["Gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t bi\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u1ef1\t ph\u00e2n\t b\u1ed1\t th\u1ed1ng\t k\u00ea\t c\u1ee7a sao\t trong\t d\u1ea3i\t ng\u00e2n\t h\u00e0\t c\u00f9ng\t nh\u01b0\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang.\t L\u00fac\t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tt\u00ednh\tc\u00e1c\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\ttheo\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tNewton, c\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\ttrung\tb\u00ecnh\tm\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tsao\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u00f3,\t\u0111\u1ec3\tcho\tng\u00e2n h\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\ts\u1ee5p\t\u0111\u1ed5\tv\u00e0o\ttrong\tdo\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\th\u1ed7\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tsao\tc\u1ee7a n\u00f3,\t m\u00e0\t v\u1eabn\t gi\u1eef\t v\u1eefng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u1ef1\t b\u00e0nh\t tr\u01b0\u1edbng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3.\t N\u1ebfu\t gi\u1edd\t c\u00e1c v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t trung\t b\u00ecnh\t th\u1ef1c\t s\u1ef1\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t sao\t -\t ch\u00fang\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111o\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t - nh\u1ecf\t h\u01a1n\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u00ednh\t to\u00e1n,\t th\u00ec\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u00e3\t c\u00f3\t b\u1eb1ng\t ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1ecf\th\u01a1n\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3 theo\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tNewton\t\u1edf\tnh\u1eefng\tkho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch\tl\u1edbn.\tT\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tgi\u00e1n\tti\u1ebfp\tt\u00ednh h\u1eefu\t h\u1ea1n\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5,\t v\u00e0\t ngay\t c\u1ea3\t \u01b0\u1edbc\t t\u00ednh\t \u0111\u1ed9\t l\u1edbn\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f4i\t\u0110\u00e3\tT\u00ecm\tTh\u1ea5y\tThuy\u1ebft\tT\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u1ed1i\tNh\u01b0\tTh\u1ebf\tN\u00e0o\t(1922) \u0110\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tb\u00e0i\tn\u00f3i\tchuy\u1ec7n\tc\u1ee7a\tEinstein\tng\u00e0y\t14.12.1922\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc Kyoto\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t sinh\t vi\u00ean\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t th\u00e0nh\t vi\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc,\t v\u00e0o\t cu\u1ed1i chuy\u1ebfn\t th\u0103m\t 6\t tu\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t t\u1ea1i\t Nh\u1eadt\t B\u1ea3n,\t \u0111\u00e1p\t l\u1ea1i\t l\u1eddi\t y\u00eau\t c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0\tK.\tNishida\tkhoa\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc,\t\u0111\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\tN\u00f3\tsoi\ts\u00e1ng\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tc\u1ee7a\tEinstein\t\u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u00e0\t\u0111em\tl\u1ea1i\ts\u1ef1\thi\u1ec3u\tbi\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tnhi\u1ec1u\tm\u1eb7t\tkh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng.\t\u00d4ng\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u00ecnh\tng\u1eabu\th\u1ee9ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u1ecbch\t\u0111u\u1ed5i\tt\u1ea1i\tch\u1ed7\tb\u1edfi\tJ.Ishiwara,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eebng\th\u1ecdc v\u1edbi\tA.\tSommerfeld\tv\u00e0\tEinstein\tt\u1eeb\t1912\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t1914,\tv\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tgi\u00e1o\ts\u01b0 v\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tTohoku.\tIshiwara\tc\u1ea5t\tgi\u1eef\tt\u01b0\tli\u1ec7u\tn\u00e0y\tc\u1ea9n\tth\u1eadn v\u00e0\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tn\u00f3\tl\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tn\u0103m\t1923\ttr\u00ean\tt\u1ea1p\tch\u1ec9\t Kaizo\t b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng\tNh\u1eadt.\tM\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1982,\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tsau\tng\u00f3t\t60\tn\u0103m,\tto\u00e0n b\u1ed9\t c\u00e1c\t ghi\t ch\u00e9p\t c\u1ee7a\t Ishiwara\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t d\u1ecbch\t sang\t ti\u1ebfng\t Anh\t b\u1edfi Yoshimasa\tA.Ono\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u0103ng\ttr\u00ean\tt\u1ea1p\tch\u00ed\tPhysics\tToday,\ts\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng\tt\u00e1m.","C\u00e1i\tm\u0169i\td\u1ef1\ttr\u1eef\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tEinstein.\tTranh\tbi\u1ebfm\th\u1ecda\tc\u1ee7a Ippei\tOkamoto\t-\tAIP L\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t kh\u00f4ng\t d\u1ec5\t d\u00e0ng\t khi\t ph\u1ea3i\t k\u1ec3\t l\u1ea1i\t c\u00e2u\t chuy\u1ec7n\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t n\u00e0o;\t c\u00f3\t r\u1ea5t\t nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tph\u1ee9c\tt\u1ea1p\tti\u1ec1m\t\u1ea9n\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tl\u00ean\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tc\u1ee7a t\u00f4i,\t v\u00e0\t \u1ea3nh\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed7i\t suy\t ngh\u0129\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t t\u1ea1i\t nh\u1eefng\t giai","\u0111o\u1ea1n\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\ttrong\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng.\tT\u00f4i\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n\t nh\u1eafc\t h\u1ebft\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2y.\t T\u00f4i\t c\u0169ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t mu\u1ed1n\t k\u1ebf\t h\u1ebft\t nh\u1eefng\t b\u00e0i m\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tvi\u1ebft\tv\u1ec1\tch\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y.\tThay\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3,\tt\u00f4i\ts\u1ebd\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tng\u1eafn\tg\u1ecdn s\u1ef1\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f3\tquan\th\u1ec7\ttr\u1ef1c\tti\u1ebfp\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tn\u00e0y. 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Sau\t\u0111\u00f3,\tt\u00f4i\tmu\u1ed1n\tki\u1ec3m\tch\u1ee9ng\td\u00f2ng\tch\u1ea3y\tc\u1ee7a\tether\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tTr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t,\tn\u00f3i\tc\u00e1ch\tkh\u00e1c,\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t.\tKhi\tt\u00f4i\tngh\u0129\tv\u1ec1\tv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\t n\u00e0y\t l\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean,\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t ho\u00e0i\t nghi\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ef1\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a\t ether, hay\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t Tr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t xuy\u00ean\t qua\t n\u00f3.\t T\u00f4i\t ngh\u0129\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m\tsau\t\u0111\u00e2y,\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\thai\tc\u1eb7p\tnhi\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed9:\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tc\u00e1c\tk\u00ednh\tth\u1ee7y\ttinh sao\t cho\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t t\u1eeb\t m\u1ed9t\t ngu\u1ed3n\t duy\t nh\u1ea5t\t ph\u00e1t\t ra\t s\u1ebd\t b\u1ecb\t ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu\t theo\t hai\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau,\t m\u1ed9t\t song\t song\t v\u1edbi\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1i\tkia\tngh\u1ecbch\tv\u1edbi\tsong\tsong.\tN\u1ebfu\tch\u00fang\tta ngh\u0129\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t kh\u00e1c\t bi\u1ec7t\t v\u1ec1\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t gi\u1eefa\t hai\t tia\t s\u00e1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu,\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111o\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1c\tbi\u1ec7t\ttrong\tnhi\u1ec7t\tph\u00e1t\tsinh\tb\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\thai\tc\u1eb7p\tnhi\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed9.\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tn\u00e0y\tr\u1ea5t\tgi\u1ed1ng\tv\u1edbi \u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tMichelson,\tnh\u01b0ng\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tn\u00e0y\tv\u00e0o th\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\t\u0111\u1ec3\tth\u1ee9\tnghi\u1ec7m. Trong\tkhi\tt\u00f4i\tngh\u0129\tv\u1ec1\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tn\u00e0y\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tsinh\tvi\u00ean c\u1ee7a\t m\u00ecnh,\t t\u00f4i\t nh\u1eadn\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t tin\t v\u1ec1\t k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t l\u1ea1\t l\u00f9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m Michelson.\tCh\u1eb1ng\tbao\tl\u00e2u\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tk\u1ebft\tlu\u1eadn\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i v\u1ec1\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t Tr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t ether\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00fang,\t n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang\t ta\t ch\u1ea5p\t nh\u1eadn\t k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t \\\"s\u1ed1\t kh\u00f4ng\\\"[102]\t c\u1ee7a\t Michelson\t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf.\t\u0110\u00e2y\tl\u00e0\tng\u00f5\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\td\u1eabn\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\th\u1eb9p.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ts\u1ef1\ttin\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tr\u1eb1ng\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tTr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t b\u1edfi\t b\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee9\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t quang\t h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tTr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tquay\txung\tquanh\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi. T\u00f4i\t c\u00f3\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ed9i\t \u0111\u1ecdc\t c\u00f4ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t chuy\u00ean\t kh\u1ea3o\t n\u0103m\t 1895\t c\u1ee7a Lorentz.\t\u00d4ng\tb\u00e0n\tv\u00e0\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc\ttrong\tph\u1ea1m\tvi\tx\u1ea5p\tx\u1ec9\tb\u1eadc\tnh\u1ea5t,\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\txem\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ed1\th\u1ea1ng","b\u1eadc\t cao\t h\u01a1n\t c\u1ee7a\t v\/c\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t k\u1ec3,\t trong\t \u0111\u00f3\t v\t l\u00e0\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tv\u00e0\tc\tl\u00e0\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng.\tSau\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u00f4i\tth\u1eed\tth\u1ea3o\tlu\u1eadn\tth\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m\tFizeau\ttr\u00ean\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tgi\u1ea3\tthi\u1ebft\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tLorentz cho\telectron\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f3\thi\u1ec7u\tl\u1ef1c\ttrong\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u0169ng\t nh\u01b0\t trong\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00e2n\t kh\u00f4ng\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n\t b\u1edfi\t Lorentz.\t V\u00e0o\t l\u00fac\t n\u00e0y\t t\u00f4i\t tin\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t v\u1eefng\t ch\u1eafc\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\tMaxwell\tv\u00e0\tLorentz\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn.\tH\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\tgi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00fang\t trong\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0a\t t\u1edbi\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t b\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng,\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t l\u1ea1i\t m\u00e2u\t thu\u1eabn\t v\u1edbi\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t c\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\ttrong\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc. T\u1ea1i\t sao\t hai\t quan\t ni\u1ec7m\t n\u00e0y\t l\u1ea1i\t m\u00e2u\t thu\u1eabn\t nhau?\t T\u00f4i\t nh\u1eadn\t ra r\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tn\u1ea3y\tqu\u1ea3\tl\u00e0\tth\u1eadt\tgay\tgo\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft.\tT\u00f4i\td\u00e0nh\tg\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t\t n\u0103m\t tr\u1eddi\t \u0111\u1ec3\t th\u1eed\t tu\t ch\u1ec9nh\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t Lorentz\t v\u1edbi\t hy\t v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tn\u00e0y,\tnh\u01b0ng\tho\u00e0i\tc\u00f4ng. T\u00ecnh\t c\u1edd\t m\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u1ea1n\t t\u00f4i\t \u1edf\t Bern\t (Michele\t Besso)\t \u0111\u00e3\t gi\u00fap\t t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1eb9p\ttr\u1eddi\tkhi\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u0103m\tanh\tta\tv\u1edbi\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n n\u00e0y.\tT\u00f4i\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tcu\u1ed9c\ttrao\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tv\u1edbi\tanh\tta\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00f3i\tnh\u01b0\tsau: \\\"G\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u00e2y\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t vi\u1ec7c\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t kh\u00f3.\t H\u00f4m\t nay\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y\t \u0111\u1ec3\t tranh\t lu\u1eadn\t v\u1edbi\t anh\t v\u1ec1\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y\\\".\t Ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t th\u1ea3o\t lu\u1eadn m\u1ecdi\tm\u1eb7t\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n.\tR\u1ed3i\tth\u00ecnh\tl\u00ecnh\tt\u00f4i\thi\u1ec3u\tra\tch\u00eca\tkh\u00f3a\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0i to\u00e1n\t n\u1eb1m\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2u.\t Ng\u00e0y\t h\u00f4m\t sau\t t\u00f4i\t tr\u1edf\t l\u1ea1i\t th\u0103m\t anh\t ta\t v\u00e0\t n\u00f3i ngay\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\tch\u00e0o\th\u1ecfi:\t\\\"C\u00e1m\t\u01a1n\tb\u1ea1n.\tT\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tgi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tr\u1ed3i.\\\"\tM\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e2n\tt\u00edch\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tl\u00e0\tl\u1eddi\tgi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i.\tTh\u1eddi\tgian\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tngh\u0129a\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u1ed1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u00e1ch\tr\u1eddi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1eefa\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tv\u00e0\tv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng.\tV\u1edbi\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tm\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y,\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft\tnh\u1eefng kh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tl\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\ttr\u1ecdn\tv\u1eb9n. Trong\t v\u00f2ng\t n\u0103m\t tu\u1ea7n,\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ho\u00e0n\t t\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t nghi\t ng\u1edd\t t\u00ednh\t h\u1ee3p\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t m\u1edbi,\t nh\u00ecn\t t\u1eeb\t m\u1ed9t quan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc.\tT\u00f4i\tc\u0169ng\tth\u1ea5y\tr\u1eb1ng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tm\u1edbi\tl\u00e0\tph\u00f9\th\u1ee3p v\u1edbi\t ph\u1ea3n\t bi\u1ec7n\t c\u1ee7a\t Mach.\t Kh\u00e1c\t v\u1edbi\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng\tm\u00e0\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ee7a\tMach\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec7n\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3,\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e2n t\u00edch\t c\u1ee7a\t Mach\t (ch\u1ec9)\t c\u00f3\t h\u1ec7\t qu\u1ea3\t gi\u00e1n\t ti\u1ebfp\t trong\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p\tm\u00e0\tth\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\th\u1eb9p\t\u0111\u00e3\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh.","\u00dd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i\t v\u1ec1\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t r\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh\t hai\t n\u0103m\t sau\t \u0111\u00f3,\t 1907.\t \u00dd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t th\u00ecnh\t l\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ecfa\t m\u00e3n\t v\u1edbi\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p\t v\u00ec\t n\u00f3\t b\u1ecb\t gi\u1edbi\t h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\th\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\tnhau\tv\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\t\u00e1p\td\u1ee5ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u00e0o\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u1ed5ng\tqu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu.\tT\u00f4i\tchi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ea5u\t\u0111\u1ec3\td\u1ee1\tb\u1ecf\ts\u1ef1\tgi\u1edbi\th\u1ea1n\tn\u00e0y\tv\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\th\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\ttrong\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tt\u1ed5ng\tqu\u00e1t. N\u0103m\t 1907\t Johannes\t Stark\t y\u00eau\t c\u1ea7u\t t\u00f4i\t vi\u1ebft\t m\u1ed9t\t chuy\u00ean\t kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p\t trong\t t\u1ea1p\t ch\u1ec9\t \\\"Ni\u00ean\t gi\u00e1m\t ph\u00f3ng\t x\u1ea1\\\" (Jahrbuch\t dor\t Radioaktivit\u00e4t).\t Trong\t khi\t vi\u1ebft\t n\u00f3,\t t\u00f4i\t nh\u1eadn\t ra r\u1eb1ng\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u1ea3o\t lu\u1eadn trong\t khu\u00f4n\t kh\u1ed5\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p,\t tr\u1eeb\t m\u1ed7i\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn.\t T\u00f4i\t mu\u1ed1n\t t\u00ecm\t ra\t l\u00fd\t do\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y,\t nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\td\u1ec5\td\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u00f3a\tm\u00e3n\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tsau\t\u0111\u00e2y:\tM\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tm\u1ed1i\tquan h\u1ec7\t gi\u1eefa\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t v\u00e0\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\t b\u1edfi\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p,\t m\u1ed1i\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t gi\u1eefa\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\thay\tn\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn,\tch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u00e0m s\u00e1ng\t t\u1ecf.\t T\u00f4i\t c\u1ea3m\t th\u1ea5y\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3i\t quy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong\tkhu\u00f4n\tkh\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\th\u1eb9p. S\u1ef1\tb\u1ee9t\tph\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u00ecnh\tl\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\tn\u1ecd.\tT\u00f4i\t\u0111ang\tng\u1ed3i\ttr\u00ean gh\u1ebf\t trong\t v\u0103n\t ph\u00f2ng\t \u0111\u0103ng\t k\u00fd\t s\u00e1ng\t ch\u1ebf\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i\t \u1edf\t Bern\t th\u00ec\t b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean\t m\u1ed9t\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u1eadp\t v\u00e0o\t t\u00f4i:\t N\u1ebfu\t m\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t r\u01a1i\t t\u1ef1\t do,\t anh\t ta s\u1ebd\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea3m\t nh\u1eadn\t tr\u1ecdng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t anh\t ta\t n\u1eefa.\t T\u00f4i\t b\u1ecb\t ng\u00e3\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda\tsau.\tTh\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tn\u00e0y\tg\u00e2y\tm\u1ed9t\t\u1ea5n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\ts\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t t\u00f4i.\t \u0110i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0a\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t thuy\u1ebft\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn.\t T\u00f4i\t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t \u0111\u00f3:\t M\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t r\u01a1i\t l\u00e0\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t gia\t t\u1ed1c.\t Do\t \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tanh\tta\tc\u1ea3m\tx\u00fac\tv\u00e0\tph\u00e1n\t\u0111o\u00e1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\ttrong\th\u1ec7\tquy chi\u1ebfu\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tgia\tt\u1ed1c.\tT\u00f4i\tquy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tm\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t v\u1edbi\t gia\t t\u1ed1c.\t T\u00f4i\t c\u00f3\t c\u1ea3m\t gi\u00e1c,\t b\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3,\t t\u00f4i\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3i\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u1ef1c\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t lu\u00f4n.\t M\u1ed9t\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t r\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00e1m\t th\u1ea5y\t s\u1ee9c\t n\u1eb7ng\t anh\t ta,\t b\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t trong\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t c\u1ee7a anh\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tm\u1edbi\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\ttri\u1ec7t\tti\u00eau\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3\t sinh\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t Tr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t.\t Trong\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t gia\t t\u1ed1c, ch\u00fang\tta\tc\u1ea7n\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tm\u1edbi. T\u00f2i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3i\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t v\u00e0o\t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3.\tT\u00f4i\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u1ed1n\tt\u00e1m\tn\u0103m\tn\u1eefa\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tkhi\tcu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tt\u00f4i\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","l\u1eddi\tgi\u1ea3i\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n.\tTrong\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tn\u00e0y\tt\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1eddi\tgi\u1ea3i t\u1eebng\tph\u1ea7n\tcho\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n. Ernst\tMach\tl\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u0103ng\tkh\u0103ng\tkh\u1eb3ng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tr\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t c\u00f3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t gia\t t\u1ed1c\t v\u1edbi\t nhau\t l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.\t\u00dd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tn\u00e0y\tm\u00e2u\tthu\u1eabn\tv\u1edbi\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tEuclid,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec trong\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t v\u1edbi\t gia\t t\u1ed1c,\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t Euclid\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\tM\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tc\u0169ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tch\u00fang\tta\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\t ng\u00f4n\t ng\u1eef\t v\u1eady.\t Ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u1ea7n\t ng\u00f4n\t ng\u1eef\t \u0111\u1ec3\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3\t ch\u00fang\t ta. V\u1eady\t th\u00ec\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u1ea7n\t g\u00ec\t \u0111\u1ec3\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y?\t B\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u00e1p\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u0103m\t1912\tkhi\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tv\u1ee5t\t\u0111\u1ebfn, r\u1eb1ng\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tb\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tc\u1ee7a\tCarl\tFriedrich\tGauss\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tl\u00e0\tchi\u1ebfc\tch\u00eca kh\u00f3a\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t b\u00ed\t \u1ea9n\t n\u00e0y.\t T\u00f4i\t c\u1ea3m\t th\u1ea5y\t c\u00e1c\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t b\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t c\u1ee7a Gauss\t l\u00e0\t r\u1ea5t\t c\u00f3\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t \u0111\u1ec3\t hi\u1ec3u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n.\t Cho\t t\u1edbi\t l\u00fac\t \u0111\u00f3,\t t\u00f4i v\u1eabn\t ch\u01b0a\t bi\u1ebft\t r\u1eb1ng\t Bemard\t Riemann,\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ecdc\t tr\u00f2\t c\u1ee7a\t Gauss, \u0111\u00e3\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\ts\u00e2u\ts\u1eafc.\tT\u00f4i\tch\u1ee3t\tnh\u1edb l\u1ea1i\t b\u00e0i\t gi\u1ea3ng\t v\u1ec1\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ee7a\t Carl\t Friedrich\t Geiser\t trong\t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m\t sinh\t vi\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i\t \u1edf\t Zurich,\t khi\t \u00f4ng\t gi\u1ea3ng\t v\u1ec1\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a Gauss.\tT\u00f4i\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ea5y\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tv\u1eadt l\u00fd\ts\u00e2u\ts\u1eafc\ttrong\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tn\u00e0y. Khi\t t\u00f4i\t t\u1eeb\t Prage\t tr\u1edf\t l\u1ea1i\t Z\u00fcrich,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u1ea1n\t t\u00f4i,\t nh\u00e0\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc Marcel\t Grossmann\t \u0111ang\t ch\u1edd\t t\u00f4i.\t Anh\t ta\t \u0111\u00e3\t gi\u00fap\t t\u00f4i\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111\u00e2y trong\t vi\u1ec7c\t cung\t c\u1ea5p\t t\u00e0i\t li\u1ec7u\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t khi\t t\u00f4i\t c\u00f2n\t l\u00e0m\t vi\u1ec7c\t \u1edf\t s\u1edf \u0111\u0103ng\t k\u00fd\t s\u00e1ng\t ch\u1ebf\t \u1edf\t Bern,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t kh\u00f3\t kh\u0103n\t trong\t vi\u1ec7c\t t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm\tc\u00e1c\tb\u00e0i\tb\u00e1o\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc.\t\u0110\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tanh\tta\td\u1ea1y\tt\u00f4i\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a\t Curbastro\t Gregorio\t Ricci\t v\u00e0\t sau\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u1ee7a\t Riemann.\t T\u00f4i\t th\u00e1o lu\u1eadn\t v\u1edbi\t anh\t ta\t xem\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t gi\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u00e1p\t b\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1ch\t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t Riemann\t hay\t kh\u00f4ng,\t n\u00f3i\t c\u00e1ch\t kh\u00e1c,\t b\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1ch s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t b\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea7n\t t\u1eed\t tuy\u1ebfn\t t\u00ednh[103]. Ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t vi\u1ebft\t chung\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00f4ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t v\u1ec1\t ch\u1ee7\t \u0111\u1ec1\t n\u00e0y\t trong\t n\u0103m 1913,\tm\u1eb7c\td\u00f9\tch\u00fang\tt\u00f4i\tkh\u00f4ng\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\t cho\t l\u1ef1c\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn.\t T\u00f4i\t ti\u1ebfp\t t\u1ee5c\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a\t Riemann,\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u1ec3\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t nhi\u1ec1u\t l\u00fd\t do\t t\u1ea1i\t sao\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1c\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tmong\tmu\u1ed1n\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0y. Sau\t hai\t n\u0103m\t chi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u00e2u,\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t t\u00ecm\t ra\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t l\u1ed7i\t trong\t c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p\tt\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i.\tT\u00f4i\t\u0111i\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u1ec1\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnguy\u00ean\tth\u1ee7y\ts\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn,\tv\u00e0\tn\u1ed7\tl\u1ef1c\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh","\u0111\u00fang\t \u0111\u1eafn.\t Trong\t hai\t tu\u1ea7n,\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c\t \u0111\u00e3\t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eb7t\tt\u00f4i! V\u1ec1\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tsau\t1915,\tt\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\tmu\u1ed1n\tnh\u1eafc\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n c\u1ee7a\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t h\u1ecdc.\t B\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t n\u00e0y\t li\u00ean\t quan\t \u0111\u1ebfn[104]\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian.\tC\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tn\u00e0y\tb\u1eaft\tngu\u1ed3n\tt\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\t bi\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t r\u1ed9ng\t v\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t v\u1ec1\t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t c\u1ee7a\t Mach.\t M\u1eb7c\t d\u00f9\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t hi\u1ec3u\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c\t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tMach\tv\u1ec1\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u1ea3nh\th\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u00f4ng l\u00ean\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\tl\u00e0\tl\u1edbn\tlao. 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T\u00f4i\ts\u1eb5n\ts\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\ty\u00eau\tc\u1ea7u\tph\u00e1t\tbi\u1ec3u\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u1ec1\tl\u1ecbch\ts\u1eed c\u1ee7a\tc\u00f4ng\tvi\u1ec7c\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tri\u00eang\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i.\tKh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n\t \u0111\u00e1nh\t gi\u00e1\t cao\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t n\u1ed7\t l\u1ef1c\t \u1ea5y\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\t \u0111\u00e1ng!