tug cvU ¨bEm¨bmUlVnGk~ Catinyi myYnxH kg¬~ ¨kmu \kci sÍ amKIeð démºIksagevotNam eLIgv^j| (evotNam Pki kkwà dgu mijhyU , Pku kkÃw ), ehyI erobcrM d½aPVi le¨kA¨beTsmYy CamyY mÍas' KgY ed. cmºSgrvagKa~ ägk~g¬ ¨sukcni xaXSgBkY Catni iymynY elIkdb÷ gU enH mni [eTAmxu Vnq©ay kg¬~ skmPµ aBxçÂn cvU VnCab'Kku rcY Elgmkv^jeday sßnu y\"atesn. bnæab'BIsaFarNrd½cinVnTTlY braCy& Cae¨cIndg k¬g~ kar¨byTu ìCamYyBYk \mhaemcmºSg| EdlBMTu an'cHu cUlenATisxageCég, KNbk§ KYmintag (cinCatiniym) EdlmanmlU da½ nenAkg' tug k*erobcbM k§xÂnç eLgI vj^ edaymni ¨Bm[BYkkum¬yµ nis‘ (em\"A, CU .l.) clU mkCamyY , ehyI myY cEM NkeTotEkE¨bkgT&Brbsx' çn tamKrM rU su §I. Ót¶mesnyI Cag kayCak Vn¨tvè eKbJØèneTAshPaBseU vot. eBl¨tLbm' kvj^ , eKk*se¨mcbegûté bNiëtsPaeyaFamYy enA vam\" VÃ\" kg¬~ Exmkra 1924. bNiëtsPaenH manTI¨bkw §arus§ICaGk~ bgúatb' e¨gon (d·knS eday mi«x brU U\"DIn nigÓt¶mesnIy va\"ss' uIlI bEèÂß Q). pan' bUycUv niyaynwgcin[¨BmTTlY ynY 40 nak' k~g¬ bNtëi sPaeyaFa va\"mVÃ.\" enAkgt' gu EkºrK~anwg¨kum \Pukkwkà | rbs'cUv, Gk~ CatiniymyYnmYyBkY eTotpK¬¶÷ ~ak¬g~ ¨kmu \tStSsa| enAqS~ 1923. kg¬~ qS~ 1924 \tStSsa| bJènØ smaCk^ xçn m~ak,' pS hug«f, [eTAsma b' \KUEvrnr& eh§eNra\" l'| Em\"LSg. edayxÂnç bMeBjebskkmBµ Mcu b,' pS hgu «f ks* ma bx' nÂç enAkgt' ug. elIkCavré :burs«nevotNam, pS hug«f VneXjI pr~è rbs'xnç ka yeTACaTIskaû r:bUCamYy.

77 enAqS~ EdlbNtië sPa vam\" VÃ\" Vn¨tèvbegéûteLgI , hU Cmé ij, ehA lIFuy, mkdl'kg'tug enAExFè~ 1924, edaykat'tam m\"sU èð bnæab'BId÷eNIrCvu÷ j^ BPi BelakmyY . eQaµ HBkI eM NIt eg¿Ã gsjui Kug, e¨kaymkehA egÿg tatfaj', rYcehIy egÿg Gaykwkà , hCU mé ij ektI enAq~S 1890 kg¬~ ¨sukej\" Gan' (GNaö mxageCég). bnaæ bB' IVneFImà F´mski §aenA¨kugehÃ, rcY ehIyeronxagCn÷ jY Vn 3-4Ex enA«¨BnKr, hU cUleFIeà VyenAkV\"l' \LamrI al\" L' aTsU -e¨tvél|, enAq~S 1912, edémºImkTIÃbGrW \"ub. enAq~S 1913, Katc' uHeCgé ¨kgu L¬g¨d_ ehyI rs'enATeI naH 4 qS~ edayeFIkà arCaGk~ lagcankg¬~sN½aKar kaltun. enAqS~ 1917, hU mkdl'Vr\" Is, Katc' lU sußbkg~¬ neyaVy. enAqS~ 1919, ykKMnittamesckI¶es~I man 14 x «n¨bFanaFibtIGaemrki Sg v^lsun, Kat'eTA Evr«s edmé ºbI gaú jkmvµ ^FIman 8 x rbs'Kate' démºI[esrPI aBeTAevotNamGaNanKi m, hU VnCYbsað l'Gk~ d·knSsgmð nyi mVrSg, ma\" kEsl kasSg nig ma\"rIyus m\"gu et. enAq~S 1920, KNbk§sgðmnyi mVrSgbJèØn hU[eTACa¨btPi UenAsmaC¨kgu TY. q~S 1921, hU Cmé ji begûté sarBátmanmyY eQµaH \LVW r\" Iya\" | EdlE¨bmkfa Gk~ etakya\" k. k¬~gq~SdEdl Kat'eTA mU\"sðè clU rmY k¬~gsmaCTI 4 «nkUmni ETn (Jk´kat'«nkmu y¬µ nisG‘ n‘rCat.i ku¨M cLMnwg KYmintag cin). qS~ bnæabm' k, Kate' TA¨kgu enaHmg¶ eTot, elIkenHKNbk§kum¬yµ nsi ‘VrSgbJnØè Kat'eTAerobcMclna \ksikrGnr‘ Cat|i (e¨ksiænETn) EdlenAkg¬~ enaHKat'VnCabe' qa~ tCasmaCk^ KN:kmµakar¨btibti‘. e¨kaykicCÍ ÷nMeu hyI , hU enAEtkg~¬ mU\"sèð rYccuHeQµaHeronk¬~gsaklvT^ ´aly& «nGk~ eFIkà ar«nbJU Tá isk~g¬ q~S 1924. rYcehIyKat'ke* cjBIm\"sU ðè mkkgt' guedayeFIkà arCaGk~ bkE¨bPasaenAkugsulß seU v¿t. enAkgt' ug hU Cmé ij CYbCamyY ¨kmu G~kCatinyi myYnTSgLay. Kat'Bn´l'Gk~ begéût¨kmu \tStSsa|, hTU ugma\"v nig eLhugpgu , [¨BmeFIÃbd^vtn‘ _,ehyI G~kTSgBIrk*dak'eQµaHfµé[clnaxnç fa \smaKmyuvCnbdv^ tn‘ _ev¿tNam| (evotNam kakem\"j faj-' ejon dug Ché yU , É faj'-ej¿n). enAq~S 1925 hU eFkIà icÍkcM atK' U¨bECgrbsx' çÂn, pan'bUycvU EdlkMBgu EterobcMbegûté KNbk§mYy, \KNbk§CatiniymevotNam| (evotNam kkwà dan'dag, VNQDD). cvU Vn¨tèveKnSeTAclU k~g¬ Gnaæ k'mYy EdlnSKat'eTA[nKrVlVrSgenAesog«h(EdlkalenaHeKEbgEckKa~ ¨tçtdUc¨kugEbßLSg) (G~kdakG' næak'VnTTlY rgaà nx' ane' xA 10mnuW b´a\"s).fÃétºti EtKaµ n pan' byU cvU , KNbk§Catni yi mevotNamVn¨tèveKbegûté eLgI enAhaNyU k~g¬ q~S1927. ykKMrUtam KmY ni tag cin, KNbk§enHVn¨tvè dk· nSeday egÿg «fhuk, ehyI VneTACaKU¨bECgrbss' maKm \faj'-ej¿n|. enAkg'tgu , tamry:¨kmu faj-' ej¿n, hU Cémij ¨bEm¨bmlUrksavk& xnÂç edaybJH¬Í bJèlÍ lTiì m\"ak§ eLnIn. Kat'eVHp§ay¨Bwti‘b¨& tralG' aTit´ myY eQµaH\faj'ej¿n| (yuvCn) EdltamenaHKatp' §Bpà §ayKMnit¨bqSgnwgGaNanKi mniym nigKnM itbdv^ t‘n._BEI xmfi nu a 1925 eTAemsa 1927, ¨Btw ‘ib&¨tecjVn 88 elx. hU cSdl'elx 60 eTIbKat'¨Vbs' av&kfa sågað medmé ºäI kraC´ ¨tvè eFÃCI amYyKa~ ngw sågðamedmé ºGI NM acp¶ac'kar«nvN:ö kmµkr-kski r e¨kayry:eBlbJlÍè lTìi 4 Ex, hU e¨Csé ykG~kBUEkCageK[CYyeFÃIkarKat,' ykGk~ xH eTAp¶SepéÆngw bNitë sPaeyaFa vam\" V\"Ã, ehyI bJØènBYkenAsl'eTA¨beTsevotNam edémºpI §BÃp§aynUvKnM itKat' (sav&k 200 nak'k¬g~ cenÂaHq~S 1925 nig 27). enAq~S 1927, e¨kayBIVnclU Ka~ k~g¬ ry:myY ya\"gxI, BkY KmY intag nigBkY kum¬yµ nis‘cni EbkKa~ v^j. hUCmé ij, brU U\"DnI ngi TI¨bkw §arsu §äI eTot¨tvè ecjBI¨sukcin. hU Tugmav\" Edld·knSsmaKm

78faj'-ej¿n Vn¨tèv KmY ni tag cab', e¨kaybnci‘ mk. ¨kum faj-' ej¿n rt'mkenAhugkug, EdlenATeI naH LS DwkFW TTYld·knS. enAq~S 1928, clna kmU inETn bJØnè hU eTA¨beTsGalWm g\" ,'ehIyqS~ bnaæ b'mk eTA¨beTs«f EdlenAk~g¬ enaHmanynY 2 muWnnak'rse' nA. e¨kameQµaHfa fag Cn^ ,hU Cémij edré CbY shKmn_ynY enA Ódn, PiCt^ , sakun nigNaxnu , edayTak'TgCanci Í CamyY ¨kumfaj'-ej¿n ähgu kgu . ExÓsPa 1929, BYk faj-' ej¿n eFCÃI asmaCmYyenAhugkug EdlKitKUrerobcKM Nbk§kumy¬µ nsi y¶ YnmyY . b\"uEn¨‘ btPi UEdlmkBIkEnÂgCae¨cInenAevotNam, edayEqtí cti n‘ gwCvé ^teqtI qayrbs' LS DwkF,W em faj-' ejon, k*BMu¨BmcUlrYmk~g¬ smaCenaH. ¨tLb'mk¨sku ynY v^jG~kTSgenaHbegûté \KNbk§kmu µy¬ nsi |‘ Cae¨cnI enAtamPUmiPaKxçn . eBlenaHehyI Edl kUminETnbJØnè hCU émij mkhgu kugvj^ edmé ºIb¨gçbb¨gmç BYk \KNbk§kum¬yµ nis¶| GayTSgGs.' dUec~HehIyeTbI KNbk§kumy¬µ nis²‘ Nècë in (dug edOg kug sag dag) VnektI eLgI enAhgu kgu kg~¬ «f© 6 mkra1930. k~¬g¨sukcin enAqS~ 1930, km* anKNbk§ynY BrI ¨bECgKa~ , bE\"u n‘EdltyTu nì wgs¨tèvEtmYyKWGaNanKi mnyi mVrSg Ð KNbk§Catni iymevotNam, casC' agehyI minEmnkmu y¬µ nsi ‘ EdlBkYKmY intag KSJr, KNbk§kumy¬µ nsi ²‘ Nèëcin EdlKSJredayBkY kumy¬µ nsi ‘cni , CakarN_Fmµta. muneK, BYkCatinyi mse¨mcvay. k~g¬ yb«' nEf© 9 eTA 10 kum:¸ , karbHeVrmyY (Edl¾rnæWxS genAsm&yenaH) ekIteLgI enATI¨bCC÷u n eyn\" Vy. Tahan«neyaFPmU bi HeVreLIgehIysma bB' kYnayTahanVrSg. VrSgbJØa[yne‘ haHeFIÃGnr‘ aKmn_ ehIykarbHeVrk*Vn¨tvè bågaû bya\" grh&s.em«nKNbk§Catni iym, eg¿Ã g «fhuk Vn¨tvè eKcab'Vn ehIysma b'ecaleTA. e¨kay¨Bwtki‘ arN_enA eyn\" Vy enH, ¨ksgY sn¶isuxVrSgenA²Ncèë ni tamrkcab'BYkCatinyi mTSgGs.' bE\"u n‘KNbk§kmu ¬µynis‘TSgGsk' s* eM rc eFI[à mankarbHeVrmYyEdr. Exkkûda 1930 enA ej-\" Gan (¨skukMeNtI hU Cémji ), BYkkmu y¬µ nisy‘ nY ¨bkasbegûét \mlU da½ nbdv^ t‘n|_ seU vot nanak~¬g¨suk ej-\" GanedaymaneQaµ Hfa \sUevot ej-\" Gan|. mUld½anTSgenHman¨kmu Gk~ ¨sukkank' SePgI karJrPUmäi g,mantlu akar¨bCaCn ehyI eFkIà ci EÍ ckdKé a~ (cmg tammlU da½ ncinkumyµ¬ nis)‘ . «f© 12 kJïa 1930,ksikr 6 Jnn' ak' nSKa~ edértrM g'eTA¨kgu vn^ , EdlCaTI¨bCu÷ext.‘ kgTahaneFGIà n‘raKmn_ ehyI bEM bkVtukmeµ nH. emdk· nSxÂHEdlman pS yuSgdgu , tug Dkw fag ngi y\" eg¿Ã gyab\" ' Vn¨tvè eKcabb' JÍlèKuk. tameKfa, hU Cémij ²tVncUlrmY kg¬~ Vtukmeµ nHeT ehyI enAähugkgu . «f© 10 mfi nu a 1931, nKrVlGg'eKs eLamB&Tìkariyal&y kmU inETn enAhugkug ehIycab'hU Cémij enATIenaH. Vnsaµ k¶GI g'eKÂsma~ k'eQaµ H elAs_Vy karJr, hU Vn¨tèveKedaHElgvj^ enAedémq~S 1933. eLIgkVl\" 'mk¨sku Gg'eKÂs, hU Vn¨tèveKcab'm¶geTotenAsgi bú UrI eday²tlixti qÂgEdn, ehyI ykmkdak'Kku hgu kgu vj^ . elIkenHtamerOgniTanxÂH, hU rte' cjBIKukVn, ehIymkdl'¨sku cin EdlenATeI naH Kat'xrM kTak'TgCamyY kmu ¬yµ nisc‘ in EdlkMBugmankarNB_ iVkEdr. e¨kaymk hU eLIgkVl\" r' su §mI Yymk vaÂ\" DIvsU\" ¬k‘ , ehIymk ms\"U è.ð enAm\"sU ðè Katc' lU eronenAsaklvT^ ´al&yeLnIn ehyI rkkareFVÃI nk¬g~ vC^ ØasÄan¨sav¨Cav«nkarski §aGaNaniKm. enAk¬g~ eBlenaH karbågaû bBYksmaCk^ «nKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëcè ni edaynKrVlVrSgkMBgu Etbn‘eTAeTotenA²Nèëcin. enAqS~1935, KNbk§kumyµ¬ nsi ‘²Nèëcni bJnØè ¨btiPBU rI nak,' eL hugpug (Gk~ begûétma~ k'«n \faj'-ej¿n|)nig eg¿Ã g FImji «x eTAsmaCTI7 «nkUminETn ämUs\" ðè. k¬g~ {kasenaH, eL hugpug VnCab'eqa~ tCasma

