JEE-Mathematics DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 1 . DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent variables is called a differential equation. A differential equation is said to be ordinary, if the differential coefficients have reference to a single independent variable only e.g. d2y 2dy cos x 0 and it is said to be partial if there are two or more independent dx2 dx variables. e.g. u u u 0 is a partial differential equation. We are concerned with ordinary differential x y z equations only. 2 . ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occurring in it. 3 . DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : The exponent of the highest order differential coefficient, when the differential equation is expressed as a polynomial in all the differential coefficient. Thus the differential equation : dm p d m 1 y q dx f x, y y x, y dx m 1 .......... = 0 is of order m & degree p. m Note : (i) The exponents of all the differential coefficient should be free from radicals and fraction. (ii) The degree is always positive natural number. (iii) The degree of differential equation may or may not exist. Illustration 1 : Find the order and degree of the following differential equation : d2y dy d2y dy dy (i) 3 3 (ii) dx2 = sin dx (iii) dx = 3x 5 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 dx2 dx Solution : (i) The given differential equation can be re-written as d2y 3 = dy 3 2 dx2 dx Hence order is 2 and degree is 3. (ii) The given differential equation has the order 2. Since the given differential equation cannot be written as a polynomial in the differential coefficients, the degree of the equation is not defined. (iii) Its order is 1 and degree 1. Ans. Illustration 2 : The order and degree of the differential equation d2s 2 3 ds 3 4 0 are - dt2 dt (A) 2 , 2 (B) 2 , 3 (C) 3 , 2 (D) none of these Solution : Clearly order is 2 and degree is 2 (from the definition of order and degree of differential equations). Ans. (A) E 23
JEE-Mathematics Do yourself - 1 : Find the order and degree of following differential equations ( i ) [1 + (y')2]1/2 = x2 + y ( i i ) (1 + y')1/2 = y\" ( i i i ) y' = sin y 4 . FORM ATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : In order to obtain a differential equation whose solution is f(x , y , c , c , c .........,c ) = 0 11123 n where c , c ,.......c are 'n' arbitrary constants, we have to eliminate the 'n' constants for which we require (n+1) 12 n equations. A differential equation is obtained as follows : (a) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t the independent variable (say x) as many times as the number of independent arbitrary constants in it. (b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants. (c) The eliminant is the required differential equation. Note : (i) A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties. This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation. (ii) For there being n differentiation, the resulting equation must contain a derivative of nth order i.e. equal to number of independent arbitrary constant. Illustration 3 : Find the differential equation of all parabolas whose axes is parallel to the x-axis and having latus Solution : rectum a. Equation of parabola whose axes is parallel to x-axis and having latus rectum 'a' is (y – )2 = a (x – ) dy NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 Differentiating both sides, we get 2(y – ) dx = a Again differentiating, we get d2 y dy 2 d2y dy 3 2(y – ) dx2 + 2 dx = 0 a + 2 dx = 0. Ans. dx2 E Illustration 4 : Find the differential equation whose solution represents the family : c (y + c)2 = x3 Solution : c (y + c)2 = x3 ...(i) Differentiating, we get, c. 2(y c ) dy = 3x2 dx Writing the value of c from (i), we have 2x3 (y + c) dy = 3x2 2x3 dy = 3x2 (y c)2 dx y c dx 24
JEE-Mathematics i.e. 2x dy 2x dy = 3 3 dx = y + c y c dx 2x dy Hence c = 3 dx – y Substituting value of c in equation (i), we get 2x dy y 2x dy 2 =x3, which is the required differential equation. dx 3 dx 3 Ans. Illustration 5 : Find the differential equation whose solution represents the family : y = a cosx + b sinx, where Solution : = fixed constant y = a cosx + b sinx, = fixed constant ....(i) Differentiating, we get dy dx = – a sinx + b cosx Again differentiating, we get d2y dx2 = –2 a cosx – 2 b sinx using equation (i), we get d2y = –2 y Ans. dx2 Do yourself - 2 Eliminate the arbitrary constants and obtain the differential equation satisfied by it. ( i ) y = 2x + cex (ii) y a bx (i ii ) y = ae2x + be–2x + c x2 5.NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION : E The solution of the differential equation is a relation between the variables of the equation not containing the derivatives, but satisfying the given differential equation (i.e., from which the given differential equation can be derived). Thus, the solution of dy e x could be obtained by simply integrating both sides, i.e., y = ex + c and that of, dx dy px2 = px + q is y = + qx + c, where c is arbitrary constant. dx 2 ( i ) A general solution or an integral of a differential equation is a relation between the variables (not involving the derivatives) which contains the same number of the arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation. d2x For example, a general solution of the differential equation dt2 = –4x is x = A cos2t + B sin2t where A and B are the arbitrary constants. (ii) Particular solution or particular integral is that solution of the differential equation which is obtained from the general solution by assigning particular values to the arbitrary constant in the general solution. For example, x = 10 cos2t + 5 sin2t is a particular solution of differential equation d2x 4 x . dt2 25
JEE-Mathematics Note : ( i ) The general solution of a differential equation can be expressed in different (but equivalent) forms. For example log x – log (y + 2) = k ....(i) where k is an arbitrary constant is the general solution of the differential equation xy' = y + 2. The solution given by equation (i) can also be re-written as log y x k or y x ek c1 ...(ii) 2 2 or x = c (y + 2) ...(iii) 1 where c = ek is another arbitrary constant. The solution (iii) can also be written as 1 y + 2= c x 2 where c = 1/c is another arbitrary constant. 21 ( i i ) All differential equations that we come across have unique solutions or a family of solutions. For example, the differential equation dy | y| 0 has only the trivial solution, i.e. y = 0. dx The differential equation dy | y| c 0, c 0 has no solution. dx 6 . ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : ( a ) Separation of Variables : Some differential equations can be solved by the method of separation of variables (or “variable separable”). This method is only possible, if we can express the differential equation in the form A(x)dx + B(y) dy = 0 where A(x) is a function of 'x' only and B(y) is a function of 'y' only. A general solution of this is given by, A(x) dx + B(y)dy = c where 'c' is the arbitrary constant. Illustration 6 : Solve the differential equation xy dy 1 y2 (1 + x + x2). Solution : = dx 1 x2 Differential equation can be rewritten as NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 xy dy = (1 + y2) 1 1 x y dy = 1 1 dx dx x2 1 y2 x 1 x2 Integrating, we get 1 n(1 + y2) = n x + tan–1 x + n c 1 y 2 = cxe tan1 x . Ans. 2 Ans. Illustration 7 : Solve the differential equation ( x3 – y2x3 ) dy y 3 x2 y3 0 . Solution : dx E The given equation ( x3 – y2x3 ) dy y 3 x2 y3 0 dx 1 y2 1 x2 1 1 1 1 y 3 dy x3 dx 0 y3 y dy x3 x dx 0 x 1 1 1 log y 2 y2 x2 c 26
JEE-Mathematics Overlooked solution : dy Illustr ation 8 : Solve : = (x – 3) (y + 1)2/3 dx Solution : dy (x 3)(y 1)2 / 3 dx dy (y 1)2 / 3 (x 3)dx 1 Integrate and solve for y : 3(y + 1)1/3 = (x – 3)2 + C 2 (y + 1)1/3 = 1 (x – 3)2 + C y 1 1 (x 3)2 C0 3 y 1 (x 3)2 C0 3 1 6 0 6 6 All of this looks routine. However, note that y = –1 is a solution to the original equation dy = 0 and (x – 3) (y + 1)2/3 = 0 dx However, we can not obtain y = –1 from y 1 (x 3)2 C0 3 1 by setting constant C equal to 6 0 1 any number. (We need to find a constant which makes (x – 3)2 + C = 0 for all x.) 60 Two points emerge from this. ( i ) We may sometime miss solutions while performing certain algebraic operations (in this case, division). (ii) We don’t always get every solution to a differential equation by assigning values to the arbitrary constants. Do yourself - 3 : (ii) 1 4x2 dy y3xdx Solve the following differential equations : (i) 2dy y(x 1) dx x dy (i i i ) (tany) = sin(x + y) + sin(x – y) dx NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (i) Equation of the form : y' = ƒ (ax + by + c), b 0 To solve this, substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable type in the variable t and x which can be solved. Illustration 9 : dy Solution : Solve dx = cos (x + y) – sin (x + y). E dy dx = cos (x + y) – sin (x + y) dy dt Substituting, x + y = t, we get dx = dx – 1 dt Therefore dx – 1 = cos t – sin t dt sec2 t dt x y cos t 2 2 1 sin t dx 1 tan t dx –n 1 tan = x + c. Ans. 2 2 27
JEE-Mathematics Illustration 10: Solve : y' = (x + y + 1)2 Solution : y' = (x + y + 1)2 ....(i) Let t = x + y + 1 dt 1 dy dx dx Substituting in equation (i) we get dt t2 1 dx dt dx tan–1 t = x + C t = tan(x + C) 1 t2 x + y + 1 = tan(x + C) y = tan(x + C) – x –1 Ans. ......(ii) Do yourself - 4 : Ans. Solve the following differential equations : (i ) dy (y 4x)2 ( i i ) tan2(x + y)dx – dy = 0 dx (ii) Equation of the form : dy a1x b1y c1 dx a2x b2y c2 Case I : If a1 b1 c1 then a2 b2 c2 Let a1 b1 then a = a2 .....(i) ; b = b2 a2 b2 1 1 from (i) and (ii), differential equation becomes dy a2 x b2 y c1 dy (a2x b2y) c1 dx a2x b2y c2 dx a2x b2y c2 or we can say, dy dx ƒ(a2 x b2 y ) which can be solved by substituting t = a x + b y 22 Illustration 11 : Solve : (x + y)dx + (3x + 3y – 4) dy = 0 Solution : Let t = x + y dy = dt – dx So we get, tdx + (3t – 4) (dt – dx) = 0 2dx + 3t 4 dt = 0 2 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 2 t 2dx – 3dt + dt = 0 2t Integrating and replacing t by x + y, we get 2x – 3t – 2[n|(2 – t)|] = c 1 2x – 3(x + y) – 2[n|(2 – x – y)|] = c 1 x + 3y + 2n|(2 – x – y)| = c Case II : If a + b = 0, then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d(xy) for xdy + ydx and integrating 21 term by term, yield the results easily. Illustration 12 : Solve dy = x 2y 1 dx 2x 2y 3 Solution : dy = x 2y 1 dx 2x 2y 3 2xdy + 2y dy + 3dy = xdx – 2y dx + dx E (2y + 3) dy = (x + 1) dx – 2(xdy + ydx) 28
On integrating, we get JEE-Mathematics (2y 3)dy (x 1)dx 2d(xy) Ans. Solving : y2 3 y x2 x 2xy c 2 Do yourself - 5 : Solve the following differential equations : (i) dy 2x y 2 (ii) dy 3x 5y dx 2y 4x 1 dx 5x y 3 (iii) Equation of the form : yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0 ........... (i) The substitution xy = z, reduces differential equation of this form to the form in which the variables are separable. Let xy = z ........... (ii) xdz zdx ........... (iii) dy = x2 using equation (ii) & (iii), equation (i) becomes z f(z)dx xg (z ) x d z z dx 0 x x2 zz z f ( z ) g ( z ) dx g(z)dz 0 1 dx g(z)dz 0 x f(z)dx g(z)dz x g(z)dx 0 x x z f(z) g(z) Illustration 13 : Solve y(xy + 1)dx + x(1 + xy + x2y2)dy = 0 Solution : Let xy = v y v dy xdv vdx x x2 v (v 1)dx x(1 v v 2 ) xdv vdx 0 x x2 Now, differential equation becomes NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 On solving, we get v3dx – x(1 + v + v2) dv = 0 separating the variables & integrating we get dx 1 1 1 dv 0 nx 1 1 nv c x v3 v2 v 2v2 v 2 v 2 n v 2v 1 2 cv 2 2x2y2ny – 2xy – 1 = Kx2y2 where K = –2c x Do yourself - 6 : ( i i ) y(1 + 2xy)dx + x(1 – xy)dy = 0 Solve the following differential equations : ( i ) (y – xy2)dx – (x + x2y)dy = 0 (iv) Transformation to polar-co-ordinates : Sometimes conversion of cartesian co-ordinates into polar coordinates helps us in separating the variables. 29 E