\t Nh\u01b0ng\t vi\u1ebft\t v\u1ec1\t c\u00f4ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c\t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\thi\u1ec3u\tbi\u1ebft\ts\u00e2u\ts\u1eafc\tv\u1ec1\tt\u01b0\tduy\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tth\u00edch h\u1ee3p\t h\u01a1n\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1\t nh\u00e2n\t \u0111\u00e3\t quen\t c\u00e1c\t c\u00f4ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t l\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed, trong\tkhi\tvi\u1ec7c\tsoi\ts\u00e1ng\tt\u01b0\tduy\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00e2y\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00ednh\tm\u00ecnh\txem\tra l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t vi\u1ec7c\t d\u1ec5\t h\u01a1n\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t so\t s\u00e1nh\t k\u1ecbp.\t \u1ede\t \u0111\u00e2y\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng\t thu\u1eadn\t l\u1ee3i\t h\u01a1n\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t kh\u00e1c,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean\tb\u1ecf\tqua\tc\u01a1\th\u1ed9i\tn\u00e0y\tch\u1ec9\tv\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tkhi\u00eam\tt\u1ed1n.","Khi\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t s\u1ef1\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0\t qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\t cho\t vi\u1ec7c\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t v\u1edbi\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p\t v\u00e0o\t n\u0103m\t 1905,\t th\u00ec\t c\u00e2u\t h\u1ecfi\t sau\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t r\u1ea5t\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean,\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00f3 hay\t kh\u00f4ng\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t s\u00e2u\t r\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9?\t N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t kh\u00e1c:\t N\u1ebfu\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t xem\t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tth\u00ec\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tv\u1eabn\tn\u00ean\tb\u00e1m\tv\u00edu\txem\tgia\tt\u1ed1c nh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i? 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Nhanh\t ch\u00f3ng,\t t\u00f4i\t th\u1ea5y\t r\u1eb1ng,\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t bao\t g\u1ed3m\t c\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u00e9p\t hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\t phi\t tuy\u1ebfn\t nh\u01b0\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u00f2i\t h\u1ecfi,\t s\u1ef1\t l\u00fd\t gi\u1ea3i\t v\u1eadt l\u00fd\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t ph\u1ea3i\t m\u1ea5t\t \u0111i,\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tn\u1eefa,\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\thi\u1ec7u\ts\u1ed1\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c\t ti\u1ebfp\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111o\t \u0111\u1ea1c\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t th\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111o\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t h\u1ed3\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0m\tt\u00f4i\tr\u1ea5t\tkh\u1ed5\ts\u1edf,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\td\u00e0i t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u1ee7\t s\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u1ec3\t hi\u1ec3u\t c\u00e1c\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t trong\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t n\u00f3i\t chung\t c\u00f3\t \u00fd ngh\u0129a\t g\u00ec?\t M\u00e3i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t kho\u1ea3ng\t 1912\t s\u1ef1\t gi\u1ea3i\t ph\u00f3ng\t kh\u1ecfi\t b\u1ebf\t t\u1eafc\t n\u00e0y m\u1edbi\t\u0111\u1ebfn,\tb\u1eb1ng\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tsau\t\u0111\u00e2y: Ch\u1eafc\t ch\u1eafn\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u00f2n\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3\t m\u1edbi\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y,\t sao\t cho\t trong\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t v\u1eafng\t m\u1eb7t\t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t\t\\\"tr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tth\u1eadt\\\",\tc\u00e1ch\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1ea3\t\u0111\u00f3\ts\u1ebd\tchuy\u1ec3n\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3\t c\u1ee7a\t Galilei\t cho\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh,\t n\u1ebfu\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ec7\t qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t l\u00e0m\t h\u1ec7\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9.\t C\u00e1ch\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u00e1\t Galilei\t n\u00f3i\t r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed9t\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t,\t n\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t l\u1ef1c\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t l\u00ean,\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t th\u1eb3ng\t trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t b\u1ed1n\t chi\u1ec1u,\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t con\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t ng\u1eafn\t nh\u1ea5t,\t hay\t \u0111\u00fang\t h\u01a1n,\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb[106].\t Kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t n\u00e0y\t gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t chi\u1ec1u\t d\u00e0i\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n\t t\u1eed\t tuy\u1ebfn\t t\u00ednh[107],\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t metric.\t Trong\t thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p,\t metric\t n\u00e0y\t -\t nh\u01b0\t Minkowski\t \u0111\u00e3\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t -\t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1a-Euclid,\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t b\u00ecnh\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t \\\"chi\u1ec1u\t d\u00e0i\\\"\t ds\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n\t t\u1eed\t tuy\u1ebfn\t t\u00ednh\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u00e0m\t s\u1ed1\t b\u1eadc\t hai\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t vi ph\u00e2n\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\tc\u00e1c\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u01b0a\tv\u00e0o\tb\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u00e9p\tbi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\t phi-tuy\u1ebfn,\t th\u00ec\t ds\t 2\t v\u1eabn\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u00e0m\t s\u1ed1\t thu\u1ea7n\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t vi ph\u00e2n\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9,\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7\ts\u1ed1\tc\u1ee7a\th\u00e0m\ts\u1ed1\tn\u00e0y\t(g\t\u03bcv)\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f2n l\u00e0\th\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1\tn\u1eefa,\tm\u00e0\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\th\u00e0m\ts\u1ed1\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9.\tv\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tdi\u1ec7n\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f3\tngh\u0129a:\tKh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\t(b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u)\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t metric\t Riemann.\t C\u00e1c\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t c\u1ef1c\t tr\u1ecb\t lo\u1ea1i-th\u1eddi gian[108]\tc\u1ee7a\tmetric\tn\u00e0y\tcung\tc\u1ea5p\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tkh\u00f4ng\tb\u1ecb\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tb\u1edfi\tl\u1ef1c\tn\u00e0o\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u00f3\tngo\u00e0i\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.\t C\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t s\u1ed1\t (g\t \u03bcv)\t c\u1ee7a\t metric\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t th\u1eddi\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t h\u1ec7\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ch\u1ecdn.\t Do\t \u0111\u00f3,\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3\t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y,\t m\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1c\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ef3\t l\u00e0m\t th\u00e0nh\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean.","L\u1eddi\tgi\u1ea3i\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00ecnh\tth\u1ebf\tkh\u00f3\tx\u1eed\tn\u00f3i\ttr\u00ean\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0:\tM\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tv\u1eadt l\u00fd\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\td\u00e0nh\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\tm\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\td\u00e0nh\tcho metric\t Riemann\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u1ee9ng\t v\u1edbi\t ch\u00fang.\t T\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t cho thuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y.\tNh\u01b0ng\tc\u00f2n\thai\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft: 1.\t N\u1ebfu\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3\t b\u1eb1ng\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p,\t th\u00ec\t l\u00e0m\t sao\t c\u00f9ng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t sang\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tmetric\tRiemann? 2.\t C\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t vi\t ph\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ec3\t x\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ch\u00ednh\t metric\t Riemann (ngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tg\u03bcv)\tc\u00f3\td\u1ea1ng\tn\u00e0o? T\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tvi\u1ec7c\tv\u1edbi\thai\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\tn\u00e0y\tt\u1eeb\t1912\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t1914\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u1ea1n\t t\u00f4i\t Marcel\t Grossmann.\t Ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y,\t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tph\u00e1p\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\t1\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u1eb1m\ts\u1eb5n\ttrong\tph\u00e9p t\u00ednh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tv\u00f4\tc\u00f9ng\tb\u00e9\tc\u1ee7a\tRicci\tv\u00e0\tLevi-Civit\u00e0. \u0110\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t b\u00e0i\t to\u00e1n\t 2,\t l\u1eddi\t gi\u1ea3i\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t hi\u1ec3n\t nhi\u00ean\t c\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t s\u1ef1\t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\t c\u00e1c\t vi\t ph\u00e2n\t b\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn\t b\u1eadc\t hai\t t\u1eeb\t c\u00e1c\t g\u03bcv.\t Ch\u00fang\t t\u00f4i\t nhanh ch\u00f3ng\t th\u1ea5y\t r\u1eb1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1i\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t b\u1edfi\t Riemann (tens\u01a1\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1ed9\tcong).\tHai\tn\u0103m\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tc\u00f4ng\tb\u1ed1\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng\tch\u00fang\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\txem\tx\u00e9t\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00fang\tr\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u1ee7\t s\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u1ec3\t th\u1ea5y\t ch\u00fang\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t trong v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t th\u1ebf\t n\u00e0o.\t Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1ea1i,\t t\u00f4i\t tin\t r\u1eb1ng\t ch\u00fang\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00e0o\t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m.\tTh\u00eam\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3,\td\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tsuy\tngh\u0129\tt\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t,\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f2n\ttin\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\th\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\t b\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u00e9p\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ef3\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng dung\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tnh\u00e2n\tqu\u1ea3.\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tsai\tl\u1ea7m\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u01b0\tduy\t\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m\t hao\t t\u1ed1n\t hai\t n\u0103m\t tr\u1eddi\t lao\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t v\u00f4\t c\u00f9ng\t c\u1ef1c\t nh\u1ecdc,\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u00e0o\tcu\u1ed1i\tn\u0103m\t1915\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tsai\tl\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3,\t v\u00e0\t t\u00ecm\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t m\u1ed1i\t d\u00e2y\t li\u00ean\t l\u1ea1c\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n\t c\u1ee7a\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t thi\u00ean\t v\u0103n\t h\u1ecdc\t sau\t khi\t t\u00f4i\t tr\u1edf\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u1ed9\t cong c\u1ee7a\tRiemann\t-\ttrong\ts\u1ef1\th\u1ed1i\th\u1eadn. D\u01b0\u1edbi\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t th\u00ec\t c\u00e1i\t \u0111\u00e3\t may\t m\u1eafn thu\t ho\u1ea1ch\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t hi\u1ec7n\t ra\t g\u1ea7n\t nh\u01b0\t t\u1ea5t\t nhi\u00ean,\t v\u00e0\t m\u1ed7i\t sinh\t vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng\t minh\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t hi\u1ec3u\t n\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t kh\u00f3\t nh\u1ecdc\t l\u1eafm.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t s\u1ef1\t t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm\t \u0111\u1ea7y\t linh\t c\u1ea3m,\t k\u00e9o\t d\u00e0i\t nhi\u1ec1u\t n\u0103m\t trong\t b\u00f3ng\t t\u1ed1i,\t v\u1edbi\t \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng\t c\u0103ng\t tr\u00e0n\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t lu\u00e2n\t phi\u00ean\t gi\u1eefa\t s\u1ef1\t tin\t ch\u1eafc\t v\u00e0\t n\u1ed7i\t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng,\t r\u1ed3i\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t b\u1ee9t\t ph\u00e1\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t ch\u00e2n\t l\u00fd,\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u","\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tai\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ef1\ttr\u1ea3i\tnghi\u1ec7m\tm\u1edbi\thi\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1\tPh\u01b0\u01a1ng\tPh\u00e1p\tc\u1ee7a\tV\u1eadt\tL\u00fd\tL\u00fd\tThuy\u1ebft\t(1933) B\u00e0i\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tb\u00e0i\tgi\u1ea3ng\tHerbert\tSpencer,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\t\u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i\t Oxford\t ng\u00e0y\t 10.6.1933,\t sau\t \u0111\u00f3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u0103ng\t l\u1ea1i\t trong\t Mein Weltbild\t n\u0103m\t 1934,\t nh\u01b0ng\t c\u00f3\t ngu\u1ed3n\t g\u1ed1c\t t\u1eeb\t 1930.\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1\t c\u1eadp\t trong\t b\u00e0i\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f2n\t bi\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u00e0\t ai.\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t tr\u1ee3\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a Einstein,\t nh\u00e0\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t Walter\t Mayer,\t c\u00f9ng\t l\u00e0m\t vi\u1ec7c\t t\u1ea1i Princeton\t Institute\t for\t Advanced\t study,\t m\u1ea5t\t n\u0103m\t 1948, tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u00f4ng\tb\u1ea3y\tn\u0103m. 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Ch\u00fang\t ta\t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\t m\u1ed9\t Hy\t L\u1ea1p\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t n\u00f4i\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u1ec1n khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t T\u00e2y.\t \u1ede\t \u0111\u00e2y,\t l\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t m\u1ed9t\t k\u1ef3\t quan\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tl\u00f4g\u00edc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tkhai\tsinh,\tm\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u00e1t\tbi\u1ec3u\tc\u1ee7a n\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t h\u00ecnh\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1eebng\t b\u01b0\u1edbc\t v\u1edbi\t \u0111\u1ed9\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c\t cao\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t n\u1ed7i\t m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\tkhi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\tm\u1ecdi\ts\u1ef1\tnghi\tng\u1edd -\t\u00fd\tt\u00f4i\tmu\u1ed1n\tn\u00f3i\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tEuclid.\tT\u00e1c\tph\u1ea9m\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\tm\u1ed9\tn\u00e0y c\u1ee7a\t l\u00fd\t tr\u00ed\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111em\t l\u1ea1i\t cho\t tr\u00ed\t tu\u1ec7\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ni\u1ec1m\t t\u1ef1\t tin\t c\u1ea7n\t thi\u1ebft cho\t nh\u1eefng\t ho\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t ti\u1ebfp\t theo\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3.\t Ai\t trong\t th\u1eddi\t ni\u00ean\t thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ea5y\t l\u00f4i\t cu\u1ed1n\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t t\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea9m\t n\u00e0y,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u1ea5y\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i sinh\tra\t\u0111\u1ec3\tl\u00e0m\tnh\u00e0\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u00edn\tm\u00f9i\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tbao\ttr\u00f9m\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ea1i, con\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u1ee9\thai,\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\tm\u00e0 cho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tth\u1eddi\tc\u1ee7a\tGalilei\tv\u00e0\tKepler\tm\u1edbi\ttr\u1edf\tth\u00e0nh\tt\u00e0i\ts\u1ea3n\ttinh\tth\u1ea7n chung\t c\u1ee7a\t gi\u1edbi\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc.\t Ch\u1ec9\t b\u1eb1ng\t t\u01b0\t duy\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t v\u00e0\t l\u00f4g\u00edc ch\u00fang\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\t\u0111\u1ea1t\tt\u1edbi\ttri\tth\u1ee9c\tn\u00e0o\tv\u1ec1\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tkinh nghi\u1ec7m;\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t tri\t th\u1ee9c\t v\u1ec1\t th\u1ef1c\t t\u1ea1i\t xu\u1ea5t\t ph\u00e1t\t t\u1eeb\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft\t th\u00fac\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00f3.\t C\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t l\u00fd\t thu\t ho\u1ea1ch\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t b\u1eb1ng\t l\u00f4g\u00edc tr\u1edf\t n\u00ean\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t s\u00e1o\t r\u1ed7ng\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t th\u1ef1c\t t\u1ea1i.\t B\u1eb1ng\t nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ee9c\t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0\t b\u1eb1ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t rao\t truy\u1ec1n\t n\u00f3\t v\u00e0o\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc,\t Galilei\t \u0111\u00e3\t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tcha\t\u0111\u1ebb\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u00e0nh\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft,\tv\u00e2ng,\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1ea3\tn\u1ec1n khoa\th\u1ecdc\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tn\u00f3i\tchung. Nh\u01b0ng\t gi\u1edd,\t n\u1ebfu\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t l\u00e0\t kh\u1edfi\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t v\u00e0\t k\u1ebft\t th\u00fac\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ecdi tri\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\tta\t v\u1ec1\tth\u1ef1c\tt\u1ea1i,\t th\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e2u\t l\u00e0\tvai\ttr\u00f2\t c\u1ee7a\tratio\t (l\u00fd tr\u00ed)\ttrong\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc? M\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tho\u00e0n\tch\u1ec9nh\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u00e0nh\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh\tb\u1edfi\tc\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m,\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\t-\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u\t l\u1ef1c\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t kia\t -\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t l\u00fd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t suy\t ra","b\u1eb1ng\tdi\u1ec5n\td\u1ecbch\tl\u00f4g\u00edc.\tC\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd\th\u1ec7\tlu\u1eadn\tn\u00e0y\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t th\u00edch\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t ri\u00eang\t l\u1ebb\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta; s\u1ef1\tsuy\tdi\u1ec5n\tl\u00f4g\u00edc\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tchi\u1ebfm\th\u1ea7u\tnh\u01b0\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\ttrang\tgi\u1ea5y trong\tm\u1ed9t\tquy\u1ec3n\ts\u00e1ch\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng\t th\u1ef1c\t ra\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t trong\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t Euclid,\t ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c\tl\u00e0\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tti\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ec1,\tv\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta kh\u00f4ng\t n\u00f3i\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ec7\t lu\u1eadn\t ph\u1ea3i\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t th\u00edch\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t n\u00e0o.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t quan\t ni\u1ec7m\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc Euclid\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t m\u1ed1i\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t h\u1ed7\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t kh\u1ea3\t d\u0129 c\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\th\u1ea7u\tnh\u01b0\tr\u1eafn\ttrong\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian,\tngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tdi\u1ec5n\tgi\u1ea3i n\u00f3\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t tr\u1eebu\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t h\u00f3a\t kh\u1ecfi\t n\u1ed9i dung\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u1ec7m\tnguy\u00ean\tth\u1ee7y\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tth\u00ec\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00f4g\u00edc gi\u1eefa\th\u00ecnh\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tl\u00e0\tho\u00e0n\tch\u1ec9nh. Ch\u00fang\t ta\t b\u00e2y\t gi\u1edd\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t l\u00fd\t tr\u00ed\t v\u00e0\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t v\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00fang\t v\u1ecb\t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\ttrong\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0nh\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft.\tL\u00fd\ttr\u00ed \u0111em\tl\u1ea1i\ts\u1ef1\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng;\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1ed9i\tdung\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0 quan\th\u1ec7\tqua\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\ts\u1ef1\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\t\u1edf\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tl\u00fd h\u1ec7\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft.\tCh\u00ednh\ttrong\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t m\u00e0\t c\u1ea3\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng,\t v\u00e0\t nh\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t l\u00e0m\t c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t cho\t n\u00f3,\t \u0111\u00e3\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t gi\u00e1\t tr\u1ecb\t v\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t ch\u00ednh\t \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh.\tNgo\u00e0i\tra,\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u00e1c\tt\u1ef1 do\t c\u1ee7a\t tr\u00ed\t tu\u1ec7\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t m\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t bi\u1ec7n\t minh\t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch\t ti\u00ean\t nghi\u1ec7m\t b\u1eb1ng\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t tr\u00ed\t tu\u1ec7\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t hay\t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0o\tkh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng,\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tr\u00fat g\u1ecdn\t ti\u1ebfp\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t l\u00f4g\u00edc,\t l\u00e0m\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\tm\u00e0\tl\u00fd\ttr\u00ed\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\thi\u1ec3u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\tM\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00edch\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tnh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ecdi\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t l\u00e0\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t s\u1ed1\t ph\u1ea7n\t t\u1eed\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t r\u00fat g\u1ecdn\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t v\u00e0\t \u00edt\t nh\u01b0\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3,\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t b\u1ecf\t b\u1edbt\t \u0111i\t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\tth\u00edch\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1ed9i\tdung\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u1ec7m\tn\u00e0o. Quan\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t tr\u00ecnh\t b\u00e0y\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2y\t v\u1ec1\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t l\u00e0\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\t th\u1ecbnh\t h\u00e0nh\t \u1edf\t th\u1ebf\t k\u1ef7\t XVIII\t v\u00e0\t XIX.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t n\u00f3\t ng\u00e0y\t c\u00e0ng th\u1ecbnh\t h\u00e0nh\t h\u01a1n\t b\u1edfi\t s\u1ef1\t th\u1eadt\t r\u1eb1ng\t kho\u1ea3ng\t c\u00e1ch\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t gi\u1eefa\t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00ean,\t v\u00e0\t b\u00ean\t kia\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ea7n\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t v\u00e0o\t m\u1ed1i\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n,\tkhi\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tl\u00f4g\u00edc\tng\u00e0y\tc\u00e0ng\tth\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1ea5t\th\u01a1n,","ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t khi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t to\u00e0n\t b\u1ed9\t c\u1ea5u\t tr\u00fac\t l\u00ean\t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng\t\u00edt\th\u01a1n\tc\u00e1c\tph\u1ea7n\tt\u1eed\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u1ed9c\tl\u1eadp\tnhau\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tl\u00f4g\u00edc. Newton,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkhai\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tbao\tqu\u00e1t v\u00e0\th\u1eefu\thi\u1ec7u\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft,\tv\u1ea7n\tc\u00f2n\ttin\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m v\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tsuy\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1eeb\tkinh nghi\u1ec7m.\t C\u00e2u\t n\u00f3i\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng\t hypotheses\t non\t fingo\t (t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t b\u1ecba\t ra gi\u1ea3\tthuy\u1ebft)\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\thi\u1ec3u\ttrong\tngh\u0129a\tn\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00e2y\td\u01b0\u1eddng\tnh\u01b0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tg\u00ec\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\ttrong c\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian.\tC\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t v\u00e0\t l\u1ef1c,\t c\u0169ng\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed1i\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t lu\u1eadt\t gi\u1eefa\t ch\u00fang, d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t vay\t m\u01b0\u1ee3n\t tr\u1ef1c\t ti\u1ebfp\t t\u1eeb\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m.\t Tuy nhi\u00ean\t m\u1ed9t\t khi\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ch\u1ea5p\t nh\u1eadn,\t th\u00ec\t bi\u1ec3u\t th\u1ee9c\t cho l\u1ef1c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\txem\tra\tnh\u01b0\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tsuy\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1eeb\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m,\tv\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u1ef1\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1ef1c\tkh\u00e1c. Tuy\t nhi\u00ean,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t th\u1ea5y\t t\u1eeb\t c\u00e1ch\t di\u1ec5n\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t c\u1ee7a\t Newton,\t r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\th\u00e0m\tch\u1ee9a\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\ty\u00ean t\u0129nh\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t b\u00ean\t trong\t n\u00f3,\t \u0111\u00e3\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t \u00f4ng\t kh\u00f3\t ch\u1ecbu.\t Ong\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u00fd th\u1ee9c\tt\u00ecnh\thu\u1ed1ng,\tr\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\tt\u1eeb\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tsau\tc\u1ea3.\t\u00d4ng\tc\u0169ng\tc\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00f3\tch\u1ecbu\ttrong vi\u1ec7c\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tl\u1ef1c\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\txa.