79C^kKN:kmµkar¨btibt«‘i nclnakmU ni ETn. deU c~H hU Cémij Vn¨tèveKElgrabG' an, ehyI karN_enH¨bEhlCaTNëkmGµ BM bI raC&ykg¬~ Vtukmµ seU vot ej\"-Gan kalBIq~S 1930. k¬g~ q~S 1936 enA¨sukVrSg, eKkBM ugEtelkI temûgI \rNsri §¨bCamanit|. enA²Ncèë ni G~kbdv^ t‘ny_ YnCae¨cnI nakV' n¨tvè eKElgBKI ukv^j. Caféµm¶geTot kareVHBumpõ §ayep§g@ rbsB' Ykkmu µ¬ynis‘ ngi BkY CatiniymyYn cabe' FIÃeLIgv^j. enAqS~ 1937, Cb\"uncUlluklyu ¨beTscin. Cafµém¶geTot, KY mintag ngi cni kum¬µynis‘cab'«dK~aeLgI v^j. shPaBseU votEGbxnç mkC^t¨beTscin ehyI cuHkicÍcgem¨tIPaBCamyY cniedaymankar[xÍI¨Vk' 259 landula r. hCU émji Gac¨tLbm' k¨sukcni v^jeday²tmankarBiVk.elkI enH hU cUleTAcUlCamYyBkY kmu µy¬ nis‘cni ä¨kgu s´a\"n, enAd÷Nac'qS~ 1938. BI¨sukcin, Kat'xMTakT' geLIgvj^ CamyY KN:kmµkarkNa¶ l«nbk§kmu yµ¬ nsi ‘²Ncëè in. Exv^cÏki a 1939 TB& Cbun\" kan'kab'Vnext‘ kaà gsI.u Tnwmæ Ka~ ngw karrl«M nsaFarNrd½TI3 VrSg, Cbun\" cUlkan'kab'evotNamxageCgéenAEx kJïa 1940. enA²Ncëè in, \KUEvnr& eh§eß Nra\" l'| dãKU, edayxÂacclnabdv^ tn‘ y_ nY TSgGsm' tK' ~aeFÃIkarbHeVr, seM rcvay[Vnmun Ð CnCatyi nY Cae¨cInJn'nak,' eTaHVn¨tèveKsMKalC' akumµy¬ nis‘ Ék*²tesaH, kV* n¨tèveKcabX' MXu Sg. eL hgu pgu , GKeð lxaFki ar«nbk§kumµ¬ynsi ‘²Nècë ni , ngi smaCk^KN:kmkµ ar¨btibtxi‘ H eTot Vn¨tvè eKsLM ab'ecal. deU cH~ KNbk§kum¬µynsi ²‘ Nècë ni VnxÍat'xÍaymyY eBleTA. bEu\" n‘smaCk^ Cae¨cInVnePosxçn rcY eTAdl¨' sukcni , CaBei ssenAext‘ yun Nn. hUCmé ji Edlm¶genHTTlY C÷nyY Ca¨Vkk' asya\" ge¨cInBIcni kmu µ¬ynsi ‘, xti x¨M bEm¨bmUlyYnTSgLayEdlePosxnç mkenA¨beTscni . kic¨Í bEm¨bmUlTSgenHnSKat'[CYbG~kd·knSyYne¨cnI nak' EdlmannayTahanma~ kk' ¬g~ T&Bcin KYmintag eQµaH hU g\"ku LS. nayTahanynY enHkk* BM gu ¨bEm¨bmlU KKI~ ~amkkg¬~ clnaxçÂneQaµ H \smaKmedmé ºIkci ÍsamKðeI dmI ºäI kraC´evotNam| (evotNam dukLab' dugmijhUy) EdlVn¨tvè begétû eLgI tSgBIq~S 1935 enA NnKig. edayVn hU g\"ukLS CyY pg, hU Cmé ijVn¨tvè eKnS[CbY Gk~ dk· nS KYmni tag m~ake' nA kaà ylin eQµaH lI Céesn. G~kdk· nScni enHkMBgu rkmnsu §m~ak'Edl¨BmeTAesbIu karN_elTI tI SgTB& Cbn\"u enAevotNamxageCgé , ehyI KUsKeM ragpvè cUlmYyk¬g~ GnaKts¨mab'T&Bcin. hU eq¿t{kasPÂam ehyI dake' bkÅPaBrbs'xnÂç . enAExtlu a 1940, hU Cmé ij es~dI l¨' kumynY TSgGs'[cUlk~¬grNsri §rbY rmY mYy, ehIynSK~amkenAtam¨BMEdncni -yYn. \¨kmu evotNam dku Lab' dgu mijhyU | rbs' hU gk\"u LS kc* UlK~aCamyY BYkKNbk§kumµy¬ nis²‘ Nëcè ni k~g¬ rNsir§féµmyY eQaµ Hfa \evotNam dku Lab' dgu mij| (kicÍsamKIeð démºäI kraC´«nev¿tNam), eQµaHEdlVrSgehAkat'fa evotmji . hU g\"ukLS VnCab'eq~atCaemclna. ä pS yuSgdgu CabC' aPUQYy, ehIyevotmijkV* nekIteLIgedayya\" genHäg. CamyYclnaevotmji , hU Cémji ¨tLb'cUlmk¨beTskeM NItv^j edémºtI yTu tì amsågað mqµkT' b'Tl'ngwVrSg. sågað mbdv^ t‘n_EmnETnk*cabe' pém¶ eLgI ceM JHG~kneyaVy hU Cémji EdlVnrgc' S{kasenH 21 q~SmkehIy, tSgBxI nÂç VneTA «vr«s enAq~S 1919. ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ

80 Exrµ nigyYnmni Tukcit‘K~aeTAv^jeTAmkxÂSgNas.' ehtuemc¶ VnCaynY GacbJH¬Í bJlÍè bg÷kxrY Exrµ ¨khmVn? BkY Xatkr«n¨bCaCnExµrEdlkank' ab'GNM acCagbqI S~ enA¨sku Exrµ BuMEdlVn¨tvè bg·kà xrY edayCnCatyi YneT bu\"En‘Vn¨tvè bJÍH¬ bJèÍledayBkY Edlsemc¶ sIhnu Vn[eQaµ Hfa \Exrµ -evotmij|.edmé ºIylf' aehtuem¶cVnCaCnCatiExµrka yeTACa Exµr-evotmij ekIt ehyI Bni ti ´emlI karvv^ tn‘ «_ nBYkenH eyIg¨tvè ¨tLbm' ke¨kaycnM nY 30 qS~ v^j. Cadb÷ UgeygI ¨tèvd·gfa kUnesaEdlebkI [evotmji VnTTlY eCaKC&y KBW kY GaNki CnCatiep§g@ «n²Nëcè in. eTaHbIkarN_enH [eKrkeC¯BueM kIt, kgTahanelkI db÷ Ugrbse' votmij²tmanCnCatiynY eT, bE\"u n‘mansTu Eì tBkY \fU|(1) Edlsíby' Ynrabd' N÷ r dUcCnCatixÂHEdr. dUec~HEmn, eq¿Â t{kasBkI arbHeVrmYyrbsB' kY kånaæ j fU Tl'nwgGMNacGaNaniKmkg¬~ q~S 1940, y\" egÿgyab\" 'erobcMtemIg mlU da½ nmyY EdlnwgeTACaTeI dmé «nkartyuTdì y* rU Tln' wgVrSg. teTAenH KWkarra\" yra\" b'«nG~kniBnìVrSgeQaµ H eh§rß a\" eL kaà g GBM bI ecÍkeTsEdl y\"ab' Vne¨bI edémºIcUleTAk~g¬ BkY fU (kg~¬esovePA |ya\"b' Ésågðam«n¨bCaCn| bNöaKar dãNEU Gl 1973) Ð \tamdb÷ Unaµ n«n hUCémji , ya\" b' eroneTsPasaBkY Gk~ ¨sukP~M ehIyecHniyaylmµ kg¬~ eBlxÂIbnc‘i Edr. Kat'[eKbe¨gondlm' nus§Kat'eTot. edayykcit‘Tukdak'elI¨bsTi ìPaB«nkareXasnaKat'[eFkÃI mµski §aneyaVy eTAtamTeM nomGk~ ¨sku Ð \CamYyBkY ma\"n' s (kånaæ j¨sukPm~M Yy) (manBYk ma\" n' exAµ , kùkùnù) eygI ¨tvè rhtU KrU rUbeTot edémº[I eKyl'KMnti eygI , Kat'Vnnyi ay¨Vb'e¨kaymk. edémº[I yl'fa VrSgngi Cb\"un CJkØ Q' am¨bCaCneygI , eyIgKrU rbU VrSgm~akn' gi Cbnu\" m~akv' ayynY , ÉrUbkski rma~ k' sgût'edayTmn© 'Bnìdarngi kMENn. eygI eFKÃI MnUr1eTot Edlman Kni ma~ k'(GaNki CnmyY ¨kmu eTot), m\"anma~ k' É fmU ~ak' edré kan'«dK~a edémºbI gúajkarcSVc'«nkarrYbrYmCatTi l'nwgBYklukluy|. y\"abV' nd·knSG~kbgaú tm' yY ¨kum EdleFIÃkarkg~¬ PUmPi aK hÃaGan eg¿Ã gbn^ß . Kat'ra\" yra\" bf' a edmé ºIeFÃ[I bNa¶ CnTku cit¶ KatV' nbJaØ [mnsu §rbsK' at'bnænx' çÂneTAtamTeM nomTMlab'rbse' K ehyI ngi eFÃBI Fi Isºf eBlNacUleTAk¬~gPmU i man\" myY .l. edayy\"agenHägEdlVn¨tèvsageLgI e¨kamsnæ¬Hrbs' ya\" b' nig¨sbtamKMnti rbs' hUCémji , nUveKalKnM itmyY kg~¬ cMeNameKalKnM itneyaVyäeTot«nrbbféµ Ð karCYyKS¨TBYkGaNikCn EdleKnwgeKarBCe÷ nO nigTeM nom. Ótm¶ esnyI bnI ak'«nkgTB& evotmji CaCnCatif.U kgBlFeM lx 312 ngi 316 EdlVnclU rmY k¬~gkar¨byuTì«n edon ebon PU mansTu ìEtCnCatfi U (20 000 nak,' KW 20% «neyaFa evotmjienAq~S 1954). rdm½ ån‘I¨ksgY karJr¨beTs kg~¬ rda½ PVi lbeN¶aHGasn~TI1 «nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFib-ety´evotNam, CUy\"agtag, CaCnCatifU. eBlEdlevotmij cab'cUlmkk~¬gevotNamxagtºèg vak*VneFmIà lU d½anCaTIedmé myY edaye¨bBI kY GaNikCnEdlrse' nAä \TITYlxõs'| Edr(2). dUceKGacrg'

