10 Van Cau Hoi Vi Sao - Trai dat - Nguyen Van Mau

["M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u00fdt \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, Th\u00e1i H\u1ed3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y v\u0103n","\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n 1-2\u00b0C. Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb -7, -5, -3 v\u00e0 0\u00b0C tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt. Th\u00f4ng qua t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, ng\u00e0y 31\/1\/1977 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 -6,4\u00b0C, cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khoa h\u1ecdc Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 4,8\u00b0C. \u0110\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1959 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi -9 \u0111\u1ed9 C, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb 1-4 l\u1ea7n. B\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p t\u1eeb -8\u00b0C tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 4,3%, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 8.7% - 30.4%, 3-4 n\u0103m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb -7\u00b0C tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n b\u1ed1n n\u0103m g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 2,3 n\u0103m g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Cam qu\u00fdt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00fai non, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng","ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t ra m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, l\u00e0m m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u1ea5m h\u01a1n. Cho n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m \u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ed3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2y qu\u00fdt \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. H\u01a1n 800 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, khu v\u1ef1c Th\u00e1i H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u1ea7n r\u00e9t \u0111\u1eadm r\u00e9t h\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 theo t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n 500 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00fdt c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. T \u1eeb kh\u00f3a: Qu\u00fdt \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0ng . 95. V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed","t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam C\u1ef1c? B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. M\u1ef9, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1985 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1ea1m quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n \u0111o gi\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean cao. V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i xa x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb sau khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam C\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \\\"c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb\\\" c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ea t\u1eeb B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn Nam C\u1ef1c. Theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, 97% v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c b\u1ecb b\u0103ng","tuy\u1ebft bao ph\u1ee7. 90% b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, khi b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft tan th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u00e0ng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1eafc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t \u00edt. Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Nam C\u1ef1c. \u1ede Nam C\u1ef1c m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1t 100 m\/s, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c c\u1ea5p 12 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 - 3 l\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t \u00edt g\u1eb7p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 100 m\/s. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng: c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng Xib\u00eari. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam C\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y, c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Xib\u00eari m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. N\u0103m 1967 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Na Uy \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf g\u1ea7n Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 -94,5\u00b0C, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam C\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u thu ho\u1ea1ch quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0: th\u00f4ng qua quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng","ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. Trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c Xib\u00eari th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c Nam H\u1ea3i, m\u01b0a b\u00e3o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb gi\u00f3 xo\u00e1y \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, v.v. N\u00e0o ai ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi Nam C\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch xa B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ebfn 12.000 km.","C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 do gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khi gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c cao nguy\u00ean Nam C\u1ef1c tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u1edf bi\u1ec3n, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn do Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quay sinh ra, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb nam sang b\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng - t\u00e2y h\u01b0\u1edbng sang c\u00e1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 th\u1ed5i t\u1edbi. V\u1eady s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kho b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y n\u00ean bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00e0nh hai ch\u1eef \\\"l\u1eeda\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\". T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c nam - b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed - \\\"h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng\\\" c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. V\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu m\u1ea1nh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng cao, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn hai c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh, c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh \u1edf hai c\u1ef1c","l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 b\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c nam, s\u1ea3n sinh s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. B\u0103ng ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Nam C\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh bu\u1ed1t nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \\\"h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng\\\" m\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 l\u00fac kho l\u1ea1nh Nam C\u1ef1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh tr\u00e0n qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn km \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o khi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u00f2i gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c. V\u00e0nh \u0111ai h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 n\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Philippin, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v.v.. Ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0i quan tr\u1eafc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u00e9n b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft. Nam C\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh hay \u1ea5m kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Nam C\u1ef1c; D\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.","96. V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o \u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o? C\u00e2y c\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i, ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p hay cao \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u0103m d\u00f2, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, so s\u00e1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a, gi\u00f3, m\u00e2y, s\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1, v.v. c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111an xen l\u1eabn nhau, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m theo t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00ed","nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o \u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chu k\u1ef3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o \u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, v.v., ph\u00f2ng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed cacbonic. C\u00e2y l\u00faa, ti\u1ec3u m\u1ea1ch, rau, d\u01b0a qu\u1ea3, c\u00e2y hoa, v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c r\u01a1le t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ed1t. C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t","d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed9 r\u1ec5, l\u00e1, m\u1ea7m non, nh\u1ecb hoa ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng thi\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n m\u00f9a h\u00e8 kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 la tinh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c nhau, g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o \u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: cam, qu\u00fdt s\u1ee3 b\u0103ng gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a tr\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i cam ho\u1eb7c qu\u00fdt th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o \u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3","th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i to, lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3i chung th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u1eeb 20 - 30 m2. Ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ea5y m2, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed9p kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ea5y ph\u00f2ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c ph\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n so s\u00e1nh. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Ph\u00f2ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. 97. V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu? C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: m\u1ecdc m\u1ea7m, ra l\u00e1, n\u1edf hoa, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1. N\u0103m n\u00e0y","qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ecdc m\u1ea7m, m\u1ecdc l\u00e1, n\u1edf hoa, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103m s\u1edbm, n\u0103m mu\u1ed9n. V\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u0103m kh\u00e1c nhau g\u00e2y n\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft mu\u1ed9n hay s\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch \u201cN\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u201d \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \\\"G\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a canh t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi v\u1ee5\\\". T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a th\u00ec then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gieo gi\u1ed1ng, ch\u0103m b\u00f3n v\u00e0 thu ho\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u00e0m T\u01b0 T\u1ee9 th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \\\"T\u1ebf d\u00e2n y\u1ebfu thu\u1eadt\\\" khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa c\u00f3 n\u00f3i: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00faa, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng hai, khi l\u00e1 c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m ra hoa gieo gi\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng ba \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebft Thanh minh hoa \u0111\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1edf l\u00e0 th\u1eddi l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t v\u1eeba, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng t\u01b0, l\u00fac c\u00e2y t\u00e1o ra l\u00e1, c\u00e2y d\u00e2u r\u1ee5ng hoa l\u00e0 th\u1eddi l\u1ec7nh ch\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: thu\u1eadn theo th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00edt d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn theo th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00fd mu\u1ed1n","ch\u1ee7 quan \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 thu ho\u1ea1ch v\u1eabn \u00edt. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u0103m 1962 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00f9ng Hoa B\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00e0o, m\u1eadn r\u1eebng, t\u1eed \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u1edf hoa ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n 10 ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1961, ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n 5 - 6 ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1960, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 B\u1eafc Kinh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gieo tr\u1ed3ng theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gieo gi\u1ed1ng, ch\u0103m b\u00f3n theo th\u00f3i quen n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi v\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. N\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan s\u00e1t quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. H\u1ecd l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadp gi\u1ed1ng cam, qu\u00fdt, c\u00e2y du \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u0169a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i","h\u1ecdc N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, thu th\u1eadp t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v.v.. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ed3ng cam v\u00e0 qu\u00fdt \u1edf bang California, di th\u1ef1c c\u00e2y du \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn bang Flori\u0111a, di th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u0169a \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ti\u1ec3u m\u1ea1ch \u1edf M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh r\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gieo gi\u1ed1ng s\u1edbm, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thu ho\u1ea1ch xong. Qua \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Khoa h\u1ecdc quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. 98. V\u00ec sao kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng","\u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean s\u00e1u t\u1ec9. B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chung, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi: da v\u00e0ng, da \u0111en, da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 da n\u00e2u. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1eeba ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. M\u00e0u da ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1eaft qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu gay g\u1eaft. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, da b\u1ecb hun \u0111en, t\u00f3c xo\u0103n, m\u1eaft m\u00f4i v\u00e0 r\u0103ng r\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng, tr\u00e1n d\u00f4 ra, m\u00f4i d\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1ec1 ra ngo\u00e0i, s\u1ed1ng m\u0169i th\u1ea5p t\u1eb9t, m\u0169i ng\u1eafn, r\u00e2u \u00edt, l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt. Da \u0111en ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong da ch\u1ee9a s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en r\u1ea5t cao. Trong da c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf t\u1ea7ng","ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a da. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh n\u1eafng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en r\u1ea5t nhanh, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t da, v\u00ec v\u1eady da hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 m\u00e0u \u0111en. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u00e1nh n\u1eafng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u1edbt th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u00e0u \u0111en t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 theo tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng n\u00ean m\u00e0u da tr\u1eafng. Khi s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en t\u1eadp trung d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c \u1edf t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00ec da m\u00e0u n\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111en. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en \u1edf t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00ec da tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t. S\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean qua da, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng th\u00ec m\u00e0u da \u0111\u1eadm, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u00ec m\u00e0u da nh\u1ea1t. Tuy\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t. T\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en xo\u0103n l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u0169 che m\u00e1t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 da. M\u00f4i d\u00e0y, mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i. M\u0169i ng\u1eafn m\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00e1","nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u00e1nh n\u1eafng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec da hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy m\u00e0u da kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t cao hay th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi; S\u1eafc t\u1ed1 \u0111en 99. V\u00ec sao kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, g\u00e2y n\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n, ch\u00ednh kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3m k\u00e9m, \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, khi\u1ebfn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3m ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0 kh\u00ed m\u00e0 sinh b\u1ec7nh. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1","bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. V\u00f9ng Giang Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: \\\"Hoa rau v\u00e0ng, b\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u\\\", ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i: m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t sinh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u1ea1nh sang n\u00f3ng, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trung khu th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sau khi tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf l\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean, s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p thu \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m vi\u1ec7n l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hoa rau n\u1edf v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng lung tung, hay gi\u1eadn d\u1ed7i. Khi \u0111\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f9a kh\u00e1c. Vi\u00eam gan l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb 0\u00b0C - 20\u00b0C, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 972 - 982 mPa, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb 55% - 85%, s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng t\u1eeb 90 - 200 gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam gan ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u00f9a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam gan.","M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1ea5m \u00e1p, tr\u0103m hoa \u0111ua n\u1edf, d\u1ecbch vi\u00eam n\u00e3o c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y cao \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 - 4. Sau th\u00e1ng 5 th\u00ec gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n. V\u00ec vi\u00eam n\u00e3o l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i song c\u1ea7u khu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u00e2y n\u00ean, n\u00f3 th\u00edch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4 \u1ea5m v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n qua m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng d\u1ea7n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ra m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 cao khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng cao s\u1ebd nguy h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Khi s\u1ed1t cao b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eadp nhanh, hoa m\u1eaft, n\u00f4n nao, tai \u00f9, v.v.. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 n\u1eafng do tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1edbp. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4 \u1ea9m, thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u00e1p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u00b13\u00b0C, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n trong hai ng\u00e0y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5 mPa, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m","t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u00b110% th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, cho n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"b\u1ec7nh n\u1eafng m\u01b0a\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u00eam kh\u00ed qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh hen ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng: v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a thu v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi gi\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh t\u00e2y b\u1eafc tr\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u00ec b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y: khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng 0\u00b0C, n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau hai ng\u00e0y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3\u00b0C th\u00ec b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f2n khi tr\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u1ea5m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 12\u00b0C, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 85% v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u00e2m u m\u01b0a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u00ec b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u00e2y n\u00ean vi\u00eam kh\u00ed qu\u1ea3n m\u00e3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 hen suy\u1ec5n ph\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh cao nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1ng hai), t\u1eeb m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t nhanh. Sau th\u00e1ng 6 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1eed vong c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i","m\u00f9a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. L\u1ea1nh \u1ea9m v\u00e0 m\u00e1t \u1ea9m l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 - 1975 \u1edf M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00f3ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 8 so v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 7 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ebft t\u0103ng l\u00ean 16%, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0. V\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy l\u00e3o, c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng tuy\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd an to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb l\u1ea1nh sang \u1ea5m ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd gi\u1eef \u1ea5m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1edfi \u00e1o ngay, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, n\u0103ng ph\u01a1i ch\u0103n chi\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh khu\u1ea9n truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 12 tu\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ee7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft.","100. V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u En Nin\u00f4 v\u00e0 La Nina? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng En Nin\u00f4 v\u00e0 La Nina, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 En Nin\u00f4 v\u00e0 La Nina l\u00e0 g\u00ec? G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 En Nin\u00f4 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f9ng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch 3 - 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u0103ng cao trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n 4\u00b0C, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i\\\" c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u0103ng cao trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Mil\u00f4, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ec5 gi\u00e1ng sinh, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mil\u00f4 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 En Nin\u00f4, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e9 trai\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 Ch\u00faa h\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1eeb m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1982 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1983 l\u00e0 n\u0103m En Nin\u00f4 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Mil\u00f4, \u00caqua\u0111o, B\u00f4livia, c\u00e1c bang Luisiana, Flori\u0111a c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9","xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t gian kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1edf In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia, Philippin, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u00d4xtr\u00e2ylia, Nam Phi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t, ru\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u00fac v\u1eadt thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ea1n ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng li\u00ean mi\u00ean. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1983 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, Trung h\u1ea1 du s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0i m\u01b0a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra trong n\u0103m En Nin\u00f4 khu v\u1ef1c x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Trung Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng, lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 du quen s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 16\u00b0C - 18\u00b0C, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng cao m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 du s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft theo. X\u00e1c chim ch\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec3m, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 bi\u1ec3n tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i theo gi\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u \u0111en nh\u01b0 s\u01a1n b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t l\u00ean t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 \u1edf c\u1ea3ng v\u00f9ng Mil\u00f4. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp xi \u0111en. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng En Nin\u00f4: c\u00f3 n\u0103m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc","4\u00b0C. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4, h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, c\u00f2n \u1edf B\u0103ngla\u0111et l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, \u1edf bi\u1ec3n M\u00eahic\u00f4 th\u00ec b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng La Nina, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e9 g\u00e1i\u201d, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n En Nin\u00f4\u201d. En Nin\u00f4 v\u00e0 La Nina l\u00e0 hai qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i cho Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tai ho\u1ea1. Ng\u00e0y nay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u00fang l\u1ee5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 trung v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 En Nin\u00f4 v\u00e0 La Nina, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1edbm m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f2ng l\u1ee5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5t g\u00e2y ra, trong n\u0103m thi\u00ean tai v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u En Nin\u00f4 v\u00e0 La Nina. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: En Nin\u00f4; La Nina","101. V\u00ec sao \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i? Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng, h\u00fat h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean trong th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng s\u1ebd x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u1eefa, b\u1ecb \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00e9p b\u1eb9p. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. N\u0103m 1642 T\u00f4rixenli nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Italia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecbt k\u00edn, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7u kia \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n (\u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ra h\u1ebft), d\u00f9ng ng\u00f3n tay b\u1ecbt k\u00edn mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh r\u1ed3i nh\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n trong \u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cao 760 mm th\u00ec ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. L\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n trong \u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. V\u1ec1 sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ra c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o kh\u00ed \u00e1p. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o kh\u00ed \u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed \u00e1p l\u00fac t\u0103ng l\u00ean, l\u00fac gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.","V\u00ec sao \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i? Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t do tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u1eb1m b\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t do tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00ean h\u1ebft t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n g\u00e2y ra. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong c\u1ed9t kh\u00ed n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t t\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng hay gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong c\u1ed9t kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ed9t kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i ra th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng cao, n\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i v\u00e0o \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111i ra th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau m\u00e0 ngay m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3i chung bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb 9 - 10 gi\u1edd \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u 15 - 16 gi\u1edd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam t\u1eeb 21 - 22 gi\u1edd \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n, n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam t\u1eeb 3 - 4 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t","kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Khi c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng cao r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. 