\tNh\u01b0ng\ts\u1ef1\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\tth\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n\t to\t l\u1edbn\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t \u0111\u00e3\t ng\u0103n\t c\u1ea3n\t \u00f4ng\t c\u0169ng\t nh\u01b0\t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tXVIII\tv\u00e0\tXIX\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\t\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t nghi\u00ean\t c\u1ee9u\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00f3\t ph\u1ea7n\t l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u1ea5m\tnhu\u1ea7n\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng,\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt n\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u00e1c\tt\u1ef1\tdo\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u00ed\ttu\u1ec7\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi,\ttheo ngh\u0129a\tl\u00f4g\u00edc,\tm\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e1i\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tsuy\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1eeb\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u1ec7m\tb\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1\t \\\"tr\u1eebu\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t h\u00f3a\\\"\t -\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t b\u1eb1ng\t con\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t l\u00f4g\u00edc.\t S\u1ef1\t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\t r\u00f5\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ef1\t sai\t l\u1ea7m\t c\u1ee7a\t quan\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t n\u00e0y\t th\u1ef1c\t s\u1ef1\t ch\u1ec9\t di\u1ec5n\t ra\t khi thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t ra\t \u0111\u1eddi;\t b\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t thuy\u1ebft\t n\u00e0y\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t r\u1eb1ng, b\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t kh\u00e1c\t r\u1ea5t\t xa\t v\u1edbi\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t Newton,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u1ea3ng\tr\u1ed9ng\tc\u00e1c\td\u1eef\tki\u1ec7n\tth\u1ef1c\tnghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t c\u00f2n\t th\u1ecfa\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t v\u00e0\t ho\u00e0n\t h\u1ea3o\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t c\u1ee7a Newton\t cho\t ph\u00e9p.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t b\u1ecf\t qua\t v\u1ea5n\t \u0111\u1ec1\t t\u00ednh\t h\u01a1n\t h\u1eb3n\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\tn\u00e0y\thay\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tkia,\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tgi\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tl\u1ed9\tra ho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\thi\u1ec3n\tnhi\u00ean\tqua\ts\u1ef1\tvi\u1ec7c,\tr\u1eb1ng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tt\u00ecm\tra\thai c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t v\u1ec1\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t nh\u01b0ng\t l\u1ea1i\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t c\u00f9ng\t ph\u00f9\t h\u1ee3p\t v\u1edbi","kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t tr\u00ean\t m\u1ed9t\t quy\t m\u00f4\t r\u1ed9ng.\t \u0110i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t th\u1eddi\t c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tr\u1eb1ng,\tm\u1ed7i\tn\u1ed7\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tsuy\tdi\u1ec5n\tl\u00f4g\u00edc\tc\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\tl\u00e0 t\u1ea5t\ty\u1ebfu\tth\u1ea5t\tb\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt\tl\u00e0,\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tti\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tkh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tsuy\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1eeb\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m,\tm\u00e0\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u00e1c\tt\u1ef1\tdo, th\u00ec\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u00e9p\thy\tv\u1ecdng\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn hay\t kh\u00f4ng?\t Ch\u01b0a\t h\u1ebft:\t Con\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u00fang\t \u0111\u1eafn\t n\u00e0y\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\t ch\u1ec9\t trong\t \u1ea3o\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t th\u00f4i?\t Ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p\t hy\t v\u1ecdng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t d\u1eabn\t b\u1edfi\t th\u1ef1c\t nghi\u1ec7m\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\t hay\t kh\u00f4ng,\t n\u1ebfu\t c\u00f3\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t nh\u01b0\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111i\u1ec3n, th\u1ecfa\t m\u00e3n\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t r\u1ed9ng\t r\u00e3i,\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t hi\u1ec3u\t bi\u1ebft\t s\u1ef1\t vi\u1ec7c\t \u1edf chi\u1ec1u\ts\u00e2u?\tT\u00f4i\ttr\u1ea3\tl\u1eddi\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi\tv\u1edbi\ts\u1ef1\ttin\tch\u1eafc\tr\u1eb1ng\ttheo\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t con\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1eafn,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\tn\u00f3.\tTh\u1ef1c v\u1eady,\t theo\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t nay,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u00e9p\t c\u00f3\t l\u00fd\t do ch\u00ednh\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t \u0111\u1ec3\t tin\t r\u1eb1ng,\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t l\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t th\u1ec3\t hi\u1ec7n\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t quan\t ni\u1ec7m\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t T\u00f4i\t tin r\u1eb1ng,\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00f4ng\t c\u1ee5\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\tt\u00ecm\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tn\u1ed1i\tk\u1ebft\tch\u00fang,\tc\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ec3\t cung\t c\u1ea5p\t ch\u00eca\t kh\u00f3a\t cho\t s\u1ef1\t hi\u1ec3u\t bi\u1ebft\t c\u00e1c\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\t C\u00e1c\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t h\u1eefu\t d\u1ee5ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u1ee3i\t ra\t b\u1edfi kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m,\t nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t suy\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3.\t Kinh nghi\u1ec7m\t d\u0129\t nhi\u00ean\t v\u1eabn\t l\u00e0\t ti\u00eau\t chu\u1ea9n\t duy\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00ednh\t h\u1eefu\t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ebfn\t t\u1ea1o\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t cho\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\t s\u00e1ng\t t\u1ea1o\t n\u1eb1m\t trong\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc.\t Cho\t n\u00ean,\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t ngh\u0129a\t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3,\t t\u00f4i\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng\t t\u01b0\t duy\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t n\u1eafm\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u1ef1c\t t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e3\tm\u01a1\t\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3\t bi\u1ec7n\t minh\t cho\t ni\u1ec1m\t tin\t n\u00e0y,\t t\u00f4i\t t\u1ea5t\t y\u1ebfu\t ph\u1ea3i\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc.\t Th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t bi\u1ec3u\t th\u1ecb\t b\u1edfi\t m\u1ed9t continum\t b\u1ed1n\t chi\u1ec1u.\t N\u1ebfu\t t\u00f4i\t cho\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t n\u00e0y\t m\u1ed9t\t metric Riemann,\t v\u00e0\t h\u1ecfi\t v\u1ec1\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t m\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t metric\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t th\u1ecfa\t m\u00e3n,\t th\u00ec\t t\u00f4i\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t r\u1ed7ng.\t N\u1ebfu\t t\u00f4i\t l\u1ea5y\t trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian n\u00e0y\t m\u1ed9t\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t vect\u01a1,\t hay\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng-tens\u01a1-ph\u1ea3n-\u0111\u1ed1i-x\u1ee9ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00e2y,\t v\u00e0\t h\u1ecfi\t v\u1ec1\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t m\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t th\u1ecfa\t m\u00e3n,\t th\u00ec\t t\u00f4i\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh\tMaxwell\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tr\u1ed7ng.","\u0110\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u00e2y,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t v\u1eabn\t c\u00f2n\t thi\u1ebfu\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t cho\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tm\u00e0\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00f3\tm\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u00edch\tkh\u00f4ng\tbi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ea5t.\tLouis de\tBroglie\tti\u00ean\t\u0111o\u00e1n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\ts\u00f3ng,\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3 s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t \u0111\u1ec3\t di\u1ec5n\t gi\u1ea3i\t nh\u1eefng\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t. Dirac\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tspinor\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tlo\u1ea1i\tm\u1edbi\tm\u00e0 c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t cho\t ph\u00e9p\t suy\t ra\t c\u00e1c t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t electron\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t r\u1ed9ng\t r\u00e3i.\t Sau\t \u0111\u00f3,\t t\u00f4i\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p,\t ti\u1ebfn\t s\u0129\t Walter\t Mayer,\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t c\u00e1c\t spinor\t n\u00e0y\t t\u1ea1o\t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t lo\u1ea1i\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t m\u1edbi,\t m\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta g\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\t\\\"n\u1eeda-vect\u01a1\\\",\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tk\u1ebft\tn\u1ed1i\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1n\tchi\u1ec1u.\tC\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tnh\u1ea5t\tm\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tn\u1eeda-vect\u01a1\tc\u00f3 th\u1ec3\t tu\u00e2n\t th\u1ee7,\t cung\t c\u1ea5p\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u00eca\t kh\u00f3a\t \u0111\u1ec3\t hi\u1ec3u\t s\u1ef1\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a\t hai lo\u1ea1i\t h\u1ea1t\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t v\u1edbi\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u00f3\t tr\u1ecdng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u00edch\tb\u1eb1ng\tnhau\tnh\u01b0ng\tkh\u00e1c\td\u1ea5u.\tC\u00e1c\tn\u1eeda-vect\u01a1\tn\u00e0y,\tsau\tc\u00e1c vect\u01a1\t th\u00f4ng\t th\u01b0\u1eddng,\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t h\u00ecnh\t th\u00e1i\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3\t d\u0129\t c\u00f3\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t continum\t metric\t b\u1ed1n\t chi\u1ec1u,\t v\u00e0\t d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ea1t\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t mang\t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec3m\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u1ea7n\tch\u00fa\t\u00fd\tl\u00e0\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tc\u1ea5u\tt\u1ea1o n\u00e0y,\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tn\u1ed1i\tli\u1ec1n\tch\u00fang,\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\tb\u1edfi nguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tc\u00e1c\tkh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tnh\u1ea5t\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0 c\u00e1c\tk\u1ebft\tn\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang.\tCh\u00ednh\ttrong\tb\u1ea3n\tch\u1ea5t\tgi\u1edbi\th\u1ea1n\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tlo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tkh\u1ea3\td\u0129\tgi\u1eefa\tch\u00fang,\tm\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1eb7t\thy\tv\u1ecdng c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tn\u1eafm\tb\u1eaft\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u00e1i\tth\u1eadt[109]\ttrong\tchi\u1ec1u\ts\u00e2u\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3. Trong\tkhi\t\u0111\u00f3,\tc\u00e1i\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tlo\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00f3\tn\u1eb1m \u1edf\t vi\u1ec7c\t hi\u1ec3u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u1ea5u\t tr\u00fac\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t v\u00e0\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\t L\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t v\u1ec1\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t (non-atomistic), trong\t ch\u1eebng\t m\u1ef1c\t n\u00f3\t ch\u1ec9\t ho\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00e0m\t li\u00ean\t t\u1ee5c\t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng\t gian,\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t v\u1edbi\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111i\u1ec3n\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00f3\t ph\u1ea7n\t t\u1eed\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t,\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t,\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Thuy\u1ebft\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u1eed\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t trong\t d\u1ea1ng\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t tr\u01b0ng\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i\t de\t Broglie,\t Schr\u00f6dinger,\t Dirac,\t v\u1ed1n\t ho\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00e0m li\u00ean\tt\u1ee5c,\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u1eafc\tph\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tn\u00e0y\tb\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tdi\u1ec5n\tgi\u1ea3i t\u00e1o\tb\u1ea1o,\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tMax\tBorn\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\t\u1edf\td\u1ea1ng\ts\u00e1ng\ts\u1ee7a:\tc\u00e1c\th\u00e0m s\u1ed1\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tkh\u00f4ng\ty\u00eau\ts\u00e1ch","l\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00f4\th\u00ecnh\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed.\tC\u00e1c\th\u00e0m\ts\u1ed1 kia\tch\u1ec9\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh,\tb\u1eb1ng\tt\u00ednh\tto\u00e1n,\tc\u00e1c\tx\u00e1c\tsu\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u00ecm\tth\u1ea5y\tc\u00e1c\tc\u1ea5u tr\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u1ea1i\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh,\thay\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\ttr\u1ea1ng\tth\u00e1i\tchuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t khi\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u00e9p\t \u0111o\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u1ef1c\t hi\u1ec7n.\t C\u00e1ch\t di\u1ec5n\t gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y\tx\u00e9t\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tl\u00f4g\u00edc\tl\u00e0\tho\u00e0n\th\u1ea3o,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tth\u00e0nh\tqu\u1ea3\tquan tr\u1ecdng.\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean,\tn\u00f3\tbu\u1ed9c\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tph\u1ea3i\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tm\u1ed9t\tcontinum m\u00e0\ts\u1ed1\tchi\u1ec1u\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ed1\tchi\u1ec1u\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd nh\u01b0\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnay\t(t\u1ee9c\tl\u00e0\tb\u1ed1n),\tm\u00e0\tl\u1ea1i\tt\u0103ng\tl\u00ean\tv\u00f4\th\u1ea1n\ttheo\ts\u1ed1\th\u1ea1t\tl\u00e0m th\u00e0nh\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t xem\t x\u00e9t.\t T\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u00fa\t nh\u1eadn, r\u1eb1ng\tt\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\tm\u1ed9t\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tnh\u1ea5t\tth\u1eddi\tcho\tc\u00e1ch\tdi\u1ec5n\tgi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y.\t T\u00f4i\t v\u1eabn\t tin\t v\u00e0o\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t m\u00f4\t h\u00ecnh\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i,\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t bi\u1ec3u\t th\u1ecb\t ch\u00ednh\t c\u00e1c\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tx\u00e1c\tsu\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang. M\u1eb7t\tkh\u00e1c,\ttheo\tt\u00f4i\tch\u00fang\tta\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u1eeb\tb\u1ecf\t\u00fd\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u1ecb to\u00e0n\t di\u1ec7n\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ea1t\t trong\t m\u00f4\t h\u00ecnh\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft,\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0\tl\u00e0\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn.\tTheo\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00f3\td\u01b0\u1eddng\tnh\u01b0\tl\u00e0\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tb\u1ec1n\tv\u1eefng\tc\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t b\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t c\u1ee7a\t Heisenberg.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\ttheo\t\u0111\u00fang\tngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\t(kh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ec9\ttr\u00ean\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tdi\u1ec5n\tgi\u1ea3i)\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u1ecb\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ea1t\ttrong\tm\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc\tl\u00e0\tho\u00e0n\tto\u00e0n\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tngh\u0129\t\u0111\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\tCh\u1eb3ng\th\u1ea1n,\t\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\th\u1ecdc,\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u01b0a\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t k\u1ebft\t lu\u1eadn\t sau:\t M\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t ba chi\u1ec1u\t m\u00e0\t v\u00f9ng\t bi\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t c\u00f3\t m\u1eadt\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t tri\u1ec7t\t ti\u00eau\t kh\u1eafp\t n\u01a1i, lu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\tch\u1ee9a\t\u0111\u1ef1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ed5ng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u00edch\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tnguy\u00ean.\tTrong m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t continum,\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt t\u00edch\tph\u00e2n\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ec3u\thi\u1ec7n\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u1ecfa\t\u0111\u00e1ng,\tkh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u1ecb\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01a1n\tv\u1ecb\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9\tkhi\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed\tth\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng,\tt\u00f4i\tm\u1edbi\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\thuy\u1ec1n\tb\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1eed\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1ea3i\tquy\u1ebft. Thuy\u1ebft\tT\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u1ed1i\t(1936) D\u01b0\u1edbi\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t b\u00e0i\t vi\u1ebft\t \\\"V\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t v\u00e0\t th\u1ef1c\t t\u1ea1i\\\" (Physics\t and\t Reality),\t \u0111\u0103ng\t l\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t ti\u00ean\t trong\t The\t Joumal\t of the\t Franklin\t Institute,\t Vol.\t 221,\t No.\t 3,\t th\u00e1ng\t 3\t n\u0103m\t 1936, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u0103ng\tl\u1ea1i\ttrong\ttuy\u1ec3n\tt\u1eadp\t\\\"T\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tn\u0103m\tsau\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u1eddi\tt\u00f4i\\\". Kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ph\u00e1p\t quy\t n\u1ea1p\t n\u00e0o\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t d\u1eabn\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1c\t kh\u00e1i","ni\u1ec7m\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd.\tVi\u1ec7c\txem\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\ts\u1ef1\tth\u1eadt\tn\u00e0y\tl\u00e0\tsai\tl\u1ea7m c\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n\tv\u1ec1\ttri\u1ebft\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tnhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u00e0\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tXIX;\tn\u00f3 c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00e0\t l\u00fd\t do\t khi\u1ebfn\t cho\t thuy\u1ebft\t ph\u00e2n\t t\u1eed\t v\u00e0\t thuy\u1ebft\t Maxwell\t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u00f4ng\t nh\u1eadn\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t mu\u1ed9n\t m\u00e0ng.\t T\u01b0\t duy\t l\u00f4g\u00edc\t l\u00e0\t t\u1ea5t\t y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n\t d\u1ecbch,\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e2y\t d\u1ef1ng\t tr\u00ean\t c\u00e1c\t kh\u00e1i\t ni\u1ec7m\t c\u00f3\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t ti\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ec1.\t L\u00e0m\t sao\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ch\u1edd\t \u0111\u1ee3i\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn\t l\u1ef1a\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1i\t sau,\t sao\t cho\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u00e9p\t hy v\u1ecdng\tv\u00e0o\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\tv\u1eefng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7\tlu\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang? Tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t thu\u1eadn\t l\u1ee3i\t nh\u1ea5t\t r\u00f5\t r\u00e0ng\t l\u00e0\t khi\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u1ea3\t thuy\u1ebft\t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u1ee3i\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t ch\u00ednh\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t c\u1ee7a\t tr\u1ea3i\t nghi\u1ec7m.\t Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ef1\t kh\u00f4ng\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u01a1\t v\u0129nh\t c\u1eedu\t nh\u01b0\t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t nhi\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t h\u1ecdc\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u1ee3i\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m;\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tGalilei.\tC\u00f9ng\ttrong\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea1m\ttr\u00f9 l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u1ea3\t thuy\u1ebft\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u00e3\t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tm\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e0o\ts\u00e2u\tb\u1ea5t\tng\u1edd\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u1eafc\tph\u1ee5c\tc\u00e1c\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c\t th\u00e0nh\t c\u00f4ng\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t Maxwell-Lorentz\t \u0111\u00e3\t d\u1ea5y\t l\u00ean\t ni\u1ec1m tin\t l\u1edbn\t v\u00e0o\t hi\u1ec7u\t l\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u1eeb\t cho\t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng,\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t\t v\u00e0o\t ph\u00e1t\t bi\u1ec3u,\t r\u1eb1ng\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t truy\u1ec1n\t \u0111i\t \\\"trong kh\u00f4ng\t gian\\\"\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t c.\tPh\u00e1t\tbi\u1ec3u\t n\u00e0y\tv\u1ec1\t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t\th\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3?\tN\u1ebfu\tn\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00fang,\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tnh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh,\t hay\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c\t h\u01a1n\t m\u1ed9t\t tr\u1ea1ng\t th\u00e1i\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh (c\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu)\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u01b0u\t\u0111\u00e3i\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\th\u1ec7 c\u00f2n\t l\u1ea1i.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y\t m\u00e2u\t thu\u1eabn\t v\u1edbi\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t d\u1eef\t ki\u1ec7n kinh\tnghi\u1ec7m\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tv\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eeb-quang\th\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u00fd\tdo\tn\u00e0y,\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft\tph\u1ea3i\tn\u00e2ng\thi\u1ec7u\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tv\u1ec1\th\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tcho\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi h\u1ec7\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tl\u00ean\tth\u00e0nh\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd.\tT\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\th\u1ec7\tqu\u1ea3\tr\u1eb1ng khi\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tn\u00e0y\tsang\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tkh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t x1,\tx2,\t x3,\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t x4\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i theo\t \\\"ph\u00e9p\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t Lorentz\\\",\t v\u00e0\t ph\u00e9p\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng\tb\u1edfi\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ee7a\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ee9c ds\t2\t=\tdx1\t2\t+\tdx2\t2\t+\tdx3\t2\t\u2013\tdx4\t2 (n\u1ebfu\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ch\u1ecdn\t \u0111\u01a1n\t v\u1ecb\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t sao\t cho\t c\t =\t 1\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t v\u1eadn","t\u1ed1c\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng). Do\t \u0111\u00f3,\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t m\u1ea5t\t \u0111i\t t\u00ednh\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t l\u1eadp\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u01b0a\t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\\\"kh\u00f4ng\tgian\\\"\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tx\u00e9t\tv\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea1i\ts\u1ed1\tg\u1ea7n nh\u01b0\tc\u00f9ng\tch\u1ee7ng\tlo\u1ea1i;\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00ednh\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t th\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ecb\t ph\u00e1\t h\u1ee7y,\t v\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t b\u1eb1ng\t b\u1ed1n\t chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u01b0a\tv\u00e0o\tnh\u01b0\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\tth\u00edch\th\u1ee3p\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\t\u0111\u1ec3\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\tth\u1ecfa\t\u0111\u00e1ng\ts\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\tc\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tph\u00e9p\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tLorentz c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5\tqu\u00e1t.\tTh\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tn\u00e0y\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\tn\u1ed9i\tdung\tc\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\th\u1eb9p. L\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t n\u00e0y\t tuy\t ph\u00f9\t h\u1ee3p\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t Maxwell, nh\u01b0ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tdung\th\u1ee3p\tv\u1edbi\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111i\u1ec3n.\tTuy\tc\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn\t (v\u00e0\t c\u00f9ng\t v\u1edbi\t ch\u00fang\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t bi\u1ec3u\t th\u1ee9c\t c\u1ee7a\t xung\t l\u1ef1c,\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng)\t sao\t cho\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u1ecfa\t m\u00e3n. 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S\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n\tsang\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\tb\u1edfi\tgi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft\t n\u00f3i\t r\u1eb1ng,\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t bi\u1ec3u\t th\u1ecb\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tn\u00f3i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\th\u00e0m\ts\u1ed1\tg\t(hay\tb\u1edfi metric\tRiemann)\tc\u0169ng\tl\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\t\u0111\u00e1ng\ttrong\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tt\u1ed5ng\tqu\u00e1t, trong\t \u0111\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t h\u1ec7\t t\u1ecda\t \u0111\u1ed9\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t n\u00f3,\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0111o\t metric\t c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng\tt\u1ef1a-Euclid\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\th\u1eb9p. B\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\tc\u00e1c\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\tt\u1ef1\tn\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\tm\u1ed1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tmetric, m\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f2n\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\t\\\"g\u1ea7n\tnhau\\\"\tth\u00f4i\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f3\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch\tbi\u1ec7t\tnhau\tl\u1eafm.\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u00e9p\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tt\u1ecda\t\u0111\u1ed9\tkh\u00f4ng\tk\u1ef3 d\u1ecb\t\u0111\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn.\tCh\u1ec9\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tm\u1edbi\tc\u00f3","\u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t nh\u01b0\t nh\u1eefng\t s\u1ef1\t di\u1ec5n\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t,\tc\u00f3\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7p\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tph\u00e9p\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tb\u1ea5t\tk\u1ef3\ttrong ngh\u0129a\tn\u00e0y\t(\u0111\u1ecbnh\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00ednh\thi\u1ec7p\tbi\u1ebfn\tt\u1ed5ng\tqu\u00e1t). M\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tr\u1ed9ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tphi\u00ean\tb\u1ea3n t\u1ea1m\tth\u1eddi\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tk\u1ebft\tn\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\t\\\"c\u00e1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ttr\u1ea3i\tnghi\u1ec7m\ttr\u1ef1c\tti\u1ebfp\\\" m\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tc\u00e0ng\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tc\u00e0ng\tt\u1ed1t,\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i\t t\u1ea1o\t th\u00e0nh\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t k\u00edn.