81cS, Exrµ e¨kam EdltyuTtì SgBsI tvt§rT_ I 19 edmé ºIrk§aGgPð aB Catisasn_ ngi vbºFmáxçÂn k*evotmjiBMuVnbeM Pc Edr. dcU GaNikCnCatäi eTot eKbbYlbgbíèneyIg[¨byuTtì Tl'nwgVrSg edaysn´afangw [sÃy& PaBTUlMTUlay eBlNa²Nècë inrlas'xÂnç BVI rSgGaNaniKmnyi m. tSgBIq~S 1946, hCU émij cab'ykcit‘Tukdakn' wg¨beTskmCõ¬ a. eKaledABIryag\" cºas'las'mankg¬~ KnM ti G~kd·knSynY . TI1, srM abe' ¨bIkarPa m@ KWsaÄ bnapÂèvecjclU mYy edmé ºdI ·knSkSePgI EdlTji edayrt'BnBì ¨I suk«f ykmkevotNamxagtºèg ehyI edémºrI kesº¿gbJØènmk¨sukenH (¨svU Vt'db÷ g, ¨tTI enÂsab .l.). kci ÍkarenHVn¨tèv¨bKl[' kgäkPaBevotmji (3). T2I , sMrabe' Blxage¨kay KWeFIÃ[¨beTskmõ¬CaeTACarNb eBlNa²Nëècni rYcB¨I kjSVrSgehIy, edaye¨bKI Nbk§kmu µy¬ nis‘ \Cabgbnèí | myY EdlmansuTìEtExrµ Edl¨buge¨bobxnç C÷nsY VrSg. kicÍkarenHVn¨tèvTuk[Exrµ (EdlelIkdb÷ gU suTìEtExrµ kmC¬õ ae¨kam) ehyI ngi Exrµ katy' Yn ÉyYnEdlekItenA¨sukExrµ ehIyEdlVnclU sbßu kg~¬ sgmð Exµr. G~kniBnì EbNß ahlà ,' k~g¬ esovePArbsx' nç eQaµ H \evotmji | (bNaöKar Garm\"g'kULSg, 1960) VnbgúajTrM g'TrM ay«nExµrevotmji ehyI Bn´l'kg~¬ eBlCamyY Ka~ nUvbeckÍ eTsbJlÍè xçn rbse' votmji mkk~¬gkm¬õCa Ð Çbu\"En¨‘ beTsGasIBu IrVnTTlY y\"agFM kg¬~ kML¬ge¨cInqS~ mkehyI nUv²TìBi l«nneyaVye¨kA¨beTs«n sùbùvù (saFarNrd¨½ bCaFibety´evotNam) Ð lavnigkm¬Cõ a. edaykts' KM al'sPaBTn'ex§ayxagcnM nY ¨bCaBlkr xagkgT&B nigxagesdk½ ic«Í n¨beTsBrI enH cMeJHmux sùbùvù, eKKrYBni it´[yUr nvU TMnak'TnM grvag¨beTsBIrenH ngi sùbùvù. ÈGtIt: smaC^k«nshBn& ì²Nècë indUcCaevotNamEdr ¨beTsBrI enHmanCamYyGk~ Ct^ xagynY xÂçn min¨twmEtkarBei saFn_elIGaNaniKmniymVrSgeT EfmTSg¨bvt‘mi yY dE* vg «nkarrse' nACamYyK~aEdl, Cajwkjy, BsuM vU ¨bkbedaysniP‘ aB, ehyI Edlrdt½ UcTSgBIre¨cInEtCaGk~ bg'xat.kardkykPaBGaNaniKmecjBkI m¬Cõ angi lav VneFIeà LgI tamrebobmyY ¨slY blY Edr ehIyBMKu YreTACaehtmu YyEdleFÃ[I manGnr‘ aKmn_yYneT. buE\" n‘cMeJHerOgenH, sùbùvù dcU CaVnlaymenaKmvC^ Øama\"k§nyi m rbs'xÂçnclU Ka~ nwgeKalbNM gmYyEdlfaTMenomTMlab' (siTìi) Catni yi mynY . e¨JHfaTwkdyé nY TSgGs'EdlenAe¨kamEx§¨sbelx 18 ngi enAxaglci «nsgwæ exµA ¨KanE' tCaTwkdéEdlxçÂnclU mkenAeleI T, ehIycMeJH (Twkd)é evotNamxagtºgè GaNaniKmkmµenHenAf@éµ enAeLIy. sayhgû eTIbngw eTACayYnenAq~S 1688 eT, ehyI haeTog EdlenAxagnirt«I ne¨Cay (²Nèëcni ) eTACayYnenAq~S 1714 KWfatci Cag 150 q~S muneBlEdlVrSgmkdl.' b\"uEn‘ KtW SgBmI nu qS~ 1850 eTAehIyEdlmyY PaKFM«n¨beTslav VnenAe¨kamGMNac (¨bUtiktrU a\" ) es¶cGNöam, ehIyenAqS~ 1846¨beTsesomnig¨beTsGNaö m EbgEckkm¬õCaCaPUmiPaKep§g@ EdlxnÂç sngwì ²TiBì lelI. CaelIkbegyéú , KWkarcUlmktSgT«I nVrSgeT Edl¨VkdCaVn¨sg¨' beTsTSgBrI ecjBIkarVt'bgT' SgmUl, karVtb' g'EdlraCaNac¨kcam Vnsað l'kalBI 2 stvt§r_mnu . ÈkarrlM wksavtaenH CakarcSVc' edémºIylG' akbºkri iyarbsy' Ynkmu y¬µ nsi ‘ Éminkumyµ¬ nis‘,cMeJHmxu lav ngi km¬õCa — K¨W Kan'EtCaTkw déBrI Edl, \tamcºab'|, ¨tvè sKM alf' adUcCarbs'evotNameTAehIy, ehyI ¨bEhlCanwgeTAdUecH~ Emn ebKI µanÓbsKð«nGaNanKi m (VrSg). EmnETneTA ceM JHTMnakT' nM grvagkmCõ¬ anigevotNamxagtºgè , kardk (²Nèëcin) ecjBkI arkkb' JÍS (nwgVrSg) GaNa

82nKi m VnbeJÏHcMeNaTrvag¨beTsTSgBIr— sayhûgecaTPeM~ BjfaVn[Cr÷ kdlB' YkynY Edl¨bqSgnwgrd½aPiVlxÂnç , PMe~ BjecaTsayhgû faeFTÃI ku Åbukem~jdlB' kY GaNki CnExrµ de* ¨cIn (440 000nak!' ) Edlrs'enAtamPaKe¨kam«nTenÂemKg,ð ehyI CyY KS¨TBYkExrµ Edl¨bqSgngw sem¶cshI nu . ÈcMENkäTnM akT' MngrvagsaFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNamnigkm¬õCavj^ , e¨cInEtCakarbn‘neyaVyEdlCaTMenomTlM ab'rbs'ynY edmé ºcI Ul (k¬g~ TwkdéExrµ ). neyaVyenH Vn¨tèvGnvu tn‘ _y\"age¨cInk~g¬ cenÂaHq~S 1950 ngi 1954 e¨JHfasaÄ nkarNx_ agk¬~grbs'Exrµ dcU CaebkI {kas[Nas'. enAExmIna 1945 Gk~ neyaVyExµrm~ak'Edlmanedmé kMeNtI enA¨sukynY , sWg guk\" fan', KSJreday Cb\"nu , ¨bkasäkraC´eBjT«I nkmCõ¬ a e¨kaykare¨bkI mS g«nCbun\" EdleVskcM at'rdk½ arVrSg. kg¬~ naTICardm½ ånTI‘ I1 Katx' M¨bqSgnwgkarvl^ ¨tLb'mkvj^ «nVrSg b\"uEn‘Vn¨tvè kgäkPaB«nÓtm¶ esnIy LWEK caby' \"agrh&s ehIyVn¨tèvbMbrbg'. edaHElgmkv^jtamkarTTUcsu«M n¨BHecA(²LèvenHsem¶c) sIhnu enAqS~ 1951 Kat'¨tLbm' kkm¬Cõ a edémºI¨Kan'EteVHxnç mg¶ eToteTAk¬~gkar¨bqSgngw esc¶ Kat' kd* UcCa¨bqSgnwgVrSgEdr. ÈbEu\" n‘ evot-mji ²tVnrg'cSkar¨tLbm' kvj^ «n sgW g\"ku fan' eT edmé ºI¨bmUlmkTuke¨kam«drbs'xçÂn nUvBYkExrµ mincHu cUlTSg¨kmu EdlmanBBYk¨kmu \Eslllu | nigkgäkPaBBiessevotmijcSCyY ¨Btç «dpg. tSgB«I f© 19 mni a 1950 eTAehIy KWmni TanT' SgVnmYyExpg e¨kaykarbegéûtKNbk§ Lav-dug (KNbk§G~keFkIà ar, sBëfk© an'GNM acenAevotNam, kùkùnù), BFi sI em¸aF«n\KN:kmµkarkN¶al«nkarreM daH¨bCaCnExµr| Vn¨tèveFeIà LgI , ehIyEdleTACarNbsuTsì aF«n sùbùvù (saFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evot-Nam). k¬g~ kareXasnaevotmji enAkmC¬õ a eK¾niyayBIExrµm~aky' \"agGafká MVgM eQaµ H sgW gk\"u mji . bu\"EnE‘ mnETneTA ¨btbi t‘ki arevotmijenAkmõC¬ a enAe¨kambgðab'«nnay \karyi aly& kN¶al«nTk§iNTsi |, kUnkat'Exµr-ynY ma~ k'eQµaH sIvu ehg. Èedayehtfu a enA¨beTskmõ¬CamankareFÃIlºat«nebsk:eyaFBl (VrSg) tci CagenA¨b-eTsevotNam, TIbJØakarnana«nevotmji enATsi xagtºèg k*cabe' pém¶ eFcIà lnamk¨beTskm¬Cõ ak~g¬ rdvèekA¶ (eGet) qS~ 1950. k~g¬ eBly\"agxé ¨beTskm¬õCak*Cabc' Ulk~¬greboberobcMrd½VlevotmijmyYEdr, ehyI kci ÍenH¨tèvEteKsMKal'faCard½aPiVlTahanmYyelTI wkdékank' ab' e¨JHeFIÃeLIgenAkg¬~ dbé reTs. kmC¬õ aTSgmUlVn¨tvè EckCabPI mU Pi aK (emon), CaEbk\" (vg') ehIyCaäkPaB nigCa¨kum \Esllul| Gay (¨suk, XuM, PUmi). KN:kmµkar¨kbxN& ë (V\"gkagsu)W Vn¨tvè dak'BIelIPmU Pi aKExrµ TSgb,IKN:kmµkarsMrabP' UmiPaKnirtI²tmanExrµ eT, ehIyBIreTot myY @ manEtExµrm~akk' g¬~ cMeNamsmaCk^TSg7 «nKN:kmkµ ar. ÈenA«f© 22 v^cÏika 1950, sn~si TI TImYyrvagGk~ d·knSevotmij ngi BYkmincHu clU «nkmC¬õ angilav Vn¨tvè eFIÃeLIg. lTìpl«nsni~sTI enH KWesckE¶I fÂgkarNm_ yY cuHhteÄ lxaeday tug DwkfagedémºIevotmij, svIu ehg edémºkI mCõ¬ a nigmaÍ s'mincuHcUl spu anvu g§ edémºlI av, ehIyEdlcge' FIkà mµvF^ IdUcteTA Ð smõnPì aBmyY rvag¨beTsTSg3 edayykCamUld½annvU \smPaB ngi kareKarBeTAv^jeTAmknvU GFbi tPI aB nigbrU NPaBTkw d«é n¨beTsnimYy@|, xitxMedmé ºI \lb'bMVt'kar¨bkan'BCU sasn_(KWfaTwkcti ¨‘ bqSgynY «nlavnigExrµ ) EdlVrSgGaNaniKmniymVneF[ÃI man|, rYcCabegéúy su[M ¨bCaCnTSg3 rYbrmY K~a[kanE' tC^tsT~i eiì LgI edmé º¨I byuTì. karerobcMeday¨sbK~anUv \rNsri §rbY rYm|

83rbsE' xrµ nig rbs'lav EdlcMLgtamKMrU elon-evot k*ecHEtedré eTAmux, ehyI enA«f© 11 mIna 1951sn~si TI mYyeTotk*eFeIà LgI Edl¨bCu÷BYktN÷ ag elon-evot rbs' sùbùvù (tugDkw fag) nigBYkt÷NagrNsir§Catri YbrYmExrµ (FNUK, kùkùnù) nigBYktNM agrNsir§CatirYbrYm V\"eftLav. elkI enHesckIs¶ Merccit‘EdlVn¨tèveKeVHeqa~ t maneKalxÂH«nkmµv^FmI yY cºasl' as'eTAehIy Ð kickÍ arCaeKalFM«nkarbd^vtn‘ _«n¨beTsTSgbI KeW djecjBkY GaNaniKmnyi mVrSg ngi (semÂgCYgfµémYy)BYkGn‘raKmn_nyi m GaemrikSg. \KN:kmkµ arnaykGc«i ån‘ym_ yY Vn¨tvè begéûteLgI EdlmaneQµaHfa \KN:kmkµ ar«nsmnõ ìPaB«n¨bCaCn evot-Nam, Exµr nig V\"eftLav|. È ²LèvenH evotmji ¨bugrYcCae¨scngw dak'KNbk§CamlU d½anmyY EdlcabB' TI IenaH eKGactemÂgI Ggkð arkmu y¬µ nsi ‘ExµrmyY , e¨JHfaBkY \Exrµ esrI| (Exrµ ²s§r:) cUlcti e‘ FIÃkareday²tsN¶ab'F~ab'eBk, tamEtcit‘BkY emkg~¬ ¨sku . KN:kmµkarmyY eTotVn¨tèvbegétû eLIgEdlmaneQaµ Hy\"agEvgfa \KN:kmkµ arkNa¶ ledémºrI t'kci kÍ aredémºbI egtûé KN:bk§bd^vtn‘ _«n¨bCaCnExµr| (Vgya\" gdgu fan'Lab'dagj\"agdagkakm\"agkav-man). ¨tgn' gw k*Edr eKBVMu neFÃIedayxØxI ØaeT, e¨JHfakmvµ ^FI«nKNbk§feéµ nH Vn¨tvè sresreLgI edayG~käkeTsynY Etm¶g edémºEI ckbne‘ TA[Exrµ tam¨kmu evotmji k~¬g¨suk. rebobEdl¨tèveFItà amVn¨tvè ¨Vb'y\"agcºask' ¬g~ kNM tB' n´l'EdlPØabC' amYylknÅ i‘k: «nKNbk§fµé ehyI EdlVnEckp§ayCamYyKa~ Ð dls' mmitT‘ SgGs,' enHCaäksarBrI EdlTak'Tgnwg Ð 1- Ex§neyaVy«nKNbk§. 2- lkÅn‘ki :«nKNbk§bdv^ t‘n«_ n¨bCaCnkm¬Cõ a. lkÅn‘ik: Vn¨tèvGnmu t‘iCaäkcn&Ï æ edayVg\" kagsuW «nkm¬Cõ a. cEM NkxagEx§neyaVy«nKN bk§ V\"gkagsWu VnGnmu ti‘EtEx§bnaæ t'FM@ eT Edlmit‘ngw ykeTAeFÃICamUlda½ n«nkci kÍ arrbs'mti ‘ ngi «nkarbgaú tb' gaú jdl'G~kcUlfkµé g~¬ \KNbk§bdv^ t‘n«_ n¨bCaCnExrµ |. edayäksarenHVn¨tèv sresreLIgya\" gelOn, eK¨tève¨beI BlevlaxÂH edmé ºIski §a[hµt'ct'nige¨CA.ùùù eyIgsmU [ (KN:kmµkar) PUmiPaK bkE¨b CaExµr rYcEckp§ayenAkg¬~ ¨kmu TSgLay. eygI sgôwm fak~g¬ ry:eBlrt'kicÍkar edmé ºIerIsrkG~kcUl ngi edémºIerobcEM slllu TSgLayEdlKNbk§nwg BwgEpíkeTAelI edmé ºIektI eLgI [¨tmw ¨tvè tamcºab,' mti n‘ wgbågbð 'äksarenHCamYymtirbs'mti ‘ Edl mti n‘ wgeFÃIeLIg[Vndl'KN:kmkµ arkN¶al edémºIrtk' ci kÍ ark¬~gkLM g¬ Exkum¸: 1952. KN:kmkµ arngw ¨bmlU p¬¶÷mtTi SgGs' ehIyngw ykKMnittamedémºIeFIeà sckI¶EfÂgeKalbNM gneya- VyCapÂèvkar«nKNbk§. esckE¶I fg eKalbMNgenH ngw Vn¨tvè EckcayCapèÂvkar k~¬gceM Nam ¨bCaCnEteBlNaEdl V\"gkagsuW ngw Vnyl'¨BmehIy. (htÄelxa) «f© 5 shI a 1951 KN:kmµkarkN¶aledémºIrtk' ci Íkaredmé ºbI egûté KNbk§bdv^ tn‘ _ «n ¨bCaCnExµr.