JEE-Mathematics x = r cos y = r sin then x2 + y2 = r2 (1) xdx + ydy = rdr (2) xdy – ydx = r2d x = r sec y = r tan then x2 – y2 = r2 xdx – ydy = rdr xdy – ydx = r2 sec d Illustration 14 : Solve : x y dy x2 2y2 y4 dx x2 y x dy dx Solution : The given equation can be reduced to xdx ydy (x2 y2 )2 ydx xdy x2 Substituting x = r cos y = r sin we get, rdr (r2 )2 dr sec2 d 1 r2d r2 cos2 r3 2r2 tan c 1y Ans. Substituting, 2(x2 y2 ) x K Do yourself - 7 : ( i i ) ydx – xdy = xy dy – x2dx Solve the following differential equations : ( i ) xdx + ydy = xdy – ydx (b) Homogeneous equations : A function ƒ (x,y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n, if the substitution x = x, y = y, > 0 produces the equality ƒ (x, y) = n ƒ (x,y) The degree of homogeneity 'n' can be any real number. Illustration 15 : Find the degree of homogeneity of function NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (i) ƒ (x,y) = x2 + y2 (ii) ƒ (x,y) = (x3/2 + y3/2)/(x + y) (iii) ƒ (x,y) = sin x y Solution : (i) ƒ (x, y) = 2x2 + 2y2 = 2 (x2 + y2) = 2ƒ (x,y) degree of homogeneity 2 3 / 2 x3 / 2 3 / 2 y 3 / 2 (ii) ƒ (x, y) = x y ƒ (x, y) = 1/2 ƒ (x,y) degree of homogeneity 1/2 (iii) ƒ (x,y) = sin x sin x = ° ƒ (x,y) y y degree of homogeneity 0 30 E
JEE-Mathematics Illustration 16 : Determine whether or not each of the following functions is homogeneous. (i) ƒ (x,y) = x2 – xy xy (iii) ƒ (x,y) = sin xy (ii) ƒ (x,y) = x y2 homogeneous. Solution : (i) ƒ(x, y ) = 2x2 – 2xy = 2(x2 – xy) = 2 ƒ (x,y) 2 xy not homogeneous. (ii) ƒ (x,y) = x 2 y2 nƒ (x,y) not homogeneous. (iii) ƒ (x, y) = sin (2xy) nƒ (x,y) Do yourself - 8 : (i) Find the degree of homogeneity of function ƒ (x,y) = x3n xy / x y ( i i ) Find the degree of homogeneity of function ƒ (x,y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 y1/3 + by2/3 (i i i ) Determine whether or not each of the following functions is homogeneous. (a) ƒ (x,y) = x2 2 xy 3 y2 (b) ƒ (x,y) = x y cos y (c) ƒ (x,y) = x sin y + y sin x. x (i) Homogeneous first order differential equation dy f(x, y) A differential equation of the form dx g(x, y) where ƒ (x,y) and g(x,y) are homogeneous functions of x,y and of the same degree, is said to be homogeneous. Such equations can be solved by substituting y = vx, so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v. Since ƒ (x,y) and g(x,y) are homogeneous functions of the same degree say, n, they can be written as y y ƒ (x,y) = xn ƒ and g(x,y) = xn g . 1 x 1 x As y = vx, we have dy v x dv . dx dx NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 The given differential equation, therefore, becomes v + x dv ƒ1 (v ) dx g1 (v) g1 (v)dv dx , ƒ1 (v) vg1 (v) x so that the variables v and x are now separable. Note : Sometimes homogeneous equation can be solved by substituting x = vy or by using polar coordinate substitution. Illustration 17 : The solution of the differential equation dy sin y x is - dx sin 2y x cos y (A) sin2 y = x sin y + x2 c (B) sin2 y = x sin y – x2 c 2 2 (C) sin2 y = x + sin y + x2 c (D) sin2 y = x – sin y + x2 c 2 2 E 31
JEE-Mathematics Solution : Here, dy sin y x dx sin 2y x cos y dy sin y x cos y = , (put sin y = t) dx 2 sin y x dt t x (put t = vx) dx = 2t x xdv vx x = v 1 + v = dx 2vx x 2v 1 dv v 1 v 1 2v2 v x dx = 2v 1 – v = 2v 1 2v 1 dx on solving, we get or 2v2 2v 1 dv = x sin2y = x sin y + x2 + c. Ans. (A) 2 Illustration 18 : Solve the differential equation ( 1 + 2ex/y) dx + 2ex/y ( 1 – x/y) dy = 0. Solution : The equation is homogeneous of degree 0. Put x = vy, dx = v dy + y dv, Then, differential equation becomes ( v + 2ev) dy + y ( 1+ 2 ev) dv = 0 (1 + 2ev) ( v dy + y dv) + 2ev ( 1– v) dy = 0 dy 1 2ev Ans. y v 2ev dv 0 Integrating and replacing v by x/y, we get n y + n ( v+ 2ev) = nc and x + 2 yex/y = c Do yourself - 9 : ( i i ) (x – yny + ynx) dx + x(ny – nx) dy = 0 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 Solve the following differential equations : (i) y ' 3x y xy (i i i ) (3xy + y2)dx + (x2 + xy)dy = 0, y(1) = 1 (ii) Equations reducible to homgeneous form The equation of the form dy a1x b1y c1 where a1 b1 dx a2x b2y c2 a2 b2 can be reduced to homgeneous form by changing the variable x, y to u,v as x = u + h , y = v + k where h,k are the constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homgeneous. We have dy dv dx du The equation becomes, dv a1u b1v (a1h b1k c1 ) du a2u b2v (a2h b2k c2 ) 32 E
JEE-Mathematics Let h and k be chosen so as to satisfy the equation a h + b k + c = 0 ...(i) 1 11 ...(ii) a h + b k + c = 0 2 22 Solve for h and k from (i) and (ii) Now du a1u b1v dv a2u b2v is a homgeneous equation and can be solved by substituting v = ut. Illustration 19 : Solve dy = x 2y 3 dx 2x 3y 4 Solution : Put x = X + h, y = Y + k dY X 2Y (h 2k 3) We have = dX 2X 3Y (2h 3k 4) To determine h and k, we write h + 2k + 3 = 0, 2h + 3k + 4 = 0 h = 1, k = –2 So that dY X 2Y dX 2X 3Y Putting Y = VX, we get dV 1 2V 2 3V dX V + X = dV = – dX 2 3V 3V2 1 X 2 3 2– 3 dX dV = – 2( 3V 1) 2( 3V 1) X 2 3 2– 3 3 V + 1) = (– log X + c) log ( 3 V – 1) – log ( 23 23 2 3 log ( 3 Y – X) – 2– 3 log ( 3 Y + X) = A where A is another constant and 23 23 X = x – 1, Y = y + 2. Ans. NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 Do yourself - 10 : ( i ) Solve the differential equation : dy x 2y 5 dx 2x y 4 (c) Linear differential equations : A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together. The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ; a 0 x dny a1 (x) d n 1 y ........ an (x) y = (x), where a0 (x), a1 (x) .... an(x) are called the coefficients of dxn dx n 1 the differential equation. Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differential equation of the first d2 y dy 3 dx2 dx degree need not be linear . e.g. the differential equation y2 0 is not linear, though its degree is 1. E 33
JEE-Mathematics Illustration 20: Which of the following equation is linear ? (A) dy + xy2 = 1 (B) x2 dy + y = ex (C) dy + 3y = xy2 (D) x dy + y2 = sin x dx dx dx dx Solution : Clearly answer is (B) Illustration 21 : Which of the following equation is non-linear ? dy d2y (C) dx + dy = 0 (D) x dy + 3 = y2 (A) dx = cos x (B) dx2 + y = 0 dx dy dx Solution : Clearly answer is (D) (i) Linear differential equations of first order : dy The most general form of a linear differential equation of first order is Py Q , where P & Q dx are functions of x. To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e Pdx . So that we get e Pdx dy P y Qe Pdx ....(i) dx d e Pdx .y Qe Pdx dx ...(ii) On integrating equation (ii), we get yePdx QePdxdx c This is the required general solution. Note : (i) The factor e Pdx on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 becomes the differential coefficient of some function of x & y, is called integrating factor of the differential equation popularly abbreviated as I.F. (ii) Sometimes a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ; x y 1 dy y2 3 can be dx written as y2 3 dx x y 1 which is a linear differential equation. dy Illu stration 22 : Solve (1 + y2) + (x – e tan–1 y ) dy = 0. dx Solution : Differential equation can be rewritten as (1 + y2) dx + x = e tan–1 y dy dx 1 e tan1 y or + .x = ...(i) dy 1 y2 1 y2 1 2 dy e tan1 y y I. F = e 1 so solution is xe tan1 y = e etan1 y tan1 y dy 1 y2 34 E
JEE-Mathematics Let e tan1 y = t e tan1 y dy = dt [Putting e tan1 y = t] 1 y2 xe tan1 y = t dt or x e tan1 y = t2 c 2x e tan1 y = e2 tan1 y + c. Ans. 22 dy 1 Illustration 23 : The solution of differential equation (x2 – 1) dx 2xy x2 1 is - (A) y(x2 1) 1 log x 1 C (B) y(x2 1) 1 log x 1 C 2 x 1 2 x 1 (C) y(x2 1) 5 log x 1 C (D) none of these 2 x 1 Solution : The given differential equation is (x2 1) dy 2 xy 1 dy 2x 1 dx x2 1 dx x2 1 y (x2 1)2 ...(i) This is linear differential equation of the form dy 2x 1 dx Py Q, where P = x2 1 and Q = (x2 1)2 I.F. = e P dx e 2x /(x2 1)dx elog( x2 1) ( x2 1) multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = (x2 – 1), we get (x2 – 1) dy 2 1 dx xy = x2 1 integrating both sides we get y(x2 1) 1 [Using : y (I.F.) = Q.(I.F.) dx C ] x2 1 dx C Ans.(A) NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 1 x 1 y (x2 – 1) = 2 log x 1 C . This is the required solution. Do yourself - 11 : dy Solve the following differential equations : ( i i ) (x – a) + 3y = 12(x – a)3, x > a > 0 xdy dx ( i ) dx = 2y +x4 + 6x2 + 2x, x 0 (i i i ) y n y dx + (x – n y) dy = 0 (ii) Equation reducible to linear form : The equation of the form dy Py Qy n , where P and Q are functions of x, dx is called Bernoulli’s equation. E 35
JEE-Mathematics On dividing by yn, we get y n dy Py n1 Q dx Le t y–n+1 = t, so that dy dt (–n + 1)y–n dx dx dt then equation becomes dx + P(1–n)t = Q(1–n) which is linear with t as a dependent variable. Illustration 24: Solve the differential equation x dy y x3 y6 . dx Solution : The given differential equation can be written as 1 dy 1 x2 y6 dx xy 5 Putting y–5 = v so that – 5 y–6 dy dv or y 6 dy 1 dv we get dx dx dx 5 dx 1 dv 1 v x2 dv 5 v 5 x2 ......(i) 5 dx x dx x This is the standard form of the linear deferential equation having integrating factor e 5 dx e 5 log x 1 x x5 I.F = Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. and integrating w.r.t. x 1 5 x2 . 1 dx x5 We get v . x5 v 5 x 2 c x5 2 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 y 5 x 5 5 x 2 c which is the required solution. Ans. 2 Ans. Illustration 25 : Find the solution of differential equation dy y tan x y2 sec x . dx E Solution : 1 dy 1 y2 dx y tan x sec x 1 1 dy dv dv v tan x sec x y v ; y2 dx dx dx dv v tan x sec x , Here P = tan x, Q = sec x dx I.F. = e tan xdx sec x v |secx| = sec2 x dx c Hence the solution is y–1 |sec x| = tan x + c 36
JEE-Mathematics Do yourself - 12 : Solve the following differential equations : ( i ) y' + 3y = e3x y2 (ii) xdy – {y + xy3 (1 + nx)}dx = 0 (iii) dy y y2 (cos x sin x) dx 7. TRAJECTORIES : A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves according to a given law is called a Trajectory of the given family. The trajectory will be called Orthogonal if each trajectory cuts every member of given family at right angle. Working rule for finding orthogonal trajectory 1 . Form the differential equation of family of curves 2. Write 1 for dy or r 2 d for dr if differential equation is in the polar form. dy / dx dx d dr 3 . Solve the new differential equation to get the equation of orthogonal trajectories. Note: A family of curves is self-orthogonal if it is its own orthogonal family. Illustration 26: Find the value of k such that the family of parabolas y = cx2 + k is the orthogonal trajectory of the family of ellipses x2 + 2y2 – y = c. Solution : Differentiate both sides of x2 + 2y2 – y = c w.r.t. x, We get dy dy 2x + 4y dx – dx = 0 dy or 2x + (4y – 1) dx = 0, is the differential equation of the given family of curves. dy dx Replacing dx by – dy to obtain the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories, we get 2x + (1 4 y ) = 0 dy = 4 y 1 dy dx 2x dx NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 dy = dx 1 n (4y – 1) = 1 n x + 1 n a, where a is any constant. 4y 1 2x 4 2 2 n(4y – 1) = 2 n x + 2 n a or , 4y – 1 = a2x2 or, y = 1 a2x2 + 1 , is the required orthogonal trajectory, which is of the form y = cx2 + k where 44 a2 1 Ans. c = , k = . 44 x2 y2 1 are self orthogonal family of curves. Illustration 27 : Prove that a2 b2 Solution : x2 y2 ...(i) 1 a2 b2 Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we have x y dy ...(ii) 0 a2 b2 dx From (i) and (ii), we have to eliminate . E 37