\t N\u1ebfu\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t gi\u1edbi\t h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tthu\u1ea7n\tt\u00fay,\tth\u00ec\tthuy\u1ebft\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tNewton\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t xem\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t m\u00f4\t h\u00ecnh\t ki\u1ec3u\t m\u1eabu.\t Phi\u00ean\t b\u1ea3n\t t\u1ea1m\t th\u1eddi\t n\u00e0y\t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7c\ttr\u01b0ng\tnh\u01b0\tsau: 1.\tKh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1eef nguy\u00ean.\tM\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea1o\tra\tcho\tn\u00f3,\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt n\u00e0y\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t th\u00f4ng\t d\u1ecbch\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t v\u00e0o\t ng\u00f4n\t ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t r\u1ed9ng.\t \u0110\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t n\u00e0y\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tto\u00e0n\tph\u1ea7n,\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\t\u0111\u1eb7c\ttr\u01b0ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafc\t\u0111\u1ecba. 2.\t\u0110\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u00e1c\tb\u1eb1ng\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tthay th\u1ebf\tb\u1eb1ng\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tn\u00f3i\tchung\thi\u1ec7p\tbi\u1ebfn v\u00e0\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t thi\u1ebft\t l\u1eadp\t cho\t tens\u01a1\t g\u03bcv.\t N\u00f3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh\td\u1ea1ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u1eb7t\ttens\u01a1\t\u0111\u1ed9\tcong\tRiemann\tkhi\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tr\u00fat g\u1ecdn\tb\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\t(R\u03bcv\t=\t0). 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S\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tv\u1edbi\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ed5\t\u0111i\u1ec3n\tch\u1ec9\tra\tcon\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tsau\t\u0111\u00e2y\t\u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n\t ch\u1ec9nh\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft.\t \u0110\u1ec3\t thi\u1ebft\t l\u1eadp\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\t\u0111\u1eb7t Rik\t\u2013\t1\/2gikR\t=\t-\tTik. trong\t \u0111\u00f3\t R\t l\u00e0\t v\u00f4\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ed9\t cong\t Riemann,\t Tik\t l\u00e0\t tens\u01a1 n\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\th\u1ecdc.\tV\u1ebf tr\u00e1i\t c\u1ee7a\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ch\u1ecdn\t sao\t cho\t t\u00ednh\t ph\u00e2n\t k\u1ef3\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3","\u0111\u1ed3ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn\t m\u1ea5t.\t S\u1ef1\t bi\u1ebfn\t m\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00ednh\t ph\u00e2n\t k\u1ef3\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1ebf\t ph\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\tqu\u1ea3,\t\u0111em\tl\u1ea1i\t\\\"c\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\\\"\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\t\u1edf\td\u1ea1ng\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tri\u00eang\tph\u1ea7n\tcho\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p khi\t Tik,\t \u0111\u1ec3\t m\u00f4\t t\u1ea3\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t,\t \u0111\u01b0a\t v\u00e0o\t ch\u1ec9\t b\u1ed1n\t h\u00e0m\t s\u1ed1\t ti\u1ebfp\t theo\t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\tv\u1edbi\tnhau\t(ch\u1eb3ng\th\u1ea1n\tt\u1ef7\ttr\u1ecdng,\t\u00e1p\tsu\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tth\u00e0nh\tph\u1ea7n\tv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c,\t trong\t \u0111\u00f3\t gi\u1eefa\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1i\t sau\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t th\u1ee9c,\t trong khi\tgi\u1eefa\t\u00e1p\tsu\u1ea5t\tv\u00e0\tt\u1ef7\ttr\u1ecdng\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n). V\u1edbi\tc\u00e1ch\tdi\u1ec5n\t\u0111\u1ea1t\tn\u00e0y,\tc\u1ea3\tb\u00e0i\tto\u00e1n\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tquy v\u1ec1\t nghi\u1ec7m\t s\u1ed1\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t duy\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t vi ph\u00e2n\t ri\u00eang\t ph\u1ea7n\t hi\u1ec7p\t bi\u1ebfn.\t L\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t n\u00e0y\t tr\u00e1nh\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng\t khuy\u1ebft\t t\u1eadt\t n\u1ed9i\t t\u1ea1i\t m\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u00e3\t bu\u1ed9c\t t\u1ed9i\t cho\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111i\u1ec3n.\t N\u00f3\t th\u1ecfa\t m\u00e3n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t -\t trong\t ch\u1eebng\t m\u1ef1c\t ch\u00fang\t ta bi\u1ebft\t-\tvi\u1ec7c\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\tc\u00e1c\td\u1eef\tki\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tthi\u00ean\tth\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng\tn\u00f3\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00f2a\tnh\u00e0\tc\u00f3\thai\tc\u00e1nh,\tm\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1nh\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m\t b\u1eb1ng\t \u0111\u00e1\t c\u1ea9m\t th\u1ea1ch\t qu\u00fd\t (v\u1ebf\t tr\u00e1i\t c\u1ee7a\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh)\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1nh kia\t b\u1eb1ng\t g\u1ed7\t k\u00e9m\t ch\u1ea5t\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t (v\u1ebf\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u1ee7a\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh).\t C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tth\u1ef1c\tth\u1ebf\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tthay th\u1ebf\tth\u00f4\tthi\u1ec3n\tcho\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00e1p\t\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng t\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tquen\tthu\u1ed9c\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t kh\u00f3\t kh\u0103n\t trong\t vi\u1ec7c\t k\u1ebft\t n\u1ed1i\t thuy\u1ebft\t Maxwell\t v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eeb\tv\u1edbi\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tcho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tkhi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tt\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi\th\u1ea1n\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0o\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tc\u00f3\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tm\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u0111i\u1ec7n.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tc\u1ea7n\tl\u00e0m\tl\u00e0\tb\u00ean\tv\u1ebf\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u1ee7a\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh\ttr\u00ean\tta\tthay\tTik\tb\u1eb1ng\ttens\u01a1\tn\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eeb trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t r\u1ed7ng\t (ch\u00e2n\t kh\u00f4ng),\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u01b0a\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t Maxwell\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00e2n\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t vi\u1ebft\t d\u01b0\u1edbi\t d\u1ea1ng\t hi\u1ec7p\t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng\t qu\u00e1t\t v\u00e0o\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t v\u1eeba\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u1ea3i\t bi\u00ean.\t D\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\tn\u00e0y\ts\u1ebd\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i,\tgi\u1eefa\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tn\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1eb3ng\t th\u1ee9c\t vi\t ph\u00e2n\t \u0111\u1ee7\t \u0111\u1ec3\t b\u1ea3o\t \u0111\u1ea3m\t t\u00ednh\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t th\u00edch c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang.\t Ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00f3i\t th\u00eam\t r\u1eb1ng,\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t h\u00ecnh\t th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\tc\u1ee7a\tto\u00e0n\tb\u1ed9\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1ec3\tm\u1edf\tng\u1ecf\tcho s\u1ef1\t ch\u1ecdn\t l\u1ef1a\t d\u1ea5u\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ed1\t h\u1ea1ng\t Tik\t -\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t sau\t n\u00e0y\t t\u1ecf\t ra\t quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1\tmong\tmu\u1ed1n\t\u0111\u1ea1t\tt\u1edbi\tt\u00ednh\tth\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u1edbn\tnh\u1ea5t\tkh\u1ea3\td\u0129\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c c\u01a1\t s\u1edf\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u00e3\t d\u1eabn\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t nh\u1eefng\t n\u1ed7\t l\u1ef1c\t nh\u1eb1m\t \u0111\u01b0a\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\tv\u00e0\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eeb\tv\u00e0o\tm\u1ed9t\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\th\u00ecnh\tth\u1ee9c\tth\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\tk\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u0103m\tchi\u1ec1u\tc\u1ee7a","Kaluza\t v\u00e0\t Klein.\t Sau\t khi\t xem\t x\u00e9t\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t n\u00e0y\t r\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea9n\t th\u1eadn,\t t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m\tth\u1ea5y\tv\u1eabn\th\u01a1n\tn\u1ebfu\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tkhi\u1ebfm\tkhuy\u1ebft\tn\u1ed9i\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u00e3\tn\u00f3i\tv\u1ec1 t\u00ednh\t th\u1ed1ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t ban\t \u0111\u1ea7u,\t b\u1edfi\t t\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng\tto\u00e0n\tb\u1ed9\tc\u00e1c\tgi\u1ea3\tthuy\u1ebft\tl\u00e0m\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tcho\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u0103m\tchi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a\t \u0111\u1ef1ng\t \u00edt\t s\u1ef1\t t\u00f9y\t ti\u1ec7n\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t thuy\u1ebft\t ban\t \u0111\u1ea7u.\t \u0110i\u1ec1u\t v\u1eeba\t n\u00f3i c\u0169ng\t\u0111\u00fang\tcho\tphi\u00ean\tb\u1ea3n\tbi\u1ebfn\tt\u01b0\u1edbng\tx\u1ea1\t\u1ea3nh\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\tc\u1ea9n\tth\u1eadn\tb\u1edfi\tvon\tDantzig\tv\u00e0\tPauli. Nh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tv\u1eeba\tqua\tl\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tli\u00ean\tquan\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t phi\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t.\t L\u00e0m\t sao\t \u0111\u1ec3\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\tho\u00e0n\tch\u1ec9nh\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ea5u\tt\u1ea1o\tb\u1edfi\tc\u00e1c\tnguy\u00ean\tt\u1eed? Trong\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf,\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t k\u1ef3\t d\u1ecb\t ch\u1eafc\t ch\u1eafn\t ph\u1ea3i\t b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i\tb\u1ecf,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\tn\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng,\tc\u00e1c\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tto\u00e0n b\u1ed9\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ea7y\t\u0111\u1ee7.\t\u1ede\t\u0111\u00e2y,\ttrong\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t r\u1ed9ng,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t g\u1eb7p\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1ea5n\t \u0111\u1ec1\t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t bi\u1ec3u\t th\u1ecb\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t b\u1eb1ng\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t ban\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p\ttrong\tkhu\u00f4n\tkh\u1ed5\tthuy\u1ebft\tMaxwell\tthu\u1ea7n\tt\u00fay. C\u0169ng\tl\u1ea1i\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tn\u1ed7\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tthuy\u1ebft\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\tcho c\u00e1c\t h\u1ea1t\t d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t d\u1eabn\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1c\t k\u1ef3\t d\u1ecb.\t C\u0169ng\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2y,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch\ttr\u00e1nh\tkh\u1ecfi\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tn\u00e0y\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1ch\t\u0111\u01b0a\tth\u00eam\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00e1c\tbi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t v\u00e0\t b\u1eb1ng\t s\u1ef1\t ph\u1ee9c\t t\u1ea1p\t h\u00f3a\t v\u00e0\t m\u1edf\t r\u1ed9ng\t ra\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng.\tTuy\tnhi\u00ean\tg\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00e2y\tt\u00f4i\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1edbi\tTS.\tNathan Rosen\t kh\u00e1m\t ph\u00e1\t ra\t r\u1eb1ng\t s\u1ef1\t k\u1ebft\t h\u1ee3p\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u1ee3i\t ra\t \u1edf tr\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t tr\u00ecnh\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t v\u00e0\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u00e3\t mang l\u1ea1i\tc\u00e1c\tnghi\u1ec7m\ts\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tx\u1ee9ng\tt\u00e2m\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ec3u\tth\u1ecb\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tk\u1ef3 d\u1ecb\t (c\u00e1c\t nghi\u1ec7m\t s\u1ed1\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t x\u1ee9ng\t t\u00e2m\t quen\t thu\u1ed9c\t c\u1ee7a\t Schwarzschild cho\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t nghi\u1ec7m\t s\u1ed1\t c\u1ee7a\t Reissner cho\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t ch\u00fa\t \u00fd\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3).\t Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t b\u00e1o\t c\u00e1o\t ng\u1eafn\t trong\t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\t t\u1edbi.\t B\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1ch\t n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay,\t cho v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t v\u00e0\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t t\u00e1c\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u1ea3\t thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5,\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t m\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec3m\t tra\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t theo\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng\t g\u1eb7p\t nh\u1eefng\t kh\u00f3\t kh\u0103n\t n\u00e0o\t kh\u00e1c\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t kh\u00f3\t kh\u0103n to\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc,\tnh\u01b0ng\tl\u1ea1i\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tnghi\u00eam\ttr\u1ecdng. 2.\tMax\tPlanck (1858\t\u2013\t1947) v\u00e0\tThuy\u1ebft\tT\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u1ed1i","(1909) C\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00f3i\t Planck\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t cha\t \u0111\u1ee1\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tt\u1ea7m\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\ts\u1edbm\tnh\u1ea5t,\tv\u00e0\th\u1ebft\tm\u00ecnh c\u1ed5\t s\u00fay.\t Nh\u1eefng\t g\u00ec\t vi\u1ebft\t ra\t \u0111\u00e2y\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00e0o\t so\t s\u00e1nh\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\tn\u1ed7\tl\u1ef1c\tto\tl\u1edbn\tc\u1ee7a\tPlanck\tnh\u1eb1m\t\u0111\u01b0a\tcho\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tEinstein\tv\u1ec1 Berlin\t n\u0103m\t 1914\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n\t \u01b0u\t \u0111\u00e3i\t ch\u01b0a\t t\u1eebng\t c\u00f3\t \u0111\u1ec3 Einstein\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ho\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t t\u1ed1t\t nh\u1ea5t\t trong\t 20\t n\u0103m\t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\tS\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tcho\tnghi\u00ean\tc\u1ee9u\tsinh\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00d4ng\tv\u1ec1\tthuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n\ts\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i\tv\u1ec1\tthuy\u1ebft\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1eed\tm\u00e0\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tcha\t\u0111\u1ebb. Trong\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u00e0i\tgi\u1ea3ng\tn\u0103m\t1909\tt\u1ea1i\t\u0110\u1ea1i\th\u1ecdc\tColumbia\t\u1edf\tHoa\tK\u1ef3, Planck\t\u0111\u00e3\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u00e1nh\tgi\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tv\u1ec1\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i: \\\"Kh\u00f4ng\tc\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\tr\u1eb1ng\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tm\u1edbi\tn\u00e0y\tv\u1ec1\tkh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\tth\u1eddi\tgian\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u00f2i\th\u1ecfi\tcao\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tkh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tt\u01b0 duy\t tr\u1eebu\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t v\u00e0\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u00e0\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ecdc.\t v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ed9\tt\u00e1o\tb\u1ea1o,\tn\u00f3\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebft\ttrong\tnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u01b0\t bi\u1ec7n,\t v\u00e2ng,\t trong\t c\u1ea3\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\t lu\u1eadn;\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t n\u00f3\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t phi-Euclid\t ch\u1ec9\t l\u00e0\t tr\u00f2\t ch\u01a1i\t tr\u1ebb\t con. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1ea1i\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u00f2i\t h\u1ecfi\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t \u0111\u00fang\t \u0111\u1eafn\t \u00fd ngh\u0129a\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t th\u1ef1c\t ti\u1ec5n,\t trong\t khi\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t phi-Euclid\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t \u00fd ngh\u0129a\t trong\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t m\u00e0\t th\u00f4i.\t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t so s\u00e1nh\t cu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t g\u00e2y\t ra\t b\u1edfi\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t n\u00e0y\t trong\t l\u00e3nh\t v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t quan\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd,\t v\u1ec1\t chi\u1ec1u\t s\u00e2u\t v\u00e0\t chi\u1ec1u\t r\u1ed9ng,\t v\u1edbi\t cu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\tdo\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tc\u1ee7a\tCopernicus\tg\u00e2y\tra.\\\" Planck\t n\u00f3i\t v\u1ec1\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t phi-Euclid\t l\u00fac\t n\u00e0y\t khi\t Einstein\t c\u00f2n \u0111ang\t thai\t ngh\u00e9n\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t r\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u1ec3\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t kh\u00f4ng- th\u1eddi-gian\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ef1c\t th\u1ec3\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t l\u1ea1i\t l\u00e0\t phi-Euclid.\t N\u0103m\t 1910,\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi\t Einstein\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t m\u1eddi\t nh\u1eadm\t ch\u1ee9c\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t \u1edf\t Prague,\t Planck\t \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u01b0\t \u0111\u00e1nh\t gi\u00e1\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t ph\u00e2n\t khoa\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00f3\t v\u1edbi\t l\u1eddi\t l\u1ebd\t nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u1ebfu\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tEinstein\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tki\u1ec3m\tch\u1ee9ng\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u00fang,\tnh\u01b0\tt\u00f4i\tch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i,\tEinstein\ts\u1ebd\tl\u00e0\tCopernicus\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u1ebf\tk\u1ef7\tXX.\\\" M\u1ed9t\ts\u1ed1\tc\u00e1c\tph\u00e1t\tbi\u1ec3u\tkh\u00e1c\tc\u1ee7a\tPlanck\tv\u1ec1\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tsau \u0111\u00f3: \\\"Nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ee9c\t m\u00e0\t Albert\t Einstein\t \u0111\u00e3\t gi\u00e0nh\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t n\u00f3i\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i\tni\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta\tv\u1ec1\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\tnh\u01b0\tNewton","v\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tKant\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tl\u00e0m\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u01b0\tduy\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd nh\u01b0\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t d\u1ea1ng\t cho\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a\t tr\u1ef1c\t quan\t ch\u00fang\t ta, do\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t t\u00f9y\t ti\u1ec7n\t trong\t s\u1ef1\t l\u1ef1a\t ch\u1ecdn\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t v\u00e0\t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\tth\u1ee9c\t\u0111o\t\u0111\u1ea1c,\tn\u00ean\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tt\u1ea7m\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\ttrong ngh\u0129a\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3;\t nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t l\u00e0m\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t tri\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ec3\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed1c\t r\u1ec5\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t t\u01b0\t duy\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t khi\t kh\u00f4ng gian\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t \u0111\u00e3\t m\u1ea5t\t \u0111i\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t th\u00ec\t c\u00e1i\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u00e3\t b\u1ecb\t lo\u1ea1i\t ra\t kh\u1ecfi\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi,\t m\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t d\u1eddi\t lui\t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda\tsau,\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tv\u00e0o\tmetric\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111a\tt\u1ea1p\tb\u1ed1n\tchi\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh t\u1eeb\t vi\u1ec7c\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian,\t th\u00f4ng\t qua\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng,\t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\\\"\u0111\u00fac\tl\u1ea1i\\\"\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\tcontinum\tth\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1ea5t.\tMetric\tn\u00e0y\tbi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t g\u00ec\t \u0111\u1ed9c\t l\u1eadp\t tho\u00e1t\t kh\u1ecfi\t m\u1ecdi\t s\u1ef1\t t\u00f9y\t ti\u1ec7n,\t v\u00e0\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i.\\\"\t(1924) T\u1eeb\tb\u00e0i\t\\\"T\u1eeb\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\\\", Trong\t\\\"Vortr\u04d3ge,\tReden\tund\tErinnerungen\\\" \\\"N\u0103m\t 1905\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u00e0i\t b\u00e1o\t c\u1ee7a\t A.\t Einstein\t xu\u1ea5t\t hi\u1ec7n\t trong\t Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m\t V\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t (Annalen\t der\t Physik)\t ch\u1ee9a\t \u0111\u1ef1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t \u00fd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t v\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t tri\u1ec3n\t khai\t chi\t ti\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3 thu\t h\u00fat\t ngay\t s\u1ef1\t ch\u00fa\t \u00fd\t m\u1ea1nh\t m\u1ebd\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00f4i.\t \u0110\u1ec3\t tr\u00e1nh\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m\t d\u1ec5\t \u0111i\t \u0111\u1ebfn,\t t\u00f4i\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u00f3\t l\u1eddi\t l\u01b0u\t \u00fd\t c\u00f3\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t chung.\t Ngay\t t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ttrong\tb\u00e0i\tm\u00f4\tt\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1eddi\tt\u00f4i,\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh,\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\tt\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm\tc\u00e1i\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u00e0\tnhi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ee5\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u1eb9p\tnh\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i.\tNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta\t v\u00ec\t th\u1ebf\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t t\u00ecm\t th\u1ea5y\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t m\u00e2u\t thu\u1eabn\t trong\t s\u1ef1\t quan\t t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i.\tS\u1ef1\tng\u1edd\tv\u1ef1c\tn\u00e0y\td\u1ef1a\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1ed9t\tsai l\u1ea7m\tc\u01a1\tb\u1ea3n.\tB\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tth\u00ec\tph\u1ea3i\tgi\u1ea3\tthi\u1ebft\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\ttuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i,\tc\u00e1i\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tkhi\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tdi\u1ec7n\tv\u1edbi n\u00f3.\t C\u00e2u\t n\u00f3i\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t nghe\t \\\"T\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t l\u00e0\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\\\"\t c\u0169ng\t d\u1ec5\t \u0111\u00e1nh\t l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng,\t c\u0169ng\t nh\u01b0\t thi\u1ebfu\t suy\t ngh\u0129.\t Cho\t n\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1i\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u00e0m\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng,\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u00ednh l\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u0111o\tc\u1ee7a\tcontinum\tkh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi-gian,\tv\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tnhi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ee5 h\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tbi\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ec3\tt\u00ecm\tra\tc\u00e1i\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tc\u00e1i\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tcho\tc\u00e1i\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng 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Ch\u00fang\t ta\t lu\u00f4n\t lu\u00f4n\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t xu\u1ea5t\t ph\u00e1t\t t\u1eeb\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1i\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.\t T\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t ph\u00e9p\t \u0111o\t \u0111\u1ea1c\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t c\u00f3\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i.\t V\u1eadt\t li\u1ec7u\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t thi\u1ebft\t b\u1ecb\t m\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t l\u00e0\t l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0o\tngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\ts\u1ef1\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tn\u00ean\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tl\u1ec7\tthu\u1ed9c","v\u00e0o\t t\u00ednh\t kh\u00e9o\t l\u00e9o\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u1ee3\t k\u1ef9\t thu\u1eadt\t \u0111\u00e3\t ngh\u0129\t ra\t n\u00f3,\t vi\u1ec7c\t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\t ch\u00fang\t l\u1ec7\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u00e0o\t nh\u1eefng\t m\u1ee5c\t ti\u00eau\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t th\u00f9\t m\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m\t mu\u1ed1n\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t t\u1edbi\t v\u1edbi\t ch\u00fang.\t T\u1eeb\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t d\u1eef\t li\u1ec7u\t n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec7m\tv\u1ee5\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tc\u00e1i\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tc\u00e1i\tph\u1ed5\tqu\u00e1t,\tb\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9a\t\u0111\u1ef1ng\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3. Thuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tt\u00f4i\tc\u0169ng\tth\u1ebf.\tS\u1ee9c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\t t\u00f4i\t n\u1eb1m\t \u1edf\t ch\u1ed7,\t t\u00f4i\t n\u1ed7\t l\u1ef1c\t suy\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t l\u00fd\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tc\u00e1i\tb\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn\tl\u00e0m\tn\u1ec1n\tt\u1ea3ng\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n.\t Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t ti\u00ean,\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u00e3 mang\t l\u1ea1i\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\t v\u1ed1n\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t trong\t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111i\u1ec3n,\t m\u1ed9t\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i:\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t truy\u1ec1n\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng. C\u0169ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1eed\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\ttrong\tthuy\u1ebft\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1eed,\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c \u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00e0nh\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tc\u1ed1t\tl\u00f5i\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\ttrong\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.\t Li\u00ean\t quan\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t n\u00f3,\t m\u1ed9t\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u1ed5ng\t qu\u00e1t\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n,\t l\u00e0\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t t\u1ed1i\t thi\u1ec3u,\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0\t b\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t v\u00e0\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t v\u1eabn\t gi\u1eef\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u00fd ngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\ttrong\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i.