84 ÈlkÅnik‘ :«nKNbk§bdv^ t‘n«_ n¨bCaCnExrµ EdlVn¨tèveroberogeLIgedayTbI JaØ karevotmji enAkm¬õCaenH minCaGÃIe¨kABIesck¶IsegbÅ «nlknÅ ki‘ :rbs' Lav-dgu eT. karxusK~amanmyY kEngÂehIyya\" gsxM an' Ð ²t manniyayBI \lTiìF@M «n ma\"k§, Ginhiðl, eLnIn ngi emA\" -esTug| eT. karniyayBlI TìineyaVy manenAEtk¬g~ XÂamYyEdlmni Gs'esck¶I Ð \lT«iì n KNbk§ CalTì¨i bCaFiety´¨bCamanti .(4) Ècab'tSgBeI BlenHeTA, karrkI cMernI «nkarbH¨bqSgExµr eFÃIeLIgy\"ag²tel¿í gtamKrM UynY rbs'xÂnç . enAqS~ 1952, KN:kmµakarCat«i nkarrMedaHExµr E¨bxnç eTACa \rda½ PiVlExµrtsß|U d·knSedaysg· g\"ukmji ehyI EdlVn¨tvè \TTYlsðal'| PÂam BI Ve\" ftLav ngi BI sùbùvù e¨kABeI nH ²trdä½NaeTotTTlY sðale' LyI . \rda½ PVi lts|Uß enH mansar:sxM an'bnci‘ enAeBlC^teFIÃsni~sTI h§WENv, e¨JHfaebI sùbùvù eFIÃ[eKTTYlsðal'VnnvU vt¶manCapèÂvehtu «nrbbTSgBrI enH Edlxçn KSJr, C÷hrrbs'xÂnç cMeJHmxu VrSgnwgrwgbwugya\" gxS g. k~¬geBlEdleCaKCy& xagTahanrbs'xçÂnmaneLIgCabnb‘ næab'Ka~ enAlavnigkmC¬õ a BIExFè~ 1953 eTAExemsa 1954, G~kdk· nS sùbùvù k*niyayjkw jyeLgI ngi xÂSgeLgI GBM I \rda½ PiVl| «n sWg g\"ku mji nig supanvu g§. karbèr¶ ebskkmµK~a k*maneLgI , ehIyrhUtmaneTAdl'esckI¶Efg karN«_ n \rdm½ ån¨I‘ ksgY karbreTs| «nrbb sgWgu\"kmji , ekmnu ,I Edltva\"enA«f© 20 mnI a 1954 Tl'ngw \Gnr‘ aKmnG_ aemrki SgenA¨sukExµr\ ehIyecaT¨BHecAshI nu —EdlVnTTlY BVI rSgnUväkraC´«n¨beTs enAExtlu a 1953— faCatku tû a. Èb\"uEnk‘ arbegtéû \rd½aPVi ltsEßU xµr| Cakarbn¬‘bbEng‘ eBk. ¨bCaCnExrµ PaKe¨cnI enAesµaH¨tg'ngw es¶cxÂnç ehyI ngi sÄabn& tamTMenomTMlab'xnÂç . ehyI eKeXjI cºas'eBknUv«dbreTs —yYn—EdlenABIe¨kayesck¶¨I bkasnigsnu ræ kfaTSgLayenaH EdlCajwkjy Vn¨tèvbkpæalB' PI asayYn. ¨beTskmõC¬ a nig¨beTslavBuM¨BmGgy¬ð enA h§E· Nv e¨kaytu CamyY \rd½aPiVlbsI ac|TSgenaH ehyI b¬kkum¬yµ nis‘ k*bnæn'xçn tam. kg~¬ ry:eBltci CagBIrEx, rcnasmnõ ìrd½aPiVlevotmijenAkm¬õCaVtG' s' dUcCa¨tvè mn‘GaKm. sWg gku\" fan' eFIsà kmPµ aBmg¶ eTotCamyY esc¶ xnÂç —bu\"En‘¨Kan'EtedémºICab¨' bLak'm¶geTotk¬~gkarbnu\" bg\" rlM eM sc¶ enH k~¬gq~S 1959. sWg gk\"u mij —etImnus§enHmanEmn ÉmYyCa suvI ehg?— ecjeTACamYykgäkPaBevotmji Edl¨tLbe' TAevotNamxageCgé v^je¨kaykci ¨Í Bme¨BogQbc' ºSgKa~ . sùbùvù caj'Tkw TImYyenAkm¬õCa. ÈkarPn& ‘¨cLEM dlVneFÃI ¨tèvEtEkeLIgvj^ . EmnETneTA karEkenHnwg¨slY eFÃCI agkar EdleKmansgômw TukenAhaNyU . edayVnTTYlTukÅbku emj~ xS gBIG~kCt^ xagmni kmu ¬µynis‘xnÂç BIrnak' K¨W beTsevotNamxagtºgè nig«f, kmõC¬ aeXIjelcecjmkv^j nUvÓVyklrYmtamTeM nomTMlab' EdleFIÃ[xÂnç VnVt'äkraC´kalBIGttI :. km¬õCakE* brrkTaà rTSgGs'EdlebkI [xÂnç rYcBeI ¨KaHf~ak'ùùù ehyIhaNyU CaTaà rmYyEdr. sùbùvù Elgman¨BMEdnCamyY ngw kmCõ¬ aehIy, ehIysarBtmá anxçÂnngi vT^ ´¬xçÂnkarJr¨beyaCnE_ xrµ , minEmnedayesck¨I¶ sLajB' ei sselIraCaFbi ety´ExµreT, bEu\" n‘BIe¨JHG~kC^txagrbs'Exrµ Casmnõ ìmit‘y\"agCt^ siT~ ìingw shrd½Gaemrik. sem¶cshI nu —es¶cngw dak'raC´[ÒBkuma¶ yenAq~S 1955— ElgTTlY kareCrtµHtiHedolCaGlÂCØéBvI ^T´h¬ aNUyehyI , pæ¬y¨sLHeTAvj^ .buE\" ns‘ emc¶ enAcS ehIyExrµ km* inePÂc karcUllukluyevotmji kg~¬ ¨beTskmCõ¬ a enAExkum:¸ 1954,

85ehyI kci kÍ arTakT' gEdlmaneLIgrvagPM~eBj ngi haNyU ¨Kan'Etsmrm´, ²telIsBeI nHeLyI .Gk~ tMNagpvÂè TUtExrµ ma~ ke' TAenAä sayhgû bEu\" nK‘ µantMNagExµrenAhaNyU eT (rhtU dl'qS~ 1960). Èdl'Exv^ckiÏ a 1958 eTbI KN:¨btPi UyYnxageCégmYymkdlP' e~M Bj, buE\" nm‘ nu nwgmkdl' ExrµVn¨Vb'rYce¨sc ehyI y\"agcºas'fa k~g¬ eBl²LèvenH²tmanerOgTTlY sðal'rd½aPVi lhaNyU eT.kci cÍ carenA¨tmw Et eFÃIkci ͨBme¨BogJNCi ØkmµmyY cuH«f© 20 vc^ kiÏ a EdltamenaH sùbùvù nwgp¶ld' l'kmõC¬ anvU F´gè , CatiCéh¬Ãssaà t, GMeVH nig¨kNat' ehyI ngi Et bè¶rK~anvU plitplkski mµ. kci ͨBme¨BogenHmannyi ayEdrGBM I \karsgômw | nwgeFI[à manTMnakT' nM gxag«¨bsNIy_ ngi xagvbºFmá, deU c~HeKdUcCaGac[eyabl'bJÍb'fa sùbùvù VnElgGnvu tn‘ _ —ya\" gehacNas'kk* ~g¬ eBl²LèvenHEdr— nYvneyaVyykkm¬Cõ aeFÃI \rNb|, e¨JHneyaVyenHVnxcU xatm¶geTAehyI .È (cb'kardk¨sg)' dUec~HtSgBIq~S 1950 rcnasmnõ eì BjeljCaKN:kmµkar-¨kbx&Në (Vg\" kags)uW Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIgeBjraCaNac¨k, ehyI enAe¨kamkar¨tçt¨tarbs'vresnIyäk eg¿Ã g fats' gW (ehA hn:l:KrI I)«nkgTB& evotmij(5). cMENkxagreboberobcMBkY ¨kume¨kammkeTot Vn¨tvè cMLg²texaÍ HBKI rM U evotmij enAevotNam(6). enA«f© 11 mifuna 1950 salamyY srM abG' br' nM eyaVydl'BYk¨kbxN& ë(f~akX' u,M ¨sku ) Vn¨tvè begtéû eLgI enAPUmPi aKnirtI EdlmaneQµaHfa salaGacar´ Ehm-ecov (!).sis§C÷nan'TImyY man 140 nak' EdlmkBI¨Kb'TItMbn'«nraCaNac¨k(7). enAk¬~gtbM n' \rMedaH| mYy,kgTB& ¨bCaCnExµrreM daH (APKL, emlI PaKTI4, erOgkg~¬ ¨beTs) sem¸aFenA«f© 14 shI a 1950 salaTahanmYysMrabb' g÷kbgãÃnExµr EdlclU k~g¬ CYrxnç (CnM an'TI1 man \V\"kTsI g|' Exrµ 100 nak'). rd½aPVi lmYysTu ìsaF Edlman¨Kb'¨ksYgbeM rkI arTSgGs' (nKrVl, eXasnakar, esd½kic,Í ski §aFki ar .l. mktSgTIenAtaEkv. k~g¬ sn~isITenA h§·ENv q~S1954, pSySu gdug, fÃétºti EtxÂçnBEU kEfg suM, ²tVneFÃI[eKyl¨' BmTTYlExrµ -evotmji enAe¨kaytCu ÷nMeu T. eBlEdlevotmji dkT&BxçÂnecjBkI m¬Cõ a(8) ¨sbtamkci ¨Í Bme¨Bog h§·ENv, ¨kbxN& Eë xµrTSgGs'dm* ant«m ¨BmTSgekµgExµrrabJ' nn' ake' Tot EdlclU cti ‘ ÉBuMsvU cUlcit‘nwgxÂnç ke* votmijBMuVnePÂcd·kCJØèneTAEdr. ExµrTSgJn'nake' nH (5000 nak', tamEbßNahaEml\" ), EdlVneTAtam ÉeTAedayeKbg÷CÅ amyY evotmij k¬g~kar¨tLbm' kpHæ rbs'BkY enH, Vn¨tèveKbJØènmkkmC¬õ avj^ e¨kay¨Bwtik‘ arN_«nExmIna 1970. Exµr¨khmBEMu dlVn¨tvè bJ¬ÍHbJèlÍ edayCnCatiynY eT, b\"uEne‘ dayCnCatEi dlmanEsºkdcUxnç KBW YkExµr-evotmij. Tku ÅesakExµreygI TSgGs' KeW nA¨tgh' w~g! ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ snM YrT4I Ð ebIdeU c~H etImuxkar ngi ²TìiBlrbs'¨beTscni k¬~gmhav^eyaKExrµ enA¨tgN' axÂH? (TBM &r 90)