JEE-Mathematics Now, (ii) gives b 2 x a2y dy dx dy xy dx a2 (a2 b2 )x , b2 (a2 b2 )y(dy / dx) x y(dy / dx) x y(dy / dx) Substituting these values in (i), we get x y dy x y dx a2 b2. ....(iii) dx dy as the differential equation of the given family. Changing dy/dx to –dx/dy in (iii), we obtain x y dx x y dy a2 b2 . ...(iv) dy dx which is the same as (iii). Thus we see that the family (i) as self-orthogonal, i.e., every member of the family (i) cuts every other member of the same family orthogonally. Do yourself - 13 : ( i ) Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following families of curves : ( a ) x + 2y = C ( b ) y = Ce–2x Note : Following exact differentials must be remembered : (i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii) xdy ydx d y x2 x ydx xdy x (iv) xdy ydx d nxy (iii) y2 d y xy (v) dx dy d n(x y) (vi) xdy ydx d n y NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 xy x xy (vii) ydx xdy d n x (viii) xdy ydx d ta n 1 y xy y x2 y2 x (ix) ydx xdy d ta n 1 x (x) xdx ydy d n x2 y2 x2 y2 y x2 y2 1 xdy ydx ex yexdx exdy d xy x2 y2 (xii) d y (xi) y2 ey xeydy eydx (xiii) d x x2 Illustration 28 : Solve y sin x cos2 (xy) dx + x sin y dy = 0. cos2 (xy) cos2 (xy) 38 E
Solution : The given differential equation can be written as; JEE-Mathematics y dx x dy Ans. cos2 (xy) + sin x dx + sin y dy = 0. sec2 (xy) d (xy) + sin x dx + sin y dy = 0 d (tan (xy)) + d (– cos x) + d (– cos y) = 0 tan (xy) – cos x – cos y = c. Do yourself - 14 : ( i i ) x dy – ydx – (1 – x2)dx = 0. Solve the following differential equations : ( i ) x dx + y dy + 4y3(x2 + y2)dy = 0. 8 . APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS : (a) Mixing Problems A chemical in a liquid solution with given concentration c gm/lit. (or dispersed in a gas) runs into a in container with a rate of a lit/min. holding the liquid (or the gas) with, possibly, a specified amount of the in chemical dissolved as well. The mixture is kept uniform by stirring and flows out of the container at a known rate (aout litre/min.). In this process it is often important to know the concentration of the chemical in the container at any given time. The differential equation describing the process is based on the formula. Rate of change rate at which rate at which of amount chemical chemical .......(i) in container arrives departs Arrival rate = (conc. in) × (inflow rate) = c × a ain = inflow rate V0= initial volume in in cin = conc. in If y(t) denotes the amount of substance in the aout= outflow rate tank at time t & V(t) denotes the amount of mixture in tank at that time NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 concentration in Departure rate = container at time t . (outflow rate) = y(t) . (a ) out V(t) where volume of mixture at time t, V(t) = initial volume + (inflow rate – outflow rate) × t = V + (a – a )t 0 in out Accordingly, Equation (i) becomes dy(t) = (chemical's given arrival rate) – y(t) . (out flow rate) .......(ii) dt V(t) d ( y ( t )) y(t) dt c in a in V0 (a in a out )t .a out This leads to a first order linear D.E. which can be solved to obtain y(t) i.e. amount of chemical at time 't'. Illustration 29 : A tank contains 20 kg of salt dissolved in 5000 L of water. Brine that contains 0.03 kg of salt per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 25 L/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the tank at the same rate. How much salt remains in the tank after half an hour ? E 39
JEE-Mathematics Solution : Let y(t) be the amount of salt after t min. Given y(0) = 20 kg rate in = 0.03kg 25L 0.75kg L min . min . As a = a , so the tank always contains 5000 L of liquid so the conc. at time ‘t’ is y(t) kg in out 5000 L so rate out = y(t) kg 25L y(t) kg 5000 L m in 200 min dy(t) 0.75 y(t) dt 200 by solving as linear D.E. or variable separable and using initial condition, we get y(t) = 150– 130 e–t/200 The amount of salt after 30 min is y(30) = 150 – 130 e–30/100 = 38.1 kg Do yourself - 15 : ( i ) A tank initially holds 10 lit. of fresh water. At t = 0, a brine solution containing 1 kg of salt per lit. is 2 poured into the tank at a rate of 2 lit/min. while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at the same rate. Find ( a ) the amount and ( b ) the concentration of salt in the tank at any time t. (b) Exponential Growth and Decay : In general, if y(t) is the value of quantity y at time t and if the rate of change of y with respect to t is proportional to its value y(t) at that time, then dy(t) ....(i) = ky(t), where k is a constant dt dy(t) kdt y(t) Solving, we get y(t) = Aekt NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 equation (i) is sometimes called the law of natural growth (if k > 0) or law of natural decay (if k < 0). In the context of population growth, we can write dP kP or 1 dP k dt P dt where k is growth rate divided by the population size; it is called the relative growth rate. Illustration 30 : A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present. If initially there is 50 kg of the material present and after two hours it is observed that the material has lost 10 percent of its original mass, find (a) an expression for the mass of the material remaining at any time t, (b) the mass of the material after four hours, and (c) the time at which the material has decayed to one half of its initial mass. Solution : ( a ) Let N denote the amount of material present at time t. So, dN kN 0 dt 40 E
JEE-Mathematics This differential equation is separable and linear, its solution is N = cekt ....(i) At t=0, we are given that N = 50. Therefore, from (i), 50 = cek(0) or c = 50. Thus, N = 50ekt ....(ii) At t = 2, 10 percent of the original mass of 50kg or 5kg has decayed. Hence, at t = 2, N = 50 – 5 = 45. Substituting these values into (ii) and solving for k, we have 45 = 50e2k or k = 1 n 45 2 50 Substituting this value into (ii), we obtain the amount of mass present at any time t as 1 ( n 0.9 ) t .....(iii) N 50e2 where t is measured in hours. ( b ) We require N at t = 4. Substituting t = 4 into (iii) and then solving for N, we find N = 50e–2 n (0.9) kg ( c ) We require when N = 50/2 = 25. Substituting N = 25 into (iii) and solving for t, we find 25 1 ( n 0.9 ) t t n 1 / 1 n (0 .9 ) hours 2 2 50e2 ( c ) Temperature Problems : Newton’s law of cooling, which is equally applicable to heating, states that the time rate of change of the temperature of body is proportional to the temperature difference between the body and its surrounding medium. Let T denote the temperature of the body and let T denote the temperature of the surrounding m dT medium. Then the time rate of change in temperature of the body is , and dt Newton’s law of cooling can be formulated as dT dT ....(a) dt k(T Tm ) , or as dt +kT = kTm where k is a positive constant of proportionality. Once k is chosen positive, the minus sign is required in dT Newton’s law to make negative in a cooling process, when T is greater than T and positive in a dt m heating process, when T is less than T . m NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 Illustration 31 : A metal bar at a temperature of 100°F is placed in a room at a constant temperature of 0° F. If after 20 minutes the temperature of the bar is 50°F, find (a) the time it will take the bar to reach the temperature of 25°F and (b) the temperature of the bar after 10 minutes. Solution : Use equation (a) with T =0; the surrounding medium here is the room which is being held at a m constant temperature of 0°F. Thus we have dT kT 0 .....(i) dt whose solution is T = ce–kt Since T = 100°F at t = 0 (the temperature of the bar is initially 100°F), it follows (i) that 100 = ce–k(0) or 100 = c. Substituting this value into (i), we obtain T = 100e–kt .....(ii) At t = 20, we are given that T = 50°F; hence from (ii), 50 = 100e–20k from which k 1 n 50 20 100 E 41
JEE-Mathematics Substituting this value into (ii), we obtain the temperature of the bar at any time t as 1 n 1 t 20 2 T 1 0 0 e °F .....(iii) ( a ) We require t when T = 25°F. Substituting T = 25°F into (iii), we have 1 n 1 t 20 2 25 1 0 0e Solving, we find that t = 39.6 min. ( b ) We require T when t = 10. Substituting t = 10 into (iii) and then solving for T, we find that 1 n 1 10 20 2 T 1 0 0 e °F It should be noted that since Newton’s law is valid only for small temperature difference, the above calculations represent only a first approximation to the physical situation. (d) Geometrical applications : Let P(x , y ) be any point on the curve y = ƒ (x), then slope of the tangent at point P is dy 1 1 dx ( x1 , y1 ) (i) The equation of the tangent at P is y y1 dy (x x1 ) dx x-intercept of the tangent = x1 – y1 dx dy y-intercept of the tangent = y – x dy 1 1 dx y1 1 x1 ) (ii) The equation of normal at P is y (x (dy / dx) x and y-intercepts of normal are ; x1 y1 dy and y1 x1 dx dx dy (iii) Length of tangent = PT | y1 | 1 (dx / dy )2(x1, y1 ) NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (iv) Length of normal = PN | y1 | 1 (dy / dx)2(x1, y1 ) (v) Length of sub-tangent = ST y1 dx dy ( x1 , y1 ) (vi) Length of sub-normal = SN y1 dy dx ( x1 , y1 ) (vii) Length of radius vector = x12 y 2 1 Do yourself - 16 : (i) At each point (x,y) of a curve the intercept of the tangent on the y-axis is equal to 2xy2. Find the curve. ( i i ) Find the equation of the curve for which the normal at any point (x,y) passes through the origin. 42 E
JEE-Mathematics Miscellaneous Illustrations : Illustration 32 : Solve (y log x – 1) ydx = xdy. Solution : The given differential equation can be written as x dy + y = y2 log x .....(i) dx Divide by xy2 . Hence 1 dy + 1 1 log x y2 = dx xy x 11 dy = dv so that dv – 1 v = – 1 log x .....(ii) Let y = v – y2 dx dx dx x x 11 (ii) is the standard linear differential equation with P = – , Q = – log x xx I.F. = e pdx = e –1 / x dx = 1/x The solution is given by v . 1 = 1 1 log x dx = – log x dx = log x – 1 . 1 dx = log x + 1 + c x x x x2 x x x x x v = 1 + log x + cx = log ex + cx 1 Ans. or y = log ex + cx or y (log ex + cx) = 1. d2y Illustration 33: For a certain curve y = f(x) satisfying dx2 = 6x – 4, f(x) has a local minimum value 5 when x = 1. Find the equation of the curve and also the global maximum and global minimum values of f(x) given that 0 x 2. Solution : Integrating d2y = 6x – 4, we get dy = 3x2 – 4x + A dx2 dx NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 dy When x = 1, dx = 0, so that A = 1. Hence dy = 3x2 – 4x + 1 ...(i) dx Integrating, we get y = x3 – 2x2 + x + B When x = 1, y = 5, so that B = 5. Thus we have y = x3 – 2x2 + x + 5. From (i), we get the critical points x = 1/3, x = 1 1 d2y At the critical point x = 3 , dx2 is negative. Therefore at x = 1/3, y has a local maximum. d2y At x = 1, dx2 is positive. E 43