\tT\u00f4i\tt\u00ecm\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u1ef1c\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t chi\t ti\u1ebft,\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\t sau\t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tb\u1ee9c\tx\u1ea1\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00f9ng\tr\u1ed7ng.\tM\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3 l\u00e0\tt\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u1ee9c\tx\u1ea1\tv\u00e0\tt\u00ednh\tb\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn\tc\u1ee7a\tentropi\t\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ec7\tth\u1ed1ng\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu.\\\" T\u1eeb\tb\u00e0i\t\\\"T\u1eeb\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u1ebfn\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\\\", Trong\t\\\"\tVortr\u04d3ge,\tReden\tund\tErinnerungen\t\\\" 3.\tArthur\tStanley\tEddington (1882\t-\t1944) Thuy\u1ebft\tT\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0110\u1ed1i\tv\u00e0\t\u1ea2nh\tH\u01b0\u1edfng\tc\u1ee7a\tN\u00f3\t\u0110\u1ed1i\tV\u1edbi\tT\u01b0\tDuy Khoa\tH\u1ecdc (1922) Arthur\t Stanley\t Eddington\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ea9m\t quy\u1ec1n\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i\t v\u1ec1\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a\t Einstein.\t Chinh\t \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t trong nh\u1eefng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u00e3\t d\u1eabn\t \u0111o\u00e0n\t th\u00e1m\t hi\u1ec3m\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t Anh\t \u0111\u1ec3\t \u0111o\t \u0111\u1ea1c g\u00f3c\t l\u1ec7ch\t c\u1ee7a\t tia\t s\u00e1ng\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u00ec\t sao\t khi\t \u0111i\t qua\t v\u00f9ng\t m\u1eb7t\t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o\tl\u00fac\tnh\u1eadt\tth\u1ef1c\tto\u00e0n\tph\u1ea7n\tn\u0103m\t1919,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u00e3\tx\u00e1c\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u1ed9\tl\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tthuy\u1ebft\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tEinstein\tti\u00ean\t\u0111o\u00e1n\tl\u00e0\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c,\tr\u1eb1ng","\u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t b\u1ecb\t u\u1ed1n\t cong\t b\u1edfi\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t.\t T\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t \\\"m\u00f4n\t \u0111\u1ec7\\\"\t trung\t th\u00e0nh\t c\u1ee7a\t thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\ttruy\u1ec1n\tb\u00e1\tthuy\u1ebft\tn\u00e0y\tra\tth\u1ebf\tgi\u1edbi\tn\u00f3i\tti\u1ebfng\tAnh. Trong\t nh\u1eefng\t ng\u00e0y\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t Copernicus,\t d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf,\t tr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u1ec1n\t t\u1ea3ng\t b\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t m\u00e0\t c\u1ea5u\t tr\u00fac\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t tr\u1eddi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean\t\u0111\u00f3.\tCon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\ts\u1ed1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\t\u01b0u\t\u0111\u00e3i\tt\u1ea1i\ttrung\tt\u00e2m\tc\u1ee7a v\u0169\ttr\u1ee5,\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tch\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tr\u1eb1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tanh\tta\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1i\tc\u1ea5u\ttr\u00fac\tv\u0169\ttr\u1ee5\ts\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i\t r\u1ed9ng\t ra\t d\u01b0\u1edbi\t d\u1ea1ng\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3.\t Tuy\t nhi\u00ean,\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t thi\u00ean\t th\u1ec3\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t ch\u00fat\t n\u00e0o;\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00e0nh\t tinh th\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\tquay\tv\u00f2ng\tth\u00e0nh\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tcong\ttuy\u1ec7t\th\u1ea3o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi l\u00e0\t epicycle.\t Nh\u00e0\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u00f3\t nhi\u1ec7m\t v\u1ee5\t l\u1ea5p\t \u0111\u1ea7y\t b\u1ea7u\t tr\u1eddi\t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng\th\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea7u\tquay\txung\tquanh\th\u00ecnh\tc\u1ea7u\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u1eef\tc\u00e1c\th\u00e0nh\ttinh trong\t c\u00e1c\t qu\u1ef9\t \u0111\u1ea1o\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t cho\t ph\u00e9p;\t v\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t b\u00e1nh\t xe\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t th\u00eam v\u00e0o\t nh\u1eefng\t b\u00e1nh\t xe,\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t khi\t \u00e2m\t nh\u1ea1c\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00ecnh\t c\u1ea7u\t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0\tb\u1ecb\tnh\u1eadn\tch\u00ecm\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tch\u00f3i\ttai\tc\u1ee7a\tgu\u1ed3ng\tm\u00e1y\tquay\tt\u00edt. R\u1ed3i\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tv\u0129\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u01b0\tduy\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u1ebfn,\t n\u00f3\t qu\u00e9t\t \u0111i\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng\t Ptolemy\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00ecnh\t c\u1ea7u\t v\u00e0 epicycle,\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u1ed9\t ra\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u1ea5u\t tr\u00fac\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ec7\t m\u1eb7t\t tr\u1eddi\t k\u00e9o\t d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn\th\u00f4m\tnay. Cu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t bao\t g\u1ed3m\t s\u1ef1\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t quan\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t m\u00e0\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u00ecn\tc\u00e1c\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\tNh\u01b0\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u00e0y\tra\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tepicycle.\tNh\u01b0ng\tCopernicus m\u1eddi\tch\u00fang\tta\th\u00e3y\tchuy\u1ec3n\tch\u1ed7\t\u1edf\tl\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tv\u00e0\tnh\u00ecn\tl\u1ea1i.\tThay\tv\u00ec m\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tcong\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u00f2ng\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eaft\tn\u00fat,\tqu\u1ef9\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd th\u1ea5y\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t trong\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t cong\t c\u01a1\t b\u1ea3n\t nh\u1ea5t\t -\t m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh\t ellip.\t Ch\u00fang\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i\t nh\u00ecn\t nh\u1eadn\t c\u00e1i\t h\u00e0nh\t tinh\t nh\u1ecf\t b\u00e9\t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ttr\u00ean\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129a\tg\u00ec\tl\u1edbn\ttrong\tc\u00e1i\ts\u01a1\t\u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed5ng\t th\u1ec3\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean;\t \u0111\u1ec3\t th\u00e1o\t g\u1ee1\t b\u00ed\t m\u1eadt\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u01a1\t \u0111\u1ed3\t n\u00e0y,\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i\t gi\u1ea3i\t t\u1ecfa\t s\u1ef1\t qu\u1ea5y\t r\u1ea7y\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t kh\u1ecfi\t c\u00e1c\t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t h\u00ecnh\t th\u00e0nh\t t\u1eeb\t quan\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t c\u1ee5c\t b\u1ed9\t m\u00e0\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3\t ch\u00fang\t ta quan\ts\u00e1t\tn\u00f3.\tM\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\tch\u1ee9\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t,\tl\u00e0\ttrung\tt\u00e2m\tth\u1eadt s\u1ef1\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u01a1\t \u0111\u1ed3\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadt\t -\t \u00edt\t nh\u1ea5t\t nh\u1eefng\t s\u1ef1\t v\u1eadt\t m\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t nh\u00e0\t thi\u00ean\t v\u0103n v\u00e0o\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t \u0111\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t quan\t t\u00e2m\t -\t v\u00e0\t b\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1ch\t chuy\u1ebfn\t c\u00e1ch\t nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta\tl\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi,\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ec7\th\u00e0nh\ttinh\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean s\u00e1ng\t s\u1ee7a.\t S\u1ef1\t c\u1ea7n\t thi\u1ebft\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u1ed9\t m\u00e1y\t phi\u1ec1n\t to\u00e1i\t c\u00e1c\t h\u00ecnh\t c\u1ea7u\t v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh\txe\t\u0111\u00e3\tbi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t m\u1ecdi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t b\u00e2y\t gi\u1edd\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t nh\u00ecn\t nh\u1eadn\t r\u1eb1ng\t h\u1ec7\t th\u1ed1ng","Ptolemy,\t v\u1ed1n\t xem\t qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t l\u00e0\t trung\t t\u00e2m\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1ea1n\t v\u1eadt,\t l\u00e0\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng\t th\u1eddi\t k\u1ef3\t t\u1ed1i\t t\u0103m.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t r\u1ed3i\t v\u1edbi\t s\u1ef1\t kinh\t ng\u1ea1c,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tr\u1eb1ng,\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f9ng\tc\u00e1ch\tnh\u00ecn\tl\u1ea5y\t\u0111\u1ecba\tc\u1ea7u\t l\u00e0m\ttrung\t t\u00e2m v\u1eabn\t c\u00f2n\t th\u1ea5m\t s\u00e2u\t xuy\u00ean\t su\u1ed1t\t ng\u00e0nh\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t h\u1ecdc\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t kh\u00f4ng nghi\t ng\u1edd\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t g\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u00e2y.\t C\u00f4ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t giao\t ph\u00f3\t cho Einstein\t \u0111\u1ec3\t d\u1eabn\t d\u1eaft\t ti\u1ebfp\t cu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t b\u1edfi Copernicus\t-\t\u0111\u1ec3\tgi\u1ea3i\tph\u00f3ng\tquan\tni\u1ec7m\tch\u00fang\tta\tv\u1ec1\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\tkh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c\t thi\u00ean\t l\u1ec7ch\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t du\t nh\u1eadp\t v\u00e0o\t n\u00f3\t b\u1edfi\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u1edbi\t h\u1ea1n\t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m\t g\u1eafn\t li\u1ec1n\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1eb7t\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta.\t \u0110\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ea1t\t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tkh\u00e1ch\tquan\th\u01a1n,\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t\t chuy\u1ebfn\t vi\u1ebfng\t th\u0103m\t m\u1ed9t\t thi\u00ean\t th\u1ec3\t kh\u00e1c.\t \u0110\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ec1\t t\u00e0i\t \u0111\u00e3\t thu h\u00fat\t c\u00e1c\t ti\u1ec3u\t thuy\u1ebft\t gia\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t ch\u00fang,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi\tv\u1ec1\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ed7i\tl\u1ea7m\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tkhi\tkh\u00f4ng\ts\u1edbm\tth\u00ec\tmu\u1ed9n\th\u1ecd\tqu\u00ean\t\u0111i ngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u00ecnh\tv\u00e0\ttrang\tb\u1ecb\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tphi\th\u00e0nh\tgia\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t lo\u1ea1i\t h\u00e0nh\t trang\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3\t thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng\t th\u00edch\t h\u1ee3p\t cho\t v\u00ec\t sao\t h\u1ecd\t \u0111ang\t th\u0103m\t vi\u1ebfng\t kia.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\t-\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tb\u1ea3n\tquy\u1ec1n\tc\u1ee7a\tti\u1ec3u\tthuy\u1ebft gia\t -\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0m\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u1ed7i\t ng\u1ed1c\t ngh\u1ebfch\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf.\t Theo\t ch\u00e2n Copernicus,\tkhi\t\u0111\u1ed3n\ttr\u00fa\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tth\u00ec\th\u1ecd\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tr\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd\t c\u1ea7n\t thi\u1ebft\t ph\u1ea3i\t b\u1ecf\t l\u1ea1i\t ph\u00eda\t sau\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t h\u00e0nh\t trang\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ea7n\t t\u00fay\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t \u0111\u1ea5t,\t \u0111\u00f3\t ch\u00ednh\t l\u00e0\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian v\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\tcon\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\ttr\u00ean\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tc\u00f3\tth\u00f3i\tquen\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tv\u1ecb c\u00e1c\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u00e3\t x\u1ea3y\t ra.\t S\u1ef1\t th\u1eadt\t l\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t tr\u00ean\t m\u1eb7t\t tr\u1eddi\t s\u1ebd v\u1eabn\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t v\u1ecb\t c\u00e1c\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u1ee7a\t anh\t ta\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian,\t n\u1ebfu\t anh\t ta\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t c\u00f9ng\t nh\u1eefng\t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eadn\t th\u1ee9c\t v\u00e0\t c\u00f9ng\t nh\u1eefng\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ph\u00e1p\t c\u1ee7a\t ph\u00e9p\t \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t nh\u01b0\t tr\u00ean\t tr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t;\t nh\u01b0ng\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian v\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\tkh\u00f4ng\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\ttr\u00ean\ttr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t,\tnh\u01b0\tch\u00fang\tta\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u1ea1i\tch\u1ee9ng\tki\u1ebfn.... C\u00e0ng\txem\tx\u00e9t\tk\u1ef9\tc\u00e1c\tqu\u00e1\ttr\u00ecnh\tm\u00e0\tqua\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00e1c\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tquy v\u1ec1\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\ttrong\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\tch\u00fang\tta\ts\u1ebd c\u00e0ng\t th\u1ea5y\t r\u00f5\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c\t t\u00ecnh\t hu\u1ed1ng\t c\u1ee5c\t b\u1ed9\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t tham\t gia m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t k\u1ec3\t trong\t \u0111\u00f3.\t Ch\u00fang\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t quy\u1ec1n\t ch\u1edd\t \u0111\u1ee3i, r\u1eb1ng\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\ttr\u1eddi\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t\tv\u1edbi\th\u1ec7\tch\u00fang\tta\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea5t,\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tquy\u1ec1n\tch\u1edd\t\u0111\u1ee3i\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00f3\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u00e2y.\t N\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t ch\u1ee9ng\t c\u1ee9\t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u1ec3\t h\u1ed7\t tr\u1ee3\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a\t Einstein,\t th\u00ec\t c\u0169ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t ti\u1ebfn\t b\u1ed9 l\u1eafm\t r\u1ed3i\t n\u1ebfu\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t v\u1ea1ch\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u1ea3o\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t ti\u1ec1m\t t\u00e0ng\t \u1edf\t l\u1ed1i\t t\u01b0\t duy","c\u0169\t -\t \u1ea3o\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t g\u00e1n\t t\u1ea7m\t quan\t tr\u1ecdng\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t v\u1edbi\t nhi\u1ec1u\t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecba\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\th\u01a1n\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\tv\u00e0o\tc\u00e1ch\tnh\u00ecn\ttr\u00ean\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tch\u00fang\tta \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea7n\t nghi\t v\u1ea5n.\t Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3\t d\u01b0\t th\u1eeba\t c\u00e1c\t ch\u1ee9ng\t c\u1ee9\t th\u1ef1c\t nghi\u1ec7m\t \u0111\u1ec3\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t v\u00e0\t t\u00ednh\t to\u00e1n s\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1c\tbi\u1ec7t\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tnh\u00e0\tquan\ts\u00e1t\t\u1edf\tnh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n\t c\u1ea3nh\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau.\t Nhi\u1ec1u\t ch\u1ee9ng\t c\u1ee9\t c\u00f3\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t qu\u00e1\t \u01b0\t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\t \u0111\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t tr\u00ecnh\t b\u00e0y\t \u1edf\t \u0111\u00e2y,\t v\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t ch\u1ec9\t k\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m Michelson-Morley.\t T\u00f4i\t s\u1ee3\t r\u1eb1ng\t v\u00e0i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t trong\t qu\u00fd\t v\u1ecb\t th\u1ef1c\t ra c\u0169ng\ts\u1ebd\tph\u1ea3i\tbu\u1ed3n\tt\u1ebb\tv\u1edbi\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tn\u00e0y;\tnh\u01b0ng\tnh\u1eefng\tai\t\u0111i\txem bu\u1ed5i\t di\u1ec5n\t v\u1edf\t Hamlet\t s\u1ebd\t ph\u1ea3i\t ch\u1ecbu\t \u0111\u1ef1ng\t ho\u00e0ng\t t\u1eed\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0110an\t M\u1ea1ch [...] Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t \u0111\u00f4i\t khi\t than\t phi\u1ec1n,\t k\u1ebft\t lu\u1eadn\t c\u1ee7a\t Einstein\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t v\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c quan\t s\u00e1t\t vi\u00ean\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t l\u00e0\t c\u00f3\t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng\t t\u1ea1o\t ra\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t huy\u1ec5n\t ho\u1eb7c\t cho\t m\u1ed9t\t hi\u1ec7n\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0\tl\u1ea1\tl\u00f9ng\tx\u00e9t\tt\u1eeb\tn\u1ed9i\tt\u1ea1i.\tCh\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u1ea5y\tr\u1eb1ng\tn\u00f3\tl\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c\t v\u00e0o\t s\u1ef1\t co\t l\u1ea1i\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t t\u1ecf\t ra\t r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9\t h\u1ee3p\t v\u1edbi\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ed5\t \u0111i\u1ec3n\t c\u1ee7a\t Maxwell.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t ngay\t c\u1ea3\t khi ch\u00fang\t ta\t th\u00e0nh\t c\u00f4ng\t trong\t vi\u1ec7c\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t cho\t ch\u00ednh\t ch\u00fang\t ta m\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\td\u1ec5\thi\u1ec3u,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\th\u1ec1\tl\u00e0m\tgi\u1ea3m\t\u0111i\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u00fang\tth\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a\t ph\u00e1t\t bi\u1ec3u!\t M\u1ed9t\t k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t m\u1edbi\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t di\u1ec5n\t t\u1ea3\t theo nhi\u1ec1u\tc\u00e1ch;\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tdi\u1ec5n\tt\u1ea3\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tnghe\t\u00edt\thuy\u1ec1n\tb\u00ed\th\u01a1n;\tnh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t kh\u00e1c\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t v\u1ea1ch\t r\u00f5\t ra\t \u0111\u00e2u\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t h\u1ec7\t qu\u1ea3\t trong\t vi\u1ec7c tu\tch\u1ec9nh\tv\u00e0\tm\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng\ttri\tth\u1ee9c\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta.\tCh\u00ednh\tv\u00ec\tl\u00fd\tdo\tsau\tm\u00e0 ch\u00fang\tta\tnh\u1ea5n\tm\u1ea1nh\tt\u00ednh\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\t-\tr\u1eb1ng\tchi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i\t v\u00e0\t kho\u1ea3ng\t c\u00e1ch\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau\t t\u00f9y\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u00e0o\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t quan\t s\u00e1t trong\tcu\u1ed9c.\tKho\u1ea3ng\tc\u00e1ch,\tkho\u1ea3ng\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ed1\th\u1ea1ng\tc\u0103n b\u1ea3n\tnh\u1ea5t\ttrong\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd;\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c,\tgia\tt\u1ed1c,\tl\u1ef1c,\tn\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\tv.v.\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u\tt\u00f9y\tthu\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0o\tch\u00fang;\tv\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\th\u1ea7u\tnh\u01b0\tkh\u00f3\tl\u00e0m\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u\t trong\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t li\u00ean\t quan\t gi\u00e1n\t ti\u1ebfp\t hay\t tr\u1ef1c\t ti\u1ebfp\t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.\t Ch\u1eafc\t ch\u1eafn\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t t\u1ed1t\t nh\u1ea5t\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ch\u1ec9\t ra\t nh\u1eefng\t h\u1ec7\t qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tm\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\th\u1ecdc\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1eeb\tph\u00e1t\tbi\u1ec3u,\tr\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng\t c\u00e1ch\t v\u00e0\t kho\u1ea3ng\t th\u1eddi\t gian,\t v\u00e0\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t v\u1eadt l\u00fd\tt\u00f9y\tthu\u1ed9c\tv\u00e0o\tch\u00fang,\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tli\u00ean\tquan,\tnh\u01b0\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1ea3\tthi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn\t nay,\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t g\u00ec\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t b\u00ean\t ngo\u00e0i,\t m\u00e0\t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tn\u1ebfu\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111i\tt\u1eeb\tquan\ts\u00e1t vi\u00ean\t n\u00e0y\t sang\t m\u1ed9t\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t vi\u00ean\t kia\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ec7\tqu\u1ea3\ttrong\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tkh\u00e1m\tph\u00e1\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00e9t\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0","m\u1ed9t\tm\u1ea3nh\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian,\tr\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111o\u1ea1n\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t m\u00e9t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t vi\u00ean,\t nh\u01b0ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00e0\t m\u01b0\u1eddi\t centim\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tvi\u00ean\tkh\u00e1c,\th\u1ec7\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tso\ts\u00e1nh\tv\u1edbi h\u1ec7\t qu\u1ea3\t trong\t kinh\t t\u1ebf\t c\u1ee7a\t vi\u1ec7c\t kh\u00e1m\t ph\u00e1\t r\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t B\u1ea3ng\t Anh kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ef1\t ph\u1ed3n\t vinh,\t m\u00e0 trong\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00ecnh\thu\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\\\"th\u1ef1c\tt\u1ebf\\\"\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tb\u1ea3y\thay s\u00e1u\txu\tth\u00f4i... Ptolemy\t tr\u00ean\t tr\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea5t,\t v\u00e0\t Copernicus\t tr\u00ean\t m\u1eb7t\t tr\u1eddi,\t c\u1ea3\t hai\t t\u01b0 duy\t v\u1ec1\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t b\u00ean\t ngo\u00e0i.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t nh\u1eefng\t kinh\t nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecd\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00ednh\t trong\t qu\u00e1\t tr\u00ecnh\t tr\u1ea3i\t nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u00e1c\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0\th\u1ecd\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tg\u1eafn\tch\u1eb7t\tv\u00e0o\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian -\tc\u00e1c\th\u1ec7\tkh\u00e1c\tnhau\tt\u00f9y\ttheo\tc\u00e1c\tho\u00e0n\tc\u1ea3nh\tc\u1ee5c\tb\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tquan s\u00e1t\t \u0111\u00e3\t tr\u1ea3i\t nghi\u1ec7m\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n.\t \u0110\u00f3\t l\u00e0,\t t\u00f4i\t xin\t tr\u00edch\t h\u1ecdc\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ee7a Kant,\t\\\"Kh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\td\u1ea1ng\tc\u1ee7a\tkinh\tnghi\u1ec7m\\\" [111].\tH\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\ts\u1eb5n\ttrong\ttr\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea5t.\tN\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tra b\u1edfi\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t quan\t s\u00e1t,\t v\u00e0\t l\u1ec7\t thu\u1ed9c\t v\u00e0o\t anh\t ta.\t V\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t m\u1ed1i\t quan\t h\u1ec7 kia\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tm\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111i\tt\u00ecm\tkhi\tn\u1ed7\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u1ec3\t\u0111\u1ea1t\t\u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1\t hi\u1ec3u\t bi\u1ebft\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5\t v\u1eadn\t h\u00e0nh\t th\u1ebf\t n\u00e0o,\t ph\u1ea3i\t n\u1eb1m\t trong\t b\u1ea3n\t th\u00e2n c\u00e1c\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tkhi\tch\u00fang\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1eafn\tt\u00f9y\tti\u1ec7n\tv\u00e0o\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu. \u0110i\u1ec1u\tnhi\u1ec1u\tnh\u1ea5t\tm\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\thy\tv\u1ecdng\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed7i\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu l\u00e0\tn\u00f3\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0m\tbi\u1ebfn\td\u1ea1ng\t\u0111i\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tv\u1ed1n\tnguy\u00ean\tth\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3\t c\u00f3,\t trong\t khi\t m\u1ed9t\t h\u1ec7\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ch\u1ecdn\t thi\u1ebfu\t c\u00e2n\t nh\u1eafc\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng\tt\u00ednh\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt... N\u1ebfu\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tth\u00e0nh\tc\u00f4ng\ttrong\tm\u1ee5c\tti\u00eau\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u00f4i,\tb\u1ea1n\t\u0111\u00e3\tnh\u1eadn\tra r\u1eb1ng\tcu\u1ed9c\tc\u00e1ch\tm\u1ea1ng\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tt\u01b0\tduy\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t trong\t chu\u1ed7i\t c\u00e1c\t cu\u1ed9c\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u1ea1ng\t v\u0129\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t \u1edf c\u00e1c\t th\u1eddi\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t trong\t l\u1ecbch\t s\u1eed\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc.\t Thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a\t Einstein,\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t t\u00ednh\t v\u00f4\t ch\u1eebng\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng gian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\t\u0111\u00e3\tk\u1ebft\tth\u00fac\tv\u1ebb\tvang\tc\u00f4ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tc\u1ee7a\tCopernicus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0a\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tch\u1ed7\tt\u1eeb\tb\u1ecf\ts\u1ef1\tb\u00e1m\tv\u00edu\tkh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta\tv\u00e0o\tquan\t\u0111i\u1ec3m\tl\u1ea5y\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0m\ttrung\tt\u00e2m\t\u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn\t v\u0169\t tr\u1ee5.\t Thuy\u1ebft\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t r\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t Einstein,\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u1ed9\t ra\t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t\t cong\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u00ecnh\t h\u1ecdc\t phi-Euclid\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u1ec7\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian v\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tti\u1ebfp\tn\u1ed1i\tc\u00e1c\t\u00fd\tngh\u0129\tph\u00f4i\tthai\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\tnh\u00e0\tthi\u00ean\tv\u0103n\th\u1ecdc\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\t\u0111\u00e2y,\tkhi\th\u1ecd\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tti\u00ean\tnghi\u1ec1n\tng\u1eabm\tv\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3\tn\u0103ng\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\tt\u1ed3n\tt\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\th\u1ecd\tn\u1eb1m\ttr\u00ean\tc\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\t\u0111\u00f3\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1eb3ng. 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V\u00e0\t qu\u1ea3\t th\u1ebf,\t hai\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t h\u1ed3\t c\u00f9ng\t ch\u1ec9\t m\u1ed9t\t gi\u1edd\t \u1edf\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd,\t nh\u01b0ng\t v\u1edbi\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n\t l\u00e0\t c\u1ea3\t hai\t tr\u1ea1m\t A,\t B\t ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean.\tTrong\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1ea1i,\tth\u1eddi\tgian\t\u0111\u1ec3\ttruy\u1ec1n\tt\u00edn\thi\u1ec7u\ts\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f2n\t b\u1eb1ng\t nhau\t cho\t c\u1ea3\t hai\t ph\u00eda\t n\u1eefa,\t b\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5\t tr\u1ea1m\t A ch\u1ea1y\t v\u1ec1\t ph\u00eda\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t ph\u00e1t\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t B,\t trong\t khi\t \u0111\u00f3\t B\t l\u1ea1i\t ch\u1ea1y\t xa kh\u1ecfi\t c\u00e1i\t t\u00edn\t hi\u1ec7u\t ph\u00e1t\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t A.\t Nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t h\u1ed3\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ch\u1ec9nh\t theo c\u00e1ch\t nh\u01b0\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t s\u1ebd\t kh\u00f4ng\t cho\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t th\u1ef1c\t n\u1eefa;\t c\u00e1i\t m\u00e0\t ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9\t b\u00e1o,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t c\u1ee5c\t b\u1ed9;\t c\u00e1i\t n\u00e0y\t s\u1ebd\t ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm\th\u01a1n\tc\u00e1i\tkia.