86 GFbi ºay(1) Jk´ \f|U k~g¬ PasayYn E¨bmkfaG~k¨sukedmé . dUec~HExrµ kmC¬õ ae¨kamk*Vn¨tvè ehAfa fU Edr. sBëfe© nH CnCatfi U Ca¨kmu GaNikCnFCM ageKenAevotNamxageCég (400 000 nak') tam Cn m\"akG' aliEsæ (k~¬g \GaNki Cn¨sukPMn~ gi evotNam Ð kUnesamyY ebkI bgaú jsågðam ²Nëècni |, hageVHp§ay BEI T Kunsa‘ ED), BkU fUVnbu\"nb\"gdeNmé¶ ykblg& yû YnEdr, enAst- vt§rT_ I 16, EtykBMVu n. bnæab'BkI arbHeVrenH, ynY Vnse¨mclaybJlèÍ bgaû tB' kY fU edaynamuWnTSgLayEdlenA¨tçt¨taf.U namunW yYnTSgenaHVnerobkarCamYy¨sfI U ehIyknU xnÂç EdlektI bnb‘ naæ bm' k, ehAfa f-U TI, VnkCavN:ö vrCnf.U eBlEdlVrSgmkdl²' Nèëcin BkY fU, EdllkNÅ :rbU kaydcU Exrµ Nas' (CaBiesssmº¬r¨säm), VnVtG' sr' lgI nvU Pa saedémrbs'xnÂç .(2) VrSgVnyle' dayytW Nas'dl'sar:sxM an'«nGaNikCnCatiep§g@. Ótm¶ navé dah§g' el´I, e¨kayeBlmkdl'kUsSgsInu bnic‘ mk, Vnbegûté tMbn'sÃy&tBYkm\"yU xagtºèg (ZAMS) edémº[I VrSg¨ttç ¨taCnCatienHedaypæal' (kicEÍ dlGaemrki SgVneFIEà dre¨kaymk). karerob ckM gqkµ k' ¬~gBYkGaNikCnVn¨tèvTukdak'[¨kum \kumµ\"gd' U| crM uHq&¨teyag (GCMA) Edlxnç äg enAe¨kambgðab¨' ksYgsm©atV' rSg (SDECE). b\"uEn‘karerobcMTSgenHVn¨tvè eFeIà LgI edayyWt Nas' (1953 - 54).(3) emevotmij«n Nam-bU (ynY xagtºgè ) eQaµ H eg¿Ã g-bnß^ , ehA \EPk~ myY |, eQµaHEdlVn¨tèv sðal'xÂSgBTI ahanVrSgEdlVn \vay| enA²Nècë ni . lºlI ºajedaysarePrvkmµrbs'xÂçn, eQµaHenHVneF[Ià \yab\" '| dlk' gäkPaBVrSgenAevotNamxagtºgè . mnsu §GanaFbi ety´, egÿg-b^ßn Vn¨tèv¨Bmaneday hCU émij. ¨bEhlCaxnÂç BMuVneFtIà ambJaØ xÂHrbs' hU, eQaµ H enHVn¨tvè eKekaHehAeTAevotNamxageCégenAq~S 1946. tampÂèvrbsx' nÂç , eg¿Ã g-bnß^ Vn¨tvè TTlY bgað b[' eqogclU mkdéExµr edmé ºrI Hi rkpÂèvecjcUlmYys¨mabd' ·kGavFu TijBI¨sukesom. eg¿Ã g-bß^n Vngab'eday«cdn´k~¬gkarBnY sæakr' bsk' gäkPaBExµrmyY enA¨kecH (emIlTs§na vdé¶ \Gisu sr‘è Iya\" |, elxBiess 24). eKGaccat'Tku qS~ 1946 Caq~SEdlevotmijcab'cUlxÂçn mk¨beTskmCõ¬ a.(4) bgbíènePosxÂçneygI ngi eyaFaExrµ ¨khmVnbJØak'fa xnç ²tEdlVn¾niyayBIlTiì mak\" § eLnIn É emA\" esTgu eT. \Jk´KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘Exrµ | eTbI ngw ecjBImat' b\"ul-Bt kalxçn eTAebk\" Sg. k~¬gesovePAEdlKats' resr 15 q~SmunExµr¨khmclU mkykGMNac, EbNß a hlà ' bJaØ kG' BM IvtĬEdlk¬~g¨sukExrµ sBëfe© naHehAfa \Ggkð ar\. GgðkarenHminCaGIÃe¨kABI \KNbk§| kg¬~ sm&yExµrevotmji eT. cmÂgtamKrM eU dmé «nreboberobcM Exµr-evotmij, rcna smnõ «ì nGgkð arExrµ ¨khmCarebob \rukCÅ atiduH| (Kl,' Emk, Fag .l.) Ð

87 Ggkð arelIkkxx xxKKK KKK KKK KKK mhaCn ( \K| sðalE' t \x|, ²tsðal' \k| eT)kar¨bDti rbse' votmji enH man¨bsTi iìPaB²teFÂay edémºIlakV' gM nwgkarJrBYkG~kd·knSxnç .edmé ºdI gw faetIbJaØ mYymkBNI a, ehIyGk~ NaCaG~k[, eK¨tèvrukrktamEmkFagTSgGs.'karenHeFeIà TABurM cY eLyI e¨JHCnTSgLay²tsðalK' ~aTSgGse' T, ehIym´a\" geTotedayman¨kmu KijTnmæw myY Edl \Vnkar| Nas.' ebIbJØamyY BuMVn¨tèveFtIà am, Ggðkar¨sNku rkeTkEnÂgNaEdlVnefÂaHeFa y. eyIgVneXIjehyI nvU rebobEdlemExrµ ¨khmBit¨Vkd Vne¨beI démºIlak'VMgxÂnç . eBlEdlVnGNM acehIy \KNbk§| ¨Kan'EteFÃIxçÂn[eTACaGgkð ar,ehIyreboberobcMtamExµr-evotmij k~¬gPmU Pi aKnana ykeQµaHfa \KN:k¶ab'rdG½ NM ac| EdlCarcnasmnõ ìtamPUmPi aK«nGgkð ar. reboberobcMedém«nevotmji Vn¨tèvGk~ nBi nì hßÃéilIBdvã éEl ra\" yr\"abd' UcteTAenH Ð \edémºép§Bpà §aykmµv^FIxÂnç niglatsnìwg²TìiBlxnç , evotmji mantSgBIedémkMeNItxÂçnnUvreboberobcM«nKNbk§kum¬yµ nsi ‘²Nëècni . eg¿Ã g GaykÃwk (hCU mé ij) eq¿t{kas«nsmaCenA¨kgu T§i n T§I (Tsin Tsi) edémºIeFIkà arerobcMsaCaf.éµ cºasN' ask' arNE_ dlevotmij,dUcCaKNbk§kmu y¬µ nis‘²Ncèë ni Edr, ngw GaceFIkà arelTI kw d²é NèëcinVnEtedaylak'bBM Ynxçn . dUec~H ¨tvè Etxti xMerobcMGgkð armYyEdllak'xçÂnVn, xMrHi rkrebobfµénigÓVyfµé Edls¨mçltamkmvµ ^FfI µeé nH. karGt'Fµty' a\" gstià sÃajrbs' eg¿Ã g GaykÃkw VnTTYlplk¬~geBlenHehyI . G~kd·knSTSgGs'«nKNbk§Vnyl'dlP' aBGsarbg'«nkci ÍkarTSgLayEdl²tVn¨tèverobc[M hµt'ctm' ni [eFÂayeLIy. ehyI eCaKCy& «nevotmji nwgmkGMBIkarN_Edl, kg~¬ ry:eBl4qS~ , xÂnç nwgerobcMs¨mlç ²t¨sak¨san‘nvU Ggðkarrbs'xÂçn eTAtamskmµPaBfµéNaEdlnwgGaceFÃVI n, ehIynigB¨gg· ²tQbQ' rnvU ¨bsTi ìiPaB«nBYk¨kum EdlmanmkehyI . etGI gðkarenHCaGÃ?I | \enAxage¨kamman Esllul (C-é bU), tUc@eT, ¨bmUlp¶÷¬mnus§EdlmanGCIà amyY K~axH ehIy dUcCarbrrksI,u zan:sgðm É kånæajCatisasn._ Eslllu TSgLay, Edlman

88muxgarbgûBYk¨kmu , mansPaBbiTC^tNas', eday²tTak'TgKa~ BImYyeTAmYyeLIy. manEtemEslluleT EdlTakT' gCamYyGk~ enAxagelIxçÂn|. \EsllulnimYy@ enAk¬~grcnasmõnìmyY (EdleygI nwgehAfa \¨tge' LgI elI|) EdltamFmµtaskmPµ aBlatsnìgw eBjel¨I beTsevotNam ehyI Edl¨bmUlpE÷¬¶ slluldUcKa~ TSgGs' KfW aEdlmnus§k¬g~ enaHmanrbrrksudI UcKa~ , zan:sgmð dUcKa~ É kånaæ jCatisasn_dcU Ka~ . rcnasmnõ ì \¨tge' LIgel|I TSgenaHmantamFmtµ anvU yeI haEtmYyfa \smaKmyYnedémºIe¨sac¨sg¨' beTs| (evotNam KW kwkà hyU ). enAq~S 1944, evotmji VnehAmkT§ni T§I nvU BkY tMNagsmaKmyuvCn (faje' jon), narI (PnU )U , kmkµ r (kugsag), eyaFa (bnß^su)I . enAk¬~gmNëlnmi Yy@, kard·knSrcnasmnõ ì \¨tg'eLgI elI| nimYy@enAkg¬~ bnkæ¬ KN:kmµkarCabe' qa~ tmYyEdlerIsykemxçn äg.| \bEu\" n‘esckI¶¨tèvkar«nkartyTu Tì SgxagTahan TSgxagneyaVy nS[¨bmUlpm¬÷¶ eF´aVyTSgGss' ¨mab'eXasna«nEslllu nanatamPUmPi aKnmi Yy@, ehyI dak'e¨kambJØakaremEtm~ak' EdltSgeLgI edayKN:kmµkarkNa¶ l«nKNbk§ ehIyEdleFtIà amkarENnS«nKN:kmkµ arenH. deU c~H, ceM JHmxu tMNagTSgGs'EdlVnCabe' q~at, karcat'EcgskmPµ aBmanEtmYyehIyEdlmkBeI lI.| \edayehtuenH¨sukyYnVn¨tèvEckCabI \bU|, ɨbeTs (Vk'bU Étugkwg, ¨Tgu bU ÉGNöam, NambU ÉkUsSgsIun). bU nimYy@ Vn¨tèvEbgCaext,‘ ¨sku , XMu, PmU inigsgûat'.bMENgTwkdénmi Yy@ enAe¨kamkarTTYlxus¨tvè «nKN:kmkµ armyY Edlman¨btiPUCab'eq~ateVHedayBBkY rcnasmõnì \¨tg'eLIgel|I , ehyI KN:kmµkarenH¨tèvdk· nSedayemm~ak'EdltSgedayembEM NgTwkdéxagel.I emKN:kmµkarmanGMNacse¨mckary\"agTlU TM Ulay ehyI [{vaTEtm~ak'ägelbI EM NgTkw déTSgmUl, BYksmaCk^ KN:kmkµ ar¨KanE' tmansemg kg¬~ karBi-e¨KaH ehyI eFCÃI aG~k¨btbi ti.‘ | \reboberobceM nHhµtc' t'Nase' nAkg~¬ \bU| nimyY @, embMENgTkw dITSgLay¨tèveFI[èsbtamkarbJØangi kci EÍ NnS«nGaCaÆ FrEdlenAelIxçn . pæy¬ eTAvj^ , edaymkBkI arBVi kxagkarTakT' g, \b|U TSgbVI nTTYls&ÃyPaBFlM µmEdr. EmnETneTA, meF´aVyeFÃI²TìBi lcM@eTAelIKNbk§ enAk¬~gkNa¶ b«' dKN:kmkµ ar \b|U TSgbI, EdlmanesrIPaBlµmEdr cMeJHmxuKN:kmµkarkNa¶ l. CaBei ssKN:kmµkarNambUmanesrIPaBesIræ EteBjTI kg¬~ skmµPaBxnç , eday¨BmTTYlBKI N:kmkµ arkNa¶ lEtkci kÍ arENnSTUeTAxagneyaVy.| \Cabegéyú , enABIelGI gkð arevotmji manKN:kmkµ arkN¶alEdldakl' TEìi tmYyngwkci ÍcatE' cgEtmYy[tam.| (cbd' k¨sg)' p·mæ eTAngw rcnasmõnìevotmij, reboberobcMrd½Vl«nkm¬õCa¨bCaFiety´, elIkElgEtkEng bEM pk xÂH, dUcK~aebHbiT. ehyI manG~knBi nìxagbswmÍ ¨beTsCae¨cInEdlsresr¨Vb'eKägfaCareboberobcMfµé !