JEE-Mathematics Therefore at x = 1, y has a local minimum. Also f(1) = 5, f 1 = 139 . f(0) = 5, f(2) = 7 3 27 Hence the global maximum value = 7, and the global minimum value = 5. Ans. dy Ans. Illustration 34 : Solve dx = tany cotx – secy cosx. Ans. Solution : dy E dx = tany cotx – secy cosx. Rearrange it : (sin x – siny)cos x dx + sin x cosy dy = 0. Put u = sin y, So, du = cos y dy : Substituting, we get (sin x – u)cos x dx + sin x du = 0, du u cos x cos x dx sin x The equation is first-order linear in u. The integrating factor is I exp cos x dx exp{ ln(sin x)} 1 . sin x sin x Hence, u1 cos x dx ln sin x C . sin x sin x Solve for u : u = –sin x ln |sin x|+ C sin x. Put y back : siny = – sin x ln |sin x|+ C sin x. xx NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 Illustration 35 : Solve the equation x y(t)dt (x 1) t y(t)dt, x 0 00 Solution : Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we get xx xy(x) 1. y(t)dt (x 1)xy(x) 1. ty(t)dt 00 xx i.e., y(t)dt x2 y(x) ty(t)dt 00 Differentiating again with respect to x, we get y(x) = x2 y'(x) + 2xy(x) + xy(x) x2 dy (x ) i.e., (1 – 3x)y(x) = dx i.e., (1 3x)dx dy(x) , integrating we get x2 y(x) i.e., y c e 1 / x x3 44
JEE-Mathematics 3 1 if 0 x 1 1 1 x if x 1 2 8 Illustration 36 : (Discontinuous forcing) Solve : y ' y g(x) , where g(x) 1 , and y , and y(x) is continuous on [0,). x Solution : The idea is to solve the equation separately on 0 < x < 1 and on x > 1, then match the pieces up at x = 1 to get a continuous solution. 0x 1 :y ' 3 y 1 3 dx e3nx x3 . x . The integrating factor is I exp x Then yx3 x3 dx 1 x4 C . 4 1C The solution is y 4 x x3 Plug in the initial condition 1 y 1 1 8C,C 0 8 2 8 The solution on the interval 0 < x < 1 is y 1 x . 4 1 Note that y(1) = . 4 3 1 x2dx 1 x3 C . 3 x > 1 : y’ + x y x . The integrating factor is the same as before, so yx3 The solution is 1C y 3 x3 . 1 In order, to get value of C, set y (1) = 4 1 y (1 ) 1 C , C = 1 4 3 12 1 11 The solution on the interval x > 1 is y 3 12 x3 The complete solution is y 1 x if 0 x 1 Ans. 4 1 if x 1 1 3 12x3 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 Illustration 37 : Let y = ƒ (x) be a differentiable function x R and satisfies : 11 ƒ (x) = x + x2 z ƒ (z)dz + x z2 ƒ (z) dz. Determine the function. 00 11 S o l . We have , ƒ (x) = x + x2 z ƒ (z) dz + x z2 ƒ (z)dz 00 Let ƒ (x) = x + x21 + x2 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 z ƒ(z)dz ((1 2 )z 0 0 Now1 z21 )z dz 91 – 42 = 4 .....(i) 2 1 z2 ƒ (z)dz 1 ((1 2 )z3 z41 ) dz (1 2 ) 1 also 0 0 4 5 15 – 4 = 5 ....(ii) 21 E 45
JEE-Mathematics from (i) and (ii); 80 61 1 119 and 2 119 ƒ(x) x 80 x2 61 x 20x (4 9 x) 119 119 119 ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF 1 : ( i ) one, two ( i i ) two, two (iii) one, one 2 : ( i ) y' – y = 2(1 – x) (ii) x2y\" + 2xy' – 2y = 0 (iii) y''' 4y' 3 : ( i ) ny2 = x + n|x| + k (ii) 11 1 4x2 k (i i i ) sec y = –2 cosx + C 2y2 4 4 : (i) y 4 x 2 ce4x ( i i ) 2(x – y) = c + sin2(x + y) y 4x 2 5 : ( i ) x + 2y + n|2x – y|+ c = 0 y2 3x2 6 : ( i ) x = cyexy (ii) 3y 5xy 0 22 ( i i ) y = cx2e–1/xy 7 : (i) n(x2 + y2) = 2 tan 1 y c (ii) x2 y2 sin 1 y c x x NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 8 : (i) 3 (ii) 2/3 (iii) (a) homogeneous (b) homogeneous (c) not homogeneous 9 : ( i ) (3x + y) (x – y) = c (ii) yn y y xnx cx 0 (i i i ) x2y(2x + y) = 3 0 x (i i i ) 2x n y = n2 y + C. 1 0 : ( i ) x + y – 3 = C(x – y + 1)3 (ii) y 2(x a )3 (x c 1 1 : ( i ) y x4 6 x2n| x| 2x cx2 a)3 2 1 x2 2 x3 2 nx c 1 sin x cex 1 2 : (i) y (ii) y2 3 3 (iii) y . (c x)e3x 1 3 : ( i ) ( a ) y – 2x = K (b) y2 = x + K 1 4 : ( i ) ½ n(x2 + y2) + y4 = C ( i i ) y + x2 + 1 = Cx 1 5 : ( i ) (a) – 5e–0.2t + 5 kg (b) 1 (e0.2t 1) kg/ 2 1 6 : (i) x x2 C ( i i ) x2 + y2 = C y 46 E
EXERCISE - 01 JEE-Mathematics CHECK YOUR GRASP SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER) 2 1. The order and degree of the differential equation 1 3 dy 3 d3y are - dx 4 dx3 2 (B) 3 , 1 (C) 1, 2 (D) 3, 3 (A) 1 , 3 2 . The degree and order of the differential equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis is x-axis are respectively (A) 2 , 1 (B) 1 , 2 (C) 3 , 2 (D) 2 , 3 dy d2y 3 . The order and degree of the differential equation 3 dx 4 dx2 7x 0 are a and b, then a + b is - (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 4 . The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by y (C1 C2 ) cos(x C3 ) C4exc5 where C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are arbitrary constants, is - [JEE 98] (A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2 5 . The differential equation of the family of curves represented by y = a + bx + ce–x (where a, b, c are arbitrary constants) is - (A) y''' = y' (B) y''' + y'' = 0 (C) y''' – y'' + y' = 0 (D) y''' + y'' – y' = 0 6 . The differential equation for the family of curves x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary constant is - (A) (x2 – y2 ) y' = 2xy (B) 2(x2 + y2) y' = xy (C) 2(x2–y2) y' = xy (D) (x2 + y2)y' = 2xy 7 . Number of values of m N for which y = emx is a solution of the differential equation D3y – 3D2y – 4Dy + 12y = 0 is - (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2 8 . If y = e(K + 1)x is a solution of differential equation d2 y 4 dy 4 y 0 , then k = dx2 dx (A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 9. The general solution of the differential equation dy 1x is a family of curves which looks most like which of dx y the following ? (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 0 . The solution to the differential equation yny + xy' = 0, where y(1) = e, is - (A) x(ny) = 1 (B) xy(ny) = 1 (C) (ny)2 = 2 (D) ny + x2 y = 1 2 dy 1 1 . The equation of the curve passing through origin and satisfying the differential equation = sin ( 10x + 6y) dx is - (A) y 1 tan 1 4 5 tan 4x 5x (B) y 1 tan 1 5 tan 4x 5x 3 3 tan 4 x 3 3 3 tan 4 x 3 4 (C) y 1 tan 1 3 tan 4x 5x (D) none of these 3 4 3 tan 4 x 3 E 47
JEE-Mathematics 1 2 . Which one of the following curves represents the solution of the initial value problem Dy = 100 – y, where y(0) = 50 y y y y 100 100 100 100 (A) 50 (B) 50 (C) 50 (D) 50 Ox Ox O x Ox x 1 3 . A curve passing through (2, 3) and satisfying the differential equation ty(t)dt x2 y(x), (x 0) is - 0 (A) x2 + y2 = 13 (B) y2 9 x x2 y2 (D) xy = 6 2 (C) 1 8 18 14. A curve passes through the point 1, & its slope at any point is given by y – cos2 y . Then the curve has 4 x x the equation - (A) y = xtan–1 n e (B) y = xtan–1(n + 2) (C) y = 1 tan–1 n e (D) none x x x (D) x ( y2 + xy) = 0 dy 1 5 . The solution of the differential equation (2x – 10y3) + y = 0 is - dx (A) x + y = ce2x (B) y2 = 2x3 + c (C) xy2 = 2y5 + c 1 6 . Solution of differential equation 1 y2 dx x etan1 y dy 0 is - (A) y e tan1 x tan 1 x c (B) x e tan1 y 1 e2 tan1 y c 2 (C) 2 x e tan1 y c (D) y x e tan1 x c 1 7 . The general solution of the differential equation, y' + y'(x) – (x) . '(x) = 0 where (x) is a known function is - (A) y = ce–(x) + (x) –1 (B) y = ce(x) + (x) +K (C) y = ce–(x) – (x) +1 (D) y = ce–(x) + (x) +K 1 8 . The solution of the differential equation, ex(x + 1)dx + (yey – xex)dy = 0 with initial condition f(0) = 0, is - (A) xex + 2y2ey = 0 (B) 2xex + y2ey = 0 (C) xex – 2y2ey = 0 (D) 2xex – y2ey = 0 1 9 . The solution of the differential equation ydx + ( x + x2 y) dy = 0 is - (A) 1 log y c (B) log y = cx (C) 1 c (D) 1 log y c NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 xy xy xy 2 0 . The solution of y5 x + y – x dy = 0 is - (B) x5/5 + (1/4) (x/y)4 = C dx (D) (xy)4+ x5/5 = C (A) x4/4 + 1/5 (x/y)5 = C (C) (x/y)5 + x4/4 = C xdy y 2 1 . The solution of x2 y2 x2 y2 1 dx is - (A) y = x cot ( c– x) (B) cos–1 y/x = –x + c (C) y = x tan (c – x) (D) y2/x2 = x tan ( c – x) SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS) 2 2 . The value of the constant 'm' and 'c' for which y = mx + c is a solution of the differential equation D2y – 3Dy – 4y = – 4x (A) is m = –1 (B) is c = 3/4 (C) is m = 1 (D) is c = –3/4 48 E
JEE-Mathematics 2 3 . If x dy = y (log y – log x + 1), then the solution of the equation is - dx (A) x cy (B) log y cx (C) y xecx (D) x yecx log y x 24. Solutions of the differential equation x 2 dy 2 xy dy 6 y 2 0 - dx dx (A) y = cx2 (B) x3 y = c (C) xy3 = c (D) y = cx [JEE 99] 25. A solution of the differential equation, dy 2 x dy y 0 is - dx dx (D) y = 2x2 – 4 (A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x (C) y = 2x – 4 (D) y – ex = c 2 6 . dy 2 dy The solution the differential equation dx dx ex ex 1 0 is are - (A) y + e–x = c (B) y – e–x = c (C) y + ex = c 27. The solution of dy ax h represent a parabola if - dx by k (A) a = –2, b = 0 (B) a = –2, b = 2 (C) a = 0, b = 2 (D) a = 0, b = 0 2 8 . A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It meets the x-axis and the y-axis in point A and B, respectively, such that 1 1 1 , where O is the origin, the equation of such a curve is a circle which passes through OA OB (5, 4) and has - (B) centre (2, 1) (C) radius 5 (D) radius 4 (A) centre (1, 1) NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 CHECK YOUR GRASP ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-1 Que. 1 234 5678 9 10 Ans. D BCC BACC BA Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. A BDA CBAB DB Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ans. C C,D B,C,D A,B C A,D A,C A,C E 49
JEE-Mathematics BRAIN TEASERS EXERCISE - 02 SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS) 1 . Which one of the following is homogeneous function ? xy (B) f(x, y)= 1 2 tan 1 x (A) f(x, y) = x2 y2 y x 3 .y 3 (C) f(x, y) = x (n x2 y2 ny ) ye x / y (D) f(x, y) = x n 2x2 y2 n ( x y2 tan x 2y x y ) 3x y 2 . The graph of the function y = f(x) passing through the point (0, 1) and satisfying the differential equation dy y cos x cos x is such that - (B) it is periodic dx (A) it is a constant function (C) it is neither an even nor an odd function (D) it is continuous & differentiable for all x. 3 . Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is known that the rate at which the water level drops is proportional to the square root of water depth y, where the constant of proportionality k > 0 depends on the acceleration due to gravity and the geometry of the hole. If t is measured in minutes and k = 1/15 then the time to drain the tank if the water is 4 meter deep to start with is - (A) 30 min (B) 45 min (C) 60 min (D) 80 min 4. The solution of the differential equation, x2 dy 1 y sin 1 1 , where y –1 as x is - .cos x dx x (A) y = sin 1 cos 1 (B) y = x 1 11 (D) y = x 1 xx x sin 1 (C) y = cos sin x cos 1 x xx x 5. If y x (where c is an arbitrary constant) is the general solution of the differential equation dy y x n| cx| dx x y then the function x is - NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 y x2 x2 y2 y2 (A) y2 (B) – y2 (C) x2 (D) – x2 x 6 . If ty(t)dt x2 y(x) then y as a function of x is - a x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2 (D) none (A) y 2 2 a2 e 2 (B) y 1 2 a2 e 2 (C) y 2 1 a2 e 2 1 7 . A function f(x) satisfying f(tx)dt nf(x) , where x > 0, is - 0 1n n 1 (D) f (x ) c.x (1n ) (A) f(x) c.x n (B) f(x) c.x n1 (C) f(x) c.x n 50 E