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tg\u00ec,\tv\u00ec\tch\u00fang\tta kh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tc\u1ea3.\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tx\u1ea3y\tra\t\u1edf A,\tth\u00ed\td\u1ee5\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf,\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1ecb\tch\u1eadm\t\u0111i,\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u00fang\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tch\u1eadm\th\u1ec7t\tnh\u01b0 nhau,\tv\u00e0\tnh\u00e0\tquan\ts\u00e1t\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1eadn\tra\tv\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\th\u1ed3\tc\u1ee7a\tanh\tta\tc\u0169ng ch\u1ea1y\t ch\u1eadm;\t v\u1eady\t \u0111\u00fang\t nh\u01b0\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t b\u1ea3o,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t quan s\u00e1t\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tc\u00e1ch\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tbi\u1ebft\tanh\tta\t\u0111ang\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\thay chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng\t c\u0169ng\t ch\u01b0a\t \u0111\u1ee7,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u1ea7n\t th\u00eam\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t b\u1ed5 sung;\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ea5p\tnh\u1eadn\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tkhi\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb\t \u00e9p\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t theo\t chi\u1ec1u\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang.\t M\u1ed9t\t trong nh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\tk\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\ttr\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tb\u1ecb\tng\u1eafn\t\u0111i\tch\u1eebng\t1\/200.000.000 do\t s\u1ef1\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t h\u00e0nh\t tinh\t ch\u00fang\t ta,\t trong\t khi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh\t kh\u00e1c\t v\u1eabn\t gi\u1eef\t nguy\u00ean\t chi\u1ec1u\t d\u00e0i\t b\u00ecnh\t th\u01b0\u1eddng.\t V\u1eady\t nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c\t bi\u1ec7t\t nh\u1ecf\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t b\u00f9\t tr\u1eeb\t nhau.\t C\u00f2n\t gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t v\u1ec1\t c\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1c\tn\u00e0y,\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c\thay\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00e0n\th\u1ed3i,\ts\u1ebd\tb\u1ecb\tgi\u1ea3m\t\u0111i\ttheo\tm\u1ed9t t\u1ef7\t l\u1ec7\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t th\u1ebf\t gi\u1edbi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u1ecbnh\t ti\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ec1u,\t hay \u0111\u00fang\t h\u01a1n\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t l\u1ef1c\t th\u1eb3ng\t g\u00f3c\t v\u1edbi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\t t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn\tb\u1ecb\tgi\u1ea3m,\tc\u00f2n\tth\u00e0nh\tph\u1ea7n\tsong\tsong\tv\u1edbi\tn\u00f3\tth\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng.\tH\u00e3y\tl\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i\t th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5\t c\u1ee7a\t hai\t v\u1eadt\t mang\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u00edch,\t ch\u00fang\t \u0111\u1ea9y\t nhau\t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\tth\u1eddi\tn\u1ebfu\tc\u1ea3\thai\tb\u1ecb\tk\u00e9o\t\u0111i\tb\u1edfi\tm\u1ed9t\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u1ecbnh\tti\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ec1u th\u00ec\t ch\u00fang\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t coi\t nh\u01b0\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t v\u1edbi\t hai\t d\u00f2ng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t ch\u1ea1y","song\t song\t c\u00f9ng\t chi\u1ec1u,\t v\u00e0\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t ch\u00fang\t h\u00fat\t nhau.\t S\u1ee9c\t h\u00fat\t b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ecdc\tn\u00e0y\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u1ea5u\ttr\u1eeb\tch\u00fat\t\u00edt\tc\u00e1i\ts\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tra\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u0129nh h\u1ecdc,\tv\u00e0\tc\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tto\u00e0n\tph\u1ea7n\ty\u1ebfu\t\u0111i\th\u01a1n\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng\th\u1ee3p\tkhi\thai\tv\u1eadt\tn\u00e0y \u1edf\t trong\t tr\u1ea1ng\t th\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t v\u00ec\t \u0111\u1ec3\t \u0111o\t l\u01b0\u1eddng\t l\u1ef1c\t \u0111\u1ea9y\t ra n\u00e0y,\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i\t c\u00e2n\t b\u1eb1ng\t n\u00f3\t b\u1edfi\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u1ef1c\t kh\u00e1c,\t v\u00e0\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tb\u1ecb\tgi\u1ea3m\tthi\u1ec3u\t\u0111i\ttheo\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u1ef7\tl\u1ec7,\tcho\tn\u00ean\tch\u00fang\tta ch\u1eb3ng\tnh\u1eadn\tth\u1ea5y\tg\u00ec\tc\u1ea3. 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C\u00e1i\tg\u00ec\ts\u1ebd\tx\u1ea3y\tra\tn\u1ebfu\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tli\u00ean\tl\u1ea1c\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1eb1ng\tt\u00edn\thi\u1ec7u quang\t h\u1ecdc,\t m\u00e0\t h\u00e0ng\t t\u00edn\t hi\u1ec7u\t truy\u1ec1n\t \u0111i\t v\u1edbi\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t kh\u00e1c\t v\u1edbi\t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng?\t N\u1ebfu\t sau\t khi\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ch\u1ec9nh\t hai\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t h\u1ed3\t b\u1eb1ng\t quang h\u1ecdc,\tta\tmu\u1ed1n\tki\u1ec3m\ttra\tch\u00fang\tv\u1edbi\tt\u00edn\thi\u1ec7u\tm\u1edbi\tm\u1ebb\tn\u00e0y,\tta\ts\u1ebd\tnh\u1eadn ra\t l\u00e0\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t kh\u00e1c\t bi\u1ec7t,\t ch\u1ee9ng\t t\u1ecf\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t chung\t gi\u1eefa hai\ttr\u1ea1m.\tV\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tt\u00edn\thi\u1ec7u\tm\u1edbi\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u1ea3\td\u0129\tch\u0103ng n\u1ebfu\tta\tth\u1eeba\tnh\u1eadn\tv\u1edbi\tLaplace\tr\u1eb1ng\ttr\u1ecdng\tl\u1ef1c\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u0111i\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c nhanh\tg\u1ea5p\th\u00e0ng\ttri\u1ec7u\tl\u1ea7n\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng? V\u1eady\t th\u00ec\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t b\u1ea3o\t v\u1ec7\t ki\u00ean\t c\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u01a1n trong\tsu\u1ed1t\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tqua,\tnh\u01b0ng\tch\u00ednh\ts\u1ef1\tm\u00e3nh\tli\u1ec7t\tb\u1ecf\tra\t\u0111\u1ec3\tb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\tn\u00f3\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\tcu\u1ed9c\tt\u1ea5n\tc\u00f4ng\tnghi\u00eam\ttr\u1ecdng\tbi\u1ebft\tch\u1eebng\tn\u00e0o. *** B\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111\u1ec1\tc\u1eadp\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tNewton\tv\u1ec1\ts\u1ef1\tb\u00ecnh\t\u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ea3n\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng.\tNguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tn\u00e0y\tli\u00ean\th\u1ec7\tm\u1eadt\tthi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\ttr\u00ean,\tv\u00e0\th\u1ea7u\tnh\u01b0\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ee5p\t\u0111\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1i\tn\u00e0y\tc\u0169ng\ts\u1ebd\tk\u00e9o theo\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ee5p\t\u0111\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1i\tkia.\tCho\tn\u00ean\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tng\u1ea1c\tnhi\u00ean\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ebd\tl\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng\tki\u1ebfn\tc\u0169ng\tb\u1ea5y\tnhi\u00eau\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u1eeb,\ttheo\tthuy\u1ebft\tLorentz,\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\tl\u00e0 do\t s\u1ef1\t d\u1ecbch\t ch\u1ed7\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ea1t\t nh\u1ecf\t mang\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u00edch,\t hay\t electron, ch\u00ecm\t ng\u1eadp\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t m\u00f4i\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t m\u00e0\t ta\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0\t ether.\t Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\telectron\tn\u00e0y\tt\u1ea1o\tn\u00ean\tnh\u1eefng\tnhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\ttrong\tv\u00f9ng ether\tg\u1ea7n\tn\u00f3;\tnhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\tn\u00e0y\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u0111i\ttheo\tkh\u1eafp\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng,\tv\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tl\u01b0\u1ee3t\tnh\u1eefng\telectron\tkh\u00e1c,\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng\tb\u1ecb\tlay\tchuy\u1ec3n\tkhi\tnh\u1eefng\tnhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tph\u1ea7n\tether n\u1eb1m\tb\u00ean\tc\u1ea1nh\tch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng\telectron\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tt\u00e1c\tv\u1edbi\tnhau,\tnh\u01b0ng\tt\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng\t tr\u1ef1c\t ti\u1ebfp\t m\u00e0\t th\u00f4ng\t qua\t ether\t l\u00e0m\t trung\t gian.\t Trong","nh\u1eefng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tki\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u00f3,\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f3\ts\u1ef1\tb\u00f9\ttr\u1eeb\tgi\u1eefa\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tv\u00e0\tph\u1ea3n\tt\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\t kh\u00f4ng,\t \u00edt\t ra\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t vi\u00ean\t ch\u1ec9\t quan\t t\u00e2m\t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t,\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0\t c\u1ee7a\t electron,\t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00e0o\t b\u1ecf\t qua\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t ether\t b\u1edfi\t anh\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn\t th\u1ea5y\t n\u00f3?\t R\u00f5\t r\u00e0ng\t l\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t M\u00e0\t d\u1eabu\t c\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t b\u00f9\t tr\u1eeb ch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c\tth\u00ec\tn\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tx\u1ea3y\tra\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tth\u1eddi\tngay\tl\u1eadp\tt\u1ee9c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1\t nhi\u1ec5u\t lo\u1ea1n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t truy\u1ec1n\t \u0111i\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t h\u1eefu\t h\u1ea1n,\t n\u00f3\t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u00ean\telectron\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u00ec\tkhi\telectron\t\u0111\u1ea7u\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1eeb\tl\u00e2u\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\tr\u1ed3i. Electron\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u00ec\tch\u1ecbu\tt\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tch\u1eadm\ttr\u1ec5\tc\u1ee7a\telectron\t\u0111\u1ea7u,\tnh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc\t ch\u1eafn\t l\u00e0\t v\u00e0o\t th\u1eddi\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t \u1ea5y\t electron\t th\u1ee9\t nh\u00ec\t kh\u00f4ng\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean\telectron\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tn\u1eefa\tv\u00ec\tchung\tquanh\tn\u00f3\tm\u1ecdi\tc\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ec1u\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\tr\u1ed3i. Ph\u00e2n\tt\u00edch\tnh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\ttr\u00ean\tcho\tph\u00e9p\tch\u00fang\tta\tn\u00f3i\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c h\u01a1n.\t H\u00e3y\t m\u01b0\u1eddng\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ch\u1eb3ng\t h\u1ea1n\t m\u1ed9t\t m\u00e1y\t k\u00edch\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u1eeb\t c\u1ee7a Hertz\tgi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e1i\tm\u00e0\tta\td\u00f9ng\ttrong\tm\u00e1y\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tb\u00e1o\tv\u00f4\ttuy\u1ebfn. M\u00e1y\tk\u00edch\tn\u00e0y\tph\u00e1t\tra\tn\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\ttheo\tkh\u1eafp\tchi\u1ec1u\th\u01b0\u1edbng,\tnh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tgh\u00e9p\tn\u00f3\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tg\u01b0\u01a1ng\tparabol\tnh\u01b0\tHertz\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m v\u1edbi\t nhi\u1ec1u\t m\u00e1y\t k\u00edch\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t nh\u1ecf,\t m\u1ee5c\t \u0111\u00edch\t \u0111\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ph\u00e1t\t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\ttheo\tm\u1ed9t\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t. Theo\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t th\u00ec\t c\u00e1i\t g\u00ec\t s\u1ebd\t x\u1ea3y\t ra?\t M\u00e1y\t k\u00edch\t n\u00e0y\t s\u1ebd\t b\u1ecb\t gi\u1eadt\t l\u00f9i \u0111i,\t v\u00ec\t n\u00f3\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t coi\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t kh\u1ea9u\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t b\u00e1c\t v\u00e0\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ph\u00e1t\t ra t\u1ef1a\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t vi\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ea1n,\t nh\u01b0ng\t c\u00e1i\t n\u00e0y\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u1eadp\t v\u1edbi\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd Newton\t v\u00ec\t vi\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ea1n\t b\u1eafn\t ra\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\t n\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tm\u00e0\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tn\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t n\u00e0y\t c\u0169ng\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t ng\u1ecdn\t h\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u0103ng\t mang\t g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n\tchi\u1ebfu\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tc\u0169ng\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tnhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\tc\u1ee7a\t\u0111i\u1ec7n- t\u1eeb\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\t Ng\u1ecdn\t h\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u0103ng\t n\u00e0y\t ph\u1ea3i\t gi\u1eadt\t l\u00f9i\t v\u00ec\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng\t n\u00f3\t chi\u1ebfu ra\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t vi\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ea1n.\t L\u1ef1c\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u00e0m\t cho\t ng\u1ecdn\t h\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u0103ng\t ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i\t l\u1ea1i\t l\u00e0\t g\u00ec?\t \u0110\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t g\u1ecdi\t l\u00e0\t \u00e1p\t su\u1ea5t\t Maxwell-Bartholdi. N\u00f3\t r\u1ea5t\t nh\u1ecf\t v\u00e0\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t kh\u00f3\t nh\u1ecdc\t l\u1eafm\t m\u1edbi\t ph\u00e1t\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng\tb\u1ee9c\tx\u1ea1\tk\u1ebf\tr\u1ea5t\tnh\u1ea1y,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\tl\u00e0 \u00e1p\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ph\u00e1t\t ra\t t\u1eeb\t m\u00e1y\t k\u00edch\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t r\u01a1i\t v\u00e0o\t m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y\tthu,\tm\u00e1y\tn\u00e0y\tx\u1eed\ts\u1ef1\tnh\u01b0\tn\u00f3\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tva\t\u0111\u1eadp\tc\u01a1\tkh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i\t di\u1ec7n\t cho\t s\u1ef1\t b\u00f9\t tr\u1eeb\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u00e1y\t k\u00edch\t b\u1ecb\t gi\u1eadt\t l\u00f9i;\t v\u1eady\t ph\u1ea3n\t l\u1ef1c\t s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng\t l\u1ef1c\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng,\t nh\u01b0ng\t ph\u1ea3n\t l\u1ef1c\t n\u00e0y\t l\u1ea1i\t x\u1ea3y\t ra\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi,\t m\u00e1y\t thu\t s\u1ebd\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t ti\u1ebfn\t l\u00ean,\t nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t l\u00fac\tkhi\tm\u00e1y\tk\u00edch\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tgi\u1eadt\tl\u00f9i.\tN\u1ebfu\tn\u0103ng\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\ttruy\u1ec1n\t\u0111i\tm\u00e3i\tm\u00e0","kh\u00f4ng\tg\u1eb7p\tm\u00e1y\tthu\tn\u00e0o,\ts\u1ef1\tb\u00f9\ttr\u1eeb\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tbao\tgi\u1edd\tx\u1ea3y\tra\tc\u1ea3. C\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t cho\t r\u1eb1ng,\t kho\u1ea3ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t ng\u0103n\t c\u00e1ch\t m\u00e1y k\u00edch\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tv\u00e0\tm\u00e1y\tthu\tm\u00e0\tnhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\tph\u1ea3i\tch\u1ea1y\txuy\u00ean\tqua\tt\u1eeb\tm\u00e1y n\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u00e1y\tkia,\tkho\u1ea3ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1eb3ng\tr\u1ed7ng,\tm\u00e0\ttr\u00e0n\t\u0111\u1ea7y ether\tv\u00e0\tc\u1ea3\tkh\u00f4ng\tkh\u00ed\tn\u1eefa,\thay\tc\u1ea3\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tgi\u1eefa\tc\u00e1c h\u00e0nh\ttinh\tc\u00f3\tch\u1ee9a\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ea5t\tl\u1ecfng\ttinh\tr\u00f2ng\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u00f3;\tr\u1eb1ng\tv\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y,\t c\u0169ng\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t m\u00e1y\t thu,\t s\u1ebd\t nh\u1eadn\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t va\t \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o\t th\u1eddi\t \u0111i\u1ec3m\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u1eadp\t l\u00ean,\t v\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t c\u0169ng\t gi\u1eadt\t l\u00f9i\t v\u1ec1\t khi\t s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\tr\u1eddi\tb\u1ecf\tn\u00f3.\t\u0110i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u00e3n\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tNewton, nh\u01b0ng\tl\u1ea1i\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u00fang. N\u1ebfu\t n\u0103ng\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t trong\t khi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u00fac\t n\u00e0o\t c\u0169ng\t g\u1eafn\t b\u00f3 v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadt\t li\u1ec7u,\t th\u00ec\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t khi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t mang\t theo\t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\tv\u1edbi\tn\u00f3,\tv\u00e0\tFizeau\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tth\u1ebf,\t\u00edt\tnh\u1ea5t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t kh\u00f4ng\t kh\u00ed.\t \u0110\u00f3\t ch\u00ednh\t l\u00e0\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t m\u00e0\t th\u1ef1c\t nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u1ee7a Michelson\tv\u00e0\tMorley\t\u0111\u00e3\tkh\u1eb3ng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t r\u1eb1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt\tch\u1ea5t\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u00f9\ttr\u1eeb\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c\tb\u1edfi\tether,\tnh\u01b0ng\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111\u01b0a\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t\t nh\u1eadn\t x\u00e9t\t nh\u01b0\t tr\u00ean.\t Nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3,\t b\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t v\u1edbi\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ef3\t nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t n\u00e0o\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\t l\u00fac\t n\u00e0o\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u0169ng\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tra\tnh\u1eefng\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tgi\u1ea3\tt\u01b0\u1edfng\t\u0111\u1ec3\tb\u00f9\ttr\u1eeb. Nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t m\u1ecdi\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t th\u00ec\t n\u00f3\t l\u1ea1i\t kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap\t \u00edch\t ta\t ti\u00ean\t \u0111o\u00e1n\t c\u00e1i\t g\u00ec\t h\u1ebft;\t n\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t cho\t ph\u00e9p\t ta\t ch\u1ecdn\t l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u1ea3\t thuy\u1ebft\t kh\u00e1c\t nhau,\t v\u00ec\t n\u00f3\t \u0111\u00e3\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t ngay\t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc\tr\u1ed3i.\tV\u1eady\tth\u00ec\tn\u00f3\ttr\u1edf\tn\u00ean\tv\u00f4\t\u00edch. V\u00e0\t l\u1ea1i\t nh\u1eefng\t gi\u1ea3\t thuy\u1ebft\t c\u1ea7n\t thi\u1ebft\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u01b0a\t ra\t v\u1ec1\t nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tether\tl\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ecfa\t\u0111\u00e1ng\tl\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu\t nh\u01b0\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u00edch\t t\u0103ng\t l\u00ean\t g\u1ea5p\t \u0111\u00f4i,\t c\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\t nhi\u00ean ta\t s\u1ebd\t m\u01b0\u1eddng\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t c\u1ee7a\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1eed\t ether\t c\u0169ng\t t\u0103ng\t l\u00ean nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf,\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t b\u00f9\t tr\u1eeb,\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t trung\t b\u00ecnh\t c\u1ee7a\t ether\t l\u1ea1i\t t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p\tb\u1ed1n\tl\u1ea7n. Ch\u00ednh\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tm\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\tl\u00e2u\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tngh\u0129\tr\u1eb1ng\tnh\u1eefng\th\u1ec7\tqu\u1ea3\tn\u00e0y\tc\u1ee7a l\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft,\tv\u1ed1n\ttr\u00e1i\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u1edbi\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tNewton,\ts\u1ebd\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y\tn\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\t b\u1ecb\t b\u1ecf\t \u0111i,\t v\u1eady\t m\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u00e2y\t v\u1ec1\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a\t electron\t ph\u00e1t\t ra\t b\u1edfi\t nguy\u00ean\t t\u1ed1\t radium\t g\u1ea7n\t nh\u01b0\t l\u1ea1i\t mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tch\u00fang.","*** T\u00f4i\t b\u00e0n\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t Lavoisier\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ef1\t b\u1ea3o\t to\u00e0n\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1ef1c\t t\u1ebf\t \u0111\u00e2y\t l\u00e0\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t m\u00e0\t n\u1ebfu\t \u0111\u1ee5ng\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t n\u00f3\t th\u00ec\t ch\u00fang\t ta kh\u00f4ng\tkh\u1ecfi\tl\u00e0m\tlung\tlay\tng\u00e0nh\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc. M\u00e0\t r\u1ed3i\t ng\u00e0y\t nay\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t tin\t r\u1eb1ng,\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ec9\t v\u00ec\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t quan\t t\u00e2m\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t nh\u1ecf\t th\u00f4i,\t nh\u01b0ng\t n\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f2n\t \u0111\u00fang\t n\u1eefa\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt\t c\u00f3\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t g\u1ea7n\t b\u1eb1ng\t \u00e1nh\t s\u00e1ng.\t V\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t cao\t n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t tin,\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t th\u1ef1c\t hi\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c;\t nh\u1eefng\t tia\t \u00e2m\t c\u1ef1c\t v\u00e0\t tia ph\u00f3ng\t x\u1ea1\t c\u1ee7a\t radium\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t t\u1ea1o\t n\u00ean\t b\u1edfi\t nh\u1eefng\t h\u1ea1t\t r\u1ea5t\t nh\u1ecf, hay\telectron,\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tch\u1eafc\tch\u1eafn\tnh\u1ecf\th\u01a1n\tso\tv\u1edbi\t\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\tnh\u01b0ng\tc\u0169ng\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tm\u01b0\u1eddi\thay\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tba\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng\ttia\telectron\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tb\u1ecb\tl\u1ec7ch\tcong\t\u0111i\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\thay t\u1eeb\ttr\u01b0\u1eddng,\tv\u00e0\tkhi\tso\ts\u00e1nh\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ed9\tl\u1ec7ch\t\u0111\u00f3\tta\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f9ng\tl\u00fac\t\u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u1ea3\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t c\u00f9ng\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u1ee7a\t electron\t (hay\t r\u00f5\t h\u01a1n\t t\u1ef7\t s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t tr\u00ean\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u00edch).\t Nh\u01b0ng\t khi\t th\u1ea5y\t r\u1eb1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c\t\u0111\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ea1t\tt\u1edbi\tg\u1ea7n\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng,\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\tnh\u00ecn\tnh\u1eadn\tm\u1ed9t\thi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh\tl\u00e0\tc\u1ea7n\tthi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng\t ph\u00e2n\t t\u1eed\t mang\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u00edch\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\t l\u00e0m\t lay\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t m\u00f4i\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t ether;\t \u0111\u1ec3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n\tph\u1ea3i\tchi\u1ebfn\tth\u1eafng\tc\u1ea3\thai\tl\u1ef1c\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh,\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00ednh\tph\u00e2n\tt\u1eed, v\u00e0\tc\u00f2n\tc\u1ee7a\tether\tn\u1eefa.\tKh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tt\u1ed5ng\tqu\u00e1t\thay\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tbi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn\tm\u00e0\tta\t\u0111o\tl\u01b0\u1eddng\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3\tg\u1ed3m\tc\u00f3\thai\tph\u1ea7n,\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tth\u1ef1c\thay kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ee7a\t ph\u00e2n\t t\u1eed\t v\u00e0\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t h\u1ecdc,\t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n\tcho\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tether. Nh\u1eefng\t t\u00ednh\t to\u00e1n\t c\u1ee7a\t Abraham\t v\u00e0\t th\u1ef1c\t nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u1ee7a Kauffmann\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t cho\t th\u1ea5y\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t th\u1ef1c\t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3,\tc\u00f2n\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u1ee7a\telectron,\thay\t\u00edt\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\telectron \u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u00edch\t\u00e2m\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tduy\tnh\u1ea5t\tl\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ecdc;\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a\t c\u1ee7a\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng;\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n\tbi\u1ec7t\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u01a1\tv\u00e0\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ecdc\tn\u1eefa,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec c\u00e1i\tth\u1ee9\tnh\u1ea5t\tbi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ea5t,\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tn\u00e0o\tkh\u00e1c\tngo\u00e0i\tqu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t trong\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n\tc\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tn\u1eefa\tm\u00e0\tt\u0103ng\ttheo\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c;\th\u01a1n\tn\u1eefa,\tn\u00f3\tc\u00f2n\tt\u00f9y\tthu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tc\u1ee7a\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng.\tM\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u00f3\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1ng\tk\u1ec3\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1ef1c\t\u00e1p\tl\u00ean\tn\u00f3\tnh\u1eb1m\tk\u00e9o\tn\u00f3\tra\tkh\u1ecfi","qu\u1ef9\t\u0111\u1ea1o\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh\tnh\u01b0\tch\u1ed1ng\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1ef1c\tc\u00f3 khuynh\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tl\u00e0m\tt\u0103ng\thay\tgi\u1ea3m\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tn\u00f3\ttr\u00ean\tqu\u1ef9\t\u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3. C\u00f2n\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t s\u00e1ch\t n\u1eefa:\t nh\u1eefng\t th\u00e0nh\t ph\u1ea7n\t cu\u1ed1i\t c\u00f9ng\t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t electron,\t c\u00e1i\t th\u00ec\t mang\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t t\u00edch\t \u00e2m,\t c\u00e1i\t th\u00ec mang\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\tt\u00edch\td\u01b0\u01a1ng.\tElectron\t\u00e2m\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t hi\u1ec3u;\t nh\u01b0ng\t electron\t d\u01b0\u01a1ng,\t theo\t hi\u1ec3u\t bi\u1ebft\t \u00edt\t \u1ecfi\t ng\u00e0y nay\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t ta,\t th\u00ec\t d\u01b0\u1eddng\t nh\u01b0\t l\u1edbn\t h\u01a1n\t nhi\u1ec1u.\t C\u00f3\t l\u1ebd\t nh\u1eefng electron\t d\u01b0\u01a1ng\t ngo\u00e0i\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0111i\u1ec7n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t h\u1ecdc,\t ch\u00fang\t c\u00f2n\t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tth\u1eadt\tn\u1eefa.