89(5) GgðkarelIsmy& enaH KW vr:esnyI _äk egÿg fan'sWg EdlVnykeQµaHExrµ (VlIeTAeTot!) Ca \hn:l:KrI |I . e¨kaysnis~ TI h§WENv egÿg fan's·g, EdlVnbeJjÍ muxxçÂn, nST&Bevot mijcUl¨sukkMeNtI v^j.(6) tSgBIkalenaH, min¨twmEtreboberobceM T EdlVn¨tèvcmg tamevotmij, bu\"Enr‘ ebobnyi ay —Pasa— kumyµ¬ nis‘ExµrmyY k*Vn¨tvè begûté Edr. bEu\" n‘edayKaµ näksar, eygI BMGu acGHGag VneTfa \Pasa| Exµr¨khmsBëf© enAEtdEdldcU kalBIsmy& evotmij.(7) BYk bul\" Bt, nYn Ca, ng sYn, sU Pwm .l. KmW insuTEì tVneronenAsalaenH?(8) elak ln' nl' Vn¨tvè raCrd½aPVi ldak[' enAGmKN:kmµkarGn‘rCati (esùGIuùesù), edmé ºI ¨tçtemlI karcakecj«nTB& evotmij. KatV' n¾eKniyayCaelkI db÷ UgBeI Qaµ H \Ekv mas| ma~ kE' dlnwgGacCaG~ktMNagenA h§EW Nv «n \rd½aPVi l| rbs' sWg g\"ku mji , ebsI inCard½aPi VlenHnwgVn¨tvè TTYlsað l'BmI haGNM ac. e¨kaymkeToteQµaH \Ekv mas| enHVn¨tvè eK¾m¶geTot, faCaG~kbegûétma~ k'«nKNbk§¨bCaCn. b\"uEn‘KµannrNaVneXjI mux ÉrUbft Ekv mas enHeT. ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ

90 ebdI UecH~ etImuxkar ngi ²TìiBlrbs¨' beTscin kg¬~ mhave^ yaKExrµ enA¨tgN' axH ? mkY rebobcinEdlExµr¨khmJk', vtm‘ an«nGk~ äkeTscinenAkm¬õCa, karedjBYkTtU rus§IecjenAExemsa 1975 sTu Eì tCakarNt_ Uc@ EdleFI[à Gk~ xH sµan rhtU dl'fa¨bCaCnExrµ Vn¨tvè cinykeTAeFkÃI arBiesaFn_ \sgmð féµ| myY . esckIÓ¶ bmaTSgenH, EdlmkBkI arrevré vayrkerOgGsaÍ r´edémºIÓs§ahkmlµ kB' táman, Vn¨tèvbeJjÍ mkedayrhs& eBk. eK¨KanE' tTs§nakg¬~ eBlenHnUvGFikrNT_ 2I kg~¬ erOgExµr rvagcni ngi ynY . GFikrNT_ 1I VnektI eLgI kalBsI nsi~ TI enAh§EW Nvk~¬gq~S 1954(1), EdlCakarNb_ gúaj¨beTscinCamhaGNM acmYyelIk¶arGku neyaVyGn‘rCat.i tSgBkI ~¬gsunræ kfarbsx' Ânç elkI T1I enAh§EW Nv, pS yuSgdug EdltSgxÂnç Ca \G~knSJk´«n¨bCaCnTSgb«I n²Nècë in|, TamTar[Exµrevotmij(rda½ PiVl«n sgW gku\" mji ) nigBYktNM ag Ve\" ftLav mansTi ciì UlrmY k¬g~ sns~i TI , sMNmU Edlrd½mån‘IVrSg h§ßk bßdé U ¨bjab¨' bjal'nwgTat'ecal(2). bJaú PaBtMNag«nExµr-evotmji nig V\"eftLav Edl pS ySu gdug bpM su eLIgenH eFIÃ[snis~ TI ecjBrMu cY . kare¨sac¨sge' lIkenH mkB¨I beTscni . «f© 8 ÓsPa, CUeGnLay EdltSgBeI dém KS¨Tkci Íkarrbs' pS ySu gdgu ¨sabE' teFÃI[eKdg· faKat'VnsMerccity‘ le' XIjdUc h§kß béßd,U KfW a bMEbkcMeNaT¨beTsevotNam, qak«ncMVMgrvagyYnKa~ äg, BIcMeNaT¨beTslavngi ¨beTskmõC¬ a EdlVn¨tèvluklyu eday \T&BbreTs| (Ganfa \T&Bevotmji \)(3). Gnr‘ aKmn_«n CeU GnLay min¨twmEtVneF[Ià sn~si ITecjrcY eT, EfmTSgVnCYykmõC¬ a[rYcxnç BkI arbd^vtn‘ m_ yY EdlcºasC' abgrèú QamxÂSgdcU sB«Ã fe© nH, karbdv^ tn‘ _EdlCaTVI rm¸«nrde½ lxaFikarGaemrikSg CnhÃsEsdæ lsÂw (4). karxa cE¨kg Exrµ -evotmij elbyk¨beTs Vncab¨' Kvat' semc¶ sIhnu eTAkg¬~ rgÃg«' dcin.h§EW NvVnbegúyI äkraC´«nkmCõ¬ a, VnD' ug mYyqS~ e¨kaymk (1955) cab'bgÅ^tcinnigExµr[Ct^ sTi~ ìK~a(5). BIsns~i TI enA Vn'Dgu eTAExmIna 1970, 15q~SknÂgeTA EdleJreBjeTAedaykarTMnakT' nM glrí vagcinngi Exrµ , Bti EmnEtlík'BNeá dayB´¬HsgôraxH . srM sq' a s'K~angw karkeM jjI CaGavuFF«M nkarTtU rbs'cni enAGasGIu eKy~ _. ¨BmKa~ ngw karrk§aTMnakT' nM glCí amyY rd½aPVi lk~g¬ ¨suk, cni mni ¨twmEtKS¨TBeI ¨kAeT EfmTSgcJi mwÍ BkY cUl«¨BeFbÃI d^vtn‘ e_ Tot, ehIye¨bIBkY enHsrM abk' eM jIjnig¨Bman —kare¨b¨I VsE' dl \Vnkar| y\"agxÂSg. kci ÍkarTtU rebobenH Vn¨tvè Gnuvt‘nk_ g~¬ ¨beTs«f, PmU a ngim\"aeLs.Iu manEt¨beTskmõC¬ aeT EdlputBkI ºnç enH. dUecH~ Emn kEng d*¨bNtI sMrab¨' beTscin kg¬~neyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmõ¬Ca, neyaVyminTukcitr‘ bsE' xrµ elsI hPaBseU vot nigkardac'TMnak'TMnglírvagkmC¬õ anigshrdG½ aemrki (Gan \TnM akT' MngExµr-cin|) eFÃ[I GtG' eM BdI l'karbegûét ngi ciJwÍm¨kmu cUl«¨BeFIÃkarbdv^ t‘n_ (6). ExmnI a 1970 ebIkyuKféµmyY «nsavta¨beTskm¬Cõ a Ð yuK«nkarcuH{nfy, yuK«nesckT¶I ukÅesak bnaæ bB' Ikaregébmxu eLIgkg¬~ ry:eBlmyY y\"agx.Âé srè~ kSePÂgI CaelkI d÷bUg, EdlVnehAmhaeka

91lahlmyY mkp¶acC' évt^ ExµrTSglannak'enH Vn¨tèvVje' LgI , cUreyIgkMuePÂc, edayBkY yYnkumµ¬ynis‘. bnæabB' VI nbgúèrQamExrµ nigbpM a jsmºtr‘i dE½ xrµ , ynY VneFI[à sågðamluklyu rbsx' çn kÂayeTACasågðamrvagExµrK~aäg. lºci yTu ìsaåsd‘ e* q~ImenH ¨tvè eFeIà LgI Ca 5 dN÷ ak' dUcteTA Ð 1- karvayy\"agrhs& mYy, eday¨kmu \kmu \"gµ d' U| bMpÂaj, keM TcPaKe¨cIn«nsMNg'CamlU d½ansgðmkci Í—esdk½ ci «Í n¨beTs Ð sõan, fl~ ,' mnæIreBT´, sala, eragc¨k .l. 2- eFI[à kan'kab'Vny\"ag¨VkdnUvPmU iPaK emKgð-elI TSgmUl(7) edayvaybPM &ny‘ \"ag xÂSg k¬~gPUmPi aKxagtºgè nigPaKkN¶al«n¨beTs (kBM g's,õW kMBt, kMBgF' M, kMBg'qS~ g .l.(8) 3- kareVHbge' calPmU Pi aK emKgð-elI TSgmlU edaykgTB& Exrµ tSgBIeBlcabe' pm¶é sågðam, ebIk[ynY k¶ab'Tku e¨bI¨Vs'nvU famBlmYydF* Mxagmnus§ ngi xagkski mµ Edlngw begtéû eLgI nvU kgäkPaBelIkd÷bgU «nT&BExrµ ¨khm(9). 4- bJØènmkmatPu Umiv^jnvU hgèà BYkExµr-evotmji Edle¨skXa n 15 qS~ mkehyI , ehIy EdlcSEtkeM Tc nigbgèrú Qamdl' \kmCõ¬ akJHØ c¨kBtG‘i aemrki Sg|. BkY enH, EdlsBà «f©kanG' MNacEmnETnenAkmõC¬ a, CaG~kksagkgTB& Exµr¨khm(10). 5- eFÃI[sågað m \eTACaExµr| edayfyecjbnci‘ mg¶ @ edémº,I CaelkI begéyú , ¨Kan'Etkan' naTCI aG~kpl¶ 'GavuFyuTPì &Në (mkBI¨sku cni kat'tampÂèvlMhUCémij)(11). cMENkxag¨beTscni v^j, edayxnç ytW CagynY 25 q~S, manEt«dTeT eBlEdl¨Btw ik‘ arN_mnI a 1970 p¬Hæ eLgI . «cdn´«n¨Bhlµ xi ti Vnyksem¶csIhnu eTAeVHecaläebk\" Sg. VnkUnGkumyY ya\" gsMxan,' cni xMrt'[Tane' Blevlavj^ . VneTACaÒBku Fmá«nkarbd^vtn‘ _Exrµ , cni ngi ynY eFIÃkci Ít¨mvè K~amyY tamsni~sTI elIkT2I «n¨bCaCn²Nëcè ni (emsa 1970). ¨beTscinmansIhnu (Edlman¨bCa¨biyPaBk¬g~ ¨bCaksikrExµr nigkg¬~ Gnr‘ Cat)i ehyI manGavFu yuTìP&N.ë ¨beTsyYnmanBkYExµr-evotmji ehyI [T&Bxnç eFIÃGn‘raKmn_paæ l'(12). cinKS¨TshI nCu amYynwgraCrda½ PVi lrYbrYmCati«nkm¬õCa, Exrµ -evotmji clU CamYysIhnu, edémºbI Mer¨I beyaCn_xÂnç Vn, k~¬grNsir§rbY rmY Cati«nkm¬õCa(FUNK, ¨sedogK~angw bgrbsx' çÂn, FNUK). \¨BHGgðKti EterOgTUteTArcY enAäe¨kAcHu , Tuk[eyIgxMƬeFÃIsågað mreM daHkg¬~ ¨sku |, Exµr¨khm¨Vb'sem¶cshI n.u pÂèveTAkanC' &yCn÷ HGacenAEvgq©ay, edaymkBIcMVgM enAevotNam ngi karkan'ka¶ b'«nGaemrikSg. e¨kamsbM ke¨kAmYy Edlbgaú jkar¨tvè K~a²telí¿g, BkY TSgBIr¨kmu (shI nu nig Exrµ -evotmij) erobcMxnç edmé ºIkMcat'K~aeTAv^jeTAmk. erOg \v\"ETehtð | ngi karFÂak«' n nci snu mkrju ¨Btw k‘i arN_[remolya\" gelOn. C&yCn÷ Hmkdl'qab'CagVne¨KagTku . bEI xmuneBlExrµ ¨khmcUlPeM~ Bj, semc¶ sIhn,u cºasN' as' CamYyBrsBsà aFukar«nCeU GnLay, bgúajsmasPaB«nraCrda½ PiVlrbY rYmCati nig«nrNsri § \h¬gà |.shI nu²tVn \dak|' eT eQaµ H saL¬t sr, eGog sarI, sun esn .l.ùùùù Gk~ d·knSExrµ ¨khm\eFIeà nAevotNam| Ð

92rd½månI‘TImyY Ð Eb\"n nut rd½månI‘¨ksgY Fmµkarnigsgmð kci Í Ð CU ect rdm½ ån¨‘I ksYgesdk½ ci CÍ atni ighirJvï tĬ ÐÓbrd½månTI‘ mI Yy, rd½månkI‘ arJr¨beTs ngi GKeð m kuy FnYbJaØ karkgkmS greM daH Ð exov sMpn rd½månI¨‘ ksgY p¶lG' avuFyTu ìP&Në Ð Emn\" sanrd½mån‘I¨ksgY mha«p,æ shkrN_nigGPvi DónshKmn_ Ð hßU yn'rdm½ ånI‘¨ksYgeXasnakar Ð hußy nwm Óbrd½mån¨I‘ ksgY mha«pængi sns‘i xu Ð suk FkYrd½mån¨‘I ksgY karbreTs sarni qak Óbrd½mån‘¨I ksgY karJr¨beTs Ð Kg' suplrdm½ ånI‘¨ksYgyuti‘Fmá ngi EkTMrg'tlu akar Ð Óbrd½mån¨‘I ksYgeXasnakar Ð TIv Glu nerat¶m PrU is§rard½månI¨‘ ksgY saFarNsxu aPiVl Ð CYn eCOn Óbrdm½ ån‘kI arbreTs Ð rs' cti ‘Fmá Óbrdm½ ånk‘I arbreTs Ð va\"n' BInIrdm½ ån‘I¨ksYgsaFarNkar, TrU KmnaKmn_ nigsaÄ bnaeLgI v^j tUc PWn karyi aly& neyaVy «n rNsir§ ШbFan Ð Ebn\" nut . smaCk^ Ð ecA esg, dYg sGM lu , can' yUra\" n,' Ca san, hUß yn,' hßuy nwm,htY smºt,I‘ exov sMpn, sarni qak, CYn mum. karcakecjya\" gelOn«nGaemrki Sg Tku kEnÂgkanG' NM ac[enATMenrk~¬g¨kugPe~M Bj. edaydg·xÂçnfaBGuM ac¨ttç ¨taExµr¨khmVn, ehyI edayxa cclU Gnaæ kE' xµr¨khmPa me¨kayeBlVnCy& C÷nH,sIhnu, bnæab'BVI ndg· fa \raC| FanIFa ke' hyI , su[M cinbJnØè T&B¨sYcmYykgeTAPeM~ Bj. CeU GnLayEdlcg'elgsnkw ebo \shI nu| xçÂn[ \Gs«' d|, yl¨' Bmtam. k¬~gPaB¨Cçl¨cbl'«nCy& Cn÷ H,Tahancni TSgkVl\" 'ehaHcuHdeé nAeJFci ni tgu (13). bE\"u n‘Exµr¨khm, Edl¨bEhlCaVnd·gGs'GBM IklÓVyTSgLay, cat'vF^ ankarNV_ nmun. kar¨bNSgdeN¶ImGMNac rujExµr¨khm[eFÃIGeM BIeXareXA«¨B«p§TImyY e¨kayeBlxçÂnmkdl'PeM~ Bj Ð karCen¿sbN¶aCnecjBIrdF½ anI, ehIye¨kaymkecjBIT¨I bCu÷CnTSgGs'(14). Bti ehyI KWenAkg~¬ ¨kgu TSgLayEdlbNa¶ Cn nigG~kePosxÂçnTSglannakr' g'cSTTYl \sem¶cÒ| ngi snPi‘ aBCaTITngæw emlI , EdlExrµ ¨khmGacFÂakk' ~g¬ Gnaæ k'v^j. smõnPì aB CUeGnLay-sIhnu caj' \Tkw | TImYy. rdm½ ånT‘I ImyY cni nwgpa s'lºci ehIye¨bIsrM s'rbsx' nÂç edémºlI ºgdak' shI nu kg~¬ GMNacvj^ (15). eBlsem¶csIhnCu an'déPeM~ Bjv^j enA«f© 9 kJïa 1975, GttI :bti aäkraC´Cati GacEtbgúèrTwkEPk~ eCakfõal' edayeXjI raCFanImYyGs'mnus§rlIg ehIyFuMkin GsPu Exµrrab'mWunnakE' dleKsmÂaby' ag\" «¨B«p§. \knU ecACaTIes~ha| ²tVnenATeI nHeT edémºIfÃaysMErkCeyadK* kw kgrBM gdUckalmnu . sbu inngw VneFdIà UcÓt¶mesnIy_ de· hað l ²tVneTACakarBiteT. rdm½ ånTI‘ ImYy CeU GnLaysa b'enA«f© 7 mkra 1976, bru sEdlxnÂç KSJr (sem¶cshI nu) Vn \laQb'| ehyI Cn÷ Yseday