102. V\u00ec sao \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n m\u00f9a h\u00e8? Kh\u00ed \u00e1p l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t sinh ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Kh\u00ed \u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Khi kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p th\u00ec th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft u \u00e1m, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1edbp x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111au m\u1ecfi, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t an, c\u00e1 trong ao nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n khi kh\u00ed \u00e1p t\u0103ng cao, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n sang trong s\u00e1ng, ta c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y cho kh\u00ed \u00e1p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng.","H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Khi n\u00f3 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean th\u00ec gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf \u0111i, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p. C\u00f2n khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh th\u00ec n\u00f3 co l\u1ea1i, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0103ng l\u00ean, n\u00ean kh\u00ed \u00e1p t\u0103ng cao. V\u00ec v\u1eady khi c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo kh\u00ed \u00e1p t\u0103ng cao, c\u00f2n khi c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng, n\u00ean kh\u00ed \u00e1p m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n m\u00f9a h\u00e8 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang kh\u00ed \u00e1p b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n cao 1.025,8 mPa, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 1044,6 mPa. C\u00f2n m\u00f9a h\u00e8 th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed \u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1003,9 mPa. \u0110\u1ec9nh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 972,0 mPa, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7nh kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn 72,6 mPa. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m ven bi\u1ec3n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u1eafm. S\u00e2u trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kh\u00ed \u00e1p h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n cao","nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 1085 mPa, c\u00f2n khi \u00e1p m\u00f9a h\u00e8 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn 955 mPa, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f9a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 100 mPa. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi: m\u00f9a h\u00e8 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9, kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p, v\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u00e3n n\u1edf t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00f2n m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u co l\u1ea1i, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng l\u00ean, kh\u00ed \u00e1p t\u0103ng cao, v\u1eady s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn? Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 5.136.000 t\u1ec9 t\u1ea5n. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea5t \u0111i, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, hai b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u Nam, B\u1eafc m\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. Khi B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u00f9a gi\u00e1 r\u00e9t ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft th\u00ec \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 th\u00ec m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 r\u00e9t l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n sang Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. V\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00f9a h\u00e8 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ed5 sung cho kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng co l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u kia. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng Nam hay B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u v\u1eabn l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng","m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Kh\u00ed \u00e1p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. 103. V\u00ec sao g\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao n\u00f3i chung th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ng? Tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 kh\u00ed \u00e1p b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. Kh\u00ed \u00e1p trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chung quanh, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng cao \u00e1p). Trong khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao, ta lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cao, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m cao \u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00ed \u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m cao \u00e1p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi \u0110\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh \u0111\u01b0a tin: \\\"G\u1ea7n T\u1ebf Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m cao \u00e1p 1035 mPa\\\", t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u1ebf Nam \u0111ang b\u1ecb kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. C\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong","kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. Kh\u00ed \u00e1p trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00f9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u00e1p th\u1ea5p). Trong khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00ed \u00e1p \u1edf v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p th\u1ea5p. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u00e1p th\u1ea5p n\u00e0y. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau? Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 tr\u0169ng. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao ch\u1ea3y sang ch\u1ed7 kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p. V\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quay g\u00e2y ra l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi do m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng n\u00ean s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ma s\u00e1t. Khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng cong s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh ra l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ea1y quanh trung t\u00e2m kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao thu\u1eadn theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.","V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00ean tr\u00ean cao s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed5 sung, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean cao ch\u1ed7 g\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p cao s\u1ebd","chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng sang ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd t\u0103ng cao, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, cho n\u00ean g\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p cao n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i trong khu v\u1ef1c \u00e1p th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 chung quanh trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p th\u1ea5p. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ed1n chung quanh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p th\u1ea5p, khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p th\u1ea5p b\u1ecb h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bay l\u00ean cao th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u01b0a, do \u0111\u00f3 trong khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft u \u00e1m. Cao \u00e1p hay th\u1ea5p \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi chung quanh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3i chung kh\u00ed \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00ed \u00e1p \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1015 mPa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m cao \u00e1p. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p 1015 mPa \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m kh\u00ed \u00e1p th\u1ea5p. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Trung t\u00e2m cao \u00e1p; Trung t\u00e2m \u00e1p","th\u1ea5p. 104. V\u00ec sao v\u00f9ng \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c cao \u00e1p kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea5m? Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c1, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi. Gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, tr\u1eeb v\u00f9ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ra, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 quanh n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, trong kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi\\\". Kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi tuy quanh n\u0103m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tu\u1ef3 theo s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f9a m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa hai v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1eafc. N\u00f3i chung m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u00fac m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1i l\u1ec7ch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u00fac y\u1ebfu xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i d\u1ecbch sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a thu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng","m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u00fac s\u1ebd l\u1ea5n sang m\u1ea5y t\u1ec9nh v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f4ng nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5y t\u1ec9nh duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f4ng nam s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ea5m \u00e1p. V\u00ec sao m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ea5m \u00e1p? Kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng r\u1ea5t cao ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea7ng cao, cho n\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd b\u1ecb n\u00e9n, l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi ta b\u01a1m xe, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong b\u01a1m v\u00ec b\u1ecb n\u00e9n m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng cao. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng cao n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, l\u00e0m cho th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u00e1ng. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh n\u1eafng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng cao, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ea5m \u00e1p. Cho n\u00ean khi kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng nam duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00ed \u00e1p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3ng.","T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Kh\u00ed \u00e1p cao \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. 105. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o? M\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. M\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 to ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m s\u1eadp nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u00fac v\u1eadt. V\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tan m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 c\u1ee5c m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u1edf trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft b\u00e1m v\u00e0o ph\u00f4i khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1 to d\u1ea7n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1. Cho n\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 mu\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 tan m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm","v\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh trong m\u00e2y. C\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. B\u1eafn ph\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ed1c l\u00ean cao, ho\u1eb7c r\u1eafc nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t h\u00fat \u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn cho h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c l\u00ean s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u00eam nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft s\u1edbm ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1, l\u00e0m cho ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 to th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ea5p thu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ed1c l\u00ean cao, l\u00e0m cho","nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0a b\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1c l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -30\u00b0C v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1. V\u00ec ph\u00e1 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y","bay, t\u00ean l\u1eeda, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng hay m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, Cam T\u00fac, v.v. \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ph\u00e1 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: M\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1; Ph\u00e1 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o; Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. 106. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o? \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p tai n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, t\u0103ng th\u00eam thu ho\u1ea1ch m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng r\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong m\u00e2y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y m\u01b0a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i","l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y m\u01b0a, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e2y. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft m\u00e2y l\u00e0 do h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ef1c ra m\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \\\"m\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh\\\". To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e2y n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 0\u00b0C, lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"m\u00e2y n\u00f3ng\\\", nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e2y n\u00e0y tr\u00ean 0\u00b0C. M\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 do c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m do tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 0\u00b0C, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n 0\u00b0C. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 do tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh n\u00f3i chung r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. M\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y","tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng, n\u1ebfu ta cho ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn cho trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng, khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 to d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1c l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee1 n\u1ed5i n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi 0\u00b0C s\u1ebd tan th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a. Mu\u1ed1n khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 b\u0103ng kh\u00f4 (kh\u00ed cacbonic \u1edf th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn), n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong m\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u0103ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c khi\u1ebfn cho h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu","v\u1ef1c m\u00e2y qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ea1c io\u0111ua. Khi d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y bay hay t\u00ean l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c khinh kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai nh\u1edd lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0o m\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0a, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong m\u00e2y tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t m\u00e2y nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o trong m\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc to, nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a. Cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u1ea5m mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i cho ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c h\u00fat \u1ea9m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i \u0103n, n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i, canxi clorua, v.v.. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y bay, t\u00ean l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c khinh kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u r\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u00e2y. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn ph\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u00e2y trong m\u00e2y \u1ea5m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau.","M\u01b0a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m nay. Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i m\u1edbi g\u00e2y th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u01b0a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n th\u00ec c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: M\u01b0a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o; B\u0103ng kh\u00f4; B\u1ea1c io\u0111ua. 107. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o? S\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Khi c\u00f3 m\u00f9 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt xa nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng. \u00d4 t\u00f4, t\u00e0u b\u00e8, m\u00e1y bay, v.v. \u0111i trong s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh hay h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng. \u1ede v\u00f9ng n\u00fai khi s\u00e2n bay c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u00fai. V\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u00e1 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 cho nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n bay nhi\u1ec1u s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. \u1ede c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Aiment\u01a1phu","bang Alasca M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 m\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, qu\u00e9t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh lang trong kh\u00f4ng trung khi\u1ebfn cho 185 m\u00e1y bay an to\u00e0n c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh. S\u1edf d\u0129 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadp \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 l\u00ean c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebfu \u0111i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng ch\u1eadp l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 tan s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt. C\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 tan s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, v.v. khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 ho\u00e1 kh\u00ed, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1eabn v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00e3o ho\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u00e3o ho\u00e0, c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 s\u1ebd b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn","kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng xe qu\u1ea1t gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng bay \u0111i bay l\u1ea1i quanh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i nhanh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9 d\u00e0y 300 m, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 300 m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 - 10 ph\u00fat. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m cho m\u00f9 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 r\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t h\u00fat \u1ea9m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00f9 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eafc b\u0103ng kh\u00f4, b\u1ea1c io\u0111ua, ho\u1eb7c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n bay cho b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng propan, khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng b\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng n\u00e0y to l\u00ean, n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u1ea5m m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eafc mu\u1ed1i \u0103n, ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u00fat h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e3o ho\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i. Theo th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi","s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u1ea5m, d\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y hoen g\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i. Khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c h\u00fat \u1ea9m c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft m\u00e0 to \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn s\u00e2n bay s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tan m\u00f9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i; Gi\u1ecdt m\u00f9 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng; Tan m\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. 108. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf s\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o? Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh. S\u00e9t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u00e9t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n 10 v\u1ea1n ampe v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 4 x 106 jun. Lu\u1ed3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khi g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng tai ho\u1ea1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang t\u00ean l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y bay tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cao","t\u1ea7ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebb tan c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xo\u1eafn cong nh\u1eefng thanh kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay s\u00fac v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mong mu\u1ed1n: \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0a nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1 m\u00f9, ph\u00e1 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh s\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u00e0y nay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, m\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ra ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u1eafc c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y gi\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf, khi trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ecdt tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1m tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu r\u1eafc m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn i\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ec io\u0111ua v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y gi\u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ec3","b\u0103ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ed1 gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n, khi\u1ebfn cho s\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 r\u1eafc nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee3i nil\u00f4ng m\u1ea1 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y gi\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c s\u1ee3i kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n v\u00e0o trong kh\u00f4ng trung, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n sinh ra s\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m tan \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y gi\u00f4ng. Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y gi\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e2y s\u00e9t, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn ph\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 n\u1ed5 trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y.","\u0110\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u00ed \u00e1p v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, g\u00e2y ra kh\u00ed nhanh ch\u00f3ng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u00f3ng xung k\u00edch l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong m\u00e2y, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y s\u00e9t, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0ng k\u1ebft, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng trong m\u00e2y, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u00e2y gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y s\u00e9t. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1 tan s\u00e9t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: Ph\u00e1 s\u00e9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. 109. V\u00ec sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u00f4i"]