\tKh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tth\u1eadt\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fac\t\u0111\u00f3\ts\u1ebd l\u00e0\t t\u1ed5ng\t c\u1ed9ng\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t electron\t d\u01b0\u01a1ng\t n\u00e0y;\t c\u00e1c electron\t \u00e2m\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ebfm;\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a\t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng\t than\t \u00f4i,\t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\t s\u00e1ch\t n\u00e0y\t c\u0169ng\t v\u01b0\u1ee3t\t kh\u1ecfi\t t\u1ea7m\t tay\t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\t ta.\t H\u00e3y\t nh\u1edb\t l\u1ea1i\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t m\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t nh\u1eadn\t x\u00e9t\t v\u1ec1\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u1ed1\t g\u1eafng\t \u0111\u1ec3\t b\u00e1o\t v\u1ec7\t n\u00f3.\t Kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tl\u00e0\tc\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ee9u\tv\u00e3n\tm\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tnghi ng\u1edd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m\tc\u1ee7a\tMichelson. \u0110\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u1eefng\t k\u1ebft\t qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u00f3,\t nh\u01b0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y\t \u1edf\t tr\u00ean,\t Lorentz\t bu\u1ed9c\t ph\u1ea3i\t gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t l\u00e0\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ef3 ngu\u1ed3n\tg\u1ed1c\tt\u1eeb\t\u0111\u00e2u\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1ecb\tgi\u1ea3m\t\u0111i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00f9ng\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\ts\u1ed1\tkhi\t\u1edf\ttrong m\u1ed9t\t m\u00f4i\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1eb3ng\t \u0111\u1ec1u.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ee7.\tCh\u01b0a\t\u0111\u1ee7\tn\u1ebfu\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1ec9\t\u0111\u00fang\tcho\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1ef1c\tth\u1eadt,\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i\t \u0111\u00fang\t th\u00eam\t cho\t c\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh.\t \u00d4ng\t n\u00f3i\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t c\u00e1c\t h\u1ea1t\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t b\u1ecb\t \u1ea3nh\t h\u01b0\u1edfng\t \u1edf\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ee9c\t \u0111\u1ed9\t b\u1edfi\t s\u1ef1\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\telectron. Nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t nh\u1eefng\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t c\u0169ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t bi\u1ebfn\t thi\u00ean\t theo c\u00f9ng\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ecdc;\tch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\tl\u00e0\th\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ed1. T\u00f4i\tc\u00f3\tc\u1ea7n\tn\u00f3i\tth\u00eam\tr\u1eb1ng\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ee5p\t\u0111\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd\tLavoisier\tl\u00f4i theo\t n\u00f3\t s\u1ef1\t s\u1ee5p\t \u0111\u1ed5\t c\u1ee7a\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t Newton?\t \u0110i\u1ec1u\t n\u00e0y\t c\u00f3\t ngh\u0129a\t l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng\t t\u00e2m\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadt\t c\u00f4\t l\u1eadp\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t theo\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng;\t nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t h\u1eb1ng\t s\u1ed1\t th\u00ec\t c\u0169ng\t ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3\t tr\u1ecdng\t t\u00e2m\t n\u1eefa,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u1eb3ng\t ai\t bi\u1ebft\t v\u1eadt\t \u0111\u00f3\t th\u1ef1c\t s\u1ef1\t l\u00e0\t g\u00ec.\t V\u00ec\t th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t n\u00f3i\t \u1edf\t tr\u00ean,\t nh\u1eefng\t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t tia\t \u00e2m\t c\u1ef1c h\u1ea7u\tnh\u01b0\tbi\u1ec7n\tminh\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u1edd\tv\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tLorentz\tv\u1ec1\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd","Newton. T\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tk\u1ebft\tqu\u1ea3\ttr\u00ean,\tn\u1ebfu\tch\u00fang\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tx\u00e1c\tnh\u1eadn,\ts\u1ebd\txu\u1ea5t\thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t\t ng\u00e0nh\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t m\u1edbi\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t tr\u01b0ng\t tr\u00ean\t h\u1ebft\t b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y,\tr\u1eb1ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tn\u00e0o\tv\u01b0\u1ee3t\tqua\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c\tc\u1ee7a\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng,\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tnhi\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed9\tn\u00e0o\th\u1ea1\txu\u1ed1ng\tth\u1ea5p h\u01a1n\tnhi\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed9\t0\u00b0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ts\u1ebd\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh t\u0103ng\t d\u1ea7n\t l\u00ean\t \u0111\u1ec3\t ch\u1ed1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u1ea1i\t c\u00e1c\t nguy\u00ean\t nh\u00e2n\t l\u00e0m\t t\u0103ng\t t\u1ed1c\t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang,\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t n\u00e0y\t tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh\t v\u00f4\t h\u1ea1n\t khi\t ta ti\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tg\u1ea7n\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t nh\u00e0\t quan\t s\u00e1t,\t b\u1ecb\t cu\u1ed1n\t theo\t b\u1edfi\t m\u1ed9t\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00e0\t anh\t ta\t kh\u00f4ng\t hay\t bi\u1ebft,\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t bi\u1ec3u\t ki\u1ebfn\t n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t\tn\u1ed5i\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng;\tnh\u01b0\tv\u1eady\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tm\u00e2u\tthu\u1eabn,\tn\u1ebfu\tch\u00fang\tta\tnh\u1edb l\u1ea1i\t r\u1eb1ng\t nh\u00e0\t quan\t s\u00e1t\t \u1ea5y\t kh\u00f4ng\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t h\u1ed3\t nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean\t m\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t h\u1ed3\t kh\u00e1c\t ch\u1ec9\t b\u00e1o\t \\\"th\u1eddi\t gian\t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9\\\". Ch\u00fang\t ta\t nay\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t di\u1ec7n\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e2u\t h\u1ecfi\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u1eb7t\t ra\t th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tn\u1eefa\tth\u00ec\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tNewton\tra\tsao? Kh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tc\u00f3\thai\tm\u1eb7t,\tn\u00f3\tv\u1eeba\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\th\u1ec7\ts\u1ed1\tc\u1ee7a\tqu\u00e1n\tt\u00ednh,\tv\u1eeba l\u00e0\tkh\u1ed1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u1eeba\ts\u1ed1\tc\u1ee7a\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ea5p\td\u1eabn\tNewton. N\u1ebfu\t h\u1ec7\t s\u1ed1\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i,\t kh\u1ed1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tkh\u00f4ng?\t\u0110\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e2u\th\u1ecfi... \u0110\u1ee9ng\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1ee5p\t\u0111\u1ed5\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd,\tng\u00e0nh\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tto\u00e1n s\u1ebd\tc\u00f3\tth\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ed9\tg\u00ec? Tr\u00ean\th\u1ebft,\tv\u1ea5n\t\u0111\u1ec1\tl\u00e0\tt\u00ecm\tra\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tm\u1ed9t\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tth\u1ecfa\tm\u00e3n\th\u01a1n\tv\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\th\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng.\t\u0110\u00f3\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ec1\tt\u00e0i m\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tkh\u00f3\tkh\u0103n\th\u1ed9i\tt\u1ee5\tl\u1ea1i,\tnh\u01b0\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tch\u1ee9ng\tt\u1ecf\tkh\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ea7y\t\u0111\u1ee7\t\u1edf tr\u00ean;\t r\u00f5\t r\u00e0ng\t d\u00f9\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t ph\u1ea3i\t \\\"ch\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ed1ng\\\"\t c\u00e1c\t gi\u1ea3\t thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng\tch\u00fang\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tth\u1ecfa\tm\u00e3n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tnguy\u00ean l\u00fd\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u00fac;\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t nay,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111\u00e3\t c\u1ee9u\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u00e1i\t n\u00e0y\t v\u1edbi\t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\t l\u00e0\t ph\u1ea3i\t hy\t sinh\t nh\u1eefng\t c\u00e1i\t kia;\t nh\u01b0ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t m\u1ecdi\t hy v\u1ecdng\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tti\u00eau\ttan.\tCh\u00fang\tta\th\u00e3y\tl\u1ea5y\tl\u00fd\tthuy\u1ebft\tc\u1ee7a\tLorentz,\txoay \u0111\u1ed5i\t n\u00f3\t theo\t \u0111\u1ee7\t chi\u1ec1u,\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t n\u00f3\t d\u1ea7n\t d\u1ea7n\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u1eebng\t m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c\ts\u1eafp\tx\u1ebfp\t\u0111\u00e2u\tv\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ea5y. Do\t \u0111\u00f3,\t thay\t v\u00ec\t gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t r\u1eb1ng\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t khi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ef1\t co\t l\u1ea1i\t theo\t chi\u1ec1u\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1i\t co\t r\u00fat\t \u0111\u00f3\t l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nhau\t cho\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t m\u1ecdi\t v\u1eadt,\t b\u1ea5t\t k\u1ef3\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt","th\u1ec3\tn\u00e0y\tv\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1c\tt\u00e1c\td\u1ee5ng\tl\u00ean\tn\u00f3\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf\tn\u00e0o,\tth\u00ec\tt\u1ea1i\tsao\tta kh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u01b0a\tra\tm\u1ed9t\tgi\u1ea3\tthi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u01a1n\tgi\u1ea3n\tv\u00e0\tt\u1ef1\tnhi\u00ean\th\u01a1n? Th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5\t ch\u1eb3ng\t h\u1ea1n\t ta\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t m\u01b0\u1eddng\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ch\u00ednh\t ether\t s\u1ebd\t b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t khi\t n\u00f3\t \u1edf\t trong\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t v\u1eadt\t ch\u1ea5t\t m\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t xuy\u00ean\t qua,\t v\u00e0\t ether\t khi\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t n\u00f3\t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng\t truy\u1ec1n\t \u0111i\t nh\u1eefng\t nhi\u1ec5u\t lo\u1ea1n\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00f9ng\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t theo kh\u1eafp\tc\u00e1c\th\u01b0\u1edbng.\tN\u00f3\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\ttruy\u1ec1n\tnhanh\th\u01a1n\tnh\u1eefng\tnhi\u1ec1u\tlo\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t song\t song\t c\u00f9ng\t hay\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t chi\u1ec1u\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm\th\u01a1n\tnh\u1eefng\tnhi\u1ec5u\tlo\u1ea1n\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttheo\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tth\u1eb3ng\tg\u00f3c. Nh\u1eefng\t b\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t s\u00f3ng\t s\u1ebd\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f2n\t l\u00e0\t h\u00ecnh\t c\u1ea7u\t n\u1eefa\t m\u00e0\t l\u00e0\t h\u00ecnh ellipsoid\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ch\u1eb3ng\t c\u1ea7n\t c\u00e1i\t gi\u1ea3\t thi\u1ebft\t co\t r\u00fat\t k\u1ef3\t l\u1ea1\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tn\u1eefa.\tT\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\tk\u1ec3\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tn\u00e0y\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00ed\td\u1ee5\tth\u00f4i,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\tta c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tth\u1eed\tv\u00f4\th\u1ea1n\tc\u00e1ch\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i. *** Ta\ts\u1ebd\tm\u1edf\tr\u1ed9ng\tra\ttheo\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tn\u00e0o,\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u00fang\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3 d\u1ef1\t ki\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c;\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00fd\t thuy\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t h\u1ecdc\t ch\u1ea5t\t kh\u00ed\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t tri\u1ec3n khai\tv\u00e0\td\u1ecdn\td\u01b0\u1eddng\tnh\u01b0\tm\u00f4\th\u00ecnh\tcho\tnh\u1eefng\tng\u00e0nh\tkh\u00e1c.\tKhi\t\u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng\ts\u1ef1\tki\u1ec7n\tban\t\u0111\u1ea7u\ttho\u00e1ng\ttr\u00f4ng\tnh\u01b0\tgi\u1ea3n\td\u1ecb\tv\u1edbi\tch\u00fang\tta\ts\u1ebd ch\u1ec9\t c\u00f2n\t l\u00e0\t t\u1ed5ng\t h\u1ee3p\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ed1\t r\u1ea5t\t l\u1edbn\t nh\u1eefng\t s\u1ef1\t ki\u1ec7n\t s\u01a1\t c\u1ea5p\t chi ph\u1ed1i\tb\u1edfi\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tng\u1eabu\tnhi\u00ean\t\u0111\u1ec3\tcho\tch\u00fang\tquy\tv\u1ec1\tc\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u00edch.\t \u0110\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t v\u1eadt\t l\u00fd\t nh\u01b0\t v\u1eady\t s\u1ebd\t mang\t m\u1ed9t\t b\u1ed9\t m\u1eb7t\t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\tm\u1edbi\tl\u1ea1;\tn\u00f3\ts\u1ebd\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u01b0\u01a1ng\ttr\u00ecnh\tvi\tph\u00e2n\tm\u00e0\tc\u00f2n mang\t\u0111\u1eb7c\tt\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tlu\u1eadt\tth\u1ed1ng\tk\u00ea. C\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tch\u00fang\tta\tph\u1ea3i\tx\u00e2y\td\u1ef1ng\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u1ec1n\tc\u01a1\th\u1ecdc\tm\u1edbi\tch\u1ec9\tv\u1eeba\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh\t dung\t ch\u01b0a\t r\u00f5\t n\u00e9t\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t m\u1eaft\t ch\u00fang\t ta,\t trong\t \u0111\u00f3\t qu\u00e1n\t t\u00ednh t\u0103ng\tl\u00ean\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c,\t\u00e1nh\ts\u00e1ng\tl\u00e0\tgi\u1edbi\th\u1ea1n\tm\u00e0\tkh\u00f4ng\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tn\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t\t qua\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\t Ng\u00e0nh\t c\u01a1\t h\u1ecdc\t th\u00f4ng\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t s\u1ebd\t r\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u01a1n\t gi\u1ea3n\t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tb\u1ea3o\tt\u1ed3n\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tx\u1ea5p\tx\u1ec9\tb\u1eadc\tnh\u1ea5t,\tb\u1edfi\tv\u00ec\tn\u00f3\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u00fang\t\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tkh\u00f4ng\tl\u1edbn\tl\u1eafm,\tsao\tcho\tch\u00fang\tta\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tt\u00ecm l\u1ea1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ecdc\tc\u0169\ttrong\tn\u1ec1n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u1ef1c\th\u1ecdc\tm\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang\t ta\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t h\u1ed1i\t h\u1eadn\t v\u00ec\t \u0111\u00e3\t tin\t v\u00e0o\t c\u00e1c\t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd,\t v\u00e0,\t v\u00ec\t nh\u1eefng\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t qu\u00e1\t l\u1edbn\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1c\t c\u00f4ng\t th\u1ee9c\t c\u0169\t lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n\t ch\u1ec9\t l\u00e0\t ngo\u1ea1i\t l\u1ec7,\t n\u00ean\t trong\t \u1ee9ng\t d\u1ee5ng,\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t ch\u1eafc\t ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t l\u00e0m\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ec3\t v\u1eabn\t c\u00f2n\t ti\u1ebfp\t t\u1ee5c\t tin\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t v\u00e0o ch\u00fang.\tCh\u00fang\th\u00e3y\tc\u00f2n\tr\u1ea5t\th\u1eefu\t\u00edch\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tn\u1ed7i\tch\u00fang\tta\tph\u1ea3i\tc\u1ea5t\tgi\u1eef cho\t ch\u00fang\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u1ed7\t \u0111\u1ee9ng.\t Ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t lo\u1ea1i\t b\u1ecf\t ch\u00fang,\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u00f3","ngh\u0129a\tl\u00e0\tta\ts\u1ebd\tt\u1ef1\tt\u01b0\u1edbc\tb\u1ecf\t\u0111i\tm\u1ed9t\ttrong\tnh\u1eefng\tv\u0169\tkh\u00ed\tqu\u00fd\tb\u00e1u.\t\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft\t th\u00fac,\t t\u00f4i\t mu\u1ed1n\t n\u00f3i\t v\u00e0\t nh\u1ea5n\t m\u1ea1nh\t r\u1eb1ng\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ch\u01b0a\t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i\t \u1ea5y,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u01b0a\t c\u00f3\t g\u00ec\t ch\u1ee9ng\t minh\t r\u1eb1ng\t ch\u00fang\t s\u1ebd\t kh\u00f4ng\t b\u01b0\u1edbc\t ra kh\u1ecfi\ttr\u1eadn\tchi\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tth\u1eafng\tl\u1ee3i\tv\u00e0\tto\u00e0n\tv\u1eb9n. 5.\tIsaac\tNewton (1642\t-\t1727) C\u00e1c\tNguy\u00ean\tL\u00fd\tTo\u00e1n\tH\u1ecdc\tc\u1ee7a\tTri\u1ebft\tH\u1ecdc\tT\u1ef1\tNhi\u00ean (1687) N\u0103m\t1687\tcu\u1ed1n\ts\u00e1ch\tc\u00f3\tl\u1ebd\tquan\ttr\u1ecdng\tnh\u1ea5t\tra\t\u0111\u1eddi\t\u0111\u00e1nh\td\u1ea5u\tth\u1eddi k\u1ef3\tkhoa\th\u1ecdc\thi\u1ec7n\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u00e2n\tlo\u1ea1i,\tmang\tt\u00ean\t C\u00e1c\t nguy\u00ean\t l\u00fd\t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\t c\u1ee7a\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t (Philosophiae\t naturolis\t principia mathematical\t T\u00e1c\t gi\u1ea3\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t Isaac\t Newton,\t gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t Lucas (th\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u1ecdi\t theo\t t\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t s\u00e1ng\t l\u1eadp\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ee1\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t chi\u1ebfc\t gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o\t s\u01b0\t n\u00e0y)\t c\u1ee7a\t khoa\t to\u00e1n\t t\u1ea1i\t \u0110\u1ea1i\t h\u1ecdc\t Cambridge.\t Cu\u1ed1n\t s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi\tt\u1eaft\tl\u00e0\tPrincipia,\tC\u00e1c\tnguy\u00ean\tl\u00fd. M\u1ee5c\t\u0111\u00edch\tc\u1ee7a\tPrincipia,\tnh\u01b0\tt\u00ean\tg\u1ecdi\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tl\u00e0\tph\u00e1t\ttri\u1ec3n\tc\u00e1c\tc\u01a1\ts\u1edf to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc\t \u0111\u1ec3\t \u1ee9ng\t d\u1ee5ng\t v\u00e0o\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1ea5n\t \u0111\u1ec1\t c\u1ee7a\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t (khoa h\u1ecdc\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean),\t \u0111\u1eb7c\t bi\u1ec7t\t v\u00e0o\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t lu\u1eadt\t h\u1ea5p\t d\u1eabn\t v\u1ea1n\t v\u1eadt,\t \u0111\u1ec3\t l\u00e0m\t s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf\t ch\u00fang\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1ch\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c.\t Th\u1eddi\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t khoa\t h\u1ecdc\t ch\u00ednh\t x\u00e1c\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb\t Galilei\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t Newton\t th\u00ec\t l\u00ean\t t\u1edbi\t \u0111\u1ec9nh\t cao.\t \u0110\u1ec3\t l\u00e0m\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u00f3, Newton\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tti\u00ean\td\u1ef1ng\tl\u00ean\t\\\"s\u00e2n\tkh\u1ea5u\\\"\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tv\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tgian\tm\u00e0\t\u1edf \u0111\u00f3\tc\u00e1c\thi\u1ec7n\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\tv\u1eadt\tl\u00fd\tdi\u1ec5n\tra.\tNgay\ttrong\tph\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\tPrincipia, sau\t khi\t \u0111\u01b0a\t ra\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a\t c\u1ea7n\t thi\u1ebft,\t \u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00e3\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t trong\t m\u1ee5c\t B\u00ecnh\t lu\u1eadn\t v\u00e0\t Minh\t h\u1ecda (Scholium)\t nh\u01b0\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t tr\u00edch\t l\u1ea1i\t d\u01b0\u1edbi\t \u0111\u00e2y.\t \u00dd\t t\u01b0\u1edfng\t \u0111i\t t\u00ecm\t m\u1ed9t\t kh\u00f4ng gian\tc\u1ed1\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u00e0m\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu,\thay\tgi\u1ea3\tthi\u1ebft\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tnh\u01b0 th\u1ebf,\t l\u00e0\t trung\t t\u00e2m\t suy\t ngh\u0129\t c\u1ee7a\t \u00f4ng.\t C\u00e1i\t th\u00f9ng\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t quay\t n\u1ed5i\t ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a\t\u00f4ng\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\ts\u1ef1\tminh\th\u1ecda.","B\u00ccNH\tLU\u1eacN\tV\u00c0\tMINH\tH\u1eccA Cho\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tb\u00e2y\tgi\u1edd\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\ttr\u00ecnh\tb\u00e0y\tc\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tngh\u0129a\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tt\u00ean\tg\u1ecdi \u00edt\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t bi\u1ebft\t \u0111\u1ebfn,\t v\u00e0\t gi\u1ea3i\t th\u00edch\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t m\u00e0\t t\u00f4i\t mu\u1ed1n\t ch\u00fang\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u\t trong\t ph\u1ea7n\t tr\u00ecnh\t b\u00e0y\t sau\t \u0111\u00e2y.\t T\u00f4i\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a\t th\u1eddi gian,\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian,\tv\u00e0\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tnh\u01b0\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e1i\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tbi\u1ebft\t\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tm\u1ecdi\tng\u01b0\u1eddi.\tT\u00f4i\tch\u1ec9\tmu\u1ed1n\tl\u01b0u\t\u00fd\tr\u1eb1ng,\tth\u00f4ng\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\t quan\t ni\u1ec7m\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t theo\t c\u00e1ch\t g\u00ec\t kh\u00e1c\t h\u01a1n\t l\u00e0 trong\tm\u1ed1i\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\tquan\th\u1ecd\tc\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tgi\u00e1c\tquan.\tV\u00e0\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\t th\u00e0nh\t ki\u1ebfn\t nh\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t h\u00ecnh\t th\u00e0nh,\t m\u00e0\t n\u1ebfu\t mu\u1ed1n\t lo\u1ea1i\t b\u1ecf ch\u00fang,\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t c\u1ea7n\t ph\u1ea3i\t ph\u00e2n\t bi\u1ec7t\t ch\u00fang\t th\u00e0nh\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t \u0111\u00fang\t th\u1eadt[112]\t v\u00e0\t bi\u1ec3u\t ki\u1ebfn[113],\t to\u00e1n\t h\u1ecdc v\u00e0\tph\u1ed5\tth\u00f4ng[114]. I.\tTh\u1eddi\tgian\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\t\u0111\u00fang\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\tto\u00e1n\th\u1ecdc,\tt\u1ef1\tn\u00f3\tv\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\tb\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\t n\u00f3,\t ch\u1ea3y\t \u0111\u1ec1u\t \u0111\u1eb7n\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t quan\t h\u1ec7\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u00e0i,\tv\u00e0\td\u01b0\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tt\u00ean\tkh\u00e1c,\tc\u0169ng\tc\u00f2n\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\tth\u1eddi\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng[115]. Th\u1eddi\t gian\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t bi\u1ec3u\t ki\u1ebfn\t v\u00e0\t ph\u1ed5\t th\u00f4ng\t l\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0111o ngo\u00e0i[116],\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tc\u1ea3m\tnh\u1eadn\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,\tho\u1eb7c\tch\u00ednh\tx\u00e1c,\thay\tkh\u00f4ng\t\u0111\u1ec1u nhau,\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1eddi\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t th\u00f4ng\t qua\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t \u0111\u00f3\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1i\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta th\u00f4ng\t th\u01b0\u1eddng\t quen\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t thay\t cho\t th\u1eddi\t gian\t th\u1ef1c,\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd,\tm\u1ed9t\tng\u00e0y,\tm\u1ed9t\tth\u00e1ng,\tm\u1ed9t\tn\u0103m. II.\t Kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t theo\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i\t li\u00ean\t h\u1ec7\t li\u00ean\t \u0111\u1edbi\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ecdi\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ngo\u00e0i,\t t\u1ed3n\t t\u1ea1i\t lu\u00f4n\t lu\u00f4n gi\u1ed1ng\tnhau,\tv\u00e0\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng\tgian\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\t\u0111\u1ed9\t\u0111o\thay\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tdi\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng\tgian\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u00e1c\tquan\tch\u00fang\tta\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tb\u1edfi\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed c\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00e1c,\tv\u00e0\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\thi\u1ec3u\tnh\u01b0\tkh\u00f4ng gian\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tth\u00ed\td\u1ee5\tnh\u01b0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\ttrong\tb\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tqu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t,\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t b\u1ea7u\t kh\u00ed\t quy\u1ec3n,\t hay\t c\u1ee7a\t b\u1ea7u\t tr\u1eddi,\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\t b\u1edfi\t v\u1ecb\t tr\u00ed\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea5t.\t Kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u00e0\t nh\u01b0\t nhau\t v\u1ec1\t h\u00ecnh\t d\u1ea1ng\t v\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed9\t l\u1edbn,\t nh\u01b0ng\t ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng\t lu\u00f4n\t lu\u00f4n\t nh\u01b0\t nhau\t v\u1ec1\t s\u1ed1\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\t N\u1ebfu\t ch\u1eb3ng\t h\u1ea1n\t qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tth\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tc\u1ee7a\tb\u1ea7u\tkh\u00ed\tquy\u1ec3n\tch\u00fang\tta,\tc\u00e1i\tv\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng\t nhau\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea5t,\t khi\t l\u00e0\t ph\u1ea7n\t n\u00e0y,\t khi\t l\u00e0\t ph\u1ea7n\t kia\t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng\tgian\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tm\u00e0\tb\u1ea7u\tkh\u00ed\tquy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u00e3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1ed3ng\tv\u00e0o,\tv\u00e0\tcho n\u00ean,\thi\u1ec3u\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tn\u00f3\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i.","III.\tCh\u1ed7\t[117]\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tm\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y,\tv\u00e0,\tt\u00f9y\ttheo\t(t\u00ednh\tch\u1ea5t\tc\u1ee7a)\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian,\tl\u00e0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\thay\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u00f4i\tn\u00f3i,\tn\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian,\tnh\u01b0ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tph\u1ea3i\tl\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba\t\u0111i\u1ec3m[118],\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed[119]\thay\tb\u1ec1\tm\u1eb7t\tbao\tquanh\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3.\tV\u00ec\tch\u1ed7\tc\u1ee7a c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t r\u1eafn\t b\u1eb1ng\t nhau[120]\t lu\u00f4n\t lu\u00f4n\t b\u1eb1ng\t nhau,\t trong\t khi c\u00e1c\t b\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang,\t do\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t kh\u00f4ng\t gi\u1ed1ng\t nhau[121]\t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh\tth\u00f9,\tl\u00e0\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tkh\u00f4ng\tb\u1eb1ng\tnhau.\tV\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tth\u1ef1c ra\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\t c\u0169ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t ch\u1ed7\t nh\u01b0\t theo\t c\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u1ed7.\tS\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1i\tto\u00e0n\tth\u1ec3\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ed3ng\tnh\u1ea5t\tv\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng\t s\u1ed1\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea7n\t ri\u00eang\t l\u1ebb;\t cho\t n\u00ean\t s\u1ef1 thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t ch\u1ed7\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1i\t to\u00e0n\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00e0\t \u0111\u1ed3ng\t nh\u1ea5t\t v\u1edbi\t t\u1ed5ng\t s\u1ed1\t c\u00e1c\t thay \u0111\u1ed5i\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ed7\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3,\tv\u00e0\tv\u00ec\tl\u00fd\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3,\tn\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tn\u1ed9i\tt\u1ea1i, v\u00e0\tn\u1eb1m\ttrong\tc\u1ea3\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3. IV.\tChuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t c\u1ee7a\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t\t n\u01a1i\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u01a1i\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t kh\u00e1c;\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t t\u1eeb\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u01a1i\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t n\u00e0y\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tkh\u00e1c. Do\t \u0111\u00f3,\t trong\t m\u1ed9t\t chi\u1ebfc\t t\u00e0u\t \u0111ang\t ch\u1ea1y,\t ch\u1ed7\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t l\u00e0\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00e0u\t m\u00e0\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111ang\t chi\u1ebfm,\t hay\t l\u00e0\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng\tkh\u00f4ng\tm\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchi\u1ebfm\tl\u1ea5y,\tv\u00e0\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf\tph\u1ea7n\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u00f9ng\tl\u00fac ch\u1ea1y\ttheo\tchi\u1ebfc\tt\u00e0u.