JEE-Mathematics 8. The differential equation d2 y dy sin y x2 0 is of the following type - dx2 dx (A) linear (B) homogeneous (C) order two (D) degree one 9 . A curve C passes through origin and has the property that at each point (x, y) on it the normal line at that point passes through (1, 0). The equation of a common tangent to the curve C and the parabola y2 = 4x is - (A) x = 0 (B) y = 0 (C) y = x + 1 (D) x + y + 1 = 0 1 0 . The function f(x) satisfying the equation, f2(x) + 4f'(x) . f(x) + [f'(x)]2 = 0 is - (A) f(x) = c . e (2 3 )x (B) f(x) = c . e (2 3 )x (C) f(x) = c . e ( 3 2)x (D) f(x) = c . e (2 3 )x 1 1 . The equation of the curve passing through (3, 4) & satisfying the differential equation, y dy 2 (x y) dy x 0 can be - dx dx (A) x – y + 1 = 0 (B) x2 + y2 = 25 (C) x2 + y2 – 5x – 10 = 0 (D) x + y – 7 = 0 dy d y 2 dx d x 12. Number of straight lines which satisfy the differential equation x y 0 is - (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 1 3 . Let y = (A + Bx)e3x be a solution of the differential equation d2y m dy ny 0 , m, n I, then - dx2 dx (A) m + n = 3 (B) n2 – m2 = 64 (C) m = –6 (D) n = 9 1 4 . The differential equation 2xy dy = (x2 + y2 + 1) dx determines - (A) A family of circles with centre on x-axis (B) A family of circles with centre on y-axis (C) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre on x-axis (D) A family of rectangular hyperbola with centre on y-axis 1 5 . If ƒ ''(x) + ƒ '(x) + ƒ 2(x) = x2 be the differential equation of a curve and let P be the point of maxima then number of tangents which can be drawn from point P to x2 – y2 = a2, a 0 is - (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) either 1 or 2 (D) n x y x c 1 6 . The solution of x2dy – y2dx + xy2(x – y)dy = 0 is - xy NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (A) n xy y2 c (B) n xy x2 (C) n xy x2 c xy c (D) all of these xy 2 xy 2 2 17. The orthogonal trajectories of the system of curves dy 2 4 are - dx x (A) 9(y + c)2 = x3 (B) y + c = x3 / 2 x3/2 3 (C) y + c = 3 BRAIN TEASERS ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-2 Que. 1 2 3 456 7 8 9 10 Ans. A,B,C A,B,D C ADA A C,D A C,D Que. 13 14 15 16 17 Ans. 11 12 A,C,D CAA A,B,C,D A,B B E 51
JEE-Mathematics EXERCISE - 03 MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTIONS TRUE / FALSE 1 . f(x, y) = ey/x + nx – ny is a homogeneous function of degree zero. 2 . Consider the differential equation y'' + 2y' + y = 0. y = e–t is the solution of this differential equation but y = te-t is not the solution of differential equation. 3 . The differential equation y3dy + (x + y2) dx = 0 becomes homogeneous if we put y2 = t. 4. The degree of the differential equation d2y 2 d3y dy sin2 y sin dy 0 is 2. 2 dx2 dx3 dx dx 5 . The differential equation of the family of parabola whose axis is parallel to y-axis has order 3 & degree 1. MATCH THE COLUMN Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given s t a t e m e n t i n C o l u m n - I c a n h a v e c o r r e c t m a t c h i n g w i t h O N E O R M O R E s t a t e m e n t ( s ) i n C o l u m n - I I . 1 . Match the properties of the curves given in column-I with the corresponding curve(x) given in the column-II. Column-I Column-II (A) A curve passing through (2, 3) having the property that (p) Straight line length of the radius vector of any of its point P is equal (q) Circle to the length of the tangent drawn at this point, can be (r) Parabola (s) Hyperbola (B) A curve passing through (1, 1) having the property that any tangent intersects the y-axis at the point which is equidistant from the point of tangency and the origin, can be (C) A curve passing through (1, 0) for which the length of normal is equal to the radius vector, can be (D) A curve passes through the point (2, 1) and having the property that the segment of any of its tangent between the point of tangency and the x-axis is bisected by the y-axis, can be ASSERTION & REASON These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason). NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I. (B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I. (C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false. (D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true. 1 . Statement-I : The order of the differential equation of all the circles which touches x-axis is 2. because Statement-II : The order of differential equation is same as number of independent arbitrary constant in the given curve. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 2 . Statement-I : The order of the differential equation whose primitive is y = A + nBx is 2 because Statement-II : If there are 'n' independent arbitrary constants in a family of curve then the order of the corresponding differential equation is 'n'. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 52 E
JEE-Mathematics 3 . Statement-I : The orthogonal trajectory to the curve (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2 is y = mx + b – am where a and b are fixed numbers and r & m are parameters. because Statement-II : In a plane, the line that passes through the centre of circle is normal to the circle. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D d2y dy 4 . Statement-I : sin x dx2 cos x dx tan x 0 is not a linear differential equation. because Statement-II : A differential equation is said to be linear if dependent variable and its differential coefficients occurs in first degree and are not multiplied together. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D 5. Consider the differential equation (xy – 1) dy y2 0 dx Statement-I : The solution of the equation is xy = logy + c. because Statement-II : The given differential equation can be expressed as dx Px Q , whose integrating factor is ny. dy (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS Comprehension # 1 A & B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir B . Both the reservoirs are filled completely with water , their inlets are closed and then the water is released simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the water is released , the quantity of water in reservoir A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservoir B. Let V & V represents volume of reservoir A & B at any time t, then : AB On the basis of above information, answer the following questions : 1 . If after 1/2 an hour V = kV , then k is - AB (A) 3 (B) 3/4 (C) 3 (D) none of these 2 . After how many hours do both the reservoirs have the same quantity of water ? NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (A) log4 /3 2 hrs (B) log(4 / 3) 4 hrs (C) 2 hrs 1 (D) 2 log2 3 hrs 3 . If VA = f(t), where 't' is time. Then f(t) is - VB (A) increasing (B) decreasing (C) non-monotonic (D) data insufficient. Comprehension # 2 Let y = f(x) and y = g(x) be the pair of curves such that (i) the tangents at point with equal abscissae intersect on y-axis. (ii) the normals drawn at points with equal abscissae intersect on x-axis and (iii) curve f(x) passes through (1, 1) and g(x) passes through (2, 3) then On the basis of above information, answer the following questions : 1 . The curve f(x) is given by - (A) 2 x (B) 2x2 1 2 (D) none of these x x (C) x2 x E 53
JEE-Mathematics 2 . The curve g(x) is given by - 1 2 (C) x2 1 (D) none of these (A) x x (B) x x x2 (D) 4 n2 2 3 . The value of (g(x) f(x))dx is - 1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-3 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 True / False E 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T Match the Column 1 . (A)(p,s), (B)(q), (C)(q,s), (D)(r) Assertion & Reason 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C Comprehension Based Questions Comprehension # 1 : 1. C 2. A,D 3. B Comprehension # 2 : 1. A 2. B 3. B 54
EXERCISE - 04 [A] JEE-Mathematics CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE 1 . State the order and degree of the following differential equations : d2x 3 d x 4 d2 y d y 2 3 / 2 (a) d t xt = 0 (b) 1 d t2 d x2 d x 2 . Form a differential equation for the family of curves represented by ax² + by² = 1 , where a & b are arbitary constants. 3 . Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ; where g , f & c are arbitary constants. 4 . Form the differential equation of circles passing through the points of intersection of unit circle with centre at the origin and the line bisecting the first quadrant. 5 . Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive , y = c e3x + c e2x + c ex , where c , c , c are 1 2 3 1 2 3 arbitrary constants. 6 . Solve : n (sec x tan x) dx = n (sec y tan y) dy 7 . Solve : (1 x²) (1 y) dx = xy (1 + y) dy cos x cos y d y x2 1 y2 1 9. Solve : yx dy a y 2 dy dx d x 8 . Solve : d x + xy = 0 d y x (2 n x 1) x dx y dy 1 x2 y2 1 0 . Solve : = 1 1 . Solve : x dy y dx = x2 y2 d x sin y y cos y dy xy xy 1 2 . Solve : d x + sin 2 sin 2 1 3 . Solve : e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0 , y = 3 dy 1 4 . Solve : = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) dx 1 5 . A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x-axis. Determine the equation of the curve. 1 6 . It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find the law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0 , the mass of the radius was m and during time 0 t % of the original mass of radium decay. NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 0 1 7 . Solve : sin x. d y = y. ny if y = e , when x = dx 2 18. Find the curve y = ƒ (x) where ƒ (x) 0 , ƒ (0) = 0 , bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x] whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of ƒ (x). It is known that ƒ (1) = 1. 19. 20. Solve : x cos y y sin y y y sin y x cos y x dy 22. x x x x dx 24. Solve : d y = y x 1 2 1 . Solve : (x y) dy = (x + y + 1) dx 25. dx y x 5 26. Solve : d y = x 2 y 3 d y 2 (y 2)2 E d x 2 x y 3 2 3 Solve : d x = (x y 1)2 dy x y 1 Solve : = dx 2x 2y 3 d y x2 xy (b) (x3 3xy2) dx = (y3 3x2y) dy Solve : (a) d x = x2 y2 Find the equation of a curve such that the projection of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa. 55
JEE-Mathematics 2 7 . The light rays emanating from a point source situated at origin when reflected from the mirror of a search light are reflected as beam parallel to the x-axis. Show that the surface is parabolic, by first forming the differential equation and then solving it. 2 8 . The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes through (1 , 1). 2 9 . Find the curve for which the sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point is proportional to the product of the coordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality factor is equal to k. dy 3 0 . Use the substitution y2 = a x to reduce the equation y3. + x + y2 = 0 to homogeneous form and hence dx solve it. (where a is variable) Solve the following differential equations (Q. 31 to 45) : dy x y = 1 3 1 . (x + tan y) dy = sin 2y dx 3 2 . + d x 1 x2 2 x (1 x2 ) dy dy 3 3 . (1 x²) d x + 2xy = x (1 x²)1/2 3 4 . x(x 1) (x 2) y = x3(2x 1) 3 5 . (1 + y + x²y)dx + (x + x3)dy = 0 dx 3 6 . y x Dy = b(1 + x²Dy) 37. dy + y ny = y (n y)2 dx x x2 dy 3 8 . + xy = y²e .x²/2 sin x dx dy dy 3 9 . 2 y sec x = y3 tan x 4 0 . x2 y x3 = y4 cos x dx dx 4 1 . y (2xy + ex) dx ex dy = 0 dy 4 2 . sin x + 3y = cos x dx 4 3 . x(x² + 1) dy = y (1 x²) + x3. nx dy dx 4 4 . x y = 2x² cosec 2x dx 4 5 . (1 + y²) dx = (tan1 y x)dy 4 6 . Find the curve for which the area of the triangle formed by the xaxis , the tangent line and radius vector of the point of tangency is equal to a2. Solve the following differential equations (Q. 47 to 56) : 4 7 . (x y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0 4 8 . (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 4 9 . x d y + y ny = xyex d y tan y = (1 + x) ex sec y dx 5 0 . dx 1x dy ey 1 dy 2 dy dx x2 x 51. = 52. d x (x y) x y 0 dx d y y2 x 5 4 . (1 xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy 5 3 . d x = 2 y (x 1) dy 5 6 . y y' sin x = cos x (sin x y2) 5 5 . d x = exy (ex ey) 5 7 . Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is equal to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point , x2 y2 = c e tan1 y x 56 E