93exov sMpn enA«f© 5 emsa. snkw ebo \sIhn|u ElgelgekItehIy. ¨beTscinEdlngw ¨kajxMetag¨beTskm¬õCateTAeTot enAslE' tpvÂè myY eT Ð clU CamyY Exrµ ¨khm(16).ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑsMnrY T5I Ð d÷eNrI d*maneCaKC&y«n b\"ul Bt eTAeb\"kSgGacCasJaï «nkarbnæn'rbbExµr¨khmÉeT? KfW a¨bCaCnExrµ Gacngw Vn¨sak¨san‘xH eT? (enATMB&r 103)ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

94 GFibºay(1) e¨kayqS~ 1949 qS~ «nkar¨bkassaFarNrd¨½ bCamanti cin, sågað menAevotNamkanE' teqH qYlxS geLgI . VrSg, CyY edayGaemrikSg, KS¨TVvday. bk¬Â cni -rsu §I KS¨ThUCémij. VrSgm~akV' nsresrfa sågðamenaHTMJrelbsis§salasSgesoTSgCn÷ an'. enAVr\" sI rd½aPVi lFa k'myY eLIgmYy bnb‘ naæ bK' ~a tamelº¯nmyY EdleKminEdleXIj. räI enA²Nècë in BkY Ót¶mesnyI Vn¨tèvpa sb' r¶è ya\" grenInÄ Ð ruEW v (1949), dLW ¨& t (1950), saLg' (1952), Nava\"r (1953). enAedmé q~S 1954, mhaGMNacTSg4 Gaemrki Sg-Gge' Ks -VrSg-sh PaBsUevot EdlCn÷ uMKa~ enA EbßLSg edmé ºBI iPak§aerOgeFIÃ[¨beTsGalÂWmg\" m' anEtmYyv^j nig erOgsnis‘ xu TÃIbGWrbu\" , ²tVnrkeXjI karedaH¨sayGÃI[Bit¨VkdeT bu\"Ens‘ e¨mcenA«f© 18 kmu ¸: fanwgCYbKa~ mg¶ eTotenA h§EW Nv. karCYbK~aenHedmé ºICECkBeI rOgkUer,\" ngi BIkareFÃ[I man snPi‘ aBeLgI vj^ enA²Nècë in edaynwgmanehA¨beTscni eTAcUlrYmpg. «f© 13 mina, evot mji vays¨mukclU mUld½an \¨tg'es| edonebonP.U kMBugEteBj¨byTu dì eNm¶I edonebonP,U kgvr:esnatcU evotmijBrI cUlkg~¬ ¨beTskmõ¬Ca¨tg'ext‘sæwgE¨tg ehIy«f© 2 emsa, kan'kab' TI¨bCCu÷ nevén«s. b\"uEnt‘ SgBIExvci kÏi a 1953 ¨beTskmC¬õ aCa¨beTsäkraC´. ebcI MeNaTExµr²s§r: dUc CaVnedaH¨sayehyI edaykarcuHclU «nemCae¨cnI (k¬g~ Tsi Jy&B´enAslm' nus§Cae¨cnI rynak'eTot EdlenACamyY sgW g\"ku fan'), enAslc' MeNaTkgT&B¨bCaCnExµrrMedaH (APKL) ngi ceM NaTevotmijeTot. bnæab'BkI arQÂanJnevotmji elkI enH, ¨BHecA neratm¶ shI nu, eday¨Bme¨BogCamyY Ótm¶ esnyI Nava\"r, kanb' JØakarkgkmS gVrSg-Exµr ehyI sCuM ÷nyY paæ lB' sI hrd½Gaemrki . sÄankarNs_ kw enA edonebonPU eF[Ià GaemrikSgVrm¸. rd½elxaFikar dlsÂw , bru stYäkenAsm&yenaH, CaG~kcgC' yY VrSgedaypaæ l.' ¨bFanaFibtI Gaysnui hUvevé, edayxa c¨btki mcµ ni dUcenAkeU r\", saæ k'esIærnwgCyY edaypæal'. bEu\" ns‘ e¨mceTA, enA«f© 4 emsa 1954, GaysiunhUvevé yl¨' Bmtam dlws , [EtGk~ enHbblY ¨beTsGg'eKs cUl rYm¨byuTìVn ehIynigBn´l'¨beTsGasIuTSgLay [¨BmrYbrYmKa~ k¬g~ smõnìkicÍmyY Tl'nwg kum¬µynis‘. kg~¬ kMLg¬ EtbIbnY «f©, dlÂsw sYreyabl'dl'tNM ag¨Kb'¨beTsTSgGsE' dlTak' TgnwgkarNe_ nH Ð Gge' KÂs-VrSg-GUåsa¶ l-I nEU vleh§Lg-' hlÃI IBnI -«f-km¬Cõ a-lav ngi evotNam. Gg'eKs mni ¨Bm¨Clkx' çn k~¬gkarp§ge¨BgenH, ¨beTsVrSg, Edlesd½kci dÍ nu dabxÂSge¨JHEtsågðamenH, rkkaredaH¨saymYytamkicÍccar. «f© 26 emsa, dcU Vne¨KagTuk, snis~ ITGMBeI rOgkUere\" bIkeLgI enAh§WENv. «f© 7 ÓsPa, e¨kaykartsUßcMnnY 55 «f©, edonebonPU Fa kk' g~¬ kN¶ab'«devotmij. cabt' SgBI«f© bnæab', 8 ÓsPa, kar¨bC÷uTmI yY GMBI²Ncèë ink*cab'epém¶ eLIg. k¬~genaHman¨btPi U«n¨beTsVrSg (bdéß U rYcmk EB´r mg\" 'edsåhÃg)' , «n¨beTsseU vot (mU\"Ltè vU ), «n¨beTsGg'eKÂs (Gg'tnU I eG Edn), «n¨beTscni (CUeGnLay), «nsaFarNrd¨½ bCaFibety´evotNam (pS yuSgdgu ), «n ¨beTskmC¬õ a (eTB pn), «nsaFarNrde½ votNamniglav. rda½ PVi lGaemrki SgbJènØ Gk~

95 segtû karNm_ a~ k'mk, ebEdlsµif. «f© 7 sIha, kic¨Í Bme¨BogQb'Vj'K~aenAkmCõ¬ a Vn ¨tèveFeIà LgI .(2) tbngw pS ySu gdug Edlfa \¨bCaCnExrµ ngi Ve\" ftLav rYbrmY y\"ags~iTìCamYy¨bCaCnevot Nam, Vn¨byuTìedayvérPaBedmé ºIesrPI aB, äkraC´, äkPaB, ¨bCaFbi ety´ùùù vt‘man«nt-M Nag¨beTsExrµ nigtMNagV\"eftLav ngi CakarFanamYyEfmeTotcMeJHeCaKCy& «nsni~sIT ùùù|, h§kß bßédU eqIÂyfa \esckeI¶ s~rI bse' votmijTUlMTUlay, ehyI k¬g~ enaHehtukarNT_ Sg b\"unµanlayLMK~a. elak dug cg'bgaú jrbU PaBTeU TAmyY EdlTakT' gnwg¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nèë cni Ð lav-kmõ¬Ca ngi evotNam. b\"uEnk‘ g~¬ bJaú TSgenHmanmyY PaKEdlecjBIsmtÄkicÍrbs' Katù' ùù. hCU émij Tate' calkalBqI S~ 1946 nUvshBn& ²ì Nëècni . et²I Lvè Kat'cgd' aks' hB&nì enHmkvj^ edmé ºI¨beyaCn_evotmji ÉGÃ?I ¨beTsVrSgnwgyl¨' BmdkTB& xÂnç ecjBIkm¬õCanig lav ebeI votNamdkTB& xÂçnEdrùùù| (kg¬~ sarBtmá an LmW \"gu d_ «n«f© 15 ÓsPa 1954).(3) bJaú PaBtMNag«nrd½aPVi lrbs' sgW g\"ukmji enAk~¬gsni~sTI , EdlVnkkayeLgI eday pS ySu gdgu , eFÃ[I mankarCECkK~ay\"agtwgmatr' vagKN:¨btPi EU xrµ (elak eTB pn, sm sarI, ng Kmi n)I nwgKN:¨btiPUsaFarNrd½¨bCaFbi ety´evotNam. ¨bqSgngw sNM uMrbse' lak pS ySu gdgu , elak eTB pn EfÂgfa Ð \rda½ PiVlEtmyY «n¨beTskm¬Cõ a, Edl¨twm¨tvè tam cºab' KrW aCrd½aPVi l, e¨JHfaKWrda½ PiVlenHEdlVnTTlY äkraC´BI¨beTsVrSg|. edémºxI M eF[ÃI VnkarKS¨TeBjThM gw «nb¬kcin-seU vot, pS yuSgdug beJÍjkarsMGagGBM I \c¨kBt‘i nyi mGaemrikSg| EdlkMBgu KrM amkMEhgsnPi‘ aB«nGasuIPaKGeKy~ _ (dgu t¨mge' TAkci eÍ robcM«n GaemrikSgedmé ºtI emÂIg esGatU —Edlngw TTlY hteÄ lxabegtéû enA«f© 8 kJaï 1954). cemyI «nelak eTB pn Ð \KSJr¨beTsxT¬ÆM l'ngw karQa nJnbreTs Cakic¨Í tèvnwgTeM nomTMlab'«n Gaemrik, G~kkarJresrIPaB. shrdG½ aemrik²tcg'begtéû GaNac¨kGaNanKi mmyY eT. eK ¨KanE' tcg'p¶lm' keyIgnvU meF´aVy¨twm¨tvè edmé ºrI k§aTukäkraC´eygI , nigedmé ºTI b'¨beTs eyIgk[uM eTACaGaNanKi m«nc¨kBtki‘ mu ¬µynis!‘ |. mLU\" tè Uv \¨bFanrYm| nig CU eGnLay KS¨T sMNM«u nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFbi ety´evotNam, bEu\" n‘TSgBIrnak'Vn¨BmK~anwgKitKUr bVM tT' -M nase' nHedayCECkK~apaæ l,' CaäkCn|! «f© 16 mifnu a, tamkarcat'Ecg«n CU eGnLay, kci Í snænamyY rvag CU ngi eGEdn (¨bFanrmY ) VneFÃIeLIgEdlngw Bei ¨KaHGBM GI naKt«nkmC¬õ a. edayes~I \f~èr| myY CamyY eGEdn, CU TTYleKalKnM it«nkardkecjBIkmC¬õ anUvTB& breTsTSg Gs' (TSgevotmji TSgVrSg), ehIyTTYlsðalr' aCrd½aPVi l Carda½ PiVl¨tèvcºab'EtmYy«n kmCõ¬ a, bEu\" nb‘ kmkv^j, TamTarkM[u ¨beTskmõC¬ a (ngi lav) ka yeTACamlU d½anTB& Gaemrki Sg k~¬geBlGnaKt. CamYynwgkares~Irbs' CU, eGEdnk*¨bjab'eTACbY ¨btPi UVrSg h§kß bédß .U kg¬~ erOgenH, CakarNm_ Yycºas'Nas' Edl¨beyaCnV_ rSg nig¨beyaCnc_ in ¨sbclU Ca myY K~a, e¨JHfa¨bsni ebmI anshB&nì²Ncëè ni myY e¨kamkard·knS«nevotmji , CakarN_Fmµta EdlVrSgngw Gs'²TìiBlrbsx' çn ehyI cni kB* Vi ksnwgì ²TìPi aBxÂçnmkelIkmõ¬CaniglavEdr. «f© 18 kkdû a, \¨beTsF|M TSg4 BPi ak§aK~aeTot. CU eGnLay esId~ cU mnu mg¶ eTot ehIyTarBI eGEdn nUvkarFanaya\" gmF´&tmyY elI¨beTskm¬õCa EdlKatm' incg'eXIjeTACa