\tS\u1ef1\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\t\u1ef3\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttrong c\u00f9ng\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t t\u00e0u,\t hay\t trong\t c\u00f9ng\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t b\u00ean trong.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t s\u1ef1\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh\t \u0111\u00fang\t th\u1eadt,\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1ea1i\t l\u00e0\t s\u1ef1\t \u1ef3 c\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttrong\tc\u00f9ng\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tkia,\ttrong \u0111\u00f3\t chi\u1ebfc\t t\u00e0u\t ch\u00ednh\t n\u00f3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u00f9ng\t v\u1edbi\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t r\u1ed7ng c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t v\u00e0\t v\u1edbi\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t n\u1ed9i\t dung\t ch\u1ee9a\t d\u1ef1ng\t trong\t \u0111\u00f3.\t Cho\t n\u00ean\t khi qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t th\u1ef1c\t s\u1ef1\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean,\t th\u00ec\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3,\t c\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i trong\tt\u00e0u,\ts\u1ebd\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tm\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc\t t\u00e0u\t \u0111ang\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\t Nh\u01b0ng\t n\u1ebfu\t qu\u1ea3\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t c\u0169ng\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng,\tth\u00ec\ts\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tth\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tph\u00e1t\tsinh m\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tdo\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tchi\u1ebfc\tt\u00e0u\ttr\u00ean\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t do\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t qu\u00e1\t \u0111\u1ea5t\t trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean;\t v\u00e0\t n\u1ebfu\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t trong\t t\u00e0u,\t th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t ph\u00e1t\t sinh\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t do\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t\ttrong\tkh\u00f4ng\tgian\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh,\tv\u00e0\tm\u1ed9t\tph\u1ea7n\tdo\tc\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tchi\u1ebfc\tt\u00e0u\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea5t,\tc\u0169ng\tnh\u01b0\tc\u1ee7a","v\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttrong\tchi\u1ebfc\tt\u00e0u;\tv\u00e0\tt\u1eeb\thai\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tsau\tn\u00e0y m\u00e0\th\u00ecnh\tth\u00e0nh\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u00ean\tqu\u1ea3\t\u0111\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu\tch\u1eb3ng\th\u1ea1n\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tqu\u00e1\t\u0111\u1ea5t,\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3\tt\u00e0u\t\u0111ang\t\u1edf,\tchuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\t v\u1ec1\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t \u0110\u00f4ng\t v\u1edbi\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t l\u00e0\t 10010\t ph\u1ea7n,\t trong\t khi ch\u00ednh\t chi\u1ebfc\t t\u00e0u\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t b\u1eb1ng\t gi\u00f3\t v\u00e0\t bu\u1ed3m\t v\u1ec1\t ph\u00eda\t T\u00e2y\t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadn\t t\u1ed1c\t l\u00e0\t 10\t ph\u1ea7n,\t v\u00e0\t n\u1ebfu\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t th\u1ee7y\t th\u1ee7\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t trong t\u00e0u\tv\u1ec1\th\u01b0\u1edbng\t\u0110\u00f4ng\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tl\u00e0\t1\tph\u1ea7n,\tth\u00ec\tanh\tta\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t trong\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t b\u1ea5t\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t v\u1ec1\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t \u0110\u00f4ng\t v\u1edbi v\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tl\u00e0\t10001\tph\u1ea7n,\tv\u00e0\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\ttr\u00ean\tm\u1eb7t\t\u0111\u1ea5t\tv\u1ec1\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tT\u00e2y, v\u1edbi\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadn\tt\u1ed1c\tl\u00e0\t9\tph\u1ea7n.\t[\u2026] Gi\u1ed1ng\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ee9\tt\u1ef1\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tph\u1ea7n\tth\u1eddi\tgian,\tth\u1ee9\tt\u1ef1\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t c\u0169ng\t l\u00e0\t b\u1ea5t\t bi\u1ebfn.\t N\u1ebfu\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t l\u00e0m\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n\tkia\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\tch\u1ed7\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang,\tth\u00ec\tch\u00fang\t(c\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00f3i\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf)\ts\u1ebd xa\t r\u1eddi\t kh\u1ecfi\t ch\u00ednh\t ch\u00fang.\t Th\u1eddi\t gian\t v\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t ch\u00ednh\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tv\u00e0\tc\u0169ng\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ecdi\tv\u1eadt.\tT\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tm\u1ecdi\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7t\tv\u00e0o th\u1eddi\t gian\t theo\t th\u1ee9\t t\u1ef1\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ef1\t n\u1ed1i\t ti\u1ebfp\t nhau,\t v\u00e0\t v\u00e0o\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian theo\t th\u1ee9\t t\u1ef1\t c\u1ee7a\t \u0111\u1ecba\t \u0111i\u1ec3m.\t Theo\t b\u1ea3n\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang\t th\u00ec\t ch\u00fang\t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c\tch\u1ed7;\tcho\tr\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ed7\tban\t\u0111\u1ea7u\tc\u1ee7a\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\t\u0111i\u1ec1u\tv\u00f4\tngh\u0129a.\tCho\tn\u00ean\t\u0111\u00f3\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tch\u1ed7\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tv\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tdi chuy\u1ec3n\tt\u1eeb\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ed7\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tch\u1ed7\tkh\u00e1c,\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u00ednh\tl\u00e0\ts\u1ef1\tchuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy\t nhi\u00ean,\t v\u00ec\t nh\u1eefng\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian\t kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y,\t c\u0169ng\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u00e2n\t bi\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1eabn\t nhau\t b\u1edfi\t gi\u00e1c\t quan\t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\t ta,\t n\u00ean\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ch\u1ec9\t ti\u1ebfp\t nh\u1eadn\t c\u00e1c\t k\u00edch\t th\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t tri gi\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tthay\tv\u00ec\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tch\u00fang.\tT\u1eeb\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tv\u00e0\tkho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\ts\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tm\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tl\u00e0\tb\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tch\u00fang ta\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tngh\u0129a\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tch\u1ed7;\tv\u00e0\tti\u1ebfp\t\u0111\u1ebfn,\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u00ednh\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tc\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ed7\tnh\u1ea5t\t\u0111\u1ecbnh,\ttrong\tch\u1eebng\tm\u1ef1c\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt th\u1ec3\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t kh\u1ecfi\t c\u00e1c\t ch\u1ed7\t \u0111\u00f3.\t V\u00e0\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf,\t thay\t v\u00ec\t c\u00e1c\t ch\u1ed7\t v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t s\u1eed\t d\u1ee5ng\t ch\u1ec9\t nh\u1eefng\t th\u1ee9\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i,\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t kh\u00f4ng\t ch\u00ednh\t \u0111\u00e1ng\t trong\t c\u00f4ng\t vi\u1ec7c\t b\u00ecnh\t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a\t con\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi;\t nh\u01b0ng\t trong\t tri\u1ebft\t h\u1ecdc\t t\u1ef1\t nhi\u00ean\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eebu\tt\u01b0\u1ee3ng\th\u00f3a\tl\u00ean\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tgi\u00e1c\tquan,\tv\u00e0\txem\tch\u00ednh\tb\u1ea3n\tth\u00e2n\tc\u1ee7a s\u1ef1\tv\u1eadt,\tkh\u00e1c\th\u01a1n\tnh\u1eefng\tg\u00ec\tch\u00fang\tta\t\u0111o\t\u0111\u1ea1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1eeb\tch\u00fang.\tC\u00f3\tth\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y\t ra\t l\u1eafm\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean\t th\u1ef1c\t s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o\t\u0111\u1ec3\tch\u00fang\tta\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu\tl\u00ean\t\u0111\u00f3\tch\u1ed7\tv\u00e0\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng c\u00e1i\tkh\u00e1c.","Nh\u01b0ng\t ch\u00fang\t ta\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t ph\u00e2n\t bi\u1ec7t\t gi\u1eefa\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh\t v\u00e0\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t b\u1eb1ng\t nh\u1eefng\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t,\t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n\t v\u00e0\t h\u1ec7\t qu\u1ea3\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang.\t M\u1ed9t\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t s\u1ef1\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh\t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tth\u1ef1c\ts\u1ef1\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\ts\u1ebd\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\tv\u1edbi\tnhau.\tCho\tn\u00ean, v\u00ec\t c\u00f3\t kh\u1ea3\t n\u0103ng\t trong\t nh\u1eefng\t v\u00f9ng\t xa\t x\u00f4i\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t v\u00ec\t sao\t c\u1ed1\t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay\t xa\t h\u01a1n\t n\u1eefa\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t c\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i;\t nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang\tta\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tbi\u1ebft,\tx\u00e9t\tt\u1eeb\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ebfn\tc\u00e1c v\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00e1c\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tv\u00f9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta,\tv\u00e0\tc\u00f3\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\ttrong nh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u00f3\tv\u1eabn\tgi\u1eef\tnguy\u00ean\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u1edf\txa,\tdo\t\u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t kh\u00f4ng\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t t\u1eeb\t v\u1ecb\t tr\u00ed\t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttrong\tc\u00e1c\tv\u00f9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tta. M\u1ed9t\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t c\u1ee7a\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u00e0,\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea7n,\t n\u1ebfu\t ch\u00fang\t gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1ecb\t tr\u00ed\t \u0111\u00e3\t cho\t tr\u01b0\u1edbc\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t c\u00e1i\t to\u00e0n\t th\u1ec3,\t s\u1ebd\t tham\t gia v\u00e0o\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1i\t sau.\t B\u1edfi\t v\u00ec\t t\u1ea5t\t c\u1ea3\t nh\u1eefng\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tquay\t\u0111\u1ec1u\tc\u00f3\tkhuynh\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\txa kh\u1ecfi\t tr\u1ee5c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng;\t v\u00e0\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t \u0111\u1ea9y\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\tb\u1eaft\tngu\u1ed3n\tt\u1eeb\tnh\u1eefng\tc\u00e1i\t\u0111\u1ea9y\tk\u1ebft\th\u1ee3p\tl\u1ea1i\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tph\u1ea7n\tri\u00eang l\u1ebb\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u00fang.\t Cho\t n\u00ean,\t n\u1ebfu\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t (bao\t quanh)[122]\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t th\u00ec\t c\u00e1c\t ph\u1ea7n\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t b\u00ean\t trong\t ch\u00fang\t c\u0169ng\t s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t theo.\t V\u00ec\t th\u1ebf,\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ef1c\t v\u00e0\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tb\u1edfi\ts\u1ef1\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n[123]\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3 t\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\txem\tnh\u01b0\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh.\tCh\u00fang\tta\txem\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i[124]\tkh\u00f4ng\tch\u1ec9\tl\u00e0\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh,\tm\u00e0\tch\u00fang\tph\u1ea3i\tth\u1eadt\ts\u1ef1\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh; n\u1ebfu\tkh\u00f4ng,\tt\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u1ea7n\tn\u1eb1m\ttrong\t\u0111\u00f3,\tngo\u00e0i\ts\u1ef1\tdi\tchuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a\tch\u00fang\tra\tkh\u1ecfi\tv\u00f9ng\tc\u1eadn\tc\u1ee7a\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tquay,\tc\u00f9ng\ttham\tgia v\u00e0o\t nh\u1eefng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t \u0111\u00fang\t th\u1eadt\t c\u1ee7a\t nh\u1eefng\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t sau\t (c\u00e1c v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t quay).\t N\u1ebfu\t s\u1ef1\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t n\u00e0y\t kh\u00f4ng\t x\u1ea3y\t ra,\t th\u00ec\t ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng\t \u0111\u00fang\t th\u1eadt\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh,\t m\u00e0\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t xem\t l\u00e0\t y\u00ean\t t\u0129nh.\t Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tbao\tquanh\tc\u00f3\tquan\th\u1ec7\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1c\tph\u1ea7n\tn\u1eb1m\tb\u00ean\ttrong\tgi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0\tph\u1ea7n\tngo\u00e0i\tc\u1ee7a\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1i\tto\u00e0n\tth\u1ec3\tv\u1edbi\tph\u1ea7n\tb\u00ean\ttrong,\tnh\u01b0\tl\u1edbp v\u1ecf\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tc\u00e1i\tl\u00f5i;\tnh\u01b0ng\tn\u1ebfu\tl\u1edbp\tv\u1ecf\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tc\u00e1i\tl\u00f5i\tc\u0169ng\ts\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t nh\u01b0\t m\u1ed9t\t ph\u1ea7n\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1i\t to\u00e0n\t th\u1ec3\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t t\u00e1ch\t r\u1eddi xa\tkh\u1ecfi\tv\u00f9ng\tg\u1ea7n\tl\u1edbp\tv\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t g\u1ea7n\t g\u0169i\t v\u1edbi\t t\u00ednh\t ch\u1ea5t\t n\u00f3i\t \u1edf\t tr\u00ean\t l\u00e0\t khi\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u1ed7 chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tth\u00ec\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t\u0111\u1eb7t\t\u1edf\t\u0111\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\ts\u1ebd\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi\t n\u00f3;\t v\u00e0\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t m\u1ed9t\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t di\t chuy\u1ec3n\t t\u1eeb\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u1ed7\t \u0111ang\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng,\tth\u00ec\tn\u00f3\tc\u0169ng\tchia\ts\u1ebb\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tch\u1ed7\tc\u1ee7a\tn\u00f3.\tCho\tn\u00ean, t\u1ea5t\tc\u1ea3\tnh\u1eefng\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tdi\u1ec5n\tra\tt\u1eeb\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ed7\t\u0111ang\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng","kh\u00f4ng\tg\u00ec\tkh\u00e1c\th\u01a1n\tl\u00e0\tnh\u1eefng\tph\u1ea7n\tc\u1ee7a\tnh\u1eefng\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tto\u00e0n th\u1ec3\t v\u00e0\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i.\t M\u1ed7i\t m\u1ed9t\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t to\u00e0n\t th\u1ec3\t s\u1ebd\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh\t b\u1edfi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t t\u1eeb\t ch\u1ed7\t ban\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t ch\u1ed7\t n\u00e0y\t ra\t kh\u1ecfi\t ch\u1ed7\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3,\t v.v.\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t khi ch\u00fang\t ta\t \u0111i\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t m\u1ed9t\t ch\u1ed7\t kh\u00f4ng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t nh\u01b0\t trong\t th\u00ed\t d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ec1\t c\u1eadp\t \u1edf\t tr\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t th\u1ee7y\t th\u1ee7.\t V\u00ec\t th\u1ebf,\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3\tv\u00e0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tch\u1ec9\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tx\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ecbnh\tb\u1eb1ng\tc\u00e1c\tch\u1ed7\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ty\u00ean, v\u00e0\t v\u00ec\t l\u00fd\t do\t n\u00e0y\t t\u00f4i\t \u0111\u00e3\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c\t ch\u1ed7\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean,\t v\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t l\u00ean\t c\u00e1c\t ch\u1ed7 chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\t Cho\t n\u00ean\t c\u00e1c\t ch\u1ed7\t \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean\t ch\u1ec9\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t ch\u1ed7\t gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean\tc\u00f9ng\tv\u1ecb\ttr\u00ed\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tv\u1edbi\tnhau\tm\u1ed9t\tc\u00e1ch\tv\u0129nh\tc\u1eedu,\tv\u00ec\tth\u1ebf v\u1eabn\t lu\u00f4n\t kh\u00f4ng\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t v\u00e0\t ch\u00fang\t l\u00e0m\t th\u00e0nh\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian m\u00e0\tt\u00f4i\tg\u1ecdi\tl\u00e0\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ty\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng\t nguy\u00ean\t nh\u00e2n,\t m\u00e0\t qua\t \u0111\u00f3\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ef1c\t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tph\u00e2n\tbi\u1ec7t\tnhau,\tl\u00e0\tc\u00e1c\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u00ean\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u1ec3\t g\u00e2y\t ra\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\t M\u1ed9t\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ef1c\t ch\u1ec9\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u00e2y ra\t hay\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t b\u1edfi\t nh\u1eefng\t l\u1ef1c\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u00ean\t ch\u00ednh\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng,\t trong\t khi\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t l\u1ea1i\t c\u00e1c\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t g\u00e2y\t ra\t hay\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t m\u00e0\t kh\u00f4ng\t c\u1ea7n\t c\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t l\u00ean v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t n\u00e0y.\t Ch\u1ec9\t c\u1ea7n\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u1ef1c\t n\u00e0o\t \u0111\u00f3\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u00ean\t nh\u1eefng\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c\tm\u00e0\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tc\u00f3\tm\u1ed1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tquy\tchi\u1ebfu;\tn\u1ebfu\tc\u00e1c\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3 kia\tr\u00fat\t\u0111i,\tth\u00ec\tm\u1ed1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tc\u00f3\tth\u1ec3\tc\u00f9ng\tb\u1ecb\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i\ttheo,\tm\u1ed1i\tquan h\u1ec7\t\u0111\u00e3\tt\u1ea1o\tth\u00e0nh\ts\u1ef1\ty\u00ean\tt\u0129nh\tv\u00e0\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\tNg\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1ea1i,\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tth\u1ef1c\tc\u1ee7a\tv\u1eadt\tth\u1ec3\tlu\u00f4n\tlu\u00f4n\tb\u1ecb\tbi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\tb\u1edfi\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1c\tt\u00e1c\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tl\u00ean\tn\u00f3,\ttrong\tkhi\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\tth\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tnh\u1ea5t\tthi\u1ebft\tph\u1ea3i\tb\u1ecb\tbi\u1ebfn\t\u0111\u1ed5i\tb\u1edfi\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1c\t\u0111\u00f3.\tTh\u1ef1c v\u1eady,\t n\u1ebfu\t c\u00f9ng\t c\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c\t \u1ea5y\t c\u00f9ng\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t l\u00ean\t c\u00e1c\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t kh\u00e1c,\t m\u00e0 tr\u00ean\t \u0111\u00f3\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t quy\t chi\u1ebfu\t v\u1eadt\t th\u1ec3\t kia,\t sao\t cho\t v\u1ecb\t tr\u00ed\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i (gi\u1eefa\t ch\u00fang)\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t gi\u1eef\t nguy\u00ean,\t th\u00ec\t \u0111i\u1ec1u\t ki\u1ec7n\t m\u00e0\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u00f3\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea1o\tth\u00e0nh\ts\u1ebd\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tgi\u1eef\tnguy\u00ean.\tCho\tn\u00ean,\tm\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t b\u1ecb\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t khi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng\t thay\t \u0111\u1ed5i,\t v\u00e0\t n\u00f3\t v\u1eabn\t kh\u00f4ng\t b\u1ecb\t bi\u1ebfn\t \u0111\u1ed5i\t khi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c\tthay\t\u0111\u1ed5i.\tDo\t\u0111\u00f3,\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tth\u1ef1c\tkh\u00f4ng\tth\u1ec3\tn\u00e0o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\tt\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh\tb\u1edfi\tnh\u1eefng\tlo\u1ea1i\tquan\th\u1ec7\tnh\u01b0\tth\u1ebf. C\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c\t t\u00e1c\t d\u1ee5ng\t m\u00e0\t qua\t \u0111\u00f3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u00e0\t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t ph\u00e2n\t bi\u1ec7t\t nhau,\t l\u00e0\t c\u00e1c\t l\u1ef1c\t ly\t t\u00e2m\t t\u1eeb\t tr\u1ee5c\t c\u1ee7a\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\ttr\u00f2n.\tTrong\tm\u1ed9t\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttr\u00f2n\tch\u1ec9\tthu\u1ea7n\tt\u00fay\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng\t\u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec\tkh\u00f4ng\tc\u00f3\tnh\u1eefng\tl\u1ef1c\tn\u00e0y,\tnh\u01b0ng\ttrong\tm\u1ed9t\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttr\u00f2n","th\u1ef1c\tv\u00e0\ttuy\u1ec7t\t\u0111\u1ed1i,\tch\u00fang\ts\u1ebd\tl\u1edbn\th\u01a1n\thay\tnh\u1ecf\th\u01a1n\tt\u00f9y\ttheo\tc\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9\tc\u1ee7a\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u01b0\u1edfng\t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t treo\t m\u1ed9t\t c\u00e1i\t th\u00f9ng\t v\u00e0o\t m\u1ed9t\t s\u1ee3i\t d\u00e2y\t r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i,\t quay\t n\u00f3\t li\u00ean\t t\u1ee5c\t theo\t v\u00f2ng\t tr\u00f2n,\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t khi\t s\u1ee3i\t d\u00e2y\t s\u0103n c\u1ee9ng\t l\u1ea1i;\t ti\u1ebfp\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t \u0111\u1ed5\t \u0111\u1ea7y\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t v\u00e0o\t n\u00f3,\t gi\u1eef\t n\u00f3\t v\u00e0\t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean.\t N\u1ebfu\t c\u00e1i\t th\u00f9ng,\t b\u1eb1ng\t m\u1ed9t\t l\u1ef1c\t t\u00e1c\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t th\u00ecnh\t l\u00ecnh,\t b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\ttr\u00f2n\ttheo\tchi\u1ec1u\tng\u01b0\u1ee3c\tl\u1ea1i,\tv\u00e0\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tn\u00e0y\tk\u00e9o d\u00e0i,\t trong\t khi\t s\u1ee3i\t d\u00e2y\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t x\u1ed5\t ra,\t th\u00ec\t b\u1ec1\t m\u1eb7t\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t l\u00fac\t \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1eb3ng\tnh\u01b0\ttr\u01b0\u1edbc\tl\u00fac\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tc\u1ee7a\tth\u00f9ng,\tnh\u01b0ng\tsau\t\u0111\u00f3,\tkhi l\u1ef1c\t d\u1eabn\t d\u1ea7n\t truy\u1ec1n\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t v\u00e0o\t n\u01b0\u1edbc,\t c\u00e1i\t th\u00f9ng\t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m\t cho\t n\u00f3\t (n\u01b0\u1edbc)\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t quay\t th\u1ea5y\t r\u00f5.\t N\u01b0\u1edbc\t s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n\t d\u1ea7n\t r\u1eddi\t kh\u1ecfi\t v\u00f9ng\t t\u00e2m\t \u0111i\u1ec3m,\t v\u00e0\t d\u00e2ng\t l\u00ean\t cao\t h\u01a1n\t \u1edf\t v\u00e1ch th\u00f9ng,\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00e0nh\tm\u1ed9t\th\u00ecnh\tl\u00f5m\t(nh\u01b0\tt\u00f4i\t\u0111\u00e3\tl\u00e0m\tth\u00ed\tnghi\u1ec7m).\tKhi chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t c\u00e0ng\t nhanh,\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t c\u00e0ng\t d\u00e2ng\t cao,\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t l\u00fac\t n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t quay\t nhanh\t nh\u01b0\t ch\u00ednh\t c\u00e1i\t th\u00f9ng,\t v\u00e0\t tr\u1edf\t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9ng\t y\u00ean\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t v\u1edbi\t th\u00f9ng.\t S\u1ef1\t d\u00e2ng\t l\u00ean\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t ch\u1ee9ng\t t\u1ecf khuynh\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tn\u00f3\tmu\u1ed1n\txa\td\u1ea7n\ttr\u1ee5c\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng,\tv\u00e0\tb\u1eb1ng\tm\u1ed9t th\u00ed\t nghi\u1ec7m\t nh\u01b0\t th\u1ebf,\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t tr\u00f2n\t th\u1ef1c\t v\u00e0\t tuy\u1ec7t\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc,\t trong\t tr\u01b0\u1eddng\t h\u1ee3p\t n\u00e0y\t ho\u00e0n\t to\u00e0n\t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\t chi\u1ec1u\t v\u1edbi\t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i,\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t nh\u1eadn\t ra\t v\u00e0\t \u0111o\t \u0111\u1ea1c.\t L\u00fac\t \u0111\u1ea7u,\t khi chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t trong\t th\u00f9ng\t c\u00f3\t c\u01b0\u1eddng\t \u0111\u1ed9\t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t,\t n\u00f3\t ch\u01b0a\t g\u00e2y\t ra\t khuynh\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t r\u1eddi\t xa\t kh\u1ecfi\t tr\u1ee5c\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc; n\u01b0\u1edbc\t kh\u00f4ng\t t\u1ecf\t ra\t c\u00f3\t khuynh\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t ti\u1ebfn\t v\u1ec1\t v\u00f9ng\t ngo\u1ea1i\t vi\t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\td\u00e2ng\tl\u00ean\tcao\tv\u1ec1\tph\u00eda\tth\u00e0nh\tth\u00f9ng\tm\u00e0\tv\u1eabn\tc\u00f2n\tl\u00e0\tm\u1eb7t\tph\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t v\u00f2ng\t tr\u00f2n\t th\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u00f3\t ch\u01b0a\t b\u1eaft\t \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng\t sau\t \u0111\u00f3,\t khi\t chuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t gi\u1ea3m,\t s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng\t l\u00ean\t \u1edf\t v\u00f9ng\t v\u00e1ch\t th\u00f9ng\t cho\t th\u1ea5y\t khuynh\t h\u01b0\u1edbng\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00fat\t\u0111i\tkh\u1ecfi\ttr\u1ee5c;\tv\u00e0\tkhuynh\th\u01b0\u1edbng\tn\u00e0y\tch\u1ee9ng\tminh\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng\ttr\u00f2n\tth\u1ef1c\t c\u1ee7a\t n\u01b0\u1edbc\t li\u00ean\t t\u1ee5c\t t\u0103ng\t l\u00ean,\t cho\t \u0111\u1ebfn\t khi\t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng\tn\u00e0y\t\u0111\u1ea1t\tt\u1edbi\ttr\u1ecb\ts\u1ed1\tcao\tnh\u1ea5t\tkhi\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tt\u1ef1\tn\u00f3\t\u0111\u1ee9ng\ty\u00ean\tt\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\ttrong\tth\u00f9ng.\t[...]","Th\u00f9ng\tn\u01b0\u1edbc\tchuy\u1ec3n\t\u0111\u1ed9ng\tquay\tc\u1ee7a\tNewton\t (Ngu\u1ed3n:\tBanesh\tHoffmann,\tEinsteins\tIdeen,\ttr.52) Nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u01b0\u01a1ng\t \u0111\u1ed1i\t do\t \u0111\u00f3\t kh\u00f4ng\t ph\u1ea3i\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t t\u1ef1\t n\u00f3\t nh\u01b0\t ch\u00fang\t \u0111\u00e3\t mang\t t\u00ean,\t nh\u01b0ng\t l\u00e0\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0111o\t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\ttri\tgi\u00e1c\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t(\u0111\u00fang\tth\u1ef1c\thay\tnh\u1ea7m\tl\u1eabn),\tm\u00e0\tng\u01b0\u1eddi\tta\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng thay\tv\u00ec\tnh\u1eefng\t\u0111\u1ea1i\tl\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t\u0111o\t\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\tNh\u01b0ng\tn\u1ebfu\tt\u1eeb\ts\u1ef1\ts\u1eed\td\u1ee5ng\tn\u00e0y m\u00e0\t \u00fd\t ngh\u0129a\t c\u1ee7a\t c\u00e1c\t t\u1eeb\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\t \u0111\u1ecbnh\t ngh\u0129a,\t th\u00ec\t th\u1ef1c\t ra\t d\u01b0\u1edbi\t nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i\tt\u00ean\tth\u1eddi\t gian,\t kh\u00f4ng\t gian,\t ch\u1ed7\thay\tchuy\u1ec3n\t \u0111\u1ed9ng\t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\t ta\t hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ed9\t \u0111o\t c\u00f3\t th\u1ec3\t tri\t gi\u00e1c\t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c;\t v\u00e0\t n\u1ebfu\t nh\u1eefng\t \u0111\u1ea1i\t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\t \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\thi\u1ec3u\td\u01b0\u1edbi\td\u1ea1ng\t\u0111\u00f3,\tth\u00ec\tc\u00e1ch\tdi\u1ec5n\t\u0111\u1ea1t\ts\u1ebd\tt\u1ecf\tra\tkh\u00e1c\tth\u01b0\u1eddng\tv\u00e0"]
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