JEE-Mathematics 5 8 . A tank consists of 50 liters of fresh water. Two liters of brine each litre containing 5 gms of dissolved salt are run into tank per minute ; the mixture is kept uniform by stirring , and runs out at the rate of one litre per minute. If ‘m’ grams of salt are present in the tank after t minute, express ‘m’ in terms of t and find the amount of salt present after 10 minutes. CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-4(A) d2y d y 2 dy dx2 d x dx 1 . (a) order 2 & degree 3; (b) order 2 & degree 2 2. xy + x y = 0 d3y d2y dy 3 . [1 + (y')²].y''' 3y'(y'')² = 0 4. (y' – 1)(x2 + y2 – 1) + 2(x + yy')(x – y) = 0 5. 6 11 6y 0 dx3 dx2 dx 6 . n2 (sec x + tan x) n2 (sec y + tan y) = c 7 . n x (1 y)² = c 1 y² 2y + 1 x² 22 8 . x2 1 sec1 x + y 2 1 = c 9 . y = c (1 ay) (x + a) 1 0 . y sin y = x² n x + c c (x y) 1 2 . n tan y x 1 3 . y = (x + 1). n (x + 1) x + 3 11 . x2 y2 + 1 x2 y2 = 4 = c 2 sin x2 y2 2 1 4 .n 1 tan x y = x + c 1 5 . x2 + y2 – 2x = 0, x = 1 2 1 6 .m = m e k t where k = 1 n 1 1 7 . y = etan(x/2) 1 8 . y = x1/n y 0 100 1 9 . xy cos = c t0 x 2 0 .tan 1 y 3 + n c y 32 x 22 = 0 21 . arctan 2 y 1 = n c x2 y2 x y 1 2 x 1 2 x2 2 2 .(x+y2) = c (y x)3 23 2 tan1 y 2 = c. (y+2) 4 x 3 2 4 . x+y+ = ce3(x2y) e 3 2 5 . (a) 1 tan 1 x 2y (b) y² x² = c (y² + x²)² c(x y)2/3 (x² + xy + y²)1/6 = exp where exp x ex 3 x 3 y2 y y2 x2 n y y2 x2 c2 , where same sign has to be taken. 2 8 . x² + y² 2x = 0 2 6 . x2 x3 2 9 .y = 1 n c k2 x2 1 30. 1 nx2 + a2 tan1 a = c , where a = x + y2 31. x cot y = c + tan y k 2 x NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 3 2 . y 1 x2 1 n tan 1 arc tan x other form is y 1 x2 1 n 1 x2 1 3 3 . y = c (1 x²) + 1 x2 =c + 2 = c + x 2 2 3 4 .y (x 1) = x2 (x2 x + c) 3 5 . xy = c arc tan x 36 . y(1 + bx) = b + cx 37. x = ny cx 2 1 2 3 8 .ex²/2 = y (c + cosx) 39. 1 = 1 + (c + x) c o t x 40. x3 y3 = 3sinx + c 41. y1 ex = c x² y2 2 4 1 y x x x 4 3 . 4 (x² + 1) y + x3 (1 2 nx) = cx 4 4 . y = cx + x n tan x 4 2 . 3 tan3 = c + 2 tan 2 2 45. x = cearctany + arc tan y 1 a2 4 8 . y² = 3x² 6x x3 + cex + 4 4 6 . x = cy ± y 4 7 . y² + x n ax=0 4 9 .xny = ex(x – 1) + c 5 0 . sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x) 5 1 . cx² + 2xey = 1 x2 5 2 . y = cex ; y = c + 1 5 4 . y = 2 5 3 .y2 = 1 + (x + 1) n c or x + (x + 1) n c n 5 5 . ey = c. exp (ex) + ex 1 x 1 x 1 x tan cx 2c 58. m = 5t 1 50 t gm s ; 2 5 6 .y2 = 3 sin x sin2 x 50 91 gms E 3 57
JEE-Mathematics EXERCISE - 04 [B] BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE dy 1 . Consider the differential equation P(x)y Q(x) dx (a) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the same equation in term of u(x) and v(x). (b) If and are constants such that the linear combinations .u(x) +.v(x) is a solution of the given equation, find the relation between and . (c) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio v(x) u(x) . w(x) u(x) 2 . Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin if the middle point of the segment of its normal from any point of the curve to the x axis lies on the parabola 2y2 = x. dy 1 y dx dx = y + 0 3 . given y = 1 , where x = 0 Solve : dy 4 . Solve : x3 d x = y3 + y2 y 2 x2 5. Find the integral curve of the differential equation , x (1 x n y) . dy + y = 0 which passes through 1 , 1 . dx e 6 . Let the function nf(x) is defined where f(x) exists for x 2 & k is fixed positive real number, prove that if d ( x.f ( x )) kf(x) then f(x) A x–1–k where A is independent of x. dx x x , 2 2 Find the differentiable function which satifies the equation f(x) = f(t) tan tdt tan(t x )dt 7 . , where x 00 8. Find all functions f(x) defined on , with real values and has a primitive F(x) such that 2 2 f(x) + cos x . F(x) = sin 2x . Find f(x). (1 sin x)2 9 . A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs into the tank at the rate of 1 lit/min and the mixture in pumped out of the tank at the rate of 3 litres/min. Find the time when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum. x NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 1 0 . Given two curves y = f(x), where f(x) > 0, passing through the points (0, 1) & y = f(t)dt passing through the points (0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the x-axis. Find the curve f(x). 1 1 . Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves when 'a' is the parameter. (a) y = ax2 (b) cosy = ae–x 1 2 . Let f(x, y, c ) = 0 and f(x, y, c ) = 0 define two integral curves of a homogeneous first order differential equation. 12 If P and P are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line, y = mx then prove 12 that the slopes of these two curves at P and P are equal. 12 dy 1 3 . If y & y be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x alone, and 12 dx y = y z, then prove that z = 1 + a Q dx y1 , 'a' being an arbitrary constant. e 2 1 BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-4(B) 1 . (a) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v (x)) where K is any constant ; (b) =1 ; (c) constant 2 . y² = 2x + 1 e2x 3 . y 1 (2ex e 1) 4 . xy = c(y + y2 x2 ) 5 . x (ey + ny + 1) = 1 7 . cosx – 1 3e 8. 2 cos x Cesin x .cos x 9. 7 minutes 10. f(x) = e2x 11. (a) x2 + 2y2 = c, (b) siny = ce–x f(x) = – (1 sin x)2 27 9 58 E
EXERCISE - 05 [A] JEE-Mathematics JEE-[MAIN] : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1 . The solution of the differential equation (x2 – y2)dx + 2xy dy = 0 is- [AIEEE-2002] (1) x2 + y2 = cx (2) x2 – y2 + cx = 0 (3) x2 + 2xy = y2 + cx (4) x2 + y2 = 2xy + cx2 2 . The differential equation, which represents the family of plane curves y = ecx, is- [AIEEE-2002] (1) y' = cy (2) xy' – logy = 0 (3) xlogy = yy' (4) ylogy = xy' y 1 [AIEEE-2002] 3 . The equation of the curve through the point (1, 0), whose slope is x2 x is- (1) (y – 1) (x + 1) + 2x = 0 (2) 2x(y – 1) + x + 1 = 0 (3) x(y – 1) (x + 1) + 2 = 0 (4) x(y + 1) + y(x + 1) = 0 4 . The degree and order of the differential equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis is x-axis, are respectively- [AIEEE-2003] (1) 2, 3 (2) 2, 1 (3) 1, 2 (4) 3, 2 5 . The solution of the differential equation (1 + y2) + (x e tan1 y ) dy = 0, is - [AIEEE-2003] dx (1) xe2 tan1 y = e tan1 y + k (2) (x – 2) = ke – tan1 y (3) 2 xe tan1 y = e2 tan1 y + k (4) xe tan1 y = tan–1y + k 6 . The differential equation for the family of curves x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary constant is- [AIEEE-2004] (1) 2(x2 – y2)y' = xy (2) 2(x2 + y2)y' = xy (3) (x2 – y2)y' = 2xy (4) (x2 + y2)y' = 2xy 7 . The solution of the differential equation ydx + (x + x2y)dy = 0 is- [AIEEE-2004] 1 1 1 (4) log y = Cx (1) – = C (2) – + logy = C (3) + logy = C xy xy xy 8 . The differential representing the family of curves y2 = 2c(x + c ), where c > 0, is a parameter, is of order and degree as follows- [AIEEE-2005, IIT-1999] (1) order 1, degree 2 (2) order 1, degree 1 (3) order 1, degree 3 (4) order 2, degree 2 9 . If x dy = y(logy – logx + 1), then the solution of the equation is- [AIEEE-2005] dx (1) y log x = cx (2) x log y = cy (3) log y = cx (4) log x = cy y x x NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 y 10. The differential equation whose solution is Ax2 + By2 = 1, where A and B are arbitrary constants is of- 11. 12. [AIEEE-2006] 13. (1) first order and second degree (2) first order and first degree E (3) second order and first degree (4) second order and second degree The differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their centres on the x-axis is- [AIEEE-2007] dy dy dy dy (1) x2 = y2 + xy dx (2) x2 = y2 + 3xy dx (3) y2 = x2 + 2xy dx (4) y2 = x2 – 2xy dx The solution of the differential equation dy = x y satisfying the condition y(1) = 1 is- [AIEEE-2008] dx x (1) y = nx + x (2) y = xnx + x2 (3) y = xe(x – 1) (4) y = xnx + x The differential equation of the family of circles with fixed radius 5 units and centre on the line y = 2 is- [AIEEE-2008] (1) (x – 2)y'2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 (2) (y – 2)y'2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 (3) (y – 2)2y'2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 (4) (x – 2)2y'2 = 25 – (y – 2)2 59
JEE-Mathematics 1 4 . The differential equation which represents the family of curves y c1ec2x , where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants, is :- [AIEEE-2009] (1) yy\" = y' (2) yy\" = (y')2 (3) y' = y2 (4) y\" = y'y [AIEEE-2010] 1 5 . Solution of the differential equation cos x dy = y(sin x – y)dx, 0 < x < is - 2 (1) sec x = (tan x + c) y (2) y sec x = tan x + c (3) y tan x = sec x + c (4) tan x = (sec x + c) y dy [AIEEE-2011] 1 6 . If = y + 3 > 0 and y(0) = 2, then y(ln 2) is equal to :- dx (1) 13 (2) –2 (3) 7 (4) 5 1 7 . Let I be the purchase value of an equipment and V(t) be the value after it has been used for t years. The value V(t) depreciates at a rate given by differential equation dV ( t ) = –k(T – t), where dt k > 0 is a constant and T is the total life in years of the equipment. Then the scrap value V(T) of the equipment is :- [AIEEE-2011] k(T t)2 (2) e–kT I kT 2 (1) I – (3) T2 – (4) I – 2 k 2 1 8 . The curve that passes through the point (2, 3), and has the property that the segment of any tangent to it lying between the coordinate axes is bisected by the point of contact, is given by : [AIEEE-2011] (1) x 2 y 2 2 (2) 2y – 3x = 0 (3) y 6 (4) x2 + y2 = 13 3 x 2 19. Consider the differential equation y2dx x 1 dy 0 . It y(1) =1, then x is given by : [AIEEE-2011] y 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 1 ey (2) 4 2 ey (3) 3 1 ey (4) 1 1 ey ye ye ye ye 2 0 . The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species satisfies the differential equation dp(t) = 0.5 p(t) – 450. dt If p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population becomes zero is : [AIEEE-2012] (1) ln18 (2) 2 ln18 (3) ln9 1 (4) ln18 2 2 1 . At present a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of change of production P w.r.t. additional number of workers x is given by dP 100 12 x . If the firm employs 25 more workers, then the NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 dx new level of production of items is : [JEE (Main)-2013] (1) 2500 (2) 3000 (3) 3500 (4) 4500 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-5 [A] Q ue. 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 23 3334321 Ans 1 4 1 3 3 3 60 E Q ue. 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 Ans 3 4 3 4 2 3