96mUlda½ nGaemrki Sg. eGEdn [karFana \e¨kApèÂvkar| rbsK' at'eTA CU ehyI bJØakf' akmC¬õ angilav nwgeTACa¨beTsGB´a¨ktw Edlnwg¨tèvkarJreday¨beTsVrSg k¬~g¨kbxN& ë«nshPaBVrSg. dl¨' tge' nH, sns~i ITkC* t^ cbe' hIy. karCYbKa~ edmé ºcI uHhteÄ lxabegIúyVn¨tvèsnµt'eFIÃenA«f© 20 kkûda ema\" g 9 yb' k~¬gleM nA«n Ggt' UnI eGEdn. KN:¨btPi EU xµr, Edlmkdl'ytW 2 ema\" g (Gk~ ebkI LanVnvegÃgpÂèvkg~¬ h§EW Nv), ¨sabE' tB¨Mu BmcuHhtÄelxaelIkicͨBme¨Bogbegyúé . eTB pn B¨uM BmcHu htÄelxaya\" gdacN' at' drabNama¨ta 3-4 EdltammtKi at,' eFIÃ[mane¨KaHf~akk' ¬g~ GnaKtdl'sn‘si ux«nkmõ¬Ca, minVn¨tèvEkE¨bCamuneT. mU\"LètUv, twgcite‘ sæIrTb'BVMu n, ¨BmTTlY eFÃIGaCaÆ kNa¶ ledémºIbJÍbb' egyéú [Vnrh&s. enHCama¨taTSgLayEdlCab'ecaT ehIyngi karEkE¨b Ð k- kicͨBme¨BogbegúéyEcgfa ¨beTskmõ¬Caman¨bePTCa¨beTs \GB´a¨ktw |, ²t e¨CotE¨Ckk¬g~ kicÍkarGn‘rCatmi YyNaeLIy enAeBlevlaNake* day. elIerOgenH, km¬Cõ asn´afangw mni cUlkg¬~ smõnìkci eÍ yaFaNa Edlmin¨tmw ¨tèvtamFmµnJu «ï nGgð karsh¨bCaCatei LIy, b\"uEnT‘ amTar[mansiTìdi ak'mUlda½ nT&BbreTs enAeBlNa EdlxçÂnyl'famane¨KaHfa~ k.' eTaHbI pS yuSgdug tva\" ¨bqSgya\" gxS gke* day, mL\"U tè Uv ¨Bm[Ekma¨taenH, karN_EdleF[ÃI ¨btiPTU SgGsP' aÆ k'¨Kb'Ka~ . x- evotmji sMu[karnSGavuFyuTìP&Nnë igbuKðlki eyaFabreTscUlmkkm¬õCa eFÃeI nA¨tg' kEnÂgxÂH«n¨beTs, EdleKkMrtw Tukmun. kmC¬õ acg[' karnScUlenHeFeIà nAkEnÂgNak* eday«n¨BMEdnxÂçn. ¨tg'enHsn~si ITky* l'¨BmtamsNM MuExrµ Edr. K- elIbJaú «nkarfyecj«nT&Bevotmji ngi kardkGavFu ecjBIkgExµr-evotmij, pS ySu gdgu es[I~ BkY ExµrEdlVneFIÃsh¨btbi t‘ki arCamyY evotmijenAmansiTkìi anG' a vuF ehyI p¶¬÷K~aenAkg¬~ PUmPi aKkNM t'Tku myY rhtU dle' BleVHeqa~ tCati (dug cg'Eck kmC¬õ aCaBIrdcU Edlsnsi~ ITVneFcÃI eM JHevotNam). bnæabB' Ikartva\"¨bqSgyag\" xÂSg «nKN:¨btPi UExµr, evotmijes[I~ manKN:kmkµ arcrM Hu mYyEdlmantNM ag«nraCrda½ PiVlngi tNM ag«nrda½ PiVl sWg g\"ukmji , ehyI EdlnwgedaH¨saybJúa«nkar bJèlÍ kgExrµ evotmijmkk~g¬ sgðmCativij, ehyI karseM rcTSgLay«nKN:kmkµ ar crM uHenH ngw ¨tvè ¨ttç Binit´edayKN:kmkµ arGn‘rCatimYyxagkic¨Í tçt¨ta. eday²t rvl'nwg¨btikmeµ BjedaykhM gw «nBkY ¨btiPeU votmij, m\"ULtè Uv Garkat'CaelkI begúyI edayTate' calerOgTTlY sað lr' da½ PiVl«n sWg g\"ukmij. CaTIbJbÍ ', kci ͨBm e¨Bogbegéyú VnTTlY hteÄ lxakg¬~ eBlG¨Fa¨te¨CA (em\"ag 2 PW) «n«f© 21 kkdû a 1954. kic¨Í Bme¨BogenHCasJïabgúajpèÂvbtm' Yy«nd÷eNrI savta¨beTskmõC¬ a . (elak h§g' sUEvl, EdleBlenaHCard½TUtVrSgenA¨kgu Ebgß n_, smaCk^ «nKN: ¨btiPUVrSg, r\"ayr\"ab'k~g¬ Ts§navd¶é \Giussè‘rIya\" | (elxBiess 25) faÐ \CaelIk TImYy ehyI ¨bEhlCamanEtmg¶ Ktk' g¬~ Cév^t kargarrbsK' atC' aG~keFIsà nis~ TI , rd½ månIk‘ arbreTs«nshPaBsUevot (m\"LU ètUv), ceM JHmxu lkÅN:¨byTu xì S g«nshkarI

97 Kat'xagkmC¬õ a, elak sm sar,I k*Fa yseM NcI ehIyyl¨' Bmtamm¶geTotCaelkI begéúy.|)(4) \drabNas¨tèvrmY rbse' yIg, evotmij, minTan'braCy& eT —ehIy¨BHGg¨ð Cabcºasf' ava mansmtPÄ aBnwgeVskMcat'ecalraCaFibety´Exµr ¨BmTSgTMenomTlM abd' *¨tkalrbs'¨b eTs¨BHGg,ð Gryi Fmdá *casy' rU GEggà ehIyngi ¨bCaFibety´de* kgµ rbs¨' BHGg—ð drabNa e¨KaHfa~ k'd*FMenH, EdlGacCae¨KaHf~ak'dl'Cvé t^ rbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgð, mni Tank' Mcate' cjVn eT, eygI mni GaceF[ÃI VrSgGs'cti ‘ Gs'kmÂSgVneLIy.|, rd½elxaFki arbreTsGaemrki Sg, dlÂsw , eqIy eTA¨BHecA sIhnu, kales¶cTamTaräkraC´enAq~S 1953, (emlI PaKT4I , TBM r& 60). karVrm¸rbs'dlÂsw , cMeJHeBlsBëf©enH, eTACaTMnaymYy.(5) sns~i ITenAVnD' ug (emsa 1955) Ca¨Bwtki‘ arNx_ ÂSgEdlVneFI[à semc¶ shI nu sMercKsU ¨taEx§neyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmC¬õ a. k~¬gkci Ísnnæ aep§g@ CaäkCneTPà aKI nig¨tIPaKI Ca myY CU eGnLay nig pS yuSgdug elIGnaKt«n¨beTskmõC¬ a, sIhnuVn \Vkc' ti ‘| elIbursTSgBrI enH EdlecHKYrsmy\"ag¨bNIt. TSgBIrnak'ese~I TA shI nu nvU karbrè¶ TnM ak' TMngKa~ EdlykmUld½anelnI eyaVymni e¨CotE¨CkKa~ myY ! karesI~enHcak'cMcMNucex§ay«n sem¶cshI nu Edl, edayVnbNëti enhru x§wbBn´¬Hpg, kMBgu rkeTsn_p§aybJsÍ lI a!(6) BIqS~ 1958 eTA 1967, ¨beTskmõ¬Canig¨beTscni ¨V¨sy& Tak'TgKa~ ya\" gmenarm´. sIhnu eq¿t{kasBI \mitP‘ aBcni | enH edémºkI cM at'bcÍam¨i txageqgà . kiceÍ nHVneFIeà TArcY eday cin \eFmIà indg· |. BYkkumy¬µ nisE‘ xµr, k~g¬ karrte' KcBkI arbågaû brbs' sIhn,u Vnt¨mge' TATÃar EtmyY EdlxçÂnenAsl' Ð evotNamxageCgé . karmni rvré vl'«ncinelBI Ykkum¬µynsi ‘Exµr mkBI mUlehtuesd½kci EÍ dr Ð ebkI ¬~gkmC¬õ aman¨kumkgqµkk' um¬yµ nsi ,‘ sem¶cshI nu cºas'CaclU Ca myY Gaemrki Sg. deU cH~ cni ¨tvè EtCyY kg~¬ eBlCamyY K~adl'rNsir§bI Ð yYn lav nigExµr. karNe_ nH esdk½ ci cÍ insmy& enaHBuMGacTTYlbnæ¬kVneLIy. cMeJHGk~ dk· nScin, ebIkmu µ¬y- nisT‘ TYlCy& Cn÷ HenAevotNam, CakarN_Fmtµ aEdlkmõ¬Cangi lavrGli clU rggà s' gmð nyi m. KW¨KanE' tbJaú eBlevlaeT. karyl'eXIjenHk¨* sbKa~ nwgeyabls' em¶cshI nuEdr Edl xrM kmit‘PaBcni edémºIecosvagkar¨bTUs¶r\"ayk~¬geBlxagmxu CamyY \kumµy¬ nisc‘ in—ynY | (Jk´ehACajwkjyeday shI n)u .(7) tSgB«I f©d÷bgU «nsågað m, BYkyYnxageCgé ¨ttç ¨taPUmPi aK emKg-ð elI TSgGs' ehyI bTi pvè Cati elx 7 VnenA¨tg'TenÂbTi ! Ótm¶ esnIy ln' nl' Vns¬t city‘ \"agxS g eBlEdleK¨Vb'fa ¨kecHVnFa ke' hIy. embJØakarEp~kskw rg¨kecH, ecg sayMbu ßn, enAmxu karvaysMrukya\" g xÂSg«nkumyµ¬ nis‘, rte' calTahanxçÂnEdlesIærEtTSgGs'Vn¨tvè cabC' aeQIÂy. k~¬geBlrg' cStulakarskw , sayMubnß VnecjBIKku rcY ehIyeTAclU CamYyExrµ ¨khm enAExemsa, eBl Edl nicsun [TahanGaemrki SgcUlkg¬~ dEé xµr (C÷erA 30 Kùmù, tMbn' \EpÂsnècæ |) edémºIsMGat TCI ¨mkevotkug, ln' nl' sM[u GaemrikSgbgúçskarvayclU rbs'xÂçndl'¨kecH ehIykank' ab' ¨kugenH rhUtdle' BlT&BExrµ rkTahanC÷nYyVn. b\"uEn‘sNM Meu nH ²tVn¨tvè \KSg| ykCa karN_eT.

98(8) kg¬~ PaKxagtºègnwgkNa¶ l«n¨beTs, evotkgu vaytam¨kumkum\"gµ d' UtcU @ eT. b\"Eu nc‘ eM JHnay TahaneyIg, Edlsxu ¨slç 15 q~SmkehyI ngw sn¶iPaB«nbJÍslI a, KCW akar¨Cçl¨cal(9) y\"agxÂSg. edayP&ysÂnn' wgkarvayCuv÷ ^j¨kugPeM~ Bj, TIGKðembJaØ karsµanEtyYnt¨mgr' krd½(10) FanI. kare¨tHriHBicarNabn‘ic ¨bEhlCaVnbgúaj[eXjI faynY ²tman¨beyaCn_ngw \yk| PeM~ BjPÂamdUec~HeT. tSgBdI ÷Nac'qS~ 1972, kgTahanExrµ ¨khmGac¨byuTìdl'f~akk' gBlFM. k~¬gBIrq~Sdb÷ Ug«nsågað m, kgTahankumy¬µ nsi ‘sTu ìEtyYnTSgGs.' skPÅI aB«nbN¶aCn «nPmU i PaKCae¨cnI ¨tèvKa~ TSgGs' Ð kg~¬ kareTAmkrbsx' Ânç , yYnman¨kumExµrtUc@ edré CamyY , Edlk~g¬ eBlenaHeKsµanfaEtBkY \G~kbgúajpèv |. EtEmnETneTA, KWBYkTSgenaHehyI EdlCa¨kmu ¨kb x&NëbJnèØ BIhaNyU . karEknTahanCaelkI dMbUgVneFÃeI LgI eday²tceM NaT. BYkxli xUc ngi ecar¨sku TSgb\"nu aµ nVn¨tèveK[kSePIg kan' ehIyEtgtSgkg¬~ myY b\"¨bci EP~kCaemPUmi — em X!uM karyksIhnmu kkan'GMNacv^j Vn¨tvè eKnyi ayBmI atm' yY eTAmatm' Yy! PUmNi aEdl TTgw rwgrUs VnTTYlTNëkmyµ ag\" sahav (karsmÂab'rgðalmanrabm' inGs,' Edl«¨B«p§Cag eK KeW nA¨tJMgCg, k~¬gq~S 1971). kare¨bI¨Vs'kSePIg FM ¨KabE' bk, ¨Kabr' \"ukEkt, (db÷ gU rsu §I rcY mkcni ) Vn¨tvè Tku [y\"agdacm' xu dl'BkY yYn, rhUtdl'qS~ 1975. CamyY d÷eNIrféµ@ «n b\"ul Bt eTAeb\"kSgnigkar¨bkasxbY TI 17 «nKNbk§kmu y¬µ nis‘ Exrµ , BYksarBtmá anbsmwÍ ¨beTseFÃkI arsµanEtBIsEtJsdcU sBÃdg. xÂHnyi ayrhtU dl'fa ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ pvè CatieyIgxH pùCù1 = PMe~ Bj — G~kelOg — saà yerog — («¨BnKr) pùCù3 = PMe~ Bj — taEkv — kMBt pùCù4 = PMe~ Bj — kBM gs' õW — kMBg'esam pùCù5 = PeM~ Bj — kBM gq' ~Sg — eBaF−sat' — Vtd' b÷ g — susI upnu — eV\"yEb\"t pùCù6 = E¨Bkk¶am — snð ' — kMBgF' M — esomrab — sIuspu nu pùCù7 = sðn' — kBM gc' am — E¨kk — emmt' — sç~l (taynji ) (L¬knij) (PmU Pi aKEps næcè ) pùCù12 = kBM gF' M — GnÂg«' ¨B — revog — pÂèvEbkEqb/mÂ«è ¨B — ¨seLA (Tl'muxxgu , lav) pùCù13 = s~lç — ¨kecH — swgæ E¨tg — (xgu , Vke' s, lav) pùCù19 = sægw E¨tg — lMpat' — (epÂK,U evotNam)