EXERCISE - 05 [B] JEE-Mathematics JEE-[ADVANCED] : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1 . A country has a food deficit of 10% . Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3% per year . Its annual food production every year is 4% more than that of the last year. Assuming that the average food requirement per person remains constant, prove that the country will become self-sufficient in food after ‘n’ years, where ‘n’ is n10 n9 the smallest integer bigger than or equal to, n 1.04 0.03 . [JEE 2000 (Mains) 10M out of 200] x 2 . ( a ) Let f(x), x 0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) = f(t)dt, x 0 . If for some c > 0, 0 f(x) cF(x) for all x 0, then show that f(x) = 0 for all x 0. (b) A hemispherical tank of radius 2 meters is initially full of water and has an outlet of 12 cm2 cross sectional area at the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The flow through the outlet is according to the law V(t) =0.6 2gh(t) , where V(t) and h(t) are respectively the velocity of the flow through the outlet and the height of water level above the outlet at time t, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the time it takes to empty the tank. [JEE 2001 (Mains) 5+10M out of 100] dy 3 . If y(t) is a solution of (1 + t) – ty = 1 and y(0) = –1, then y(1) is equal to - dt (A) 1/2 (B) e + 1/2 (C) e – 1/2 (D) –1/2 [JEE 2003, (Screening) 3M] 4 . Let p(x) be a polynomial such that p(1) = 0 and d (p(x)) p(x) for all x 1 show that p(x) > 0, for all x > 1. dx [JEE 2003 (mains), 4M out of 60] 5 . A conical flask of height H has pointed bottom and circular top of radius R. It is completely filled with a volatile liquid. The rate of evaporation of the liquid is proportional to the surface area of the liquid in contact with air, with the constant of proportionality K > 0. Neglecting the thickness of the flask, find the time it takes for the liquid to evaporate completely. [JEE 2003 (mains), 4M out of 60] FHG JKI GHF IKJ6. 2 sin x dy = –cosx, y(0) = 1, then y equals - [JEE 2004, (Screening) 3M] If y = y (x) and y 1 dx 2 1 2 (C) 1 (D) 1 (A) (B) 3 3 3 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 7 . A curve passes through (2, 0) and slope at point P (x, y) is (x 1)2 (y 3) . Find equation of curve and area (x 1) between curve and x-axis in 4th quadrant. [JEE - 2004 (Mains) 4M out of 60] 8 . ( a ) The solution of primitive integral equation (x2 + y2) dy = xy dx, is y = y (x). If y (1) = 1 and y (x0) = e, then x0 is - [JEE 2005, (Screening) 3+3M] (A) 2 (e2 1) (B) 2 (e2 1) (C) 3e (D) none of these ( b ) For the primitive integral equation ydx + y2dy = x dy ; x R, y > 0, y = y (x), y (1) = 1, then y (–3) is - (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5 9 . If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f(x) intercepted between the point and the x-axis is of length 1. Find the equation of the curve. [JEE 2005 (Mains) 4M out of 60] 1 0 . A tangent drawn to the curve y = f(x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively such that BP:AP = 3 : 1, given that f(1) = 1, then - [JEE 2006 (5M, –2M) out of 184] (A) equation of the curve is x dy 3y 0 (B) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4 dx (C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (D) equation of the curve is x dy 3y 0 dx E 61
JEE-Mathematics 1 1 . ( a ) Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f(1) = 1, and lim t2f(x) x2f(t) =1, for each tx t x x > 0. Then f(x) is - [JEE 2007 (3+3M)] (A) 1 2x2 (B) 1 4 x2 (C) 1 2 1 3x 3 x x2 (D) 3x 3 x dy 1 y2 ( b ) The differential equation determines family of circles with dx y (A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1) (B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, –1) (C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis. (D) fixed radius 1 and varialble centres along the y-axis. x2 1 dy – y y2 1 dx = 0 satisfy y(2) = 2 12. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation x . 3 Statement-1 : y(x) = sec sec 1 x [JEE 2008 (3M, –1M)] 6 and 1 23 1 Statement-2 : y(x) is given by y x 1 x2 ( A ) Statement-1 is Tr ue, Statement-2 is Tr u e ; Statement-2 i s a cor rec t expla nat ion for Statement- 1. (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1. (C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. (D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. 1 3 . Match the statements/ expressions in Column I with the open intervals in Column II. [JEE 2009, 8M] Column I Column II (A) Interval contained in the domain of definition of non-zero (P) , solutions of the differential equation (x – 3)2 y' + y = 0 2 2 (B) Interval containing the value of the integral (Q) 0, 2 5 (R) , 5 (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)dx 8 4 1 (S) 0, NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 8 (C) Interval in which at least one of the points of local maximum of cos2x + sin x lies (T) (–, ) (D) Interval in which tan–1 (sin x + cos x) is increasing 1 4 . Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1. If the y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x,y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the abscissa of P, then the value of f(–3) is equal to [JEE 10, 3M] x 1 5 . ( a ) Let ƒ : [1,) [2,) be a differentiable function such that f(1) = 2. If 6 ƒ(t)dt 3x ƒ(x) x3 1 for all x > 1, then the value of ƒ(2) is [JEE 2011, 4M] ( b ) Let y'(x) + y(x)g'(x) = g(x)g'(x), y(0) = 0, x R, where ƒ'(x) denotes d ƒ(x) and g(x) is a given dx non-constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [JEE 2011, 4M] 62 E
JEE-Mathematics 1 6 . If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y' – ytanx = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then [JEE 2012, 4M] (A) y 2 (B) y ' 2 (C) y 2 (D) y ' 4 2 2 4 82 4 18 4 9 3 3 33 17. Let ƒ : 1 , 1 R (the set of all real numbers) be a positive, non-constant and differentiable function such 2 that ƒ 1 1 1 the interval ƒ'(x) < 2ƒ(x) and 2 . Then the value of 1/2 ƒ(x )dx lies in [JEE(Advanced) 2013, 2M] (A) (2e – 1, 2e) (B) (e – 1, 2e – 1) e 1 , e 1 0, e 1 2 2 (C) (D) 18. A curve passes through the point 1, . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be y se c y , x 0 . 6 x x Then the equation of the curve is [JEE(Advanced) 2013, 2M] (A) sin y log x 1 (B) cosec y log x 2 x 2 x (C) sec 2y log x 2 (D) cos 2y log x 1 x x 2 Paragraph for Question 55 and 56 Let ƒ : [0,1] IR (the set of all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the function ƒ is twice differentiable, ƒ(0) = ƒ(1) = 0 and satisfies ƒ\"(x) – 2ƒ'(x) + ƒ(x) > ex, x [0,1]. 1 9 . If the function e–xƒ(x) assumes its minimum in the interval [0,1] at x 1 , which of the following is true? 4 [JEE(Advanced) 2013, 3, (–1)] NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#08\\Eng\\02.Differential Equation.p65 (A) ƒ'(x) < ƒ(x), 1 x 3 (B) ƒ'(x) > ƒ(x), 0 x 1 44 4 (C) ƒ'(x) < ƒ(x), 0 x 1 (D) ƒ'(x) < ƒ(x), 3 x 1 4 4 [JEE(Advanced) 2013, 3, (–1)] 2 0 . Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1 ? (A) 0 < ƒ(x) < (B) 1 ƒ( x ) 1 (C) 1 ƒ( x ) 1 (D) ƒ(x) 0 22 4 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-5 [B] 7x105 sec H4 2 . (b) 3. D 5. 6. A 7. (x – 3) (x + 1) = y – 3 ; 3 units 135 g K 8 . (a) C (b) A 9. 1 y 2 ln 1 1 y 2 = ± x + c 10. A,B,C, D 11. (a) A (b) C y 14. 9 1 2 . C 1 3 . (A) (P, Q, S) ; (B) (P, T) ; (C) (P, Q, R, T) ; (D) (S) 20. D 1 5 . (a) Bonus; (b) 0 16. A,D 17. D 18. A 19. C E 63
JEE-Mathematics ELLIPSE 1 . STANDARD EQUATION & DEFINITION : x2 y2 Standard equation of an ellipse referred to its principal axes along the co-ordinate axes is + = 1 . where a2 b2 a > b & b2 = a2 (1 – e2 ) a2 – b2 = a2 e2 . Y where e = eccentricity (0 < e < 1). B(0,b) FOCI : S (ae, 0) & S' (– ae, 0 ). M' M L1 L (a) Equation of directrices : a x= a e e aa X' X x= e & x e . Z' (–a,0) A' S' (–ae,0) C S A(a,0) Z ( b ) Ver tices : Directrix Directrix L1' L' B'(0,–b) A' (–a, 0) & A (a, 0). Y' (c ) Major axis : The line segment A' A in which the foci S' & S lie is of length 2a & is called the major axis (a > b) of the ellipse. Point of intersection of major axis with directrix is called the foot of the directrix (z) a , 0 . e ( d ) Minor Axis : The y-axis intersects the ellipse in the points B’ (0,- b) & B (0, b). The line segment B’B of length 2b (b < a) is called the Minor Axis of the ellipse. ( e) Principal Axes : The major & minor axis together are called Principal Axes of the ellipse. ( f ) Centre : The point which bisects every chord of the conic drawn through it is called the centre of the x2 y2 1. conic. C (0,0) the origin is the centre of the ellipse a2 b2 ( g ) Diameter : A chord of the conic which passes through the centre is called a diameter of the conic. ( h ) Focal Chord : A chord which passes through a focus is called a focal chord. ( i ) Double Ordinate : A chord perpendicular to the major axis is called a double ordinate. ( j ) Latus Rectum : The focal chord perpendicular to the major axis is called the latus rectum. (i) Length of latus rectum (LL') 2b2 (minor axis)2 2a(1 e2 ) = a major axis (ii) Equation of latus rectum : x = ± ae. NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 L b2 b2 b2 b2 (iii) Ends of the latus rectum are ae, a , L ' ae, a , L1 ae, a and L1 ' ae, . a ( k ) Focal radii : SP = a –ex & S'P = a + ex SP + S 'P = 2a = Major axis. b2 (l) Eccentricity : e 1 – a2 Note : (i) The sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to the major Axis. Hence distance of focus from the extremity of a minor axis is equal to semi major axis. i.e BS = CA. x2 y2 (ii) If the equation of the ellipse is given as a2 b2 1 & nothing is mentioned, then the rule is to assume that a > b. 30 E
JEE-Mathematics Illustration 1 : If LR of an ellipse is half of its minor axis, then its eccentricity is - 3 2 3 2 (A) (B) (C) (D) 2 3 2 3 Solution : As given 2b2 b 2b = a 4b2 = a2 Illustration 2 : a 4a2(1 – e2) = a2 1 – e2 = 1/4 e = 3/2 Ans. (C) Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (2, 3), (–2, 3) and whose semi minor axis is of length 5 . Solution : Here S is (2, 3) & S' is (–2, 3) and b = 5 SS' = 4 = 2ae ae = 2 but b2 = a2 (1 – e2) 5 = a2 – 4 a = 3. Illustration 3 : Solution : Hence the equation to major axis is y = 3 Centre of ellipse is midpoint of SS' i.e. (0, 3) x2 (y 3)2 x2 (y 3)2 Ans. Equation to ellipse is a2 b2 1 or 1 95 Find the equation of the ellipse having centre at (1, 2), one focus at (6, 2) and passing through the point (4, 6). x 12 y 22 With centre at (1, 2), the equation of the ellipse is a2 b2 1 . It passes through the point (4, 6) 9 16 .......... (i) a2 b2 1 Distance between the focus and the centre = (6 – 1) = 5 = ae b2 = a2 – a2e2 = a2 – 25 .......... (ii) Solving for a2 and b2 from the equations (i) and (ii), we get a2 = 45 and b2 = 20. Hence the equation of the ellipse is x 12 y 22 1 Ans. 45 20 Do yourself - 1 : (i) If LR of an ellipse x2 y2 1 , (a < b) is half of its major axis, then find its eccentricity. a2 b2 ( i i ) Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (4, 6) & (16, 6) and whose semi-minor axis is 4. (i i i ) Find the eccentricity, foci and the length of the latus-rectum of the ellipse x2 + 4y2 + 8y – 2x + 1 = 0. 2.NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 ANOTHER FORM OF ELLIPSE : x2 y2 Directrix Y ( a) AA' = Minor axis = 2a a 2 b 2 1 , (a <b) Z y = b/e E B(0,b) (b) BB' = Major axis = 2b ( c ) a2 = b2 (1 – e2) ( )–a2be L' S ( )a2 b, (0,be) L b , be (d) Latus rectum LL' = L1L1' 2 a 2 , equation y = ± be X' (–a,0) A' A(a,0) X' b C (0,0) (e) Ends of the latus rectum are : a2 a2 a2 a2 (0,–be) S' L1 L ,be ,L' , be , L1 , be , L1 ' , be L1' b b b b (f) Equation of directrix y = ± b/e B'(0,–b) a2 Directrix Z' (g) Eccentricity : e 1 – b 2 y = – b/e Y' 31
JEE-Mathematics Illustration 4 : The equation of the ellipse with respect to coordinate axes whose minor axis is equal to the Solution : distance between its foci and whose LR = 10, will be- (D) none of these (A) 2x2 + y2 = 100 (B) x2 + 2y2 = 100 (C) 2x2 + 3y2 = 80 When a > b As given 2b = 2ae b = ae ...... (i) Also 2b2 b2 = 5a ...... (ii) 10 a b2 = a2 – b2 ...... (iii) Now since b2 = a2 – a2e2 [From (i)] 2b2 = a2 (ii), (iii) a2 = 100, b2 = 50 x2 y2 x2 + 2y2 = 100 Hence equation of the ellipse will be 1 100 50 Similarly when a < b then required ellipse is 2x2 + y2 = 100 Ans. (A, B) Do yourself - 2 : 1 ( i ) The foci of an ellipse are (0, ±2) and its eccentricity is . Find its equation 2 ( i i ) Find the centre, the length of the axes, eccentricity and the foci of ellipse 12x2 + 4y2 + 24x – 16y + 25 = 0 x2 y2 (i ii ) The equation 1 , will represent an ellipse if 8t t4 (A) t (1, 5) (B) t (2, 8) (C) t (4, 8) –{6} (D) t (4, 10) – {6} 3 . GENER AL EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE P'(x,y) M Let (a, b) be the focus S, and lx + my + n = 0 is the equation of directrix. Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse. Then by definition. axis lx + my + n = 0 (lx my n)2 S(a,b) SP = e PM (e is the eccentricity) (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = e2 (l2 m2 ) (l2 + m2) {(x – a)2 + (y – b)2} = e2{lx + my + n}2 4 . POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T. AN ELLIPSE : The point P(x , y ) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as ; x12 y 12 1 > < or = 0. 11 a2 b2 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 5. AUXILLIARY CIRCLE/ECCENTRIC ANGLE : Y A circle described on major axis as diameter is called the auxiliary Q circle. Let Q be a point on the auxiliary circle x2 + y2 = a2 such P that QP produced is perpendicular to the x-axis then P & Q are called as the CORRESPONDING POINTS on the ellipse & the A' S' O N S A(a, 0) auxiliary circle respectively.‘’ is called the ECCENTRIC ANGLE (–a,0) of the point P on the ellipse (0 < 2 ). Note that l(PN) b = Semi minor axis l(QN) a Semi major axis Hence “If from each point of a circle perpendiculars are drawn upon a fixed diameter then the locus of the points dividing these perpendiculars in a given ratio is an ellipse of which the given circle is the auxiliary circle”. 32 E
JEE-Mathematics 6 . PAR A METRIC REPRESENTATION : x2 y2 The equations x = a cos & y = b sin together represent the ellipse 1 a2 b2 where is a parameter (eccentric angle). Note that if P( ) (a cos , b sin ) is on the ellipse then ; Q( ) (a cos, a sin) is on the auxiliary circle. 7 . LINE AND AN ELLIPSE : x2 y2 The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse 1 in two points real, coincident or imaginary according as a2 b2 c2 is < = or > a2m2 + b2. Hence y = mx + c is tangent to the ellipse x2 y2 1 if c2 = a2m2 + b2. a2 b2 The equation to the chord of the ellipse joining two points with eccentric angles & is given by x cos y sin cos . a 2b 2 2 Illustration 5 : For what value of does the line y = x + touches the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144. Solution : Equation of ellipse is 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 or x2 y2 1 16 9 x2 y2 then we get a2 = 16 and b2 = 9 Comparing this with 1 a2 b2 and comparing the line y = x + with y = mx + c m = 1 and c = If the line y = x + touches the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144, then c2 = a2m2 + b2 2 = 16 × 12 + 9 2 = 25 =±5 Ans. Illustration 6 : x2 y2 If , are eccentric angles of end points of a focal chord of the ellipse a2 b2 1 , then tan /2. tan /2 is equal to - NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 e 1 1e e 1 e 1 (A) (B) (C) (D) e 1 1e e 1 e 1 Solution : Equation of line joining points ‘’ and ‘’ is x cos y sin cos a 2b 2 2 If it is a focal chord, then it passes through focus (ae, 0), so e cos cos 22 cos e cos cos e 1 2 2 2 cos 1 cos cos e 1 2 22 2 sin / 2 sin / 2 e 1 tan tan e 1 2 cos / 2 cos / 2 e 1 2 2 e 1 using (–ae, 0) , we get tan tan e 1 Ans. (A,C) 2 2 e 1 E 33
JEE-Mathematics Do yourself - 3 : ( i ) Find the position of the point (4, 3) relative to the ellipse 2x2 + 9y2 = 113. (ii) A tangent to the ellipse x2 y2 1 , (a > b) having slope –1 intersects the axis of x & y in point A & B a2 b2 respectively. If O is the origin then find the area of triangle OAB. (iii) Find the condition for the line x cos + ysin = P to be a tangent to the ellipse x2 y2 1. a2 b2 x2 y2 8 . TANGENT TO THE ELLIPSE + =1 : a2 b2 (a) Point form : Equation of tangent to the given ellipse at its point (x , y ) is xx1 yy1 1 11 a2 b2 Note : For general ellipse replace x2 by (xx ), y2 by (yy ), 2x by (x + x ), 2y by (y + y ), 2xy by 11 1 1 (xy + yx ) & c by (c). 11 ( b ) Slope form : Equation of tangent to the given ellipse whose slope is 'm', is y = mx ± a 2 m 2 b 2 a 2m b2 , a 2 m 2 b 2 Point of contact are a2m2 b2 Note that there are two tangents to the ellipse having the same m, i.e. there are two tangents parallel to any given direction. ( c ) Parametric form : Equation of tangent to the given ellipse at its point (a cos , b sin ), is x cos y sin 1 ab Note : (i) The eccentric angles of point of contact of two parallel tangents differ by . (ii) Point of intersection of the tangents at the point & is cos , b sin a cos 2 cos 2 2 2 Illustration 7 : Find the equations of the tangents to the ellipse 3x2 + 4y2 = 12 which are perpendicular to the line NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 Solution : y + 2x = 4. Let m be the slope of the tangent, since the tangent is perpendicular to the line y + 2x = 4. 1 mx – 2 = –1 m = 2 Since 3x2 + 4y2 = 12 or x2 y2 1 43 x2 y2 Comparing this with 1 a2 b2 a2 = 4 and b2 = 3 So the equation of the tangent are y 1 x 4 1 3 24 1 Ans. y = x ± 2 or x – 2y ± 4 = 0. 2 E 34
JEE-Mathematics Illustration 8 : The tangent at a point P on an ellipse intersects the major axis in T and N is the foot of the Solution : perpendicular from P to the same axis. Show that the circle drawn on NT as diameter intersects the auxiliary circle orthogonally. Let the equation of the ellipse be x2 y2 1 . Let P(acos, bsin) be a point on the ellipse. The a2 b2 equation of the tangent at P is x cos y sin 1 . It meets the major axis at T (a sec, 0). a b The coordinates of N are (a cos, 0). The equation of the circle with NT as its diameter is (x – asec)(x – acos) + y2 = 0. x2 + y2 – ax(sec + cos) + a2 = 0 It cuts the auxiliary circle x2 + y2 – a2 = 0 orthogonally if 2g . 0 + 2f . 0 = a2 – a2 = 0, which is true. Ans. Do yourself - 4 : (i) Find the equation of the tangents to the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 which are parallel to the line x + 3y + k = 0. ( i i ) Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse 7x2 + 8y2 = 100 at the point (2, –3). 9 . NORMAL TO THE ELLIPSE x 2 + y 2 = 1 : a2 b2 a2x b2y ( a ) Point form : Equation of the normal to the given ellipse at (x , y ) is – = a2 – b2 = a2e2. 11 x1 y1 ( b ) Slope form : Equation of a normal to the given ellipse whose slope is ‘m’ is y = mx ( a 2 – b 2 ) m . a2 b2m2 (c) Parametric form : Equation of the normal to the given ellipse at the point (acos, bsin) is axsec – bycosec = (a2 – b2). Illustration 9 : Find the condition that the line x + my = n may be a normal to the ellipse x2 y2 1. a2 b2 Solution : Equation of normal to the given ellipse at (a cos , b sin ) is ax by a2 b2 ...(i) cos sin NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 If the line x + my = n is also normal to the ellipse then there must be a value of for which line (i) and line x + my = n are identical. For that value of we have m n a b (a2 b2 ) an cos sin or cos (a2 b2 ) ...... (iii) bn ...... (iv) and sin = m(a2 b2 ) Squaring and adding (iii) and (iv), we get n2 a2 b2 which is the required condition. 1 (a2 b2 )2 2 m2 Illustration 10 : If the normal at an end of a latus-rectum of an ellipse x2 y2 1 passes through one extremity a2 b2 of the minor axis, show that the eccentricity of the ellipse is given by e 5 1 2 E 35
JEE-Mathematics Solution : The co-ordinates of an end of the latus-rectum are (ae, b2/a). The equation of normal at P(ae, b2/a) is (0,b) B P(ae, b2/a) a2x b2 (y) a2 b2 or ax ay a2 b2 ae b2 / a e (–a,0)A' S A(a,0) It passes through one extremity of the minor axis B'(0,–b) whose co-ordinates are (0, –b) 0 + ab = a2 – b2 (a2b2) = (a2 – b2)2 a2.a2(1 – e2) = (a2 e2)2 1 – e2 = e4 e4 + e2 – 1 = 0 (e2)2 + e2 – 1 = 0 e2 1 1 4 e 5 1 (taking positive sign) Ans. 2 2 Illustration 11 : P and Q are corresponding points on the ellipse x2 y2 1 and the auxiliary circles respectively. a2 b2 The normal at P to the ellipse meets CQ in R, where C is the centre of the ellipse. Prove that CR = a + b Solution : Let P (acos, bsin) Q Q (acos, asin) Equation of normal at P is ........... (i) P (asec)x – (bcosec)y = a2 – b2 C equation of CQ is y = tan . x ........... (ii) Solving equation (i) & (ii), we get (a – b)x = (a2 – b2)cos x = (a + b) cos, & y = (a + b) sin R ((a + b)cos, (a + b)sin CR = a + b Ans. Do yourself - 5 : ( i ) Find the equation of the normal to the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 288 at the point (4, 3) x2 y2 1 (ii) Let P be a variable point on the ellipse with foci F and F . If A is the area of the triangle a2 b2 12 PF1F2, then find maximum value of A. (iii) If the normal at the point P() to the ellipse x2 y2 1 intersects it again at the point Q(2), then find 32 cos ( i v ) Show that for all real values of 't' the line 2tx + y 1 t2 = 1 touches a fixed ellipse. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse. 1 0 . CHORD OF CONTACT : NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 x2 y2 If PA and PB be the tangents from point P(x1,y1) to the ellipse a 2 b 2 1 . The equation of the chord of contact AB is xx1 yy1 1 or T = 0 (at x1,y1). a2 b2 Illustration 12 : If tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax intersect the ellipse x2 y2 at A and B, the find the locus a2 b2 1 of point of intersection of tangents at A and B. Solution : Let P (h, k) be the point of intersection of tangents at A & B xh yk 1 equation of chord of contact AB is .......... (i) a2 b2 which touches the parabola. 36 E
JEE-Mathematics Equation of tangent to parabola y2 = 4ax is y = mx + a m a .......... (ii) mx – y = – P(h, k) m equation (i) & (ii) as must be same a h b2 m 1 m m = – & m ak k b2 h k 1 a2 a2 b2 hb2 ak locus of P is y2 = – b4 .x Ans. – ka2 b2 a3 Do yourself - 6 : x2 y2 ( i ) Find the equation of chord of contact to the ellipse 1 at the point (1, 3). 16 9 x2 y2 1 (ii) If the chord of contact of tangents from two points (x , y ) and (x , y ) to the ellipse b2 are at right 11 22 a2 angles, then find x1x2 . y1y2 (iii) If a line 3x – y = 2 intersects ellipse x2 y2 1 at points A & B, then find co-ordinates of point of 84 intersection of tangents at points A & B. 11 . PAIR OF TANGENTS : Y A x2 y2 If P(x1,y1) be any point lies outside the ellipse a 2 b 2 1 , C and a pair of tangents PA, PB can be drawn to it from P. B Then the equation of pair of tangents of PA and PB is SS1= T2 P X' Y' X (x1,y1) where S1 x 2 y 2 1 , T xx1 yy1 1 1 1 a2 b2 a2 b2 i.e. x2 y2 1 x 2 y 2 = xx1 yy1 1 2 b2 1 1 1 a2 b2 a 2 a2 b2 NODE6\\E\\Data\\2014\\Kota\\JEE-Advanced\\SMP\\Maths\\Unit#09\\Eng\\02 ELLIPSE.p65 12 . DIRECTOR CIRCLE : Locus of the point of intersection of the tangents which meet at right angles is called the Director Circle. The equation to this locus is x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 i.e. a circle whose centre is the centre of the ellipse & whose radius is the length of the line joining the ends of the major & minor axis. Illustration 13 : A tangent to the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 4 meets the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 at P and Q. Prove that the tangents at P and Q of the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 are at right angles. Solution : x2 y2 ......... (i) Given ellipse are 1 41 x2 y2 .......... (ii) and, 1 63 x cos y sin any tangent to (i) is 1 ......... (iii) 21 It cuts (ii) at P and Q, and suppose tangent at P and Q meet at (h, k) Then equation of chord of contact of (h, k) with respect to ellipse (ii) is hx ky 1 ......... (iv) 63 E 37
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